Case Studies of Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR A MOSQUE IN MALAYSIA: CASE STUDIES OF PUTRA MOSQUE AND TUANKU MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN MOSQUE
BY
TENGKU ANIS QARIHAH BT RAJA ABDUL KADIR
A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services Engineering
Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design International Islamic University Malaysia
SEPTEMBER 2015
ABSTRACT
Malaysia has a tropical climate with warm and humid weather all year round. It is usually very hot and humid, especially in the major cities. Malaysia is the best country to study on the passive design strategies in tropical climates. Since the time of our ancestors, buildings had been built characterized by passive design where it focused on a balance between local climate, surrounding areas, functions, appearances and design of the buildings. Passive design strategies can defined as the measures that had been taken to ensure the comfort of the occupant achieved. It must have a closer relationship with its surroundings to achieve a comfortable internal environment with a minimum of resource used. However, in this modern age, most of the building neglected the beauty of passive design strategies and end up relying on active design strategies such as air conditioning systems and others. This research will discuss the importance of passive design strategies and knowing its effectiveness against the user‟s comfort, energy efficiency and the visual impact on the user‟s point of view. Characteristic of passive design strategies taken from the Malaysian Standard: MS1525. MS1525 is the Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings, which was developed to provide the best practice in energy efficiency for buildings. Two case studies involved are Putra Mosque and Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque. Both federal mosques have a different approach to passive design techniques that comparative studies between both cases studies, help to evaluate the effectiveness of passive design strategies and the perception of user‟s preferences. Other than that, questionnaires, interviews, field works and data collections conducted as primary data to justify the results. This research will help designers to determine the characteristic of the passive design strategies that effective in giving comfort to people, reducing energy consumption and add beauty to a building as a whole.
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ملخص البحث
تتميز ماليزيا مبناخ إستوائي مع طقس دافئ ورطب طوال السنة. فمناخها عادة جد حار ورطب، وخاصة يف املدن الكبرية. تعترب ماليزيا البلد املتميز يف دراسة اسرتاتيجيات التصميم السليب يف املناطق ذات املناخ اإلستوائي. لقد متيزت البنايات اليت بنيت من طرف أجدادنا بالتصميم السليب، حيث وازنت بني املناخ احمللي، واملناطق احمليطة، ووظائف، ومظاهر، وتصميم البنايات. ديكن تعريف اسرتاتيجيات التصميم السليب بأهنا تلك اإلجراءات اليت أخذت بعني اإلعتبار للتأكد من حتقق ارتياح الساكن. جيب أن يكون هلذا التصميم عالقة متقاربة باحمليط ألجل حتقيق بيئة داخلية مرحية باستعمال أقل للموارد. لكن نالحظ أن أغلب البنايات يف العصر احلديث أمهلت مجال وقيمة اسرتاتيجيات التصميم السليب، وبدال من ذلك فقد أخذت تعتمد على اسرتاتيجيات التصميم اإلجيايب مثل أنظمة التكييف وغريها. سيقوم هذا البحث بدراسة أمهية اسرتاتيجيات التصميم السليب، ومعرفة فعاليتها يف حتقيق راحة مستعملها، وفعالية الطاقة، والتأثري البصري على وجهة نظر املستعمل. لقد مت أخذ خصائص اسرتاتيجيات التصميم السليب من املقياس املاليزي: MS1525. ويعترب هذا املعيار دليال لقواعد املمارسة فيما خيص فعالية الطاقة واستعمال الطاقة املتجددة للبنايات الالسكنية، وقد مت إنشاؤه لتقدمي أحسن ممارسة لفعالية الطاقة للبنايات. وقد مت دراسة حالتني ومها مسجد بوترا، ومسجد السلطان ميزان زين العابدين. ولكال املسجدين الفيدراليني مقاربات خمتلفة جتاه تقنيات التصميم السليب، وإجراء دراسات مقارنة بني احلالتني سيساعد يف تقييم فعالية اسرتاتيجيات التصميم السليب وتصور تفضيالت املستخدم. إىل جانبذلك؛ فقد مت اإلعتماد على االستبيانات، واملقابالت، واألعمال امليدانية، ومجع البيانات، وقد مت استعماهلا كبيانات أولية لتربير النتائج. سيساعد هذا البحث املصممني يف حتديدخاصية اسرتاتيجيات التصميم السليب اليت تعترب فعالية يف حتقيق راحة الناس، واإلنقاص من استهالك الطاقة، وإضافة ملسة مجالية على البناية ككل.
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APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion; it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services Engineering.
…………………………………. Maisarah Ali Supervisor
I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion; it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services Engineering.
…………………………………. Noor Aziah Mohd Ariffin Internal Examiner
This dissertation was submitted to the Department of Architecture and is accepted as a fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services Engineering.
…………………………………. Rosniza Othman Head, Department of Architecture
This dissertation was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design and is accepted as a fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services Engineering.
…………………………………. Alias Abdullah Dean, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design
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DECLARATION
Ihereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.
Tengku Anis Qarihah bt Raja Abdul Kadir
Signature: ………………………….. Date: …………………….
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COPYRIGHT PAGE
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
Copyright © 2015 by Tengku Anis Qarihah bt Raja Abdul Kadir. All rightsare reserved.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR A MOSQUE IN MALAYSIA: CASE STUDIES OF PUTRA MOSQUE AND TUANKU MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN MOSQUE
No part of this unpublished research may be produced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below.
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may only be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgment.
2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The IIUM Library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries.
Affirmed by Tengku Anis Qarihah bt Raja Abdul Kadir
______Signature Date
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
“In the name of Allah, the most compassionate, the most merciful, Praise to The Allah, Lord of Universe, and peace and prayers be upon His final Prophet and last Messenger.” Praise be upon Him, to Allah the Almighty, with His most grateful and merciful attribute for the living in this world. Peace be upon the beloved Rasulullah (p.b.u.h) his family, his companions and all Muslim in the whole wide world.
Alhamdulillah, I manage to finish up the task of this dissertation for the semester 1 2014/2015 as a partial fulfillment of the Master of Science in Building Services Engineering. Along the way, obstacles and problems raised up, however, with the helping hands of the family, lecturers, professionals, and friends, I managed to overcome the hardship time.
Here, I would like to thank, to our respected Dean of Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, Prof. Dato‟ Dr. Alias bin Abdullah. To my most high esteem supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Maisarah Ali that has given full cooperation and trust on me along this project. Thank you for her kindness, guidance, patience and sparing her time throughout completing this thesis, especially during the final work; and for her words of advice and encouragement, and for the opportunity she always give me to learn new things that had brought me this far to finish this master studies.I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor; I will forever remain indebted to her. May Allah in Her infinite Mercy reward her and her family abundantly both in this world and from now on.
Not to forget, all of the professionals, staffs, institutional, companies and all of the people involved in my study directly or indirectly. Special thank dedicated to my beloved husband, Muhammad Mubasyir b. Mohamed Hatta, my parents – Haji Raja Abdul Kadir b. Raja Omar, Hajjah Tuan Rokiah bt Tuan Yahya, myparent‟s in law, Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hatta Shaharom and Dr. Noor Aini Raimi.To my children Nik Amnah, Muhammad Ammar and Nur Amani, this dissertation specially dedicated to you. Thank you also to my sister Rugayah Othman, Tengku Mohd Dzaraif and all my family members.
To all parties involved, special thanks to Dato‟ Nik Mohamed Nik Mahmood, Ar. Nik Azlan, Ar. Nik Arshad, Kumpulan Senireka Sdn. Bhd, Ar. Patrick Low, Ar. Lee Teng Kee, L3 Architects Sdn. Bhd., Staff‟s of Putra Mosque and Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, friends, families and all other people involved, I‟m expressing my full appreciation for every help, advice and assistance I have received from the beginning of the stage till the end. Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the project. I take it as beautiful knowledge I would ever compare, and only God can repay them all. May God bless us all. Insya- Allah.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ...... ii Abstract in Arabic ...... iii Approval Page ...... iv Declaration ...... v Copyright Page ...... vi Acknowledgements ...... vii List of Tables ...... x List of Figures ...... xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of Study ...... 1 1.2 Statement of Problem ...... 2 1.3 Research Questions ...... 2 1.4 Research Aim ...... 3 1.5 Research Objectives ...... 3 1.6 Overview of Research Methodology ...... 3 1.7 Significance of Study ...... 6 1.8 Scope and Limitations...... 6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 7 2.1 Malaysia ...... 7 2.1.1 Climate in Malaysia ...... 8 2.1.2 Population in Malaysia ...... 8 2.1.3 Religion and Language in Malaysia ...... 9 2.2 Mosque, Muslims, and Trends ...... 10 2.2.1 Function of a Mosque ...... 10 2.2.2 Style of the Mosque in Malaysia ...... 11 2.2.3 Category of Mosque in Malaysia ...... 20 2.2.4 Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in a Mosque ...... 21 2.3 Passive Design Strategies ...... 22 2.3.1 MS1525:2007 ...... 22 2.3.2 Importance of Passive Design Strategies...... 29 2.4 Summary ...... 33
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 34 3.1 Introduction ...... 34 3.2 Literature Review ...... 34 3.3 Selection of Case Studies ...... 34 3.4 Questionnaires ...... 35 3.5 Interviews ...... 37 3.6 Comparative Studies ...... 38 3.6.1 From Field Surveys and Site Visits ...... 38 3.7 Data Collections from Data Logger and Equipments ...... 39 3.7.1 Data Logger ...... 39 3.7.2 Day Lighting Distribution (Lux Meter) ...... 44
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3.8 Collection of Electrical Bills ...... 45 3.9 OTTV Calculations ...... 45 3.10Summary ...... 46
CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES ...... 47 4.1 Introduction ...... 47 4.2 Case Study 1 - Putra Mosque, Precinct 2, Putrajaya ...... 47 4.2.1 Architecture ...... 49 4.2.2 Passive Design Strategies Components ...... 56 4.3 Case Study 2 ...... 59 4.3.1 Architecture ...... 60 4.3.2 Passive Design Strategies Components ...... 67 4.4 Summary ...... 71
CHAPTER 5: ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...... 72 5.1 Introduction ...... 72 5.2 Structured Interview ...... 72 5.3 Field Study/ Observationnaires ...... 78 5.3.1 Site Planning and Building Orientation ...... 79 5.3.2 Building Configuration / Internal Layout ...... 80 5.3.3 Effective Room Depth ...... 82 5.3.4 Floor to Ceiling Height ...... 85 5.3.5 Building Facade ...... 86 5.3.6 Fenestration ...... 88 5.3.7 Building Material ...... 91 5.3.8 Roof Design and Colours ...... 94 5.3.9 Landscaping ...... 95 5.3.10Shading...... 98 5.4 OTTV and RTTV Calculations ...... 102 5.4.1 Putra Mosque Calculation of OTTV ...... 103 5.4.2 Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque Calculation of OTTV ..... 103 5.5 Analysis on Energy Consumption ...... 105 5.6 Questionnaires ...... 109 5.6.1 Part 1: Demographic Information ...... 109 5.6.2 Part 2: MS1525- Code of Energy Efficiency ...... 116 5.6.3 Part 3: Passive Design Strategies ...... 125 5.7 Summary ...... 132 5.7.1 Other Findings from Observation ...... 135 5.7.2 Recommendation ...... 136
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 137 6.1 Introduction ...... 137
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 140
APPENDIX A: MS1525 ...... 144 APPENDIX B: OTTV CALCULATION ...... 172 APPENDIX C: QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 184
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
2.1 Inter- relationship between the three components of effectiveness studies with passive design strategies 33
4.1 Passive Design Strategies Component for Façade Design 57
5.1 Building orientation of Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque (Facing the Qiblah) 79
5.2 Sequence of space for Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque (Facing the Qiblah) 81
5.3 Sequence of space for Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque (Facing the Qiblah) 82
5.4 Daylighting factor of the Main Prayer Hall at Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 83
5.5 Daylighting factor of the Main Prayer Hall at Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 85
5.6 Daylighting factor of the Main Prayer Hall at Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 86
5.7 Daylighting factor of the Main Prayer Hall at Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 89
5.8 Building Elements 91
5.9 Roof Design and Colours of the Main Prayer Hall at Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 94
5.10 Tables of building elements in relation to the sunlight and good daylighting system in Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque (Facing the Qiblah) 99
5.11 Total OTTV Calculation for Putra Mosque 103
5.12 OTTV Calculation 104
5.13 Comparison of Electrical Bills for Putra Mosque and Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 108
5.14 Gender 109
5.15 Gender 110
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5.16 Exposure on MS1525- by Putra Mosque Interviewee 118
5.17 Exposure on MS1525- by Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque Interviewee 119
5.18 MS1525 is neccessary- by interviewee Group A 122
5.19 MS1525 is neccessary- by interviewee Group B 123
5.20 Passive Design Strategy of Putra Mosque and Tuanku Mizan Mosque (in relation to MS 1525: 2007) 133
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No.
1.1 Overview of Research Methodology 5
2.1 Malaysia Map 7
2.2 Pie Chart on Percentage of Races in Malaysia. 9
2.3 Pie Chart on Percentage of Religion in Malaysia. 9
2.4 Vernacular Housing which Implementing Passive Design Strategies 13
2.5 Kampung Laut Mosque, Kelantan 14
2.6 Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque 15
2.7 Masjid Ubudiyah, Kuala Kangsar 15
2.8 Jamek Mosque, Kuala Lumpur 16
2.9 Sultan Sulaiman Mosque, Kelang, Selangor 17
2.10 Kapitan Keling Mosque, George Town, Penang 17
2.11 The Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque in Putrajaya, which has a flat roof with a dome in the center. The mosque also known as "Iron Mosque." 18
2.12 Putra Mosque, Putrajaya 19
2.13 KLCC Mosque, Kuala Lumpur 20
3.1 En. Azmi Othman (Electrical and Machineries Competent) gave briefing to PTM Officer – En. Muhtazam and researcher 41
3.2 Process of installing Data Logger at MSB 1. 41
3.3 Data Logger installation at MSB (1). 41
3.4 Installation of Data Logger at MSB (2). 42
3.5 Data Logger at MSB (1&2) is in the process of installation by PTM officer. 42
3.6 MSB (2) successfully installed with Data Logger. 43
3.7 Both MSB (1) and MSB (2) installed. 43
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3.8 Lux Meter equipment used. 44
4.1 Putra Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 48
4.2 Promenade area facing the lake - Putra Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 49
4.3 Putra Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 50
4.4 Tower/minaret - Putra Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 51
4.5 Main dome - Putra Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 52
4.6 Umbrella Shape pillars, mashrabiah and domes (decorated with sharp apex pointing towards the sky - Putra Mosque, Putrajaya 52
4.7 Granite finish and woodwork panel- Putra Mosque 53
4.8 Main Prayer Hall - Putra Mosque, Putrajaya 54
4.9 Main Prayer Hall, Putra Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 54
4.10 Sahn 55
4.11 Mashrabiya 57
4.12 Roof Overhang 57
4.13 Openings 57
4.14 Wall System 58
4.15 Cladding System 58
4.16 Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 60
4.17 Al-Asmaul-Husna calligraphy - Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 61
4.18 Kiblah Walk - Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya 62
4.19 Mihrab Wall - Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya, 62
4.20 Roof structure and trusses 63
4.21 Roof external leaf 64
4 .22 Dome detail 2: air gap to allow for hot air movement 64
4.23 Dome detail 1: fixed glass opening around the perimeter of the dome 65
4.24 Dome detail 2: air gap to allow for hot air movement 66
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4.25 Water cooling - Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 68
4.26 Shading - deep roof overhang and the 'Mashrabiyah'- Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia – 70
4.27 Water cooling - Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya, Malaysia 70
5.1 Concept of natural ventilation, overhangs, shading devices and roof stack. 75
5.2 Concept of passive design strategies; - the initial idea of sahn, water channel and landscape/ green boulevard known as „Qiblah Walk‟, an entrance to the Mosque. 76
5.3 Concept of height ceiling, openness, natural light and airiness 76
5.4 Concept of the cooling effect from the water, filter the hot air to the prayer hall. 77
5.5 Concept of passive design strategies; spatial organization of the spaces, large overhangs, mashrabiya and stack effects. 78
5.6 Daylightingpenetrates into the internal area of the main prayer hall, Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, through the woven stainless steel mesh (mashrabiya) 84
5.7 Daylighting penetrate into the internal area of the main prayer hall, Putra Mosque, through the glass wall and doors (Ground Floor Level) and through stain glasses at the First Floor Level, upper floor level and dome neck windows. 84
5.8 Mashrabiya 86
5.9 Mashrabiya 86
5.10 Roof Overhang 86
5.11 Roof Overhang 86
5.12 Cladding System 87
5.13 Cladding System 87
5.14 Openings 87
5.15 Openings 87
5.16 Wall System 87
5.17 Wall System 87
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5.18 998m² - Shape and Size of Glazing of Putra Mosque 88
5.19 Shape and Size of Glazing of Putra Mosque 90
5.20 Material used for finishes and Floor Surfaces Properties - Putra Mosque 92
5.21 Material used for finishes, Internal Ceiling Wall and Floor Surfaces Properties - Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 92
5.22 Colour Contrast Between Windows and Internal Adjoining Walls and Ceilings at Putra Mosque 93
5.23 Colour Contrast Between Windows and Internal Adjoining Walls and Ceilings at Putra Mosque 93
5.24 Landscaping area – green and water features at Putra Mosque 96
5.25 Landscaping area – green and water features at Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 97
5.26 Natural Ventilation; Cross ventilation at Putra Mosque 100
5.27 Natural Ventilation; Cross ventilation and Stack effect diagram at Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 100
5.28 Shading devices, Mashrabiiya and overhang roof - Putra Mosque 101
5.29 Shading devices, Mashrabiiya and overhang roof - Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 101
5.30 Electrical energy consumed in Putra Mosque. 105
5.31 The electricity bills per month in Putra Mosque 106
5.32 The electrical energy consumptions trend in Putra Mosque. 107
5.33 Pie Chart shows on gender 110
5.34 Bar Chart shows on age for interviewee at Putra Mosque 111
5.35 Bar Chart shows on age for interviewee at Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 111
5.36 Pie Chart shows on ethnicity/ race for interviewee at Putra Mosque and Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 112
5.37 Bar Chart shows on background for interviewee at Putra Mosque 113
5.38 Bar Chart shows on background for interviewee at Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 113
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5.39 Pie Chart shows on years of experience in building design by interviewee of Putra Mosque 115
5.40 Pie Chart shows on years of experience in building design by interviewee of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque 116
5.41 Pie Chart shows on the awareness of MS1525- by Putra Mosque Interviewee 117
5.42 Pie Chart shows on the awareness of MS1525- by Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque Interviewee 118
5.43 Pie Chart shows on the implementation of MS1525- by interviewee (A) 119
5.44 The implementation of MS1525- - by interviewee (B) 120
5.45 Bar Chart shows interviewee (A) interpretation on Passive Design Strategies in relation to MS1525 121
5.46 Bar Chart shows interviewee (B) interpretation on MS1525 122
5.47 Pie Chart shows interviewee (A) attitude towards passive design strategies 123
5.48 Pie Chart shows interviewee (B) attitude towards energy saving 124
5 .49 Pie Chart shows interviewee on the chances to implement, enforce and promote MS1525 124
5.50 Pie Chart shows the regularity of space usege in the mosque – by interviewee (A) 125
5.51 Pie Chart shows the regularity of space usege in mosque 125
5 .52 Bar Chart shows the frequnt spaces visited in both mosques 126
5.53 the interviewee understanding on passive design strategies by interviewee A 127
5.54 the interviewee understanding on passive design strategies by interviewee B 127
5.55 Bar Chart shows the interviewee perceptions on the implementations of passive design strategies in Putra mosque 128
5.56 Bar Chart shows the interviewee perceptions on the implementations of passive design strategies in Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin mosque 129
5.57 Pie Chart shows the interviewee perceptions on the workability of passive design strategies in Putra mosque 130
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5.58 Pie Chart shows the interviewee perceptions on the workability of passive design strategies in Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin mosque 131
5.59 Pie Chart shows the interviewee acceptibility on passive design strategies 132
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Malaysia located in the southeast of the Asian continent; therefore this region is often referred to as Southeast Asia. Malaysia consists out two parts: Peninsular Malaysia, situated between Thailand in the north and Singapore in the south, and the two provinces Sabah and Sarawak, located on Borneo. Malaysia has a tropical climate with warm and humid weather all year round. It is usually very hot and humid, especially in the major cities.Malaysia is the best country to study on the passive design strategies in tropical climates.
What are passive design strategies? Since the time of our ancestors, buildings had been built characterized by passive design where it focused on a balance between local climate, surrounding areas, functions, appearances and design of the buildings.
Passive design strategies can defined as the measures that had been taken to ensure the comfort of the occupant achieved. It must have a closer relationship with its surroundings to achieve a comfortable internal environment with a minimum of resources used as researched by Aziz (2007)
However, in this modern age, most of the building neglected the beauty of passive design strategies and end up relying on active design strategies such as air conditioning systems and others. In this research, we are going to discuss the importance of passive design strategies and knowing its effectiveness against the user‟s comfort, energy efficiency and the visual impact on the user point of view.
In the research, we will focus more on the passive design strategies that had stated in the Malaysian Standard: MS1525. MS1525 is the Code of Practice on Energy
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Efficiency and use of Renewable Energy for Non-ResidentialBuildings,which was developed to provide the best practice in energy efficiency for buildings. This standard is very useful as it provides minimum standards for the design of new, existing buildings as well as methods of determining their compliance (Aziz, 2007:
423-430). Effective passive design strategies may contribute to minimizing the energy consumption in a building in relation to this standard and also helps to reduce wastage in line with Islamic principle (Qur‟an, al-Isra’:27).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
There is no thorough research that had been conducted to determine the effectiveness of passive design strategies for a mosque in Malaysia based on three aspects that are human comfort, energy savings, and visual impressions.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Passive design strategies had applied in most of our buildings in Malaysia including in a mosque. However, how can we determine whether the strategies are effective and give benefits to the users? The effectiveness of the strategies carried different functioned to the users. Some may work very well in other building typologies such as offices or houses but not suitable implemented in a religious building like a mosque.
Some may give impact to the visual impression but doesn‟t work in reducing energy for a building.
Hypothesis:
a) HUMAN COMFORT
– The passive design strategies applied didn‟t provide comfort to the users
b) ENERGY SAVINGS
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– The passive design strategies did not help much in reducing the energy
consumptions
c) VISUAL IMPRESSION
– The passive design strategies do not carry meanings and impact to the users.
The studies on passive design strategies of a mosque in relation to these three elements are yet not being established and should be further discuss with detail analysis and studies in this research.
1.4 RESEARCH AIM
The central aim is to determine the characteristic of the passive design strategies that effective in giving comfort to people, reducing energy consumption and add beauty to a building as a whole.
1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The following goals have identifiedto achieve the study. The research objectives are:-
a) To characterized the relevant and applicable passive design strategies that
suitable for a mosque in Malaysia
b) To find out the effectiveness and impact of the strategies in a mosque
based on human comfort, energy savings and visual impression
c) To evaluate and assess the perception of the user's preferences on the
passive design strategies applied in the mosque buildings.
1.6 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Literatures including books, articles, journals, master thesis and doctoral dissertations on the subjects of mosque, passive design strategies, energy efficient and sustainable
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buildings reviewed. Moreover, related data and statistic from governmental and organizational reports and websites were explored.
Two federal mosques selectedas case studies in order to examine the effectiveness of the current passive design strategies that installed. The accurate information obtained through semi-structured and qualitative interviews with the architects, building operators and users. Field studies and inspections are also being conducted to observe the issues on site, to monitor the human comfort at the praying area. All the questionnaires, interviews, and data collections were gathered to evaluate the effectiveness of the passive design strategies in the mosque in relevant to the case studies. Comparative studies between both cases studies help to evaluate the perception of user‟s preferences in term of passive design strategies. Refer to figure
1.1 Overview of Research Methodology.
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Figure 1.1 Overview of Research Methodology
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1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
a) This study is to highlight the important aspect of finding, analyzing and
synthesizing the effectiveness of passive design strategies for a mosque.
Mosque is a type of building possesses high importance function and
identifying the best alternatives to minimize the energy usage and give
comforts to the users are highly beneficial to all parties.
b) The study is to increase the awareness on the importance of passive design
strategies, environment conservation and energy saving issues to the
designers, architects, engineers, and mosque‟s administrator and the users.
1.8 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This research limited to studying „Federal mosques in Putrajaya. The mosques are:-
- Putra Mosque, Dataran Putra, Putrajaya
- Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya
The limitation is due time constrained of this study. The duration of the research limited while the process of collecting data is lengthy especially when permission required from governments and organizations.The researcher also needs to go through a few red tapes and procedures from the authority (government) and other relevant parties beforedocumentation; experiments and data can obtain. Some of the data collected also considered as private and confidential.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 MALAYSIA
Malaysiais located in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometers (127,350 sq mi). The
South China Sea separates it into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and
East Malaysia. Refer to figure 2.1 Malaysia Map. Malaysia is 329,758² km in size with the current population of Malaysia is roughly 28 million. Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Malaysia, a metropolis with over 1.6 million inhabitants in the city center. Putrajaya serves as the federal administrative center of Malaysia,which located 25 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Putrajaya is a planned city due to overcrowding and congestion in the Kuala Lumpur had been looking to be well developed and expand further in the future. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur while
Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government.
Figure 2.1 Malaysia Map
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