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Tree Crown Measurement  5 Limb Length Nt  6 Canopy Mapping

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Tree Crown Measurement  5 Limb Length Nt  6 Canopy Mapping eNTS: The Magazine of the Native Tree Society – Volume 3, Number 04, April 2013 Tree crown measurement 5 Limb Length http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_crown_measureme nt 6 Canopy Mapping From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7 References The crown of a tree consists of the mass of foliage Largest Recorded Crown Spreads and branches growing outward from the trunk of the tree. The average crown spread is the average Data on greatest crown spread is somewhat limited as horizontal width of the crown, taken from dripline to this parameter is not measured as frequently as are dripline as one moves around the crown. Some tree height and trunk girth. The largest recorded is the listings will also list the maximum crown spread "Monkira Monster" (Eucalyptus microtheca) located which represents the greatest width from dripline to at the Neuragully Waterhole in southwestern dripline across the crown.[1][2][3] Other crown Queensland, Australia which measured 239 feet in [8] measurements that are commonly taken include limb 1954. A Raintree (Samanea saman) in Venezuela length, crown volume, and foliage density. Canopy was measured to have a crown spread of 207 feet in [8] mapping surveys the position and size of all of the 1857. It reportedly is still living, but in poor health. [9] limbs down to a certain size in the crown of the tree A University of Connecticut site suggests that in and is commonly used when measuring the overall the wild they may have crown spreads up to 80 wood volume of a tree. meters. Robert Van Pelt measured a crown spread of 201 feet of a Kapok Tree (Ceiba pentandra) at Barro Average crown spread is one of the parameters Colorado Island, Panama in 2003.[8] commonly measured as part of various champion tree programs and documentation efforts. American Crown Spread Methodologies Forests, for example, uses a formula to calculate Big Cross-method. The average crown spread is the Tree Points as part of their Big Tree Program[3] that average of the lengths of longest spread from edge to awards a tree 1 point for each foot of height,[4] 1 point edge across the crown and the longest spread for each inch of girth,[5] and ¼ point for each foot of perpendicular to the first cross-section through the crown spread. The tree whose point total is the central mass of the crown.[1][2][3] Crown spread is highest for that species is crowned as the champion in taken independent of trunk position. Spread should their registry. The other parameter commonly be measured to the tips of the limbs, not to “notches” measured, in addition to the species and location in the crown shape, and at approximately right angles information, is wood volume.[6] A general outline of from each other. tree measurements is provided in the article Tree [7] Measurement with more detailed instructions in Average crown spread= (longest spread + longest taking these basic measurements is provided in “The cross-spread)/2 Tree Measuring Guidelines of the Eastern Native Tree Society” by Will Blozan.[1][2] The surveyor locates the point on the ground immediately below the branch tip on one end of the Contents measurements and marks that position. He then moves to opposite side of the crown and locates the 1 Largest Recorded Crown Spreads point under that branch tip. The spread along that line is the horizontal distance between those two 2 Crown Spread Methodologies positions. On steeply sloping ground (> 15 degrees) the taped distance between the two points can be 3 Crown Density corrected to a true horizontal by using basic 4 Crown Volume Estimates trigonometry. Horizontal distance = cos (inclination) x slope distance. The help of an assistant or the use of a laser rangefinder can greatly speed this process. 56 eNTS: The Magazine of the Native Tree Society – Volume 3, Number 04, April 2013 When using a laser rangefinder, as in measuring tree 2 (SUM/n) = Average crown spread height, several points on the far edge of the crown can be explored to find the furthest point. A laser This is the preferred method of canopy researchers rangefinder is also useful for measuring crown spread and is probably the most accurate, and can also be where one side of the crown is not easily accessible, used to quantify crown area. On large trees it can be [1] such as a tree growing on a cliff side or other barrier. accomplished quickly with a laser rangefinder. Measurements using a laser rangefinder if made at a Another instance where a laser rangefinder and steep angle greater need to be corrected for true clinometer are useful is if the canopy is high off the horizontal distance using the formula above. ground. For example, white pine typically has a long bare stem, with branching beginning far up the trunk. In these cases a series of shots taken to the outer reaches of the branches standing at the side of the trunk can be used to calculate the length of spokes. In this case the angles will be steep, and the length of a spoke will be: cos(inclination) x (laser measured distance) = spoke length Google Earth Measurements. With the increased availability of high resolution air photos available through Google Earth[10] crowns of individual trees can be distinguished providing another option for measuring crown spread.[11] The latitude and longitude of the tree can be read directly from Google Earth. Google Earth itself includes a ruler tool that can be used to measure diameters or spokes across the crown of the tree. Alternatively the crown area Tree crown spread measurement can be measured and crown spread calculated from that value. EasyAcreage V1.0 (demo version)[12] is a Spoke Method. When using the spoke method, four Google Earth area measurement tool that calculates or more measurements are taken from the outer the area of any shape outlined on the Google Earth dripline of the crown to the side edge of the trunk. display. Outline the edge of the trees canopy, The distance to the side edge of the trunk is for all following the branches and hollows around the practical purposes equal in length to the distance to canopy perimeter, including any enclosed hollows the center of the trunk. If the measurement from the within the canopy outline and read the area provided dripline of the crown to the side edge of the trunk is by Easy Acreage. Average crown spread can be not level, then the measured length must be converted determined with a simple formula: to a horizontal distance. Spoke length = cos(inclination) x (measured distance) If the slope Crown Spread = 2(area/π)½ angle is less than 10 degrees the difference between the horizontal distance and the measured length will Here we see that area is the area of an equivalent be less than 1.5% for slope distances less than 100 circle. For critical measurements, it is advisable to feet. These individual spoke lengths are averaged and check the measurement made through a remote this average is equal to half the average crown sensing application in person. spread. The more spokes measured in the process, the more accurate the characterization of the average Leverett[13][14] has also provided four options for crown spread. measuring the crown area through compass and clinometer surveys around the outer edge of the 57 eNTS: The Magazine of the Native Tree Society – Volume 3, Number 04, April 2013 crown or through a combination of measurements the maximum width of the crown along any axis from from the edge of the crown and to the trunk, and the dripline on one side of the tree to the dripline on those around the crown perimeter. All four the opposite side of the tree. circumscribe the crown area's drip-line with a polygon and divide the polygon into a series of Crown Density adjacent triangles, measure the area of each triangle The USDA Forest Service, has published a guidance and sum them. One option, the Polygonal Method, document[15] on field evaluations of a variety of measures each side of a triangle to compute its area. crown characteristics beyond that of the normally The second and third methods uses azimuths and one taken basic measurements. Included are a series of distance to the trunk calculate the area. The fourth definitions of terms, crown shape, crown method, the Azimuth Method, requires only azimuths density/foliage transparency, un-compacted live and distance measurements from point to point crown ratio, vigor class, and various dieback around the crown perimeter. evaluations. Polygonal Method. The measurer walks the perimeter Crown density is the amount of crown branches, of the crown following the drip line fairly closely. foliage and reproductive structures that blocks light Points are identified on the ground that represent the visibility through the crown. Each tree species has a outline of the crown and marked in a way so that the normal crown that varies with the site, genetics, tree next point is always visible from the prior one. For damage, etc. It also serves as an indicator of expected the first point, the distance to the center of the tree's growth in the near future. The crown density may be trunk is measured along with the vertical angle to the estimated using a Crown Density-Foliage point. Then the distance to the next exterior point is Transparency Card.[15][16] Using the card for reference measured along with the vertical angle. The measurer the observer estimates what percentage of the light is moves to that next exterior point and repeats the being blocked by the crown mass.
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