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Diffusion and Internal Friction in Sodium-Rubidium Silicate Glasses

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Diffusion and Internal Friction in Sodium-Rubidium Silicate Glasses Scholars' Mine Doctoral Dissertations Student Theses and Dissertations 1970 Diffusion and internal friction in sodium-rubidium silicate glasses Gary L. McVay Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations Part of the Ceramic Materials Commons Department: Materials Science and Engineering Recommended Citation McVay, Gary L., "Diffusion and internal friction in sodium-rubidium silicate glasses" (1970). Doctoral Dissertations. 2041. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2041 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DIFFUSION AND INTERNAL FRICTION IN SODIUM .. RUBIDIUM SD.ICA 'l'E GLASSES GARY LEE McVAY~ 1943- A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the UNIVERSITI OF MISSOURI - ROLLA In Partial Fulfillment of the Require.nts tor the Degree DOC'roR OF PHILOSOPHr 1D CERAMIC ENGINEERING 1970 ltf ~L ~ ~ ' A , u r:; 111,~~u 1/174 JL ii ABSTRACT The internal friction and sell' diffusion coefficients of sodiwn and rubidium ions for (1 - X) Ha~·X Rb20•J Si02 glasses have been measured. The diff'uaion 111easurements employed radioactive isotopes and a thin sec­ tioning teelmique and extended from .JSO to 500°C. Internal friction measurements were :mde from -150 to 5000C am at frequencies of 0.0$ to 6000 Hz. The maxiJilUJn height for the mixed alkal.i internal friction peak occurs at the composition where the sodium and rubidium diffusim coeffi­ cients are equal. It is concluded that the mechanism responsible for the mixed alkali peak is a cooperative rearrangement of sodi1.1J11-rubidiUJ'ft ions ani that the slowest moving ion controls the rate of this rearrangement. This mechanism should also apply to other mixed alkali silicate glasses since the internal friction for these systems is similar.. The height of the alkali peak was compared with the corresponding alkali ion diffusion coefficient for several alkali aluminosilicate and silicate glasses. A direct correlation was foum between the height of an alkali peak and the magnitude of the diffusion coefficient of the appropriate alkali ion. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author gratefully acknowledges the aid and advice given by Dr. Delbert E. Day, major advisor. Appreciation is also expressed for the helpful discussions with Dr. Norbert J. Kreidl am Dr. Manfred Wuttig. The financial support provided by the NSF and NASA Traineeships was very much appreciated. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT • • • • ii ········-·-··············~ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. .............................. iii LIST OF FIGURES., ................... ., • • • • .., • ft • v LIST OF TABLES • - . • • ., (Ill • .. • • vii I. INTRODUCTION .. 8 ft • • • • • • • ft • • • 8 • • • • . .. • • • 1 II., EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE. • • • • • • • • .. • • • • " • • " • .. 3 A. Glass Preparation • • • • • .. • • • • • ., .. .. • • • • • • 3 B. Diffusion Measurements. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. 3 c. Internal Friction Measurements. • .. • • • • • • .. • " • " 5 D. Activation Energy - Internal Friction • • .. • • .. • • • ., 7 III. RESULTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • .. • • .. 9 A. Diffusion " " • • .. .. .. " • • • • • • • • • • • • " .. • • • .. 9 B. Internal Friction • • .. • • • .. • • • • • • .. • .. .. .. .. 9 Activation Energy " 14 c. • .. • .. • .. " • • • • • • • .. • • " • .. IV .. DISCUSSION.. • ., " .. " • • • • • • • • • • • .. ., ., • • 18 A. Conparison of Activation Energies for Alkali Ion Diffusion with that for the Mixed Alkali Internal Friction Peak .. • • .. .. • • • • .. • .. .. .. .. " 18 B. Analysis of Mixed Alkali Peak ...... " • • • • • • 18 c .. Correlation between Diffusion Coefficient and. Internal Friction Peak Height • • • • • .. " . • • • • ft • 24 v. CONCLUSIONS . .. .. • 8 • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4t . " 34 VI. APPENDICES., • ...... " • " • ..... • ........... • • .. .. 35 A. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND HEAT TREATMENT ............. • • 36 1., Glass Preparation and Melting .. .. .. • .. • .. .. • • • .. 36 2.. Sample Fonning and Heat Treatment ........ ., .. .. • • .. 36 B. INTERNAL FRICTION .. ., ........................ ., • • 37 1 .. Inverted Torsion Pendulum. .. • .. • .. .. • .. • .. • .. .. 37 2. Resonance Technique Based on Forster's Method • .. .. .. 37 3. Data. .. • • • • .. • .. .......... ., • .. • ..... • 37 c. DIFFUSION .............................. • • 47 1 .. Technique and Equipment. .. • • • • • • .. .. .. .. • • .. 47 2. Data. .. • • • • • • • • • .. .. .. .. • .. .. • .. • .. .. • .. 49 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ,. • ., • " ..... • .............. " ........ • 52 VIII. VITA • ., ••• • ., .. ., ......... • " • • • • • • • • • • • • • 54 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Number Page 1 • Temperature Dependence of Sodium and Rubidium Diffusion Coefficients for Glasses I and IV •• . .. 12 2. Self Diffusion Coefficients for Sodium and Rubidium in (1 - X) Na20•X Rb20•J Si02 Glasses. ,.. .. 13 3 .. Internal Fr:iction Curves for the ( 1 ... X) Na~ •X Rb20•J Si02 Glasses, Freq. ""0.4 Hz ••• ., ... - . 4. Temperature and Height Above Background for the Mixed Alkali Peak in (1 -X) Na20•X Rb20•3 Si02 Glasses, Freq. • O.h Hz ........ ., ... - . 16 5. Activation Energy for Alkali Diffusion and the Mixed Alkali Internal Friction Peak in (1 - X) Na~·X Rb20•3 Si02 Glasses .............. ., ............ ~ .. 17 6. Path of the Slowest Moving Ion in (1 ~ X) Na20•X Rbz0•3 Si02 Glasses, Temp. • 4000C. • .. • • .. • .. • .. .. • .. .. • 23 7.. Change in Relaxation Time for the Mixed Alkali Internal Friction Peak in (1 -X) Na(.IO•X Rb20•3 Si02 Glasses. .. • • • .. • • .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • .. .. • .. 25 B. Alkali Pyak)Height for Sodium Aluminosilicate Glasses., .22 I ""Na(.IO•X Al203•(3- X)Si02, II "" (2 -X) Na20•X Al2()3•(6 - 2X)Si02, III '"' (2 -X) Na2J•X Al(.I03•6 Si02 ............. .. 8 .. • • • ~ • 29 9 .. Self Diffusion Coefficients for Sodium in Sodium Alumino)ilicate Glasses. I • Na~·X Al20~·2 Si02(23 , II = 13 Na20•X Al203" 87 --X) i02(24) • .. ~ .. .. • .. 30 10. Inverted Torsion Pendulum and Furnace • .. .. .. .. .. • • .. .. .. .. • 38 11 • Sonic Apparatus and Furna.ce .. • • .. .. • .. .. • • .. • .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 '' 12. Internal Friction Curve for 0 .. 75 Na2J•0 .. 25 Rb20•3 Si02, Freq. .. 0.4 Hz. • .. • .. • .. .. • • .. .. • .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 13. Internal Friction Curve for 0.5o Na~·0.50 Rb20•3 43 Si02, Freq .. • o.4 Hz .. .. .. • " .. .. .. • • • .. • .. • • .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 .. Internal Friction Curve for 0 .. 37 NaiJ•0.,63 Rb20•3 Si02, Freq. • 0.4 Hz .. • .. .. .. • • • .. .. • .. .. .. .. • • .. .. .. .. .. 44 15. Internal Friction Curve for 0.,25 Na~·0.75 RbzD•3 Si02 , Freq., • 0.4 Hz. .. • • .. .. • .. .. .. • • • .. • .. .. .. • .. .. .. 45 vi LIST OF FIGURES (continued) F igu m Number Page 16. Internal Friction Curve for 0.10 Na2D•0.90 Rbz0•3 Si02, Freq. ~ 0.4 Hz •••• • • e •••• • ••••• . ~ . 46 17. Procedure for Diffusion Measurements •• • • • • • • • '!' . .. • • 48 vi.i LIST OF TABI.ES Table Nwnber Page I. Coq>ositions and Heat Treatment Temperaturea. 4 II. Comparison of Measured Diffusion Coefficients with those Found in the Literature •••••• e • e e • II e fl 6 III. Self Diffusion Coefficients, Activation Energies, and Pre-exponential Factors for Sodium Diffusion. • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • 10 IV. Self Diffusion Coefficients, Activation Energies, and Pre-exponential Factors for Rubidium Diffusion. • • • • • • • • • • • . ~ ~ . 11 v. Distribution Parameters and Activation Energies for the Mixed Alkali Peak of Sodium·Rubidium Silicate Glasses •••• . .. e e II e e ~ • II 21 VI. Alkali Peak Height and Diffusion Coefficients for Various Silicate and Germanate Glasses •• • • 8 • • • ~ 8 32 VII. Mixed Peak Temperature, Height Above Background, and Frequency • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • 40 VIII. Experimental Data for the Self Diffusion Coefficients of Sodium and Rubidium Ions. • • • • • • • • • • 50 1 I. INTHODUGTION Internal friction measurements, as a function of tel!Jierature, for single alkali silicate glasses show two peaks which are referred to as the alkali and non..bridging oxygen peaks. (1-4) When a glass contains a mixture of dissimilar alkali ions, an unusually large internal .friction (or mechanical damping) ma.xinrum is observed as first reported by Rotger(5) and Jagdt (6). They suggested that mixing the alkalis caused the original alkali peak to become larger am move to higher tempera­ tures.. By JM.king small additions of a second alkali, Steinkarrp, Shelby, and Day(7) fourrl that the large peak previously reported was actually a new peak. S~e the new peak was observed only in mixed alkali gla_,ses they referred to it as a nmixed alkali peak.'' Shelby(B) ani de Waal (9) recently investigated the mchanical damp- ing of mixed alkali silicate glasses.. The second alkali in some of de Waal 's glasses was introduced by ion-exchange, but the internal fric- tion of these glasses was similar to that for comparable glasses pre- pared by conventional melting. 'fuey both attributed the large internal friction peak to an interaction between dissimilar alkali ions. The magnitude and activation energy for the mixed alkali peak was reported by Shelby to depend upon the radius ratio of the alkali ions. Shelby arxl de Waal both proposed a position interchange of dissimilar
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