Midpacific Volume46 Issue4.Pdf

Vol. XLVI. No. 4 25 Cents a Copy October, 1933 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE

lava Ire, un the bland 01 Hawaii—preserved by lily lava, cull; eh once encircled it. 1S 4, r r /coca --- ri I oil r gith_tittriftr maga3tur .;...%-• >„_.• CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD 7. • Vol. XLVI. 4 Number 4

• 1•

• CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1933

• .0. ; 1 A World-Wide Study of Wood - - - - 303 By Professor Samuel J. Record • • .5. Birds of Vancouver Island - - - - - - 309 • By M. Eugene Perry r.' g

4 The Story of Coral - - - - - - 313 By F. A. McNeill 1 4• 1 i Growth of the Printing Industry in the Philippines - - 319 • By Jose A. Carpio

• Edible Oils Used for Food - - - - - - 323 ,..4. 4 4 The Honduras Banana - - - - - - 327 ..;,.4! 4 • The Macadamia Nut Industry in Hawaii - - - - 331 ii By John Harden Connell I

■ Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution - - - 333 • Vol. VIII, No.0° 9 ,.<4. (..4 Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series, No. 164 - 349 i i 11. • L My, viii-Farifir Ragaznt ' Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Pan-Pacific Club Building, Honolulu, T. H. Yearly sub- ; scription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $3.25. 1 For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Copies, 25c. I Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. i 4 Permission is given to reprint any article from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. ., mpAtmrnmp, 9999 • • • • • • • I • i • • • 1=7M7I J Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Ltd. 302 THE MID-PACIFIC

In Nature the location of a tree is purely through chance. It must grow where it starts or not at all: and for those who can read it, the tree writes in wood a plain autobiography

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The banyan tree of the tropics, whose aerial roots produce additional trunks.

UPVII177117r"IAMMI A World-Wide Study of Wood By SAMUEL J. RECORD, Professor of Forest Products, School of Forestry, Yale University Before the Pan-Pacific Science Weekly Meeting, May 19, 1933

This world-wide study of wood in- furniture woods, such as mahogany or volves the working together of individ- your koa, or any other beautiful furni- uals, institutions, and others engaged in ture wood, have just beneath the surface research on wood and its uses in all parts a rich golden luster that cannot be of the world, for scientific institutions are imitated. You saw tonight a very thin coming more and more to realize the im- sheet of plywood, but despite its thinness portance of cooperation, not merely in the wood on the surface will show the name, but in fact. same luster, the same configurations, The Wonders of Wood flashings, variations, that you would find in solid pieces. Though you try to re- There is nothing in common use about produce it exactly, a picture or painting which so little is really known as wood. lacks that changeability or "life." The No one invented or discovered wood. It eyes in a portrait, painted straight-for- has been always with us. We take it as a matter of course, and yet wood is one ward, seem to follow you about as you of the most remarkable substances in all change your position. Wood is not like the world. Consider it from any angle that, for it has a myriad aspects and to and you still have something at which to no two people does it present an identical marvel. There is beauty of color, and appearance at one time,—and that is a you get all colors and shades, except reason one never tires of lovely wood- bright green and bright blue. Cabinet or work. 304 THE MID-PACIFIC

Wood is a material of manifold uses. but a tree does not reciprocate that in- It provides fuel, building materials of all terest in the least. From the tree's stand- kinds, furniture, vehicles, implements point man must be classed as a blight or and an endless list of accessories to our ravaging pest, the archenemy of the daily wants. Reduce it to its component forest. fibre and you have the basis for the great It is important to keep in mind that paper industry. Cut paper into narrow wood is made by a tree to serve its own strips, twist it tightly and you have cord- purposes. That is why there is such an age ; weave this and you have paper tex- infinite variety of woods ; that is why tiles for emergency clothing. Dissolve there is so much variation in the wood wood substance, squeeze it out through from trees of the same species and even tiny holes like the spinnerets of a spider from different parts of the same indivi- and you get silk that rivals the product dual. In nature the location of any given of the silk worm. tree is purely through chance ; it must Through processes of extraction there grow where it starts or not at all. Whether are obtained tanning materials, dyes, buffeted by winds or storms or in some mordants, resins, gums and many other protected spot, whether in good soil or useful things. Through distillation there poor, in keen competition with other trees is obtained gas, wood alcohol, acetic acid, or by itself, subject to the ravages of wood tar and charcoal, while resinous disease and fire or immune from these woods produce, in addition, turpentine dangers, all of these are reflected in the and oils. Trace these to their final uses quality and character of the wood pro- and you will marvel at the extent to which duced. For those who can read it, the these derivatives of wood are interwoven tree writes in its wood a plain auto- in the complex fabric of our civilization. biography. And these are by no means all. Wood The Need for Scientific Study of Wood was made from sugar and chemists can Though the timber we use is a salvage turn it back to sugar so that wood is a product, we often complain because it rots possible source of food for man and beast. or is eaten by insects, or burns, or other- Introduce yeast into a wood sugar solu- wise fails to meet certain of our needs tion and "grain" alcohol is produced. Re- for which it was not primarily intended. fine wood substance and pure cellulose is But did you ever stop to think that in obtained which can he used in place of the great scheme of nature if wood did cotton for powerful explosives. not decay or in some way disintegrate But why extend the list? A substance into its original elements, it would ac- that can afford us shelter, heat, light, cumulate and finally choke out all vege- clothing, food, drink, means of transpor- tation ? Nature seeks to preserve wood tation by land, sea or air, tools and ma- only so long as it is serving the purpose chines, writing and printing materials, of a living tree, after that it becomes the and so on to the end of man's wants— legitimate prey to all the elements of de- surely such a substance is deserving of struction. Man's interest in wood nor- our highest esteem. Can any one claim mally begins where that of the tree leaves a thousandth part as much for clay or off, and upon him falls the burden of stone or concrete or metal? There is no thwarting the agencies of disintegration. better measure of civilization than the ex- If we would use woods intelligently we tent to which wood is utilized. must learn the shortcomings as well as Wood Designed for the Tree, Not for the merits of each kind and to the ac- Man cumulated wisdom of experience add the What is wood ? It is an intricate struc- scientific knowledge of the laboratory. ture built up by a tree to serve the tree's So long as wood is directly useful to own needs. Man is interested in trees a tree it is fully saturated with water.

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A sawmill in Queensland, Australia, and a trainload of its products.

For most purposes for which man em- sible had it not been for the many years ploys wood it is necessary that it be dried. of painstaking delving in the pure science The drying process is always accompanied of timber by laboratory workers who by shrinkage which is very unequal in the seemed apart from the busy world but different dimensions, thus causing warp- were able to come to the front and lead ing, twisting, and splitting. Centuries of the way out of a great emergency. practical experience evolved slow drying Every Wood Peculiar to Itself methods that served well enough in more It is a matter of common knowledge leisurely times, but are not in step with that woods are not all alike. Their dif- the tempo of modern business. Through ferences in composition, color, odor, grain, the practical application of principles dis- texture, weight, strength and durability covered by timber physicists it is now are of much economic importance in the possible to fell living trees, cut the green timber industry. What is not so generally timber into lumber. pass it through dry appreciated is that there are no two woods kilns, and have it in finished and manu- exactly alike. In a great many cases it is factured form in a few weeks with more now possible to identify a wood with cer- satisfactory results than could be ob- tainty as to its genus, frequently as to its tained by the old methods in years section of a genus, and sometimes as to of open-air seasoning. It was the sudden its species or even variety. The number demand of the war for enormous quanti- of such cases is increasing so rapidly that ties of rifle stocks, artillery wheels, and it is only a question of time until no ex- other military uses of wood that changed the methods of manufacture almost over ceptions remain. night. The point to be remembered is that Delay in approximating this goal may such a change would not have been pos- be ascribed mostly to the lack of suitable 306 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID - PACIFIC 307

material for study. It is only in recent scientists to work on monographs of re- years that serious effort has been made lated groups or families. The principal to get wood samples from the main stem incentive needed is the material. It is of trees from which herbarium material hopelessly impossible to supply samples of is taken. This calls for a new type of all the species of any but the smallest collector who realizes that the trunk of a families, but enough of the genera are forest tree equals the leaves and flowers represented in the different collections of in scientific interest and surpasses them a the world to justify preliminary studies, thousand times in economic value. and several of these are now well under Need for Comprehensive Collection of way. Woods With this general object in view we The task of getting a comprehensive are trying to make the Yale collection of general collection of woods for systematic woods as rich in genera as possible and study is made especially difficult by the are offering classified groups of specimens fact that most arborescent species occur to competent research students anywhere. in the poorly accessible forests of the We now have 24,000 fully catalogued tropics. Scientific interest alone is scarcely samples representing about 7400 named incentive enough for sending costly ex- species of trees of over 2100 genera of peditions after wood samples. But with 210 families. Other institutions have been reduction in the timber supply of the very generous in contributing duplicates North Temperate Zone has come op- from their collections, and in this way portunity for the profitable exploitation they have the assurance that their woods of the vast tropical forests. The woods of will be included in any extensive the tropics are different in kind and tech- systematic work without interference with nical properties from those with which their own intensive or regional investi- civilized man has been so long familiar, gations. and their introduction into the trade is International Association of Wood usually a slow and difficult process. Euro- Anatomists pean countries with colonial possessions, Our procedure for making specimens as well as some of the tropical countries available for study is very simple. From themselves, are attempting to hasten this a family-and-genus catalogue of material process and to stimulate their export on hand, the investigator makes his selec- trade. To this end they have built re- tion, and cuttings large enough for sec- search laboratories for the thorough in- tioning are sent to him, along with copies vestigation of their timbers so that the of the catalogue cards. In order to en- manufacturer can employ them to the courage further cooperation and also to best advantage. Such work is of doubt- avoid unintentional duplication, notice of ful value unless the identity of every test each project undertaken, together with specimen is known, hence each laboratory the name and address of the investigator, and research institution becomes a center is published in our quarterly magazine, for the building up of study collections of Tropical Woods, which has a circulation authentic samples. of about a thousand copies and reaches Most of the best wood collections are nearly all those interested in its field. This regional, and much of the research work publication also contains original articles is with geographical groups rather than and notes, descriptions of new species by families. I believe the time is at hand discovered by Yale collectors, and a digest to begin the preparation of a compre- of the current literature. It aims to en- hensive work on the woods of the world. courage collectors, to promote research, dealing with them systematically by fami- and to provide a readily accessible file of lies and genera. The easiest way to ac- useful information and references which complish this is to get a number of otherwise might escape notice or not reach 308 THE MID-PACIFIC students who lack adequate library facili- tended and a committee was appointed to ties. perfect an organization to be known as This is all very well so far as it goes, the International Association of Wood but it falls far short of meeting the real Anatomists. At a second conference, held demand of the situation. There is need in Paris a year later, the constitution for a more general pooling of materials, recommended by the organizing commit- for freer interchange of ideas, and for tee was adopted. The object of the Asso- standardizing terminology and descrip- ciation is to advance the knowledge of tions. There is need for better textbooks wood anatomy in all its aspects through and manuals and for better training in interchange of ideas, of information, the the schools. There is need for closer co- cooperative collection and exchange of operation with systematic botanists, paleo- materials, the setting up of standards for botanists, organic chemists, and others terminology and descriptions, and the en- concerned directly or indirectly with couraging of research, publication, and in- woods. In short, there is need for some struction. The Association is now actively sort of international organization which operating, with a membership of 66 scien- can deal with the study of wood in all its tists representing 22 different countries. ramifications. The results of this pooling of efforts With this in mind two British scientists and materials are contributing to a general and myself called a conference of wood fund of knowledge which can be drawn anatomists at Cambridge, England, on the upon to advantage by systematists, paleo- occasion of the Fifth International Bo- botanists, foresters, timber dealers, wood tanical Congress in August, 1930. The users, and all who are concerned with idea was welcomed by all those who at- forests and forest products.

In parts of China the tree is still laboriously sawed into planks by man power. THE MID-PACIFIC 309

The graceful sea gull is found all up and down the coast of Vancouver Island.

V .751:LCN1 IV,A,MI,J1,1,,VAIVIIIV4VIIMIVW5.--T2.1.U7111,-C7n-...a.ITNIVICTIVII,WV V Birds of Vancouver Island By M. EUGENE PERRY ffinffir • • • 12dintinahaunicainiiniii72.

Owing to its equable climate and un- ducks, grebes, murres, sandpipers, plover usual amount of sunshine, Vancouver and curlews. Pigeon guillemots are in- Island is a veritable paradise for birds ; teresting shore birds, often seen, with therefore, most apropos is the slogan by their greenish-black heads and backs, which its capital city of British Columbia white wing patches and underparts, and is advertised throughout the world— red feet and legs. There are also dippers, "Follow the Birds to Victoria." The birds or water ouzels, with a rather bad reputa- thus referred to are, of course, the grace- tion for destroying salmon eggs and small ful gulls which wheel around the palatial fry. steamers which connect the Island with On the more outlying shores of the the mainland, 8o miles away. The com- Island many remarkable-looking birds mon species of this coast is the glaucous- are known to nest. For instance, the winged gull, which is found all up and tufted puffins, which are about fifteen down the scalloped shore line of the inches in length, are dark-brown on back Island. The slightly darker western gull and crown, with white face, yellow feath- is also fairly plentiful. er plumes, and the great fat bills that In addition to the gulls, sea birds of give them their name. Their nests are many kinds frequent the shore waters— found on the rocky cliffs at the south-end 310 THE MID-PACIFIC

of the Island. A bird of about the same crops than has been believed. Several size, which is also found in that district, kinds of owls, large and small, are found is the rhinoceros auklet, which has brown on the Island. The Vancouver pigmy owl and white plumage, odd-looking white is a tiny reddish-brown bird, with white feather plumes spraying back from the markings. It is very ferocious and will sides of its face, and a half-inch horn attack birds and chickens larger than above its bill. Near here, too, is seen itself. There are numerous other raptorial that weird bird of which the ancient birds on Vancouver Island, including fal- mariner speaks—the albatross. The black- cons, turkey vultures, and many kinds of footed variety is usually seen, but it is hawks. unlikely that it nests on Vancouver Island. One can scarcely take a walk along the On the west coast are found the nests seashore without hearing the harsh, buz- of three different species of cormorants— zing call of the kingfisher, a splendid- the double-crested, Brandt's and the looking bird with slaty-blue back and pelagic. These are beautiful birds when ragged crest, and white neck stripe and in full plumage. Eagles are often seen underparts. on the wilder and less frequented coasts ; Of all the song-birds in Canada's great and loons are found on the fresh-water western land, perhaps the most loved is lakes, and "With awful laughter pierce the meadowlark. The western variety is the lonely night." The north-western identical with that of the east in appear- coast heron is the Island variety of the ance, but, oh! how superior as to song. great blue heron, and is a splendid bird It is found on the Island in great num- which haunts the open waters and adds bers, remaining throughout the year, and picturesqueness to the landscape. nesting in the grass on any open space. The raven, that bird of ill omen, is less It is always difficult to approach, which often seen than formerly, as it shuns the perhaps accounts for its survival, for it is settled districts, but its appearance is still of noticeable plumage, yellow and brown periodically reported from different parts and white. The writer, when walking of the Island. It is the mischief-maker, or through the suburbs of Victoria on a day jester, frequently referred to in Indian in May, almost stepped into a meadow- folklore. The crow, of course, is every- lark's nest, and was nearly hit by the wing where, his hoarse croak forever on the air. of the mother bird, which flew up with a the north-western crow is smaller than whirr, then sat, complaining, on a near-by its eastern cousin. Another member of fence. The nest contained five white, the crow family to be found locally is the speckled eggs. In late February, when grey jay, that cheeky camp robber. Blue one has become tired of winter, the sud- jays have recently become rather scarce, den joyous trill of a meadowlark ringing but just a few years ago, preceding any out across the commons, brings with its rather severe winter, numbers of these message of spring a positive thrill of joy. brilliant-hued, harsh-voiced birds would It is not a true lark, but belongs to the be seen around Victoria. Stellar's jay is starling family. The horned lark—the the local variety. It is much darker on shore-lark referred to in Duncan Camp- back and pointed crest than the eastern bell Scott's poem—is the only native blue jay, and blue, not grey, below. Canadian lark, and is represented in Brit- Out around the Uplands, near Victoria, ish Columbia by the streaked horned lark, the north-western red-winged blackbird is now somewhat rare. often seen. It is a lively bird with a clear, Vancouver Island, however, has the rolling song. Except at breeding time, proud distinction of being the only place these blackbirds travel in flocks and on the North American Continent where sometimes settle down on the harvest the English skylark has been successfully fields, but are really less destructive to introduced. It is about 3o years since a THE MID-PACIFIC 311

Victoria, capital of British Columbia, on Vancouver Island. consignment of birds—English robins, summer a friend of the writer, when blue tits, bullfinches and skylarks—was motoring along a road some twenty miles brought out from England and released from Victoria, saw a sooty grouse in the near Victoria. Most of the birds dis- middle of the road dragging its wing as appeared, but the skylarks soon accus- if severely wounded. The car was tomed themselves to the change of stopped, as, it was later on learned, several environment and settled down near the others had been by the same bird, but Uplands, where they have increased to when the motorist approached the grouse, such an extent that on any spring or it flew off quite briskly. It is said to be summer day, out near the golf links, one a common trick of the sooty grouse, after is sure to see them soaring into the blue, the chicks are hatched, to try by strategy as they pour forth their marvelous, to draw intruders away from the little liquid song. On the Turner farm the sky- flock. larks are such welcome guests that the Of course, on the Island, as all over hay-cutting is postponed till such time as Canada, there is no more common or the birds will have hatched out their little popular bird than the robin—so-called- broods and left their lowly nests in the which is in reality a thrush. In the days fragrant hayfields. when the first white men came to Canada, Around the same district are found the the exiled Englishmen saw this cheery ring-necked pheasants, which were intro- red-breast, and because it reminded them duced many years ago and have made of the English robin, they named it themselves very much at home on the Is- after the bird friend in their beloved land. The English and Mongolian varie- homeland. In one's own suburban garden, ties have now become so hybridized as to where birds innumerable appear during make distinction impossible. Many spe- the course of the year, the robin is king, cies of grouse are found on the Island. and, when he wishes to bathe, chases all The sooty—the coast form of the blue other birds from the pool. Yet, invariably, grouse—are quite plentiful. Early last when the robins begin to splash in the 312 THE MID-PACIFIC water all sorts of birds appear as if by garden. During the mating season these magic, and cheep and chirp around the birds have a most delightful song, so like lawn, awaiting their turn to take a dip. that of the tame canary next door, that Sometimes a couple of saucy sparrows only the slight rasp at the end of the spar- will pop in behind a robin's back, to be row's trill distinguishes it. The chipping quickly routed out if he discovers them. and the song sparrows also come around, The humming-birds found around Vic- and the not-too-popular English sparrow toria are of the rufous species—brick-red which some misguided persons introduced above, with fiery red gorget, and dull into North America. Somewhat like the white underparts. They are frequently to latter in appearance is the Oregon junco, be seen darting in and out as they sip the a very busy and cheerful little bird, with honey from the garden flowers. Last year a black head and cape, chestnut back and a pair nested in the garden next door, wings, and white underparts and wing but as is usual with this mysterious bird, bars. Flocks of these birds come into the male soon disappeared, and the mother Victoria in the fall, perhaps from the bird, unaided, fed and tended her young. north, and disappear in April. All through One day they sat on the edge of the nest, the winter months there are always a few two tiny specks of fluff, attached to long juncos in the garden. bills. The next day they were up and In the winter there are also often to be away, and the garden saw them no more. seen the varied thrushes, or painted rob- During the same season two pairs of ins, striking-looking birds with their black lutescent warblers nested in the trees in necklace, red eyebrow line and wing feath- the front garden, lovely canary-like birds, ers. Like a small robin, but really of the flashing their golden plumage through the sparrow family, is the Oregon towhee, a tree-tops. Every year two wrens are with lovely and friendly bird with jet black difficulty prevented from making their head and bib, back and tail black spotted nest in the mail-box at the front gate ; with white, chestnut flanks and white and small violet-green swallows build underparts. It forages busily around the under the eaves, and may often be seen garden, and bits of bread thrown from wheeling around and around in the air, the windows are gratefully received. gathering their food on the wing. Large, families of California quail—in- All through the year, in the garden and troduced into British Columbia in the neighborhood, is to be heard the sharp seventies, and now very common on the cry of the north-western flicker, the com- lower part of the Island—live in and mon grey and red-shafted woodpecker of around Victoria. All last spring a dozen the Pacific coast. Garden, city, wilderness of them sheltered every night in the oak or Indian village, it is evidently all one tree ivy ; and the chattering, as they set- to this industrious bird carpenter, for tled clown for the night, attracted all the under the name of cafer this woodpecker neighbors' cats, who sat on the fence was mentioned in the notes of the gazing hungrily at the tree, but did not naturalist who accompanied Captain Cook on his voyage to the North American seem to think of climbing the ivy ladder. coast in the year 1778. The only other And so one could go on forever with Vancouver Island bird commented on in birds that come and go—brown thrushes, these notes was the rufous humming-bird, bluebirds, goldfinches, migrating yellow mentioned above. grosbeaks ; and always, above, "a white A pair of white-crowned sparrows nest gull arches the blue dome with keening every year in the big oak tree in the back cry." THE MID-PACIFIC 313

A Portion of the Great Barrier Reef, a mighty coral formation extending more than a thousand miles along the coast of Queensland, Australia.

k.WMPUrIVIT717711C7R711C711C7rIcroUTIC707nVITC7rIVIIIVIT2,711- ,70:711C71R71770711K7WW71117111:711[7nUnK7ITOTPCMIVITT: The Story of Coral By F. A. McNEILL, Zoologist, Australian Museum. mnfionni

If one were asked to compile a list of Indies are approached the growths ulti- words of romantic association occurring mately become rich enough to display in the dictionary, the word "coral" would their architecture of reefs, coral atolls and surely be a first choice—a word that lagoons. breathes the atmosphere of the tropics, Even in the West Indies, however, coral of waving palm trees and trade winds, growth does not attain perfection. It is and blue lagoons. on record that during a past geological It is only in the warm seas that corals period there were numerous kinds of grow, and the warmer the water, the more coral in the Caribbean Sea which since luxuriant is the bank or reef which they have become extinct in those waters. For build. Thus, in the Bahamas and Ber- the most part such forms are, however, mudas of the Atlantic Ocean, the observer still represented in the waters of the Pa- encounters at intervals first one kind of cific, so that to discover the full develop- coral and then another ; but as the West ment of coral growth one must leave the 314 THE MID-PACIFIC

Atlantic, and travel many thousands of is a series of narrow coral banks, each miles westward to where the variety of several miles long, with definite breaks or coral becomes greater, till a maximum is channels of a mile or more between. This reached in the Philippine-Papuan-Solo- irregular line of banks runs in a general mon region. Further westward still across north-south direction, most of them being the northern Indian Ocean one finds a covered at high water. They constitute a gradual diminution until the Mediter- huge natural breakwater to baffle the long ranean is reached. In the last sea no true swells of the open Pacific Ocean. Upon corals of the reef building type are found. the outside edge a mighty surf is always The greatest single structure which the heaving, even during the calmest weather. coral has achieved, now or in past years, On contact with this obstacle, each wave is the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, thrusts upwards and falls with a crash often quoted as one of the seven wonders and a smother of foam upon the reef. It of the world. This mighty structure of is possible for a traveler passing on a ves- coral formation extends along the coast of sel through one of the breaks or passages Queensland for well over a thousand of the outer Great Barrier to receive an miles. At the Tropic of Capricorn the impression of an endless ribbon of foam, southern end of the Great Barrier fades arising from no apparent cause and run- gradually away, the varieties of corals be- ning across the ocean from horizon to coming fewer, the component reefs di- horizon. minishing in size and separated more On the landward side of this turbu- widely from one another, as the colder lent ribbon of foam is the maze of reefs water represses their growth vigor and already referred to. Many of these are finally extinguishes them. In the north responsible for the formation of coral the "Barrier" terminates more suddenly. islands, termed cays, pseudo or false atolls Numerous large rivers coming down from —merely debris heaps of coral-sand and the high mountain ranges of New Guinea coral-fragments accumulated at the peak pour into the Gulf of Papua, and their of a reef or coral platform by the action silted waters extend far out to sea. After of wind and wave. Some of these islands cold, mud is the greatest enemy of are recent, and barren except for a the coral animal, and the mud line straggly growth of coarse grass, while formed by the Papuan rivers limits the others, such as the isles of the Capricorn coral isles of the Great Barrier Reef. Group, support a luxuriant growth of On its eastern face also the Great Barrier tropical trees. All, however, form a strong is sharply defined. From the coast of contrast to the islands of rocky structure Queensland a continental shelf or sunken nearer the mainland, around which coral land mass, varying from 20 to 80 miles clings in the form of fringing reefs. And in breadth, extends to the edge of the although the coral cays may be well vege- Coral Sea, and there plunges down steeply tated, they are always waterless. Coral to abysmal depths. Along the edge of this Islands can be distinguished as far as the shelf rears the seaward rampart of the eye can see, because they are always low Great Barrier. and flat. At a distance they appear as This great area of coral growth is com- grey or dark horizontal lines. At closer posed of a never-ending maze of indi- range they may give the impression of vidual reefs, and is not a single barrier bushes afloat on rafts. or wall as its name tends to suggest. It No marvel reported by early explorers would perhaps be better to term them of the South Seas fascinated the folk in "reeferies," which would mean many the homeland as did the tale of the atoll. reefs of all sizes and shapes, rather than Even to us enlightened moderns, there is to name them reefs. What is known as a charm about the word picture of a hol- the "outer" Great Barrier Reef, however, low island—a lake surrounded with a THE MID-PACIFIC 315 coral ring—supporting a forest of waving reefs have formed to their present size palms, or as one famous naturalist prettily and character is still to be decided. It is expressed it—"a garland thrown upon the known that reef-building corals live in waters." depths up to thirty and forty fathoms, but A whole series of coral islands oc- no deeper. What then of the thickness of curring upon the reefs inside the outer the bases upon which the now living Great Barrier Reef displays what is ac- growths occur. The 20 to 80 mile wide cepted as miniature atolls in various stages continental shelf referred to earlier in the of growth. These models are excellent article is considered to be the foundation examples to demonstrate the most modern of the reefs of the Great Barrier, which of theories on atoll construction. Initially have kept pace in growth with a slow sub- an area of reef grows upwards till it sidence of the shelf during the past geo- breaks the surface of the water, then the logical ages. Similar conditions perhaps waves pack around it a mass of coral obtain elsewhere, for an expedition in the fragments, shell remains and other lime later 'nineties sunk a bore many hundreds sand, and the islet of debris gradually of feet on the atoll of Funafuti, and failed formed in this manner assumes a crescent to reach anything in the form of ter- shape with the back to windward and the restrial rocks. Quite recently, another extremities trailing to leeward. Further local bore of much lesser depth was sunk drift matter continues to be swept along into the barren cay of large Michaelmas by the waves, and the crescent thus grows Reef, eastwards from Cairns on the first into a horseshoe, and ultimately into Queensland coast, with the same result an oval enclosing a lagoon. If evolution as the earlier attempt. continues in its progress, the lagoon is It is obvious that the structure of a slowly filled up and the atoll becomes a reef or reefs depends upon their founda- solid cay or simple coral island. Atolls in tion, and that to study this invisible foun- miniature are found in the mid-Pacific dation is like studying the human skeleton region, while the atoll of Funafuti in the within the living body of a man. This Ellice Group and the atoll of Cocos-Keel- problem must be left in the hands of the ing are so immense that they are nothing geologists. But since the Great Barrier more than a series of islands arranged in Reef, in common with all coral reefs, is a broken ring around an enclosed body of built by animals, its problems are in the water. main zoological. The reader will have Nature's process in the making of coral noticed that the term animal was just ap- islands is a slow and tedious one, for plied to the reef builder, or correctly coral while moderate seas may quickly accumu- animal. This is emphasized for the reason late debris in the manner explained, a that the coral animal is so erroneously re- heavier sea may disperse all or portions ferred to by the layman as the "coral of it again, so that hundreds of years insect." must necessarily elapse for even the par- Having now broached the subject of the tial development of such an operation. On animal builders of all the great and com- one tiny coral isle far up on the coast of plicated masses with which we have dealt, Queensland there is a lighthouse station, it will be as well to tell something of the and the keepers on this four-acre patch have, as one of their duties, to build life and methods of these minute but in- heavy walls of beach rock or solidified domitable creatures. It is a popular mis- coral sand, which is further strengthened take to assume that a reef, or the forma- by cement, in order to prevent tide and tion of even a single coral growth, is the wave removing by erosion the already result of what we might term coordinated formed and compact bank of drift. design by the coral builders, much as a The great question of how the coral honeycomb is the result of cooperative 316 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 317 work by a highly organized bee com- heather. Generally the predominant munity. shades are tones of brown and ochre, but Coral animals, or coral polyps as they these render more brilliant the vivid are more correctly termed, are mere ani- patches of emerald green, orange, pink, mated lumps of jelly, and deposit coral mauve and purple, with an occasional as unconsciously as other more highly or- bright blue growth to assist in staggering ganized animals make bone. If a speci- the senses. men branch of dry, bleached coral struc- The more sombre coloring of coral, ture free from animal matter is examined e.g., the brown and ochre, are brought it will be found to have tiny pits or cells about by the presence of miscroscopic sea- all over its surface. Each of these is the weeds living actually within the substance cast of the body of the polyp which re- of the coral animal flesh ; these algae, as clined there when the coral was alive on they are termed, are in that position its native reef. A skin or mere vestige known to the biologist as symbiotic bodies, of tissue then went from polyp to polyp and their study is one of intense interest of the individual growth or colony, so that to the student. Other more vivid color- though each led a separate life, all were ings must just be accepted as pigmenta- of one flesh. The polyp is like a flower tion brought about by chemical means in or sea anemone, sometimes comparatively the general body processes of the separate large, but more often tiny, and has a circle coral animal colonies. of waving arms or tentacles, with a mouth Adding lustre to coral surroundings is in central disc. On some living coral the the endless variety of quaintly shaped and polyps are often set so close together that richly colored animals which are strewn their little waving tentacles and the flesh among the coral growths. around their stalks meet across the space Conspicuous for their bulk are the giant between the pores and completely hide clams—greatest of all living molluscs— the coral skeleton from sight. As tiny two or more feet across. Gaping wide, animalculae float past in the water, or these display a myriad primitive eyes like brush against the delicate tentacles there gold-green beads along the edges of their is released a battery of microscopic poison fleshy, brown velvet mantles. There are darts, coiled ready for action in special stories of luckless divers drowned because cells of the epidermis. By this means vic- a hand or foot was caught between the tims are paralyzed, seized by the tentacles quickly closing valves of a clamshell. and pushed to the central mouth to be Other smaller clams burrow or seat them- swallowed whole. selves deep into some solid coral base till Associated with feeding is the marvel- only the jaws of the shell are seen, decked ous and complicated secretion of car- by their expanded mantles, which have bonate of lime from the sea water, and highly scalloped edges and slashing colors the gradual building up of the coral ani- of iridescent emerald green, rich purple mal's skeleton. It is only when the tide and orange. Lying in shallow pools are is very low that the prolific areas of liv- great colonies of black sea urchins with ing coral are laid bare. Then a wonderful sharp poisonous spines as long and more spectacle is displayed, like a garden in slender than knitting needles. There are which the plants have been turned to sea stars of many forms, the most promi- stone, but where the soft background of nent being a brilliant cobalt blue variety foliage is absent. Seaweeds are so small with four or five radiating arms, each of and scarce they are overlooked in a gen- which is several inches long and as thick eral view. The separate coral masses or as a man's finger. Some others have long colonies assume the aspect of gigantic flexible snake-like arms which writhe mushrooms, of elegant vases, of flowing about, and upon molestation will throw draperies, of stalactites, or of tufts of off their appendages till dismemberment is 318 THE MID-PACIFIC

complete. A great blue or emerald green dried, and their tough integument export- sea anemone, the size of a dinner plate, ed in great quantities to China, where the shelters a small fish of a brilliant scarlet base for a palatable soup is made from with a vertical white stripe. Any normal them. fish of similar size would be severely Sheltering among the rich growths of stung and perhaps killed by the sea branching corals in the pools are the anemone, but its scarlet lodger is immune, myriad-hued Demoiselles, little fishes and when danger threatens, darts to the whose beauty defies description. These bosom of its host and nestles with perfect may be enticed from their lairs with bread- safety in the midst of poison-charged ten- crumb burley. When captured and freed tacles. Other anemones similarly shelter in water devoid of coral growth the little gaudily-colored prawns. In the shal- Demoiselles become hopelessly lost and low pools, sometimes lying half buried in quite frantic in their excitement over not the sand, are many kinds of sea cucum- being able to effect a ready escape. Such are the experiences and impres- bers or beche-de-mer. In shape like a sions of the observer when coral and its large sausage, in shade black, brown or attendant animal life are seen at low yellow, they extend a rosette-like bundle spring tides. That part of a reef which is of feelers or tentacles and mop up sand uncovered during ordinary tides is not and tiny weeds, which are swallowed in- beautiful at all, for it consists in the main discrimately for the vestiges of food mat- of dead and broken coral, and drifts of ter that they contain. Some kinds of these coral sand.—(Commonwealth Bank of animals are gutted, smoked, peeled and Australia "Bank Notes.")

One of the many types of strange fishes found amongst the coral formations of the Great Barrier Reef. THE MID-PACIFIC 319

4,// 99 tkly414I 44/Wi, lP t,L VAAM PtS(3)41,14. JPAlt, • t. • • • 999 13.J.V.W,RAIMOSAM1,11,14MMAIIAPJ1 IMOSP,1 Growth of the Printing Industry in the Philippines By JOSE A. CARPI°

nialiNtrigitriN actliN tnlicart:arathatzcatiaticackuntharnlica • IAN rt. •

The printing industry in the Philip- industries and a most effective worker in pines had its origin way back in 1593 the world's workshop, to polish and to when a license for the establishment of refine the civilization of the age." Evi- the first printing office in the district of dently, therefore, the power of printing Binondo was granted by Governor Das- affects the human race, and its beneficent marifias to Juan Vera, a Chinese. The influence is seen in almost every human main purpose in granting the royal per- activity. mission to establish and operate a printing The early development of the printing office was to print the Christian doctrines industry in the Philippines was rather and other religious booklets and pam- slow. The first doctrines and other reli- phlets which were translated in both Ta- gious booklets and pamphlets were printed galog and Chinese. From the above it is in wooden tablets in a system known as evident that the agency directly respon- Xylographic. The use of machinery was sible for the introduction of the printing not availed of till after 1602, when a industry in this country was no other than Dominican priest introduced the system the zealous desire of the Spanish conquer- known as typographic printing. In 1607 ors to hasten the spread of Christianity. new types were imported from Europe to The printing industry occupies a unique supplant those used in printing the first position in modern industry. It excels editions of the Christian Doctrine and other industries in interest because it has such important books and pamphlets as done more to conserve and advance "La Lengua Castellana," "Ordenanzas de present-day civilization. It possesses an la Misericordia," "Libro en que Aprendan importance that cannot be measured in los Tagalogs," and "Arte de Tagalogs." terms of the amount of money invested A few years after the introduction of in it or by the volume and value of its the first printing office in Manila another production. It is a world industry, and printing establishment was founded in the as such its influence is felt by every mem- Province of Laguna. In 1606 another was ber of civilized society. Its product—the established in the Jesuit College in Ma- printed page—is a potent factor of de- nila, and eight years later another print- velopment and a valuable agency of prog- ing establishment was found operating in ress. In it is recorded the discoveries and the vicinity of Sampaloc. In 1626 the crowning achievements of the age. In- University of Sto. Tomas printing office, dustrial activities and other lines of hu- which is still existing, was founded. man pursuits find in its product a treasure The slow growth of the industry during of knowledge that educates, enlightens its earlier stage was attributed mainly to and guides mankind. An eminent au- the lack of the proper incentives that thority on printing, speaking of the im- would give impetus to the gradual expan- portance of the industry, said : "The glory sion and development of the industry. and power of printing is not all in the The slow progress in education and in the past. Its influence in the present makes commerce and industry of the country a powerful conservator of human prog- and the high cost of imported machinery ress. It is the handmaiden of all arts and and other printing materials at that time 320 THE MID-PACIFIC were materially responsible for the stag- Philippines imports yearly an average of nant condition and slow progress not only 150,000 pesos' worth of lead types and of the printing business but also of other type-setting machines and approximately more profitable and lucrative industries. 72,000 pesos' worth of printing ink. The development of the printing indus- The printing industry is gaining an try after the Spanish administration has important place in the field of industrial always kept pace with the gradual growth activity. Its rather phenomenal growth, of business. This may be proven by the as indicated by the above figures, is due fact that in 1903, five years after the im- primarily to the increase in the number plantation of American sovereignty in this of periodicals and other publications in country, there were in existence in the this country which necessitated a counter entire archipelago 35 printing, lithog- increase in the number of printing estab- raphy and bookbinding shops with a total lishments that would carry on the work capital investment of 1,196,423 pesos. of printing. In 1929 there were, accord- The value of production for this year ing to the annual report of the Director was 1,110,428 pesos. In 1918 the number of the Bureau of Labor, 66 printing estab- of printing establishments increased to 74, lishments in the City of Manila. For the or over 110 per cent more than in 1903, past year it is believed that this number with a total capital investment of 2,185,- increased to a little over 100 establish- 263.29 pesos, or 82 per cent greater than ments. in 1903. The value of production for this In 1932 there were 191 publications in year was 3,989,662.41 pesos, or an in- the entire archipelago with an average crease of almost 260 per cent as compared circulation of about 170,000 yearly. In with the value of production obtained in 1932 the number of publications increased 1903. to nearly 200 with an average circulation Another index of growth depicting the of about 160,000. Of these publications remarkable progress made by the printing in the country, over 100 were in Manila. business in this country is the yearly im- The average daily circulation of the six ports of printing paper. The Philippines leading dailies in this city is estimated at buys considerable quantities of printing around 16,000, the largest circulation for paper principally from the United States, a single daily being about 25,000. Germany, Norway, Netherlands, and Bel- The most outstanding problem con- gium. Philippine imports of printing fronting the printing industry in the paper in 1914 amounted only to 389,696 Philippines is the supply of printing paper pesos. In 1919 a tremendous increase in which has to be imported in considerable the value of our imports of printing paper quantities from abroad. We find no was recorded, imports being valued at adequate reason why we should be im- 1,166,421 pesos. In 1921 these imports porting paper from foreign countries totaled 2,002,370 pesos and in 1932 it when we could just as well manufacture reached over 2, 030,000 pesos. this article in our country. It is fully Philippine imports of printing machin- known that the Philippines abounds in ery also indicate the growth of the print- raw materials suitable for the manu- ing industry. Since 1903 the value of facture of paper, among which may be printing machinery imported into this mentioned hemp waste, maguey, cogon, country has increased from 56,798 pesos, talahib, rags, calla bojo, waste from lum- that year to over 240,000 pesos in 1932. bering camps, bamboo, banana, sisal pulp This is indicative of the increased local and other grasses which are said to demand for printing machinery incident be growing luxuriantly in almost all to the growth of the printing industry in parts of the country. What is therefore this country. needed is the establishment, under proper Aside from the above figures, the and efficient management, of paper and THE MID-PACIFIC 321 pulp mills. Once these are established With proper management and efficient there is no doubt that the Philippines service, it is believed that Filipino printers could produce all the paper she needs, could lower their cost of operation to a thus lowering considerably the cost of point that would enable them to meet the operation of local printing establishments, competition. besides paving the way for a lucrative Progress in education and in the com- foreign trade for paper and paper plup. merce and industry of the country, which Another problem which is quite notice- is visible from year to year, is giving im- able is the existence of keen competition petus to the further expansion of the among local printing establishments. This, printing industry. The introduction of however, is not to be considered signifi- modern and up-to-date printing machines cant were it not for the fact that stiff has made possible the establishment of competition is being waged between Fili- big newspaper and printing plants. Be- pino and Chinese printing establishments. sides, the growing recognition by local With their low standard of living and business firms of the value of newspaper their inherent characteristics of thrift, advertising as a means of promoting economy and industriousness, Chinese sales is making the business of the printer printers find it an easy task to outbid an attractive one and augurs well for the their Filipino competitors. But such a future expansion and development of the problem is not insurmountable. Compe- printing industry in the Philippines.— tition, as we know, is the life of any trade. Commerce and Industry Journal.

4 reminder of the Spanish occupation of the Philippines. 3_9 THE MID-PACIFIC

THE MID-PACIFIC 323

Although the olive is natural to Palestine, it is grown extensively in California, for both table use and for oil. .,....:„..„,w,_,,,..._. _, ,K,,,,,,in„nc,,,„,n„,, Edible Oils Used for Food niniffu rni. tr-girrlitaitailtrArt4WAIr" 4 nicanmattni hat

There is nothing more puzzling or other in melting point or in its content more controversial in the food world than of liquid acids or solid fatty acids. All edible oils. The authorities are not in are pratically identical with respect to agreement respecting the superiority of calorific value. In other words, a single any one oil as compared with any other. gram of any animal fAt, will yield approx- imately the identical number of heat units One point of possible value in arriving at a sane conclusion has never received as any other fat. consideration at the hands of the food The Jewish people gave us our first record of the use of vegetable oil in the scientists. form of olive oil. The Old Testament is Mother Nature produces many varie- filled with these references. Later, as ties of foodstuffs—dates here, figs there, mankind spread over the face of the persimmons elsewhere. So, too, with earth, other plants yielding edible oils grapes, cherries, apricots, pineapples, or- were discovered and at once were appro- anges, bananas. One country is partial to priated for food. rye, another to barley. Oats grow better in some places, wheat in others ; millions After fifty centuries of human experi- know only rice or millet among the ence the United States Government offi- cially recognizes a large number of edible grains. vegetable oils and fats as glycerids of So, too, with fats, fatty bodies and oils. the fatty acids. These are cacao or cocoa Every nation seems to have a marked butter obtained from cacao beans before preference for this or that combination or after roasting, coconut oil from the of oleic and solid fatty acids combined kernels of the coconut, olive oil from the under this or that form. Mutton fat dif- fruit of the olive tree, cottonseed oil from fers amazingly from beef fat, just as the seed of the cotton plant, palm oil pork fat differs from goose fat. Not one from the kernels of the fruit of the palm of them bears any resemblance to the 324 THE MID-PACIFIC

The oil from the coconut of the tropics has many uses in industry.

tree, peanut oil direct from the nut, poppy many other particulars such as general seed oil from the seed of the poppy, rape consistency, drying, semi-drying or non- oil from the seed of the rape plant, soy drying properties. They also differ in bean oil from the seed of the soja bean general conduct when used for shorten- plant, sesame oil from the sesame seed, ing purposes or in cooking. Many of sunflower oil from the seed of the sun- them, when treated chemically with flower, and maize oil, commonly known hydrogen in the presence of a catalyzer, in the United States as mazola, obtained can be artificially hardened so as to re- from the germ of the kernel of Indian corn or maize. semble lard. To what extent this artifi- cial attribute of an oil that once was Although having the same calorie liquid does violence to Nature has never value, all these oils differ in flavor and in been determined. It should be deter- THE MID-PACIFIC 325 mined. Hydrogenated cotton-seed oil there has been an instinctive urge on the used for shortening may be harmful. part of all races to seek out and appro- Nobody knows. Nobody seems to care. priate to their needs the oils of various Now from the point of view that each seeds and kernels from the remotest country produces an oil-bearing food in periods of recorded history to the present quantities sufficient for its own needs, we hour. arrive at a rather interesting conclusion. No vegetable oil, of course, compares Olive oil is most natural to Palestine, with butter oil, which is an animal oil soya bean oil to China and each of the containing vitamins A and D. But even other oils is most natural to the country of its origin. butter, unless it be churned in the month of June, may be deficient in these very Maize oil is innocent of free fatty vitamins that distinguish it from all acids, with which so many edible oils other oils, except cod liver oil and other abound and which frequently do so much fish liver oils. to make them mediocre because of ran- cidity and acrid flavors. If the manufacturers of food products All dry, moisture-free oils, sweet in could be induced to utilize their white flavor and odor, are emulsified and partly space to educate the consuming public to saponified in the intestines, after which some adequate knowledge of the simple they are transformed by the chemistry of fundamentals of nutrition, the reaction of metabolism into the specific fats needed gratitude and good will from a public by the individual. thus unselfishly served would do them It has never been demonstrated that far more good in popularizing their prod- oils are absolutely necessary to life, be- ucts than they will ever attain through cause it is a well-known fact that all ani- an advertising policy which narrowly con- mals, including the human animal, can fines itself to extolling the individual convert starches and sugars into fats. In merits or alleged merits of the thing it a certain sense fats are like sugars and offers for sale. starches, in that they are utilized to pro- It has been suggested that advertising vide the necessary energy for mechanical instruct the public concerning the impera- work and the necessary fuel for warmth. tive need of natural foods, the need of Nevertheless, it is well known that good all the vitamins, the need of the mineral edible oils are sparers of protein, in salts, the need of the complete protein, which they resemble the carbohydrates. to the end that many preventable diseases So, even though scientific demonstra- may be averted among children and tion of the absolute necessity of oils to adults, thus fitting edible oils properly health and life has never been made, into the picture of public health. 326 THE MID-PACIFIC

Tela, Honduras, each year grows 7,500,000 stems of bananas. A shipment runs from 45,000 to 85,000 stems.

Not all the bananas come from Honduras. Here is a grove of them in Honolulu within sight of Diamond Head. THE MID-PACIFIC 327

The banana is a herbaceous vegetable.

IC70711(7177171711C7nDrIVI • • • • IG7II71 ,M1,,M.k The Honduras Banana 'n'ilr~tactriri • atartilfriNI •

Bananas are universally spoken of as site of its port and sent agricultural fruit. As a matter of fact, the plant is a chemists up and down the country to herbaceous vegetable. It looks a good deal analyze the soil. As soon as the conces- like a cornstalk, 20 feet high, with tropi- sion was granted the company threw up a cal flourishes, is 85 per cent water, smells temporary camp on the site of Tela and like watermelon rind, oozes water when knocked up its long wooden pier. To this you poke it, and leaves a tobacco-juice pier came ship after ship loaded with stain that no other water will wash out. lumber from the northwest, rails from Each plant produces a single bunch of Youngstown, machinery from Pennsyl- bananas. As the bunch grows its weight vania, and men from everywhere. At the doubles the stem, so that the bunch hangs port the camp began turning into a town down. But the bananas on the bunch point —a town of monotonous, almost identical, upward, or in the opposite direction from yellow frame buildings, stilted above the the manner in which they hang outside mud, but a town with a hospital, a water- grocery stores. filtration plant, and screens. United Fruit is proud of its 200,000- Inland along the Ulua the railroad acre Tela Division, which produces 7,500,- wound—to where the jungle was thickest, 000 bunches of fine bananas every year. the soil brown and loamy, and the best One of three big Honduran divisions, it bananas would grow. Surveyors went extends inland from Tela some 50 miles into the jungle, chased out the alligators, along the left bank of the Ulua River. and divided it into precise 1000-acre The story of the division's opening differs farms. The mozos (laborers) began little from that of the opening of any slashing their machetes at the underbrush, banana division. clearing it out to expose the soil, but Tela cost the United Fruit Company leaving the tall trees. Rattlesnakes and nearly $16,000,000. Before the company barbas amarillas bit them and they died. even sought a concession it picked the Fever took many. Into the mushy earth 328 THE MID-PACIFIC

were driven stakes 12 to 18 feet apart. creep in. There is no way to stop it, and Ships brought thousands of pulpy root- once it has attacked a plantation the fruit stocks from Gautemala and Jamaica to becomes small and irregular and the terri- Tela ; the rootstocks went into the holes tory must be abandoned. where the stakes were driven, some 300 You can cut down a banana tree with of them to the acre. Men went in with your penknife. The porosity of the stalk axes and down came the jungle. makes harvesting easy. A mozo with a Felled timber decays quickly in the half-moon-shaped knife on the end of a tropics. In places where the land is low 12-foot pole, called a puyo, cuts the stalk and the jungle not too thick the trees were just below the bunch. The bunch goes simply left where they had fallen. The from man to mule to tramway to railway, banana shoots pushed up around them and where it is piled alongside other bunches the rich wood helped to fertilize the earth. on a loading platform. So much for Tela. Now let us examine As the bananas are brought out to the a bunch of bananas at the important railroad long trains come up and take on stages of its journey from stem to stom- fruit. Between 200 and 300 stems are ach. A few weeks after bananas are loaded in a car padded with dried banana planted a shoot appears. The plants must leaves. The trains move on picking up be pruned every three or four months, fruit. By nightfall a hundred cars, more weeds must be kept cut down, drainage or less, are stretched from the dock back ditches must be kept open. To do the into the railroad yards. work of a banana division some 5,000 Bananas flow in a steady stream from men are required. Of these about 400 the cars into the ship's hold. Lines of are white men. They are nearly all young. stevedores pass from three or four cars Few of them have been in the tropics at once, converging at the holds, where more than 20 years. Those who have they slide the bunches gently into the con- been there that long hold important jobs ; veyors. Along the path of the laden the others have wandered away, or been stevedores three men are stationed : one shipped home the worse for wear. There pulls trash from the bunches en route ; a is a saying that "the company will make second trims the stem ends with his you a millionaire or a bum at 40." machete, bringing it down six inches in The laborers are paid by the job, the front of a snub Hondureno nose ; the amount depending upon the overseer's third is the counter—on a high stool he sagacity. If there is an emergency, they sits like a child in a high chair. Fruit are paid by the day ($1.12 is the average counters have good eyes and fast minds. wage), but Hondurenos like to sleep in They report to the customs officials, who the afternoons. collect 1% cents for every stem exported. Ten or twelve months after planting The minute the ship is loaded orders the first stalks have shot their bunches ; are bawled to cast off. From then on the three or four months later the bunches chief engineer will keep a careful eye on are full and ready to cut. his steam gauge. For bananas must not But there are many hazards between ripen in a fruit ship's hold. Below decks maturity and the cutting. A fierce tropi- are some 30,000 stems of fruit. cal storm may spring from nowhere, The company's salesmen get word from sweep across the plantation, and blow the main offices what shipments are due, down every mature, heavy tree. Then call the jobbers and peddle their bananas only the young trees are saved. The river in carload lots-350 to 400 stems. The may rise, overflow its banks and flood the average jobber takes four carloads a plantation. The company loses annually week. But not all bananas are sold to 16 per cent of its fruit by wind and jobbers. Twenty per cent of the fruit is water. Worst of all, Panama disease may auctioned at the docks. Also there are THE MID-PACIFIC 329

The banana in season is universally sold. It will support a larger number of persons than an equal acreage of wheat. average rejects per voyage of about 11 to get rid of them for what they bring. per cent, which are sold as "ripes" or Such shipments are aptly known as "specials." "rollers." If in the end the fruit cannot In disposing of good fruit for which be sold at all it is not given away to the there is neither demand from jobbers nor hungry poor. Sometimes it is dumped bids at auction the fruit company has one into the ocean with a big splash. trick left to play. It loads bananas aboard railroad cars and heads the cars west, So ends the tale of the Honduras sending frantic orders to branch managers banana.—Condensed from Fortune.

330 THE MID-PACIFIC

r4,41.4 • wiltsgiz 99 \IV.1,ump 1 opp.w• • 4,4,4 • 1,..k•Ammti • • • l'U1l'Urg771C:71 The Macadamia Nut Industry in Hawaii ?1 By JOHN HARDEN CONNELL 5' ■ 1Warestristware at rAtrivIAiNA • ariv141 t • • •itrestailveNtrestaNtrivrahlrectrreN • • t 99 i ** to

It is almost a sure bet that the visitor horticultural industry. However, E. S. for the first time in Honolulu has never Van Tassel, President of the Hawaii seen a Macadamia nut or has even heard Macadamia Nut Company, Ltd., became of it, but he is certain to be singing its interested in the possibilities of this nut praises in a high key long before he for creating a new industry and had so leaves. The taste for this delicious nut much faith in its future that he or- is not in the least difficult or discourag- ganized in 1922 the present company for ing to cultivate, nor at all like that of the purpose of commercial production the green olive, for instance. With the and has been its guiding spirit ever crunching of the very first nut, its ap- since. peal to the appetite is instantaneous, The development of the Macadamia urging one to reach out for another and nut industry in Hawaii has been just as yet another, which is exactly what one interesting as the development of the does. Soon there are no more to reach Calimyrna, or Smyrna, fig industry in for. California, which was one of the ro- This aristocrat of the nut family hails mances of horticulture. There they had from Australia, being indigenous to the the trees, acres of them, to begin with, state of Queensland. It got into the but here they did not have the trees, only Who's Who of nuts, when it was given a few nuts, or the seed from which the the botanical name of Macadamia terni- trees might germinate and eventually folia in honor of Dr. John Macadam, at reach the bearing stage. There were no the time President of the Philosophical nurseries to supply the grafted stock, no Society of Victoria, Australia. However, agricultural bulletins to which reference it is sometimes called Queensland nut, could be made for cultural directions, though at the last annual meeting of the nothing but the nut itself, or merely a Australian nut growers, it was decided for tree in the embryo. commercial purposes at least to call it the After the young seedlings had been Australian nut. planted, there were years of waiting, The Macadamia nut came up as an years of experimentation to find out the immigrant to these shores about the year best cultural methods for growth and 1892, when a few nuts were planted in production and wondering all the time the grounds of Mr. E. W. Jordan's Wyl- whether or not this desirable immigrant lie Street home, Ntmanu Valley, Hono- from south of the equator would take lulu. The trees from this first planting kindly to domestication and planting on are still standing, apparently just in a large scale in the open. But, today, their prime and bearing abundantly each from those first saplings which sprang year. up in the Jordan grounds, there has For a number of years the Macadamia come into being a forest of Macadamia nut was of interest because of its possi- nut trees, which have crept up the slopes bilities as a beautiful and satisfactory of the Kona District on the Island of ornamental tree but with no idea of culti- Hawaii, reaching an altitude of 2,100 vating it to the extent of developing a feet, and evidently doing just as well as THE MID-PACIFIC 331

Macadamia nut trees grow n the orderly formation of an orange grove. in their native Queensland. Round Top, the Kona groves, where soil and climatic back of Honolulu, also has its groves of conditions are unusually favorable for bearing trees, and they have even settled the commercial development of the Ma- on Kauai to the north. cadamia nut. At the present time, the Hawaiian The kernel of the nut is enclosed in Macadamia Nut Company has about a smooth, round shell, hard as steel, 7,000 trees in its groves at Keauhou, which hitherto has made cracking and Kona District, Hawaii, which are now shelling somewhat of a problem. How- coming into profitable bearing. The ever, this difficulty has now been suc- company has also approximately 2,000 cessfully overcome by the invention of trees growing and producing in the Nut- an automatic, high speed cracking ma- ridge grove on Round Top, Honolulu, chine which is en route from the East or a total of 9,000 trees. In addition to and will be installed in the new packing the company's holdings, there are per- plant in time to take care of this year's haps 20,000 trees which have been crop. The machine has a capacity of planted by individuals on the various handling 5 tons of nuts per day, working islands either for the purpose of forest an eight hour shift, or 10 tons per day, cover or in small plots for commercial working a double shift. production. Mr. Van Tassel states that It has been and will continue to be the when his company's groves have reached policy of the company to encourage the maturity they will have an annual pro- planting of Macadamia nuts by the small duction of from 2% to 3 million pounds land owner. This will not only add ap- of nuts. Especially will this be true in preciably to his income but will help to 332 THE MID -PACIFIC

furnish the "raw material" for the pack- average well cared for tree in full bear- ing plant. Besides encouraging planting, ing will produce 50 pounds of nuts an- the company is ready and willing to give nually. This assumption is not un- gratis advice from its own research de- reasonable, for the Macadamia bears partment as to cultural methods, prun- practically two crops of nuts each year. ing, fertilization, etc., in order to bring As there are usually 68 trees planted the trees into profitable bearing as quick- to the acre, then we have from the acre ly as possible, which requires about of full bearing nuts an annual yield of seven years. 3,400 pounds. To continue the mathe- But, in order to obtain this assistance matical equation a little further, multiply and cooperation, the individual planter 3,400 by ten, granting that 10 cents per must show his appreciation of the service pound were paid at the packing house, offered by faithfully carrying out in- and we have a return per acre of $340. structions to the best of his ability. The This will give some idea of the profits first three or four years are the vital that may reasonably be expected, but, years in the life of any cultivated fruit remember, only from trees that have re- or nut tree, and, if neglected during this ceived the best of care and cultivation. period, it never will become a strong After the trees come into bearing, pro- growing, productive tree. If the owner duction expenses are small, and the plants his trees carelessly, remaining in- harvesting requires no further labor different as to cultivating and pruning, than merely picking up the nuts, for they and expects them to grow "like Topsy," conveniently fall to the ground when while he lies in the shade of a coconut ripe. palm, dreaming of the shower of easy Yes, it has been a great achievement money soon to awaken him, he will be to bring this wild tree from the Queens- greatly disappointed, for he can expect land jungle, tame it and now have the no assistance whatever from the com- satisfaction to see it gradually spread- pany. He must show a willingness to ing over the hillside slopes of these cooperate and do his part. lovely islands in the orderly formation Granting that a man has only one acre of a California orange grove. That, after of nuts in full bearing, let us get some years of patient waiting and expensive idea of what this small plot will mean to research work, a new industry has been him in the way of additional income. developed which will not only add di- Mature trees have been known to pro- versity to Hawaii's products but will duce an annual yield of from 150 to 200 mean increased income to many land pounds of nuts per tree, but, to be safely owners, large and small.—Honolulu conservative, let us assume that the Advertiser. VOLUME VIII OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1933 NO. 4

JOURNAL

OF THE Pan-Pacific Research Institution

A Periodical Record of Investigations Bearing on Problems of Food Production, Distribution, Conservation and Consumption, as well as on Public Health, and Race and Population Problems as Related to the Countries Bordering on the Pacific.

INDEX

A Check List of Fishes from Sandakan, British North Borneo 2 A Check List of Fishes from Dumaguete, Oriental Negros, P. I., and Its Immediate Vicinity - 6 A Check List of Fishes Known from Madang, New Guinea 12 By Albert W. Herre, Stanford University, California Arboretums and Botanical Gardens in the United States - 13 By Robert Pyle

AT PRESENT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT HONOLULU, HAWAII BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION More frequent publication as acceptable material is contributed. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

A Check List of Fishes from Sandakan, British North Borneo By ALBERT W. HERRE Stanford University, California

The following list is based upon the col- Family PRISTIDAE lections made by Alvin Seale in 1908, and 8.-* Pristis zysron Bleeker upon the fishes obtained by me at various Family RHINOBATIDAE times during the past fourteen years at 9.-* Rhynchobatus dj iddensis Forskal the Sandakan market and in small fresh 10.-*Rhinobatus armatus Gray water streams near Sandakan. In addi- tion it includes all specifically mentioned Family NARCACIONTIDAE in the literature as having been secured 11.-* Narcine timlei Bl. & Schn. at Sandakan. Unfortunately I have never Family DASYBATIDAE been able to collect the tide pool and reef 12.-* Dasybatus gerrardi Gray fishes of Sandakan Bay and vicinity, 13.-* Dasybatus kuhlii Muller & Henle otherwise this list would have been much 14.-* Dasybatus sephen Forskal 15.-* Dasybatus uarnak Forskal more extensive. All fishes collected or 16.-* Dasybatus zugei Muller & Henle determined by me personally are marked 17.-*Taeniura lymma Forskal with a *. Family MYIJOBATIDAE The marine fish fauna of Sandakan and 18.-* Aetobatus narinari Euphrasen vicinity is a rich one, and the present list comprises but a small part of the total. Family MOBULIDAE Near Sandakan are extensive fishing 19.-* Mobula eregoodoo- tenkee Cuvier banks where large quantities of fish are Family ELOPIDAE caught and dried. A conspicuous feature 20.-* Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) of the Sandakan market is the presence of very large specimens of fishes, both Family CHANIDAE fresh and dried, which are entirely too 21.-* Chanos chanos (Forskal) big to be placed in any available container. Sharks, rays, sea-bass, snappers, sciaeni- Family CHIROCENTRIDAE dae, and thread-fins of a meter or more 22.-* Chirocentrus dorab (Forskal) in length occur ; some of them, as the Family DUSSUMIERIDAE sciaenids, are either new or very imper- 23.-* Dussumieria hassellti Bleeker fectly known. Drepanidae and leaf-fishes Family CLUPEIDAE or Platacidae of very large size are also to 24.-* Pellona brachysoma Bleeker be seen. 25.-* Pellona kampeni Weber & Beaufort 26.- Pellona xanthoptera Bleeker Family SCYLLIORHINIDAE 27.-* Sardinella perforata (Cantor) 1.-* Chiloscyllium griseum Muller & Henle 2.-* Chiloscyllium plagiosum Mull. & Henle Family DOROSOMIDAE 28.- Anodontostoma chacunda (Buch. Ham.) Family CARCHARINIDAE 3.-*Scoliodon intermedius Garman Family ENGRAULIDAE 4.-*Carcharinus limbatus (MUM & Henle) 29.-* Scutengraulis tri (Bleeker) 5.-*Carcharinus menisorrah & Henle) 30.-* Setipinna melanochir (Bleeker) 6.- Carcharinus sealei Pietschmann Family MURAENOSOCIDAE Family SPHYRNIDAE 31.-* Muraensox cinereus (Forskal) 7.-*Sphyrna blochi Cuvier 32.-*Muraenesox talabon (Cantor) JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 3

Family OPHICHTHYIDAE Fimaly OPHICEPHALIDAE 33.-*Pisoodonophis hoeveni Bleeker. Only the 71.-* Ophicephalus melanosoma Bleeker type has been known previously; a very rare find. Family ATHERINIDAE Family MURAENIDAE 72.-* Atherina forskali Riippell 73.-* Atherina regina Seale * Evenchelys macrurus (Bleeker) 74.-* Atherina temmincki Bleeker Family CYPRINIDAE 75.-* Atherina valenciennesi Bleeker 34.-* Nematabramis steindachneri Popta Family MUGILIDAE 35.-*Rasbora trilineata Steindachner 36.-* Barbodes binotatus (Cuv. & Val.) 76.-*Miugil dussumieri Cuv. & Val. 37.- Barbodes orthoides (Cuv. & Val.) 77.-* Mugil longimanus Gunther 38.- Barbodes sealei Herre, new name; re- 78.- Mugil tade Forskal places Barbus elongatus Seale, name pre- 79.- Liza caeruleo-maculatus (Lac.) occupied by Barbodes elongatus Rfippell. 80.-* Liza seheli (Forskal) 39.- Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Cuv. & Val.) 81.-* Liza vaigiensis (Quoy & Cairn.) Family ARIIDAE Fimaly SPHYRAENIDAE 40.- Arius argyropleuron Cuv. & Val. 82.- Sphyraena forsteri Cuv. & Val. 41.-* Arius leptonotacanthus Bleeker 83.-* Sphyraena jello Cuv. & Val. 42.-* Arius maculatus (Thunberg) 43.-* Arius sagor Buch. Ham. Family POLYNEMIDAE 44.-* Arius utik Bleeker 45.-*Arius venosus (Cuv. & Val.) 84.-* Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw) 85.-*Polydactylus indicus Shaw Family PLOTOSIDAE 86.- Polydactylus microstoma Bleeker 87.-* Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet) 46.-* Paraplotosus albilabrus (Cuv. & Val.) 47.--*Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch) 48.--*Plotosus canius Buch. Ham. Family SCOMBRIDAE 88.-* Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker) Family CLARIIDAE 49.-* Clarias teysmanni Bleeker Family TRICHIURIDAE 89.- Trichiurus haumela. (Forskal) Family SYNODONTIDAE 90.-* Trichiurus savala Cuvier 50.-* Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaim.) 51.- Saurida tumbil (Bleeker) Family STROMATEIDAE 52.--*Trachinocephalus myops (BI. & Schn.) 91.- Stromateus cinereus (Bloch) Family BELONIDAE 53.-* Busuanga philippina Herre Family CARANGIDAE 54.-* Tylosurus crocodilus (Le Sueur) 92.- Atule kalla (Cuv. & Val.) 55.-* Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegel) 93.-*Caranx forsteri Cuv. & Val. 56.-* Tylosurus strongylurus Van Hasselt 94.-* Caranx ignobilis (Forskal) 95.-*Caranx praeustus Bennett Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE 96.- Caranx sexfasciatus (Quoy & Cairn.) 57.-*Arrhamphus brevis (Seale) 97.- Citula armatus (Forskal) 58.-*Hemiramphus dussumieri Cuv. & Val. 98.-* Gnathanodon speciosus (Forskal) 59.-*Hemiramphus gaimardi Cuv. & Val. 99.-* Scomberoides lysan (Forskal) 60.-*Hemiramphus georgii Cuv. & Val. 100.-*Scomberoides toloo-parah (Ruppell) 61.-*Hemiramphus marginatus (Forskal) 62.-* Hemiramphus quoyi Cuv. & Val. Family RACHYCENTRIDAE 63.- Zenarchopterus buffonis (Cuv. & Val.) 101.-*Rachycentron canadus (L.) 64.-*Zenarchopterus dispar (Cuv. & Val). 65.- Zenarchopterus dux Seale Family LACTARIIDAE ' Family HOLOCENTRIDAE 102.-* Lactarius lactarius (BI. & Schn.) 66.-* Holocentrus ruber (Forskal) 67.-* Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) Family LEIOGNATHIDAE 103.- Gazza minuta (Bloch) Family SYNGNATHIDAE 104.--*Leiognathus blochi Cuv. & Val. 68.-* Snygnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch) 105.- Leiognathus equulus (Forskal) 69.- Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 106.-* Leiognathus ruconius (Buch. Ham.) 70.-* Hippocampus histrix Kaup 107.-* Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier) 4 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Family GERRIDAE Family THERAPONIDAE 108.-* Gerres abbreviatus Bleeker 158.- Therapon jarbua (Forskal) 109.- Gerres kapas Bleeker 159.-* Therapon puta Cuv. & Val. 110.-*Gerres setifer (Buch. Ham.) 16a-*Therapon theraps Cuv. & Val. 111.-*Gerres oyena (Forskal) 161.-* Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch) 112.-* Gerres punctatus Cuv. & Val. Family LETHRINIDAE Family APOGONIDAE 162.-* Lethrinus amboinensis Bleeker 113.-Apogon ceramensis Bleeker 163.-* Lethrinus insulindicus Bleeker 114.-* Apogon hyalosoma Bleeker 164.-* Lethrinus opercularis Cuv. & Val. 115.-* Apogon kiensis Jordan & Snyder 165.-* Lethrinus miniatus Bl. & Schn. 116.-*Apogon lateralis Valenciennes 117.-* Apogon margaritophora Bleeker Family SPARIDAE 118.-* Apogon multitaeniatus Bleeker 166.- Sparus berda (Forskal) 119.--*Apogon quadrifasciatus Cuv. & Val. 120.--*Apogonichthys auritus (Cuv. & Val.) Family MULLIDAE 121.-* Pseudamia polystigma (Bleeker) 167.-* Upeneoides luzonius (Jordan & Seale) 168.- Upeneoides sulphureus (Cuv. & Val.) Family AMBASSIDAE 169.-* Upeneoides sundaicus Bleeker 122.-*Ambassis commersonii Cuv. & Val. 170.-*Upeneoides tragula (Richardson) 123.--*Ambassis kopsi Bleeker 17L-* Upeneoides vittatus (ForskM) 124.-* Priopis gymnocephalus (Lac.) Family SCIAENIDAE Family SERRANIDAE 172.-* Johnius belengeri (Cuv. & Val.) 173.-* Johnius borneensis (Bleeker) 125.-* Lates calcarifer (Bloch) 174.- Johnius vogleri Bleeker 126.-* Psammoperca waigiensis (Cuv. & Val.) 175.- Otolithes dolorosus Seale 127.-* Centrogenys vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaim.) 176.- Otolithes maculatus (Kuhl & Van Has.) 128.-* Epinephelus caeruleo-punctatus (Bloch) 177.-* Otolithes orientalis Seale 129.- Epinephelus coromandelicus (Day) 178.- Pseudosciaena anea (Bloch) 130.-* Epinephelus fasciatus (Forskal) 131.-* Epinephelus malabaricus (BI. & Schn.) 179.-* Pseudosciaena goldmanni Bleeker 132.- Epinephelus sexfasciatus (Cuv. & Val.) 180.-* Pseudosciaena diacanthus (Lac.) 133.-* Cephalopholis boenack (Bloch) 181.-* Sciaenoides microdon (Bleeker) 134.-* Cephalopholis cyanostigma (Cuv. & Val.) 182.- Umbrina russelli Cuv. & Val. Family SILLAGINIDAE Family LOBOTIDAE 183.--*Sillago macrolepis Bleeker 135.-* Lobotes surinamensis Bloch 184.-* Sillago sihama (Forsk5.1)

Family LUTIANIDAE Family MONODACTYLIDAE 136.- Lutinanus argentimaculatus (Forskal) 185.-* Monodactylus argenteus (L.) . 137.-*Lutianus coeruleo-lineatus (Riippell) 138.-* Lutianus decussatus (Cuv. & Val.) Family PLATACIDAE 139.-* Lutianus erythropterus Bloch 186.-* Platax orbicularis (Forskal) 140.-* Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal) 141.-* Lutianus lemniscatus Cuv. & Val. Family EPHIPPIDAE 142.-*Lutianus lutjanus Bloch 143.- Lutianus malabaricus (B1. & Schn.) 187.-*Ephippus orbis (Bloch) 144.-*Lutianus nematophorus Bleeker 145.-* Lutianus rivulatus (Cuv. & Val.) Family DREPANIDAE 146.-* Lutianus vitta (Quoy & Gaim.) 188.-* Drepane punctata (L.) Family POMADASIDAE Family TOXOTIDAE 147.-* Plectorhynchus celebicus Bleeker 189.-* Toxotes jaculator (Pallas) 148.--* Plectorhynchus chrysotaenia Bleeker 149.-* Plectorhynchus nigrus (Cuv. & Val.) Family SCATOPHAGIDAE 150.-* Plectorhynchus pictus (Thunberg) 190.-* Scatophagus argus (Boddaert) 151.-* Pomadasys hasta (Bloch) 152.-* Pomadasys therapon (Bleeker) 153.-* Scolopsis bimaculatus (Riippell) Family CHAETODONTIDAE 154.-*Scolopsis leucotaenia (Bleeker) 191.-* Chaetodon trifasciatus M. Park 155.-* Scolopsis personatus (Cuv. & Val.) 192.-* Chelmon rostratus (L.) 156.-* Scolopsis vosmeri (Bloch) 193.-* Parachaetodon ocellatus Cuv. & Val. 157.-* Scolopsis xenochrous Gimther 194.-* Holacanthus mesoleucus Bleeker JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 5

Family ACANTHURIDAE 238.-* Glossogobius biocellatus (Cuv. & Val.) 195.-* Acanthurus leucocheilus Herre 239.-* Gnatholepis calliurus Jordan & Seale 196.---*Acanthurus matoides Cuv. & Val. 240.-* Gnatholepis puntangoides (Bleeker) 197.--*Naso marginatus (Cuv. & Val.) 241.- Oxyurichthys microlepis Bleeker 242.-* Oxyurichthys viridis Herre Family SIGANIDAE Family CALLIONYMIDAE 198.-*Teuthis concatenata (Cuv. & Val.) 199.-* Teuthis fuscescens (Houttuyn) 243.-* Callionymus sagittata Pallas 200.-* Teuthis hexagonata (Bleeker) 201.---*Teuthis javus L. Family OPISTHOGNATHIDAE 202.--* Teuthis lineata (Cuv. & Val.) 244.-* Gnathypops dendritica Jordan and 203.-* Teuthis oramin (Bl. & Schn.) Richardson 204.- Teuthis vermiculata (Cuv. & Val.) 205.-* Teuthis virgata (Cuv. & Val.) Family CONGROGADIDAE Family SCORPAENIDAE 245.-* Congrogadus subducens (Richardson) 206.-* Scorpaenopsis novae-guineae Bleeker Family BATHACHOIDIDAE 207.--*Sebastapistes tristis (Klunzinger) 246.-* Coryzichthys diemensis (Le Sueur) 208.-* Paracentropogon longispinis (Cuv. & Val.) Family TRIACANTHIDAE 209.- Polycaulus elongatus (Cuv. & Val.) 247.- Triacanthus blochi Bleeker 210.-* Vespicula trachinoides (Cuv. & Val.) 248.--* Triacanthus brevirostris Schlegel Family PLATYCEPHALIDAE Family BALISTIDAE 211.-* Cocius crocodilus (Tilesius) 212.-* Grammoplites neglectus (Troschel) 249.-* Balistapus undulatus (M. Park) 213.- Grammoplites scaber (L.) 250.-* Balistes viridescens Bl. & Schn. 214.-* Platycephalus indicus (L.) 215.-* Thysanophrys bobossok (Bleeker) Family MONACANTHIDAE 216.-* Thysanophrys nematophthalmus 251.-* Monacanthus chinensis (Bloch) (Gunther) 252.-* Stephanolepis tomentosus (L.) Family TRIGLIDAE Family OSTRACIIDAE 217.--*Lepidotrigla alata (Houttuyn) 253.-* Ostracion cornutus L. 254.-* Ostracion rhinorhynchus Bleeker Family POMACENTRIDAE 218.- Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch) Family TETRAODONTIDAE 219.-* Abudefduf saxatilis (L.) 255.--*Chelonodon patoca (Buch. Ham.) 220.-* Pomacentrus fasciatus Cuv. & Val. Spheroides lunaris (Bl. & Schn.) Family LABRIDAE 257.-* Spheroides oblongus (Bloch) 258.-* Tetraodon aerostaticus (Jenyns) 221.-* Cheilinus chlorurus (Bloch) 259.-*Tetraodon fluviatilis (Buch. Ham.) 222.--*Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch) 260.--*Tetraodon immaculatus Bl. Schn. 223.-* Choerodon anchorage (Bloch) 261.-*Tetraodon reticularis Bl. & Schn. 224.-* Choerodon oligacanthus (Bleeker) 225.-* Choerodon schoenleini (Cuv. & Val.) Family PSETTODIDAE 226.-* Halichoeres bicolor (B1. & Schn.) 227.-* Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch) 262.-* Psettodes erumei (B1. & Schn.) 228.--* Thalassoma lunare (L.) Family BOTHIDAE .,Family SCARIDAE 263.-* Pseudorhombus arsius (Buch. Ham.) 229.-* Scarichthys auritus (Cuv. & Val.) 264.- Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker) 230.-* Scarichthys coeruleo-punctatus (Riippell) Family SOLEIDAE 231.--*Scarus dubius Bennett 265.-* Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lac.) 266.- Cynoglossus borneensis (Bleeker) Family ELEOTRIDAE 267.- Cynoglossus kapuasensis Fowler 232.-* Butis butis (Buch. Ham.) 268.-* Cynoglossus lingua Buch. Ham. 233.-* Butis gymnopomus Bleeker 269.- Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker) 270.-* Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson) Family GOBIIDAE 271.-* Microbuglossus humilis (Cantor) 272.-*Solea heterorhina Bleeker 234.-* Amblygobius linkii Herre 273.-* Synaptura commersoniana (Lac.) 235.- Ctenogobius caninus (Cuv. & Val.) 236.-* Ctenogobius criniger (Cuv. & Val.) Family •ANTENNARIIDAE 237.---*Ctenogobius viridi-punctatus (Cuv. & Val.) 274.-* Antennarius caudimaculatus Riippell. 6 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

A Check List of Fishes from Dumaguete, Oriental Negros, P. I., and Its Immediate Vicinity By Albert W. Herre Stanford University, California.

Dumaguete lies on the southeast coast Family ELOPIDAE of the large island of Negros and is pe- 13.-Flops hawaiiensis Regan culiarly notable for the great number of 14.-Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) rarities its fish fauna has thus far yielded. Family CHANIDAE Although this list contains more than 500 15.-Chanos chanos (Forsk5.1) species that is probably not more than half of the fishes occurring in the waters Family CHIROCENTRIDAE about Dumaguete. To my friend and 16.-Chirocentrus dorab Forsk51) colleague, Dr. James W. Chapman, pro- Family DUSSUMERIIDAE fessor of biology in Silliman Institute of 17.-Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett) Dumaguete, I owe many rare or unique 18.-Spratelloides gracilis (Schlegel) specimens. Names prefixed by a (*) have been Family CLUPEIDAE 19.-Harengula moluccensis Bleeker collected only by the late Bashford Dean, 20.-Harengula punctata (Riippell) who spent several months during 1900- 21.-Harengula schrammi (Bleeker) 01 collecting near Dumaguete. All the 22.-* Sardinella clupeoides Bleeker 23.-* Sardinella gibbosa Bleeker rest have been collected and determined 24.-Sardinella sirm (Ruppell) by me personally. Family ANADONTOSTOMIDAE Family SCYLLIORHINIDAE 25.-* Anodontostoma chacunda (Buch. Ham.) 1.-Chiloscyllium punctatum Muller & Henle Family ENGRAULIDAE 2.-Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett) 26.-Stolephorus heterolobus (Ruppell) Family ORECTOLOBIDAE 27.-Stolephorus indicus (Van Hasselt) 28.-* Stolephorus commersoni Lacepede 3.-Stegastoma varium (Seba) Family ANGUILLIDAE Family CARCHARHINIDAE 29.-Anguilla celebesensis Kaup 4.-Scoliodon dumerili Bleeker 5.-Scoliodon palasorrah Cuvier Family LEPTOCEPHALIDAE 6.-Scoliodon walbeehmi Bleeker 30.-Ariosoma obud Herre 7.-Carcharinus dussumieri Mull. & Henle 31.-Leptocephalus cinereus (Riippell) 8.-Hemitriakis leucoperiptera Herre Family MURAENESOCIDAE Family SPHYRNIDAE 32.-Muraenesox cinereus (Forskal) 9.-Sphyrna zygaena (L.) Family HETEROCONGRIDAE Family SQUALIDAE 33.-Heteroconger polyzona Bleeker 10.-Squalus fernandinus Molina 34.-Taenioconger chapmani Herre Family MYRIDAE Family DASYATIDAE 35.-Muraenichthys gymnopterus Bleeker 11.-Dasybatus kuhlii (Mull. & Henle) 36.-Muraenichthys macropterus Bleeker 37.-Muraenichthys macrostomus Bleeker Family MYLIOBATIDAE 38.-Muraenichthys schultzei (Bleeker) 39.-Muraenichthys thompsoni Jordan & 1.2.-Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) Richardson JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 7

Family OPHICHTHYIDAE Family SOLENOSTOMIDAE 40.-Caecula kaupi Bleeker 84.-Solenostomus phantasticus Herre 41.-Callechelys myersi Herre 42.-Chlevastes colubrinus (Boddaert) Family SYNGNATHIDAE 43.-Ophichthus apicalis (Bennett) 44.-Pisoodonophis boro (Buch. Ham.) 85.-Corythoichthys fasciatus (Gray) 45.-Pisoodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson) 86.-Doryrhamphus negrosensis Herre 87.-Ichthyocampus kampeni M. Weber Family MORINGUIDAE 88.-Micrognathus magdamoi Herre 89.-Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch) 46.-Aphthalmichthys abbreviatus Bleeker 90.-Syngnathus spicifer Riippell 47.-Aphthalmichthys javanicus Kaup 91.-Hippocampus kuda Bleeker 48.-* Aphthalmichthys lumbricoideus (Richardson) 49.-Moringua macrochir Bleeker Family PEGASIDAE 50.-Moringua microchir Bleeker 92.-Pegasus draconis L. 51.-Moringua robusta Herre Family FISTULARIIDAE Family MURAENIDAE 93.-Fistularia petimba Lac. 52.-Anarchias reticulatus Herre 53.-Echidna delicatula (Kaup) Family CENTRISCIDAE 54.-Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) 94.-Aeoliscus strigatus Gunther 55.-Echidna zebra (Shaw) 95.-Centriscus scutatus (L.) 56.-Gymnothorax boschi Bleeker 57.-Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Riippell) Family OPHICEPHALIDAE 58.-* Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl) 59.-Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus Bleeker 96.-Ophicephalus striatus Bloch 60.-Gymnothorax richardsoni Bleeker 61.-Gymnothorax tile (Buch. Ham.) Family ANABANTIDAE 62.-Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacep.) 97.-Anabas testudineus (Bloch) 63.-*Uropterygius concolor (Riippell) Family ATHERINIDAE Family PLOTOSIDAE 98.-Atherina forskali Riippell 64.-Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch) 99.-Atherina temmincki Bleeker Family CLARIIDAE Family MUGILIDAE 65.-Clarias batrachus (L.) 100.-Liza melinopterus (Cuv. & Val.) 101.-Liza troscheli (Bleeker) Family SYNODONTIDAE 102.-Mugil Banksi Seale 66.-* Saurida argyrophanes (Rich.) 103.-Mugil dussumieri Cuv. & Val. 67.-Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaim.) 68.-Synodus japonicus (Houttuyn) Family SPHYRAENIDAE 69.-Trachinocephalus myops (BI. & Schn.) 104.-Sphyraena barracuda (Wallbaum) 105.-Sphyraena forsteri Cuv. & Val. - Family BELONIDAE 106.-* Sphyraena jello Cuv. & Val. 107.-Sphyraena langsar Bleeker 70.-Tylosurus crocodilus Le Sueur 71.-Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegel) Family SCOMBRIDAE 72.-Tylosurus incisus (Cuv. & Val.) 73.-Tylosurus strongylurus Van Hasselt 108.-Scomber loo Cuv. & Val. 109.-Scomberomorus commersoni (Lac.) Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE 74.-Hemiramphus far (Forskal) Family THUNNIDAE 75.-Hemiramphus marginatus (Forsk5.1) 110.-Katsuwonis pelamis (L.) 111.-Euthynnus yaito Kishinouye Family EXOCOETIDAE 76.-Cypselurus atrisignis Jenkins Family STROMATEIDAE 77.-Cypselurus nigripennis (Cuv. & Val.) 112.-Stromateus cinereus Bloch 78.-Cypselurus oligolepis Bleeker 79.-Cypselurus opisthopus Bleeker Family CARANGIDAE 80.-Cypselurus poecilopterus (Cuv. & Val.) 113.-Atule mate (Cuv. & Val.) Family HOLOCENTRIDAE 114.-Caranx forsteri (Cuv. & Val.) 115.-Caranx ignobilis (Forsk5.1) 81.-Holocentrus cornutus Bleeker 116.-Caranx ophthalmotaenia Bleeker 82.-Holocentrus ruber (Foskal) 117.-* Caranx praeustus Bennett 83.-Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) 118.-Caranx stellatus Eydoux & Soul 8 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

119.-*Citula deani Jordan & Seale 172.-Epinephelus sexfasciatus (Cuv. & Val.) 120.-* Scomberoides tala (C. & V.) Day 173.-Epinephelus summana (Forskal) 121.-Scomberoides tol (Cuv. & Val.) 174.-Epinephelus tauvina Forskal) 122.-Selar macrophthalmus (Ruppell) 175.-Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg) 123.-Trachinotus bailloni (Lac.) 176.-bates calcarifer (Bloch) 124.-Trachinotus blochi (Lac.). 177.-Psammoperca waigiensis (Cuv. & Val.) Family LEIOGNATHIDAE Family PLESIOPIDAE 125.-Leiognathus equulus (Forskal) 178.-Plesiops melas Bleeker 126.-* Leiognathus insidiator (Bloch) 179.-Plesiops nigricans (Ruppell) 127.--* Leiognathus leuciscus ( Gunther) Family PSEUDOCHROMIDAE 128.-Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier) 129.-* Gazza minuta (Bloch) 180.-Pseudochromis fowleri Herre 181.-Pseudochromis tapeinosomus (Bleeker) 182.-Dampieria melanostigma Fowler Family GERRIDAE 183.-Dampieria melanotaenia (Bleeker) 130.-Gerres argyreus (B1. & Schn.) 131.-Gerres macracanthus Bleeker Family PRIACANTHIDAE 132.-Gerres oyena (Forskfil) 184.-Priacanthus cruentatus Lac. 133.-Gerres punctatus Cuv. & Val. 185.-Priacanthus tayenus Richardson Family APOGONIDAE Family PEMPHERIDAE 134.-Apogon angustata (Smith & Rad.) 186.-Pempheris oulanensis Cuv. & Val. 135.-Apogon aroubiensis (Hombron & Jacq.) 136.-Apogon aureus (Lac.) Family LOBOTIDAE 137.-Apogon bandanensis Bleeker 138.-Apogon cardinalis (Seale) 187.-Lobotes surinamensis Bloch 139.-Apogon chrysotaenia Bleeker 140.-Apogon frenatus Val. Family LUTIANIDAE 141.-*Apogon gilberti Jordan & Seale 188.-Lutianus argentimaculatus (Foskal) 142.-Apogon hartzfeldi Bleeker 189.-Lutianus biguttatus (Cuv. & Val.) 143.-Apogon hoeveni Bleeker 190.-Lutianus decussatus (Cuv. & Val.) 144.-Apogon hyalosoma Bleeker 191.-Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal) 145.-Apogon kallopterus Bleeker 192.-Lutianus johni (Bloch) 146.-Apogon magnifica (Seale) 193.-Lutianus kasmira (Forskal) 147.-Apogon moluccensis Val. 194.-Lutianus lineolatus (Ruppell) 148.-Apogon monochrous Val. 195.-Lutianus marginatus (Cuv. & Val.) 149.-Apogon novem-fasciatus Cuv. & Val. 196.-Lutianus nematophorus (Bleeker) 150.-Apogon orbicularis Cuv & Val. 197.-Lutianus rufolineatus (Cuv. & Val.) 151.-Apogon robustus Smith & Rad. 198.-Lutianus sebae (Cuv. & Val.) 152.-Apogonichthys melanopterus Fowler 199.--Lutianus spilurus (Bennett) 153.-Apogonichthys perdix Bleeker 200.-Macolor macolor (Lesson) 154.-Archamia lineolata (Cuv. & Val.) 201.-Etelis carbunculus Cuv. & Val. 155.-Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuv. & Val. 202.-Nemipterus isacanthus (Bleeker) 156.-* Mionurus mydrus Jordan & Seale 203.-Pristipomoides filamentosus (Cuv. & Val.) 157.-Siphamia versicolor Smith & Radcliffe 158.-Pseudamia polystigma (Bleekerr) Family POMADASIDAE Family AMBASSIDAE 204.-Caesio caerulaureus Lac. 205.-Caesio chrysozonus Cuv. & Val. 159.-Ambassis kopsi Bleeker 206.-Caesio cuning (Bloch) 160.-Ambassis miops Gunther 207.-Caesio lunaris Cuv. & Val. 161.-Ambassis urotaenia Bleeker 208.-Caesio pisang Bleeker 162.-Priopis buruensis (Bleeker) 209.-Mirolabrichthys tuka Herre 163.-Priopis gymnocephalus (Lac.) 210.-Plectorhynchus diagrammus (Lac.) 211.-Plectorhynchus lineatus (L.) Family KUHLIIDAE 212.-Plectorhynchus pictus (Thunberg) 164.-Kuhlia marginata (Cuv. & Val.) 213.-Scolopsis bilineatus (Bloch) 165:-Kuhlia rupestris (Lac.) 214.-Scolopsis bleekeri Gunther 215.-Scolopsis cancellatus (Cuv. & Val.) Family SERRANIDAE 216.-Scolopsis ciliatus (Lac.) 217.-Scolopsis leucotaenia (Bleeker) 166.-Anthias pleurotaenia Bleeker 167.-Centrogenys vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaim.) 218.-Scolopsis margaritifer (Cuv. & Val.) 168.-Cephalopholis argus Bl. & Schn. Family THERAPONIDAE 169.-Cephalopholis pachycentron (Cuv. & Val.) 170.-Cromileptes altivelis Cuv. & Val. 219.-Therapon cancellatus (Cuv. & Val.) 171.-Epinephelus merra Bloch 220.-Therapon jarbua (Forskal) JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 9

Family LETHRINIDAE 261.-Chaetodon triangulum Cuv. & Val. 262.-Chaetodon trifasciatus M. Park 221.-Lethrinus amboinensis Bleeker 263.-Chaetodon vagabundus L. 222.-Lethrinus cutambi Seale 264.-Coradion chrysozonus (Cuv. & Val.) 223.-Lethrinus harak (Forskal) 265.-Parachaetodon ocellatus (Cuv. & Val.) 224.-Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker 266.-Heniochus acuminatus L. 225.-Lethrinus nematacanthus Bleeker 267.-Heniochus varius Cuv. & Val. 226.-Lethrinus opercularis Cuv. & Val. 268.-Holacanthus bicolor (Bloch) 227.-Lethrinus ornatus Cuv. & Val. 269.-Holacanthus chapmani Herre 228.-Lethrinus richardsoni Gunther 270.-Holacanthus semicirculatus Cuv. & Val. 229.-Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal) Family ZANCLIDAE Family KYPHOSIDAE 271.-Zanclus cornutus (L.) 230.-Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskal) 231.-Kyphosus lembus (Cuv. & Val.) Family ACANTHURIDAE Family INERMIIDAE 272.-Acanthurus nigroris Cuv. & Val. 273.-Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett) 232.-Dipterygonotus gruveli Chabanaud 274.-Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennettt) 233.-Dipterygonotus leucogrammicus Bleeker 275.-Zebrasoma velifer (Bloch) 276.-Naso lituratus (Forster) Family MULLIDAE 277.-Naso marginatus (Cuv. & Val.) 278.-Naso tapeinosoma (Bleeker) 234.-Upeneoides sulphureus (Cuv. & Val.) 279.-Naso thynnoides (Cuv. & Val.) 235.-Upeneoides tragula (Rich.) 280.-Naso unicornis (Forskal) 236.-Upeneoides vittatus (Forskal) 237.-Upeneus barberinus (Lac.) Family SIGANIDAE 238.-Upeneus barberinoides Bleeker 239.-Upeneus dispilurus (Playf air) 281.-Teuthis concatenata (Cuv. & Val.) 240.-Upeneus indicus (Shaw) 282.-Teuthis fuscescens (Houttuyn) 241.-Upeneus luteus Cuv. & Val. 283.-Teuthis hexagonatus (Bleeker) 242.-Upeneus moana Jordan & Seale 284.-Teuthis javus L. 243.-Upeneus pleurospilos Bleeker 285.-Teuthis oramin (Bl. & Schn.) 244.-* Mulloides auriflamma (Forskal) 286.-Teuthis rostrata (Cuv. & Val.) 245.-Mulloides samoensis Gunther 287.-Teuthis striolata Gunther 288.-Teuthis virgata (Cuv. & Val.) Family SILLAGINIDAE Family SCORPAENIDAE 246.-Sillago sihama (Forskal) 289.-Scorpaenodes scabra (Rams. & Ogilb.) Family MALACANTHIDAE 290.-Scorpaenopsis cirrhosus (Thunberg) 291.-Scorpaenopsis novae-guineae Bleeker 247.-Malacanthus latovittatus (Lac.) Sebastapistes nivifer Jordan & Seale 293.-Sebastapistes tristis (Klunzinger) Family CIRRHITIDAE 294.-* Vespicula gogorzae Jordan & Seale 248.-Cirrhitichthys aprinus Cuv. & Val. 295.-Amblyapistus cristi-galli (Gunther) 249.-Paracirrhites forsteri (BI. & Schn.) 296.-Gymnapistes niger (Cuv. & Val.) 297.-Dendrochirus brachypterus (Cuv. & Val.) Family MONODACTYLIDAE 298.-Dendrochirus zebra (Quoy & Gaim.) 299.-Pterois antennata (Bloch) 250.-Monodactylus argenteus (L.) 300.-Pterois volitans (L.) 301.-Inimicus dactylus (Pallas) Family PLATACIDAE 302.-Synanceia horrida (L.) 251.-Platax orbicularis (Forskal) 303.-Synanceia verrucosa Bl. & Schn. Family TOXOTIDAE Family CARACANTHIDAE 252.-Toxotes jaculator (Pallas) 304.-Caracanthus unipinna (Gray) Family SCATOPHAGIDAE Family PLATYCEPHALIDAE 253.-Scatophagus argus (Boddaert) 305.-Cocius crocodilus (Tilesius) 306.-Platycephalus celebicus Bleeker Family CHAETODONTIDAE 307.-Platycephalus indicus (L.) 308.-Platycephalus malayanus Bleeker 254.-Chaetodon auriga Forskal 309.-Rogadius pristiger (Cuv. & Val.) 255.-Chaetodon ephippium Cuv. & Val. 310.-Thysanophrys nematophthalmus (Gunther) 256.-Chaetodon fasciatus Forskal 257.-Chaetodon kleini Bloch Family PERISTEDIIDAE 258.-Chaetodon melanotus Bl. & Schn. 259.-Chaetodon punctato-fasciatus Cuv. & Val 311.-Peristedion nierstraszi M. Weber 260.-Chaetodon selene Bleeker 312.-Peristedion welchi Herre 10 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Family DACTYLOPTERIDAE 375.-Stethojulis phekadopleura (Bleeker) 313.-Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuv. & Val.) 376.-Stethojulis renardi (Bleeker) 377.-Stethojulis trilineata (Bl. & Schn.) Family POMACENTRIDAE 378.-Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett) 379.-Thalassoma lunare (L.) 314.-Abudefduf aureus (Cuv. & Val.) 380.-Thalassoma schwanefeldi (Bleeker) 315.-Abudefduf brownriggi (Bennett) 381.-Xyrichthys tetrazona Bleeker 316.-Abudefduf coracinus Seale 317.-Abudefduf curacao (Bloch) Family SCARIDAE 318.-Abudefduf cyaneus (Cuv. & Val.) 319.-Abudefduf glaucus (Cuv. & Val.) 382.-Leptoscarus moluccensis (Bleeker) 320.-Abudefduf lacrymatus (Quoy & Gaim.) 383.-*Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaim.) 321.-Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus) 384.-Leptoscarus viridescens (Bleeker) 322.-Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal) 385.-Scarichthys auritus (Cuv. & Val.) 323.-Amphiprion bifasciatus (Bloch) 386.-Scarichthys coeruleo-punctatus (Riippell) 324.-Amphiprion percula (Lac.) 387.-Scarus bicolor Riippell 325.-Amphiprion polymnus (L.) 388.-Scarus cyanognathus (Bleeker) 326.-Chromis analis (Cuv. & Val.) 389.-Scarus erythrodon Cuv. & Val. 327.-Chromis caeruleus (Cuv. & Val.) 390.-* Scarus muricatus Cuv. & Val. 328.-Chromis ternatensis Bleeker 329.-Chromis weberi Fowler & Bean Family ELEOTRIDAE 330.-Chromis xanthochir Bleeker 331.-Chromis xanthurus Bleeker 391.-Belobranchus belobrancha (Cuv. & Val.) 332.-Dascyllus aruanus (L.) 392.-Butis butis (Buch. Ham.) 393.-Bunaka pinguis Herre 333.-Dascyllus marginatus (RUppell) 334.-Dascyllus trimaculatus (RUppell) 394.-Eleotris fusca (BI. & Schn.) 3 395.-Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker 35.-Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker 396.-Eviota sealei Herre 336.-Pomacentrus dorsalis Gill 337.-Pomacentrus fasciatus Cuv. & Val. 397.-*Hypseleotris cyprinoides (Cuv. & Val.) 3 Det. doubtful. 38.-Pomacentrus lividus (Forster) 398.-Ophiocara aporos Bleeker 339.-Pomacentrus melanopterus Bleeker 340.-Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker 399.-Ophiocara porocephala (Cuv. & Val.) 341.-Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch) 400.-Valenciennea longipinnis (Bennett) 342.-Pomacentrus taeniurus Bleeker 401.-Valenciennea muralis (Quoy & Gaim.) 402.-Valenciennea sexguttata (Cuv. & Val.) 343.-Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuv. & Val. 403.-Valenciennea strigata (Brouss.) 404.-* Valenciennea violifera Jord & Seale Family LABRIDAE 344.-Anampses amboinensis Bleeker Family GOBIIDAE 345.-Anampses geographicus Cuv. & Val. 346.-Cheilinus bimaculatus Cuv. & Val. 405.-* Amblygobius bynoensis (Richardson) 347.-Cheilinus chlorurus (Bloch) 406.-Amblygobius phalaena (Cuv. & Val. 348.-Cheilinus trilobatus Lac. 407.-Amblygobius sphynx (Cuv. & Val.) 349.-Cheilio inermis (ForskAl) 408.-Bathygobius fuscus (Riippell) 350.-Choerodon anchorage (Bloch) 409.-Bathygobius mearnsi Everm. & Seale 351.-* Choerodon schoenleini (Cuv. & Val.) 410.-Chonophorus melanocephalus (Bleeker) 352.-Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura (Bleeker) 411.-Chonophorus ocellaris (Brouss.) 353.-Coris formosa (Bennett) 412.-Creisson validus Jordan & Seale 354.-Duymeria enneacanthus Bleeker 413.-Cryptocentrus leucostictus (Gunther) 355.-Epibulus insidiator (Pallas) 414.-* Ctenogobius palacky (Jordan & Seale) 356.-Halichoeres argus (BI. & Schn.) 415.-*Ctenogobius caninus (Cuv. & Val.) 357.-Halichoeres binotopsis Bleeker 416.-Ctenogobius baliuroides (Bleeker) 358.-Halichoeres hyrtli Bleeker 417.-Ctenogobius nuchi-punctatus Herre 359.-Halichoeres leparensis Bleeker 418.-Ctenogobius scapulo-punctatus de Beaufort 419.-Glossogobius biocellatus (Cuv. & Val.) 360.-Halichoeres margaritaceus (Cuv. & Val.) 361.-Halichoeres miniatus (Cuv. & Val.) 420.-Glossogobius celebius (Cuv. & Val.) 362.-Halichoeres nebulosus (Cuv. & Val.) 421.-Glossogobius giurus (Buch. Ham.) 363.-Halichoeres reichei Bleeker 422.-*Gnatholepis calliurus Jordan & Seale 364.-Halichoeres scapularis (Bennett) 423.-Gnatholepis davaoensis Seale 365 424.-*Gnatholepis deltoides (Seale) .-Lepidaplois bilunulatus (Lac.) 425.-Gnatholepis gemmeus Herre 366.-Leptojulis cyanopleura Bleeker 426.-Gobiodon quinquestrigatus (Cuv. & Val.) 367.-Macropharyngodon geoffroy (Quoy & G.) 36 427.-Gobiosoma insignum Herre 8.-Macropharyngodon negrosensis Herre 428.-Gobius ornatus Riippell 369.-Novaculichthys kallosoma Bleeker 429.-Mcgregorella intonsa Herre 370.-Novaculichthys macrolepidotus (Bloch) 430.-Mcgregorella moroana Seale 371.-Pseudocheilinus hexataenia Bleeker 372.-*Stethojulis bandanensis Bleeker 431.-Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema Bleeker 373.-Stethojulis interrupta (Bleeker) 432.-*Oxyurichthys papuensis (Cuv. & Val.) 374.-Stethojulis kallosoma Bleeker 433.-Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Riippell) 434.-Paragobiodon xanthosomus (Bleeker) JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 11

435.-Sicyopterus lacrymosus Herre Family TRIACANTHIDAE 436.-Sicyopterus panayensis Herre 475.-Triacanthus strigilifer Cantor 437.-Stiphodon pulchellum (Herre) 438.-Vaimosa piapensis Herre 439.-Zonogobius semidoliatus (Cuv. & Val.) Family BALISTIDAE 476.-Balistapus undulatus (M. Park) Family PERIOPHTHALMIDAE 477.-Balistapus verrucosus (L.) 440.-Periophthalmus barbarus (L.) Family MONOCANTHIDAE 441.-Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas) 442.-*Scartelaos viridis (Buch. Ham.) 478.-Monacanthus chinensis (Bloch) 479.-Stephanolepis cryptodon (Bleeker) 480.-Stephanolepis melanocephalus (Bleeker) Family GOBIOIDIDAE 481.-Stephanolepis tomentosus (L.) 443.-Brachyamblyopus olivaceus Herre 482.-Cantherines macrurus (Bleeker) 444.-Taenioides' caeculus (Bl. & Schn.) 483.-Cantherines pardalis (Riippell) 484.-Osbeckia scripta (Osbeck) 485.-Pseudaluteres nasicornis (Schlegel) Family ECHENEIDAE 445.-Echeneis naucrates L. Family OSTRACIIDAE 446.-Echeneis remora L. 486.-Ostracion cornutus L. 487.-Ostracion tuberculatus L. Family CALLIONYMIDAE 447.-Callionymus calauropomus Richards Family TRIODONTIDAE 448.-Synchiropus ocellatus (Pallas) 488.-Triodon bursarius (Reinwardt) Family PARAPERCIDAE Family TETRAODONTIDAE 449.-Parapercis cylindrica (Bloch) 450.-Parapercis schauinslandii Steindachner 489.-Chelonodon patoca (Buch. Ham.) 490.-Spheroides lunaris (Bl. & Schn.) 491.-Spheroides ocellatus (Osbeck) Family CLINIDAE 492.-Tetraodon aerostaticus (Jenyns) 451.-Tripterygium callionymi M. Weber 493.-Tetraodon hispidus L. 452.-Tripterygium trigloides Bleeker 494.-Tetraodon immaculatus (Bl. & Schn.) 495.-Tetraodon meleagris (Lac.) Family BLENNIIDAE 496.-Tetraodon nigropunctatus Bl. & Schn. 497.-Tetraodon reticularis Bl. & Schn. 453.-Salarias alboguttatus Kner 454.-Salarias caudolineatus Gunther Family CANTHIGASTERIDAE 455.-Salarias deani Jordan & Seale 456.-Salarias edentulus (Bl. & Schn.) 498.-Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker) 457.-Salarias fasciatus (Bloch) 499.-Canthigaster compressus (Proce) 458.-Salarias lineatus Cuv. & Val. 500.-Canthigaster janthinopterus (Bleeker) 459.-Salarias marmoratus (Bennett) 501.-Canthigaster papua (Bleeker) 460.-Salarias nitidus Gunther 502.-Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker) 461.-Salarias oorti Bleeker 462.-Salarias periophthalmus Cuv. & Val. Family BOTHIDAE 463.-Salarias periophthalmus visayanus Herre 503.-Pseudorhombus neglectus Bleeker 464.-* Salarias undecimalis Jordan & Seale 504.-Platophrys pantherinus Riippell 465.-Salarias zamboangae Everm. & Seale 505.-Arnoglossus annulatus M. Weber 466.-Petroscirtes eretes Jordan & Seale 506.-Arnoglossus intermedius (Bleeker) 467.-Petroscirtes loxias Jordan & Seale 507.-Arnoglossus mogki (Bleeker) 468,-Petroscirtes polypodon Bleeker 508.-Arnoglossus poecilurus (Bleeker) 469.-Petroscirtes rhinorhynchus Bleeker & Val.) 470.-Cirripectes variolosus (Cuv. Family SOLEIDAE Family XIPHASIIDAE 509.-Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch) 510.-Paraplagusia blochi (Bleeker) 471.-Xiphasia setifer Swainson 511.-Pardachirus pavoninus (Lac.) 512.-Solea heterorhina Bleeker Family CONGROGADIDAE 513.-Synaptura aspilus Bleeker 472.-Congrogadus hierichthys Jordan & Rich- son Family A NTENNARIIDAE 473.-Congrogadus subducens (Richards.) 514.-Antennarius bigibbus (Lac.) 515.-Antennarius commersoni (Lac.) Family BROTULIDAE 516.-Antennarius nummifer Cuvier 474.-Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Bleeker 517.-Histrio histrio (L.) 12 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

A Check List of Fishes Known from Madang, New Guinea By ALBERT W. HERRE Stanford University, California

Family CLUPEIDAE Family SPHYRAENIDAE 1.-Stolephorus delicatulus (Bennett) 19.-Syhpraena jello (Cuv. & Val.) Family MORINGUIDAE Family CARANGIDAE 2.-Moringua microchir Bleeker 20.-Scomberoides toloo-parah (Riippell) Family MURAENIDAE 3.-Echidna nebulosa (Ahl.) Family APOGONIDAE 21.-Apogon frenatus Val. Family SYNODONTIDAE 4.-Synodus japonicus (Houttuyn) Family LUTIANIDAE Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE 22.-Lutianus lioglossus Bleeker 5.-Hemiramphus balinensis Bleeker Family THERAPONIDAE 6.-Hemiramphus georgii Cuv. & Val. 23.-Therapon puta Cuv. & Val. Family EXOCOETIDAE Family SCORPAENIDAE 7.-Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson) 8.-Parexocoetus rostratus (Gunther) 24.-Pterois volitans L. 9.-Cypselurus oligolepis (Bleeker) Family ECHENEIDAE Family BREGMACEROTIDAE 25.-Phtheirichthys lineatus (Menzies) 10.-Bregmaceros mcclellandi Thompson Family GOBIIDAE Family HOLOCENTRIDAE 11.-Holocentrus cornutus Bleeker; in Rhynich- 26.-Periophthalmus barbarus (L.) thys stage Family BLENNIIDAE Family SYNGNATHIDAE 27.-Petroscirtes rhinorhynchus Bleeker 12.-Syngnathus djarong Bleeker 13.-Syngnathus uncinatus Weber Family BALISTIDAE 28.-Balistapus rectangulus (BI. & Schn.) Family FISTULARIIDAE 14.-Fistularia villosa Klunzinger Family MONACANTHIDAE Family ATHERINIDAE 29.-Stephanolepis tomentosus (L.) 15.-Atherina endrachtensis Quoy & Gaim. Family DIODONTIDAE 16.-Atherina forskali Rfippell 17.-Atherina temmincki Bleeker 30.-Diodon bleekeri Gunther 31.-Diodon holacanthus L. Family MUGILIDAE 18.-Liza oligolepis (Bleeker) The above were taken while our vessel stopt for a few hours at Madang May 6-7, 1929. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 13

Arboretums and Botanical Gardens in the United States By ROBERT PYLE Chairman, Committee on Arboretums and Botanical Gardens, American Association of Nurserymen

Arizona Colorado Colorado Springs : Myron Stratton 1. Superior : Boyce Thompson South- 16. western Arboretum. Estate. (Private.) 2. Tucson : Desert Botanical Labora- Connecticut tory of the Carnegie Institution of Fairfield : Private Arboretum of Washington. 17. George P. Brett. California 18. New Haven : Yale University— Marsh Botanic Garden. 3. Berkeley : University of California at Strawberry Canyon, University of 19. New London : Connecticut Arbore- California Botanic Garden. tum—Connecticut College, George S. Avery, Jr., Professor of Botany. 4. Beverly Hills : Botanical collection of Stephen Vavra. (Private.) District of Columbia Carmel : Acclimatization Garden of 5. Washington : NATIONAL ARBORE- the Carnegie Institution of Wash- 20. TUM. ington. 21. Washington : National Botanic Gar- 6. Los Angeles : Botanical collection of Mrs. Helen Hill Wernigk. (Private.) den. 7. Los Angeles : California Botanic Florida Garden. 22. Miami : Tropic Everglades National 8. Palo Alto : Pacific Botanical Garden Park. at Leland Stanford University. Hawaiian Islands 9. San Diego : Botanical collection of Miss Kate Sessions. (Private.) 23. Hilo, T. H.: Pan-Pacific Acclimati- 10. Santa Ana : Botanic Garden at zation Garden. In prospect, an area Rancho. from tropic sea level to Arctic sum- mits on the slopes of Mt. Mauna 11. Santa Barbara : Blakesly Botanic Garden—plants native to the Pacific Kea, 13,825 feet high. slope, grouped in communities, in- Illinois cluding all types of material from sequoias to sagebrush, annuals, per- 24. Joliet : Pitcher Arboretum. ennials, shrubs and water lilies. 25. Lisle, Du Page County : Morton Ar- 12. Santa Monica : Botanical collection boretum. of Hugh Evans. (Private.) 26. Olney, Richard County : Bird Haven. 13. Sierra Madre : Botanical Garden on 27. Urbana : University of Illinois Ar- estate of Frank J. Hart. (Private.) boretum (in prospect). 14. Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County : Indiana Sierra Madre Arboretum. Indianapolis : Butler University 15. Southern : Bard Botanic Garden. 28. (Private.) Campus. 14 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFI C RESEARCH INSTITUTION

29. Muncie : Ball Arboretum at Teachers New Jersey College. 49. Washington Crossing : George Wash Kentucky ington Memorial Arboretum. 30. Lexington: University of Kentucky. 31. Lexington: Transylvania University New York Botanical Garden. 50. The Bronx, New ,York City : New York Botanical Garden. Maryland 51. Brooklyn : Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 32. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univer- sity. 52. Brookville, Glenhead, L. I.: Arbo- retum of Theodore A. Havermeyer. 33. College Park : University of Mary- land. 53. Buffalo-South Park. (Practically abandoned.) Massachusetts 54. Farmingdale, L. I.: Arboretum of 34. State Institute of Applied Agricul- Cambridge : Harvard University Bo- ture. H. B. Knapp, Director. tanical Garden, 125 years old. 35. 55. Fishkill Landing: Wodenethe (1841) Jamaica Plain : ARNOLD ARBORETUM. Estate of Henry W. Sargent. 36. Lexington : Lexington Gardens, Inc. 56. Garden City, Long Island : Country 37. Northampton : Smith College. Life Press Garden includes an espe- 38. South Hadley : Mt. Holyoke College. cially fine collection of evergreens, 39. Topsfield : Proctor Arboretum. demonstrations of hedges, etc. Gar- (Private.) den clubs and classes in horticulture 40. Wellesley (12 miles west of Bos- are especially conducted by Leonard ton) : Hunnewell Arboretum. Barron, Director. 57. Glen Cove: Dosoris (1874)-Pri- Michigan vate Arboretum of Charles A. Dana. 41. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan 58. Ithaca : Cornell University Campus. -Nichols Arboretum. 59. Locust Valley, L. I.: Private Arbo- 42. Battle Creek: Park Department- retum of Anton G. Hodenpyl. Leila Arboretum. 60. New York City : Elgin Botanic Gar- den. 43. Charlevoix : Hemingway Evergreen Arboretum. 61. Oakdale: Arboretum of Mrs. W. 44. Lansing: Michigan Agricultural Col- Bayard Cutting. lege-Beal Botanical Garden. 62. Poughkeepsie : Vassar College. 63. Rochester : Highland Park. Minnesota 64. Roslyn, L. I.: Private Arboretum of 45. Lake City: Underwood Arboretum. Childs Frick. 46. Minneapolis : University of Minne- 65. Yonkers : Boyce Thompson Institute sota. of Plant Research. 47. Northfield: Carleton College Arbore- tum. H. E. Stork, Chairman, Botany North Carolina Department. 66. Chapel Hill : Coker Arboretum- University of North Carolina. Missouri 48. St. Louis : MISSOURI BOTANICAL North Dakota GARDENS (Shaw Gardens). 67. International Peace Garden. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 15

Ohio 87. Merion : Barnes Foundation Arbo- retum. 68. Cincinnati : Mount Airy Forest Ar- boretum. 88. Mont Alto : Pennsylvania Forest Re- search Institute, the State Forest Cleveland : The Fine Arts Garden 69. School, and the Mont Alto State (in Wade Park)-( The Cleveland Garden Club). (In prospect.) Forest Tree Nursery. 89. Philadelphia : Bartram's Garden. 70. Cleveland : Holden Arboretum- Kirtland Hills District. 90. Philadelphia : University of Penn- sylvania. 71. Cleveland : Rocky Run Arboretum, G. G. Marshall, 1211 W. 9th St. 91. Radnor : Garden and Arboretum of John Evans (1828). 72. Columbus : Ohio State University 92. Swarthmore, Dela. Co. : Swarthmore ?)• College Arboretum. 73. Kent : John Davey Memorial Arbo- retum-Davey Tree Expert Co. 93. West Chester : Josiah Hoopes Pine- turn (1870). 74. Newark : Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Be- man G. Dawes. 94. Westtown, Chester County : West- town Friends School Arboretum. 75. Wooster : Ohio Agricultural Experi- ment Station Arboretum. South Carolina Yellow Springs : Bryan Park. 76. 95 Charleston : Cypress Gardens, U. S. 77. Yellow Springs : Glen Helen, Anti- Route 17, 24 miles north of Charles- och College (20 acres). ton. Admission charged. Ontario, Canada Tennessee Ottawa : Central Experimental Farm 78. Knoxville : A. F. Sanford Arbore- Arboretum. 96. tum (Non-Commercial). Oregon 97. Memphis : Memphis Park Board. 79. Corvallis : Peavey Arboretum of the 98. Sewanee : University of the South Forest School at Oregon State Agri- (in prospect). cultural College. 99. Madison : Nashville Agricultural 80. Portland : Portland Civic Arboretum Normal Institute. in Hoyt Park. Texas Pennsylvania 100. Austin : Texas Botanical Gardens of 81. Bethlehem : Arboretum of Lehigh University of Texas. University. 101. College Station, Helge-Ness Arbo- 82. Chestnut Hill : Morris Arboretum. retum of Texas-Agricultural Ex- (Private.) periment Station. 83. Germantown : Hemlock Arboretum Houston : Herman Park Botanical at "Far Country," Kitchen's Lane. 102. Garden. Charles F. Jenkins. Virginia 84. Kennett Square : Pierce Arboretum -Now "Longwood" Pierre S. Du 103. Richmond : Maymont Park. (Dooley Pont Estate. Estate.) Lima, Delaware County : Arboretum 85. Washington on the Painter Estate. Near Carson : Wind River Arbore- 86. Marshalltown, near West Chester : 104. Tree collection of Humphrey Mar- tum-Pacific Northwest Forest Ex- shall. periment Station. 16 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 105. Seattle : Washington State Arbore- if possible, every school child in the tum and Botanical Garden. (Being United States and Canada shall contribute organized.) five cents, with which amount more than West Virginia half the sum required to establish and 106. Wheeling: Waddington Farm Arbo- maintain the Peace Garden will be as- retum—Oglebay Park. sured. Heading the United States section of the Committee it was announced that Wisconsin Professor P. L. Elwood, Jr., of Iowa 107. Madison : In prospect. Plans being State College, Ames, Iowa, would be in made for a state Arboretum on Uni- charge." versity of Wisconsin property. Mr. The Committee on Arboretums and Bo- Rahmlow, Secretary of Wisconsin tanical Gardens has made the following Horticultural Society. interesting deductions from its collected information : 1. That the number of first-class West Indies arboretums in America is very, Dominica : Botanic Garden. very few. Trinidad : Botanic Garden. 2. That enough arboretums in America have been begun to The International Peace Garden : "Half- supply every state in the Union way between the Atlantic and Pacific, twice over. close to the geographical center of the 3. That a large proportion of all continent, the Peace Garden will be made those begun are little more than in the Turtle Mountain district of Mani- a memory today, and many still toba and North Dakota. Manitoba's con- tribution to the garden is 1500 acres of in existence cannot be expected to last long beyond the list of land in the provincial forest reserve. The their founders. block is bounded on the south by the in- ternational line and on the east by the An arboretum may scarcely reach its full value until the second generation. Canal-to-Canada highway. North Dakota How important, therefore, in the found- is giving a block of land the same size ing to plan, if not to provide, that it shall and shape, joining Manitoba's gift on the south. be cared for by each generation it serves. Some kind of a continuing trust amply On July 14, 1932, the International funded is the ideal. Beyond that, let the Peace Garden was dedicated. On the location and association be with a sympa- stone set to mark the place on the inter- thetic institution likely to be maintained national boundary, which is to be no by posterity, and the work of the found- longer inside the garden, the words are ers should continue. The mortality of cut, 'To God in His glory, we two na- tions dedicate this garden and pledge our- arboretums is high because the majority selves that, so long as men shall live, we have been privately owned and little or no endowment or provision has been made will not take up arms against each other.' It has been announced that the sum of for maintenance beyond the first genera- $5,000,000' would be required to build tion, whereas some trees scarcely come to their full maturity in the lifetime of the and endow the garden. It is proposed to man who plants them. Man is on the make it a people's garden and, above all, a children's garden with the thought that, move and his scenes shift rapidly, while the arboretum must be fixed in its abode.

BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS

New Series, No. 164, October, 1933

Aims of the Pan-Pacific Union 2

A Memorial to Wallace Rider Farrington 3 Pan-Pacific Popular Science Lectures in Manila 5 The Real Hawaii 7 The Rebirth of the Nations 9 Era of the Pacific 11 Balboa or Pan-Pacific Day in Honolulu 11 Pan-Pacific Day Celebration in Japan 12 Thoughts on Balboa Day 16

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION HONORARY PRESIDENTS Franklin D. Roosevelt President of the United States J. A. Lyons Prime Minister, Australia The Prime Minister New Zealand Chiang Kai Shek President of China Dr. A. C. D. de Graeff Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies The Prime Minister...._ Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President, House of Peers, Japan His Majesty, Prajadhipok King of Siam A. L. Rodriguez President of Mexico Don Carlos Ibanez President of Chile M. Pasquier Governor-General of Indo-China HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Frank W. Murphy Governor General of the Philippines John W. Troy Governor of Alaska OFFICERS IN HONOLULU President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Former Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1933 AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly unofficial Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and, most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is following up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establish- ment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area—land and sea. Added to this will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who inhabit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the good will of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropriations and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its location at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advance- ment of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance international justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems, including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and, if possible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peoples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material resources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men together who can under- standingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round-table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understanding and coopera- tive effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advance- ment, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific com- munities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of interracial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3

A Memorial to Wallace Rider Farrington [This editorial tribute to the late Wallace R. Farrington, who was for twelve years president of the Pan-Pacific Union, appeared in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin of which he was publisher, on October 6, the day of his decease. Reference to the Territory of Hawaii may well be applied to the Pacific area throughout which he was well known also for his connections with the Pan-Pacific Union and with the Institute of Pacific Relations.]

The Territory of Hawaii has lost a stricken with illness, he was forced to re- devoted citizen whose ability and virile tire from physical activity. energy have been for nearly forty years The necessary relinquishment of daily demonstrated in public office and in pri- routine duties downtown seemed merely vate life. to add to his extraordinary keen mental The Star-Bulletin records with deepest activity and application. He followed sorrow the passing of its beloved leader, public events and the manifold phases of whose death brings to every man and newspaper publishing and printing alike woman associated with his newspaper a with a closeness and keenness of judg- sharp and poignantly personal sense of ment which constantly were a marvel to bereavement. those who called on him. The burden of a long, exhausting ill- A man of wide acquanitance and con- ness neither impaired his powers of per- tact throughout the islands, Wallace Rider ception and just appreciation, nor soured Farrington has left upon the institutions a spirit essentially and indomitably buoy- and the life of the territory the impress ant and joyous in public service. of his vigor, his keen intelligence, his in- Only a few hours before he sank into fluence, his vision. And yet perhaps only unconsciousness, he had discussed with a those closely associated with him in news- newspaper associate the territory's finan- paper work can realize how devoted that active life has been to the broadest inter- cial position and steps necessary to meet pretations of public welfare and progress. that governmental emergency. From his eight years as governor he From the time in 1894 when, a young knew exactly what that financial situation man of twenty-three, he came to Hawaii means to Hawaii. From his many years to make this land his home, until the last of close association with the organs and day of his earthly existence, his efforts mediums of public information and opin- and ambitions were wrapped up in plans ion, he saw the necessity for a poised, and projects based upon the growth and balanced, constructive policy. And he advancement of the whole community. voiced it characteristically : His was a career of unusual activity, "Don't spend valuable time 'reading the mental and physical. Never was he a minutes of the last meeting.' mere looker-on at passing events. "This is preeminently an hour when all As he recalled the history of Hawaii the good citizens, all the forces and ele- since the revolutionary 'nineties, he might ments of the community, all good men and well have repeated the words of another women should work together, pull to- leader nearing the end, "All of this I saw ; gether. And they will do it. part of this I was !" For, to a notable "Hawaii will rally to a call for unselfish degree, he had had a part in every major teamwork. Ours is the duty of helping to event and every important movement in make that call clear to every living soul Hawaii that bore upon the civic, social in the territory." and material progress of the island ter- Then and always he believed in com- ritory. munity teamwork, and in the power of This interest, this solicitude, he carried the people, informed of the facts, to face unabated through the eight months since, those facts unafraid and to solve their 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

problems as sturdy and forward-looking believed that neither businesses nor insti- Americans. tutions can endure unless they are founded This same spirit he carried into every on sound and logical principles, and phase of his business life. For more than developed by the unity and cohesion of thirty years he had been the inspiring individuals fired by a common purpose leader of his newspaper staff—just, re- and resolve. liable, skilled, courageous, and always en- He was quick to recognize talent any- couraging that group to better efforts as where he found it, and to encourage its individuals and better results as a team. possessor to a fuller development thereof. The "Star-Bulletin Family," grown from For his newspaper he held aloft the a little group to more than 200, has been shining banner and ideal of an alert, con- and is bound together by ties of more genial, unified group of fellow workers than business association—by ties of animated by a sense of public welfare, loyalty and of affection. so thoroughly molded as a working staff He planned and thought and worked that the inevitable passing of individuals for the "newspaper family" with the same would not halt the onward march of the genuine and wholehearted interest in their institution. welfare that he planned, thought and His life has been a rich and full one. worked for the community, the territory, To him have come honors at home and the greater country of which Hawaii is a abroad, and, better than honors, the deep part. esteem of his friends and neighbors, the He was a builder in business as in pub- high respect of the territory, the confi- lic life. The results •of his efforts illus- dence of his country's government. trate the eternally true saying that "an A life cut short by untimely illness institution is but the lengthened shadow when he was still in full tide of his pow- of a man." ers, and yet a life of rare achievement But he did not believe in a one-man inseparably and indissolubly linked with government or a one-man business. He the growth and progress of Hawaii.

The Pan-Pacific Weekly Science sympathy with and interest in the aims Group at its meeting, October 6, adopted and purposes of our organization, both the following statement : as Governor of Hawaii and as publisher "It is with great sorrow that we, the of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, have en- members of the Pan-Pacific Research deared him to us all. His loss will be Institution, have learned of the passing keenly felt not only by this group locally of our beloved friend, Wallace R. Far- but by all those affiliated organizations rington, for twelve years president of the that constitute the Pan-Pacific Union Pan-Pacific Union. His personal charm throughout the countries bordering on and courtly manner, no less than his the Pacific." PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5

Pan-Pacific Popular Science Lectures in Manila A Proposed Series of Pan-Pacific Popular Science Lectures Under the Auspices of the Pan-Pacific Club of Manila. Dr. H. H. Steinmetz, Chairman for Pan-Pacific Science Committee.

It is proposed, as at the Pan-Pacific 4th Friday—"The Benefits of Friendly Research Institution at Honolulu, where Parasites in the Philippines." Candido every Friday night for nine years Sci- Africa. ence Suppers, followed by round-table Third Month discussions and popular illustrated sci- 1st Friday—"The Flora of the Philip- ence talks, the latter open to the public, pines." Dr. Jose K. Santos. have been the vogue, to imitate such 2nd Friday—"Tropical Food Plants of science gatherings here as a part of the the Philippines." Dr. W. H. Brown. work of the Pan-Pacific Club of Manila. 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Plant Dis- A large hall in the Legislative build- eases in the Philippines." Dr. Felici- ing, adjoining the National Library, has simo Serrano. been offered as a meeting place for the 4th Friday—"The Benefit of Plant Pa- Science group and popular science lec- thology in the Philippines." Dr. Ge- tures, and the following is a tentative rardo Occemia. program beng worked out for the first year of free popular science lectures Fourth Month (probably at 8:00 p.m., following the 1st Friday—"Native Races of the Philip- science supper and round-table discus- pines." Dr. Otley Beyer. sion, which is open to scientists only) : 2nd Friday—"Coconut Culture and Products in the Philippines." Herbert First Month Walker. 1st Friday—Illustrated lecture on "Geog- 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Termites raphy and Oceanography of the Phil- in the Philippines." Dr. C. S. Banks. ippines." Lecturer—Dr. Cornelio Cruz. 4th Friday—"The Benefits of Plant 2nd Friday—"Rice and Rice Culture in Quarantine in the Philippines." Dr. the Philippines." Lecturer—Dr. Ficto- B. A. Gonzales. rino Borja. 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Insects in Fifth Month the Philippines." Lecturer—Dr. Leo- 1st Friday—"Histology — Its Service." poldo Uichanco. Dr. V. Clemente. 4th Friday—"The Benefits of Entomol- 2nd Friday—"Root Foods in the Philip- ogy in the Philippines." Lecturer- pines."—Dr. M. Mendiola. Faustino Otanes. 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Rats in the 5th Fridays of each month, when they Philippines." Dr. Manuel Roxas. occur, given over to round-table sci- 4th Friday—"The Benefits from Plant ence discussions, open to the public. Genetics."—Dr. Marcos Alicante. At these meetings questions will be Sixth Month answered by the scientists. 1st Friday — "Something About Soil Second Month Chemistry." Dr. Roberto L. Pendle- 1st Friday—"Volcanoes in the Philip- ton. pines." Brother Repili. 2nd Friday—"Difficulties of Growing 2nd Friday—"Sugar Cane." R. H. King. Vegetables in the Tropics." Dr. E. B. 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Harmful Copeland. Parasites in the Philippines." Dr. 3rd Friday—"The Menace of the Mos- Leopoldo Uichanco. quito." Dr. Paul F. Russell. 6 PAN-PACIFIC U NION BULLETIN

4th Friday—"The Value of Plant Dis- 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Tubercu- tribution." Dr. Marcos Tubangui. losis." Dr. Andrews Trepp. 4th Friday—"The Value of Forestry and Seventh Month Reforestation." Arthur Fischer. 1st Friday — "Anthropology — Animal Distribution." Dr. K. L. Hobbs. Twelfth Month 2nd Friday—"Fish Foods and Their 1st Friday—"Diet and Health in the Preservation in the Tropics." Y. R. Tropics." Dr. J. Fahardo. Montalban. 2nd Friday—"Possible New Food Plants 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Conta- for the Philippines." Dr. Eduardo gions"—Dr. Howard F. Smith. Quisumbing. 4th Friday—"The Value of Plant Culti- 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Cholera vation and Proper Fertilization." A. S. and Other Plague Diseases." Major Arguelles. George C. Dunham. 4th Friday—"The Value of Fish Cul- Eighth Month ture."—Wallace A. Adams. 1st Friday—"Nematodes and Mites— It will be seen by the above that it is What They Do." Dr. M. Tubangui. planned to coordinate for the first year 2nd Friday—"The Story of Sharp Freez- a series of popular science lectures per- ing." Dr. Felipe Adriano. taining chiefly to agriculture in the 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Microbes." Philippines, from the standpoint of the Dr. M. Arguelles. scientists, but comprehensible, in the lec- 4th Friday—"The Uses of Shellfish and tures at least, to everyone. Seaweeds." Dr. Leopoldo Faustino. Where visiting scientists of distinction Ninth Month are entertained, local lectures may be 1st Friday—"Philippine Fibres." Dr. postponed or the dates altered, or per- Stanton Youngberg. haps two lectures may be given on the 2nd Friday—"How to Preserve Foods." same evening, one following the other. Dr. Maria Orosa. This course of lectures it is planned 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Leprosy." to put in operation at once and the sci- Dr. H. H. Steinmetz. ence committee of the Pan-Pacific Club 4th Friday—"Benefits of Bird Life to is arranging to hold their suppers, round Agriculture." Dr. M. C. McGregor. table discussions and lectures in the very spacious Pan-Pacific Association quar- Tenth Month ters provided for it in the Legislative 1st Friday—"The Carabao—Its Uses." building. It is probable that arrange- Dr. Victor Buencamino. ments will be carried out permitting the 2nd Friday—"Geology and Erosion— Pan-Pacific students' association to hold Their Relation to Cultivation of the their Friday night suppers and meetings Soil." Dr. Jose M. Feliciano. in an adjoining hall so that the students 3rd Friday—"The Menace of Cancer." may also attend the lecture courses im- Dr. L. Gomez. mediately following their supper meet- 4th Friday—"Animal Industry and Dairy ing. How like the arrangement of the Farming." Dr. B. M. Gonzales. Pan-Pacific Research Institution courses in Honolulu! This is a bit of imitative Eleventh Month flattery that it seems likely now will be 1st Friday—"Teeth—Their Relation to repeated in other Oriental cities every- Health." Dr. E. S. D. Merchant. where. Honolulu, at the ocean's center, 2nd Friday—"The Weather—the Effects is looked upon as the experimental sta- of Heat, Sun and Water (Irrigation)." tion in the work of the Pan-Pacific Father Selga. Union. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7

The Real Hawaii From the Honolulu Advertiser, September 28, 1933. (An address delivered by President David L. Crawford of the University of Hawaii at the banquet tendered the visiting Congressional delegation by the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel, September 27.)

To the casual observer the true signifi- keep others out, is at a minimum and con- cance of Hawaii seldom appears. On the sequently there is more freedom to mingle map it is little more than a pin-point ; in in business and social affairs and in mar- the magazines it is a lovely spot in which riage, as well. The important point is to spend a languorous vacation ; in the that such mingling carries little or no newspapers (of the Mainland) it is the social stigma. There is a marked tendency scene of jungle violence ; in the stock to recognize the worth of individual per- market it is the home of large-dividend- sonality without regard to race or color. paying plantations ; in military and naval This we have called unorthodox, but I circles it is a fortress ; to the ordinary suppose we might as accurately have called tourist it is a motley mixture of races it ultra-American, for it is American to destined for no good end. The deeper say of any branch of the white race, "a significance of Hawaii as a sort of human man's a man for all that." The Hawaiian laboratory escapes the attention of most experiment is pushing this a step or two people, including many who live here. further, to see if we may not be able to For instance, take the racial situation. get along better if we make the same Some are fatuous enough to say that we declaration of all men, regardless of color have no race problem, others go to the and other surface differences. opposite extreme and declare that race But enough of race. Consider now prejudice is rampant or at least ready at another human experiment in this labora- any pretext to break forth and become tory—industry. The sugar industry domi- rampant. Not many fully understand that nates the situation here, with certain other for a century and a half this little group big businesses sharing more or less in this of islands has been carrying on an ex- domination. Viewing it at a great dis- periment in race relations, testing out an tance, official Washington has seen this unorthodox method of handling the as something to excite alarm, something problem. against which the people must be pro- We have a race problem. Of course tected. The average traveller sees here we have ! Let no one think it is non- little or no evidence of that farming class existent merely because he does not see which is so characteristic of America, but race riots and lynchings, and jim-crow instead he sees agriculture carried on by compartments in our street cars. Our race great corporations, and it strikes him as problem is not that of preventing dis- very un-American. That it is ultra- orders, but of preventing the premature American does not appear on the surface, termination of our experiment. For, mind and yet it is. For western capitalism and you, that attitude toward race relations American big-business captured little Ha- which may be called peculiarly Hawaiian waii so completely that there was very does not have the approval of the nation little room left for anything else. To un- nor the sanction of certain important derstand this, one must look into the past, elements in our Island population. When but in the brief time before me I cannot one studies carefully into the situation it review this very interesting story ade- begins to become apparent that there are quately. I would refer you to my book, some fundamental differences here. Race prejudice, which walls around a group to "Paradox in Hawaii," in which I have 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

attempted to outline the conquest, as it and individuals seem to exercise, or are were, of the Islands by capitalism. believed to exercise, over the affairs of A century and a half ago the Stone Age these Islands. And yet, an unbiased and prevailed here. Some 300,000 Polynesians dispassionate study of the situation will were living here in a sort of feudal social show that the present system is sound order which for their purposes was suc- from the standpoint of economics, and is cessful. They tilled the soil and drew improving so rapidly from the standpoint upon both sea and land for their food of sociology that it would be hard to supplies, but there was no industry about devise a system of farming which would it as we understand that term. Their afford better living conditions and better farming was not for profit, nor for the security for the individual worker against raising of a cash crop, for the idea of adversity and depression. profit-yielding transactions was not in But let us hasten on to another of our their social consciousness, nor was there laboratory experiments—education. Here, anything equivalent to money. Farming even the casual observer is struck by the was merely a way of living, not a busi- ness. American-ness of the school system. In- deed, he wonders at its completeness and Western civilization found and occu- at the fact that it is open on equal terms pied the Islands just as the modern age of to all, regardless of race and economic or industrialism was getting under way, and social station. Its development makes an it found here a virgin field with nothing interesting story to tell, but there is no to impede its progress. The principles of opportunity for it at this moment. Suf- this industrialism were applied to agricul- fice it to say that missionary zeal of the ture for the simple reason that that was early nineteenth century turned from about all that they could be applied to preaching to teaching and gave the Amer- here. ican ideal of universal education such a There was no latent power for manu- vigorous start in this far-off land that it facturing industries, but there were great persisted and grew and expanded, in spite possibilities in the raising of tropical crops of the fact that industrialism might have of which the temperate zone stood in been expected to prefer a system which need : sugar, coffee, cotton, fruits and so would keep laborers and their children in forth. And so, what could have been more a permanent peasantry. For such a peas- natural than that which did develop : large antry would stabilize the labor supply and farms run like factories, with the same alleviate, if not obviate, the problem of kind of regimentation of labor and the increasing wage rates. That the educa- same efficient way of meeting obstacles tional system developed as it did is a and problems as in the great manufactur- credit to Hawaii. ing plants of modern America. I have referred to this as an experi- There is nothing inherently evil or ment. The whole American plan of uni- vicious in this. It is true, of course, that versal education is still an experiment. there was a period a few decades ago There is a widespread dissatisfaction when the American people developed a throughout the country, a feeling that all great fear of big corporations and went is not right. Some sober leaders are call- whole-heartedly into the trust-busting ing it a cancerous growth in the body business, cutting off the arms of the politic ; some are for decreasing the school dreadful octopus which seemed to threaten program, others want it enlarged and ex- the life of the nation. And I suppose it tended ; some say it is out of tune with is a hangover of that phobia which causes the times, while others say that it is our official Washington, even today, to view economic affairs which need adjustment with alarm the economic control which a —not our educational system. relatively small number of corporations The point is this : in a relatively small PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 area here, we have a thorough application is different makes it the more valuable. of capitalistic industrialism and with it the Who knows that American agriculture ideal of universal education, both in an may not follow American manufacturing environment of democracy. That is a tiny industries into the large-scale plan of op- miniature of America, stripped of the eration ? Here is an experiment a century many vague and confusing factors and old. Watch it. Study it sympathetically, elements which make the American prob- not with distant skepticism. We have a lem so hard to understand. Here is a test- graduate school of tropical agriculture tube sample, as it were. Why does not the here which could be made a great national nation turn to this laboratory and study asset, if Congress would help us make it it carefully and scientifically ? that. If it appears that the educational system And, finally, if our way of handling and the industrial structure are not well the race problem is different, why con- enough suited to each other, before we demn it ? It has worked fairly well for a destroy either let us examine the con- century and a half, and it might prove to trolling factors, as the chemist analyzes be a better way than the orthodox Ameri- the contents of his test tube. Who knows can attitude. To amend our organic act, but that something of vital importance to as proposed in legislation pending in humanity may come out of such a study ? Congress, might disturb the continuity of If agriculture is different here, more in- this experiment so seriously as to bring dustrialized, more like a manufacturing it to a premature end. True statesman- plant, why view it with alarm? Would it ship should prevent this. For even of not be wiser if our chief executive and greater value to the nation than its de- members of Congress would endeavor to fensive structures at Pearl Harbor and preserve the continuity of this experiment, Diamond Head is this Hawaiian experi- and keep it going? The very fact that it ence in interracial cooperation.

The Rebirth of the Nations By 0. J. BURNETT

We are just becoming conscious of the Papens, the Matsuokas, nor any other greatest revolution the world has ever world personality is to be held responsible witnessed. Though there has not been, for the drama which we have been wit- nor do I anticipate there will be, a can- nessing for the past three years. Forces non fired or a sword drawn, yet revolu- much stronger than superficial politics tion it undoubtedly is. and tides that rise higher than the mere Once more mankind is in revolt against ambition of men have been forging the tyranny. To be sure the tyranny of metal of the world. These causes lie deep which I speak is neither political nor at the source of the spiritual life of our physical, but rather a tyranny of fear, a time. tyranny of greed, a tyranny of gain. I do not believe that anything new has This revolution, like all which have pre- arrived, nor do I imagine anything new is ceded it, is not leaving many things un- on the way toward arriving, but what I do shaken that we heretofore have held dear. believe, and it is an ever-growing convic- But somehow I have a very. deep convic- tion, is that something very fine, yet very tion that when the storm has passed, life old, is about to be uncovered, and I fur- is going to be cleaner and finer because ther believe that that something, every of this cataclysm. man got with his manhood, and proves The Hoovers, the Baldwins, the von his kinship to God. 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

There has ever been extant in the against another rival. In the Western world a spirit of fear, a spirit of pride, a Hemisphere there has always been much spirit of intolerance, of falsehood that misunderstanding between the United whispers distorted tales and half-truths. States and Latin America. But probably But there is yet another spirit, that some- the greatest barrier to world understand- times when listening for one may hear the ing is racial intolerance, a vicious provoc- sound of wings—'tis a mighty spirit, ative of peace whose position is at last higher, wider and deeper than the other. becoming perilously untenable. There are And it can shine even in dark places, and some groups of people in the world who it always points toward a starlit trail. do not like the mode of dress of another Such is the spirit hovering near the pres- group. There are still other groups who ent, and the shepherds of the West and do not like the complexion of certain peo- the wise men of the East may again be ple, but if virtue be contingent upon the guided by the star of this new, old spirit. manner of dress or the color of skin what Through the telescope of fear many are a fickle goddess she must be. Does anyone now beholding a world gone bankrupt, a believe that racial differences are really universe insolvent. Could they only know fundamental ? At one time, to me, God that the liberation of the soul from such was an Anglo-Saxon God and decidedly unreasoning, abject fear has a definite. anthropomorphic. In recent years, how- intrinsic value—is a greater source of ever, my conception of God has under- even material revenue than the legaliza- gone a transcendent change and I now tion of beer. suspect that the Malay Chief is probably We are in such close perspective to the as near the likeness of the one Eternal as drama, and it is rushing so swiftly to its the Swedish Prince. consequent that it would be impossible to If I mistake not the spirit of this pres- accurately describe what is really taking ent hour, 'tis that jealousies, prejudices place, yet somehow we know great forces and intolerance are to be replaced by old have been set in motion, swift currents and precious moral values, and if we can, are at last moving this complacent old here in Hawaii where all nationalities are world. While we are discovering no new mingled in such intimate proximity, lay fundamentals in life, yet there is still aside every thought of intolerance, every something which may be called new and feeling of prejudice, every old remnant that is the approach ; a general polarity of race antagonism, absolutely and fully towards the dawn. without mental reservation or secret eva- This revolution, if I interpret aright sion of truth, may we not be lighting a the trend, is destined to bring the nations torch that will shine across a world, and of the world together in a closer bond of in following this light might not that fraternity. Heretofore the East has mis- trusted the West, while the West has world, very heavy and very weary, find looked on the Orient and its multiple "the peace that passeth all understand- problems with comparative complacency, ing"? if not absolute indifference. Europe for The sun of justice is at last arising, its many centuries has been constantly en- spirit is again entering the temples of gaged in a strange hostility which they men and overthrowing many things long call maintaining the balance of power. held sacred. Behold the hands of Samson This is usually accomplished by two or once more laid upon the pillars ! Morde- three of the stronger nations deciding cai is again before the gates !—(Hono- upon using a weaker state as a buffer lulu Advertiser.) PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11

Era of the Pacific An editorial in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 25, 1933.

Today the Pan-Pacific luncheon pro- Panama canal to swell the commerce of gram commemorates the discovery of the the empty seas viewed by Balboa. Re- Pacific Ocean by a European 420 years cently American naval fliers landed there ago. after one day's flight from Norfolk, Va., On September 25, 1513, according to a voyage that would have taken weeks in the calendars in use at that time, Vasco Balboa's time. Nunez de Balboa reached the summit of Countries bordering on the Pacific, in the Isthmus of Panama during a search honoring the Spanish explorer today, for gold. Before him spread the blue, take note of their strides in transporta- quiet waters of the Pacific. He is reported tion and commerce since the first settle- to have continued to the Pacific shore ments that followed his discovery. And line, reaching it four days later. Honolulu, the hub of that progress, gives While commemorating that historic dis- appropriate cognizance to the event. covery it is interesting to contrast the Four hundred and twenty years from Pacific of that day with the Pacific of now—what will Honolulu be ? 1933. No one can answer that question defi- Balboa occupied the entire month of nitely, but we can see here a great, busy, September making his way from the Caribbean coast to the Pacific. Now scores beautiful city. And the men and women of ships make the day's run through the of today have the shaping of it.

Balboa or Pan-Pacific Day in Honolulu Tuesday, September 26, 1933, Pan-Pacific Club Stages Program and Luncheon

Cabled greetings were read at the Pan- speakers were Ralph G. Cole who with Pacific Club luncheon yesterday from the Yasumori attended two Y. M. C. A. con- Pan-Pacific Association of China and ferences in Manila, and Otilio Gorospe, Japan in connection with the annual cele- president of the Filipino Civic League of bration of Balboa or Pan-Pacific Day. Honolulu. The club voted to send mes- It is customary for the various branches sages to Hon. Wallace R. Farrington, of the Pan-Pacific Union to exchange president of the Pan-Pacific Union, who greetings with the parent organization in was unable to be present, and to Alex- Honolulu and with each other. Hon. Tong ander Hume Ford, director, now in Shao Yi, former premier of China and Manila. The program ended with Fili- one of the first Chinese students to be sent pino music and folk dancing by girls in to America, heads the China branch, native costume, and Mrs. Carl Allenbaugh Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, former head of sang Mrs. Glenna Podmore's "Inter- the House of Peers, the Japan branch, national Anthem," accompanied by the and Jose Alunan, the Philippines branch, composer. whose inaugural meeting was held last In deference to the newly organized month. K. Yasumori told of the first meeting Pan-Pacific Association in the Philippines in Manila, which he attended. Other the program in Hawaii was chiefly Fili- 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

pino, although the audience was entirely in the peaceful mission of this day. It is Pan-Pacific. my fondest hope that the spirit of Philippine Labor Commissioner C. Pan-Pacific day and the Pan-Pacific Ligot opened the musical and literary pro- Union will ultimately spell better under- gram with a story concerning Pan-Pacific standing, friendship and good will to all day and Balboa. the peoples of the world, particularly Gorospe was introduced by Commis- those of the countries bordering the Pa- sioner Ligot. cific Ocean, irrespective of race, creed, tongue and condition. "Speaking for the Philippine Civic "As Balboa had the courage to span League, I wish to extend greetings to the the seas and braved the dangers of the members of the Pan-Pacific Union, under deep in quest of new land 420 years ago, whose auspices Pan-Pacific or Balboa day so may the Pan-Pacific workers of good is being observed in Honolulu," he said, will and friendship determine to bring "The Filipinos here in Hawaii as well as the peoples on this side of the world to those in their native land have great faith peaceful relationship."

Pan-Pacific Day Celebration in Japan (Luncheon meeting of the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo, held on September 25th, with Viscount T. Inouye, President, in the chair.)

Viscount Inouye: In the absence of henceforth to hold the Balboa Day cele- Prince Tokugawa, president of the Pan- bration on September 25th. Pacific Association of Japan, I have the During the four centuries since Bal- honor of presiding over the luncheon boa's discovery, the Pacific Ocean has given jointly by the Pan-Pacific Associa- seen many vicissitudes, and upon its tion of Japan and the Pan-Pacific Club of shores have risen many nations. The cen- Tokyo. We are gathered here today to ter of international interest has shifted commemorate the four hundred and twen- from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic tieth anniversary of the discovery of the Ocean, and from the Atlantic to the Pa- Pacific Ocean by a daring Spaniard, cific Ocean. During the last few years Vasco Nunez de Balboa. We feel highly especially the western shores of the Pa- honored with the distinguished presence cific have been a center of international of the diplomatic representatives of the interest. We are happy to have celebrated Pacific countries and also of our visiting recently the first anniversary of the guests. founding of the new Asiatic state of Ever since the inception of our organi- Manchukuo, whose future growth will, I zation, we have held Balboa Day celebra- hope, mark an epoch in creating a perma- tion on September 17th, but from this nent peace in the Far East. year we will hold it on the 25th. The ex- Situated in the western corner of the act date of Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean, with a history of 25 cen- Pacific Ocean has been disputed among turies, Japan is destined to play an impor- historians in Europe and America. For- tant role for the permanent peace of the tunately His Excellency Senor Juan F. de Far East and of the Pacific Ocean. As a Cardenas, former Spanish Minister to Pacific power we are conscious of our Japan, has verified for us the exact date duty for the promotion of the peace of the Pacific. Japan is most anxious to pre- of Balboa's discovery to be September serve that peace, thus contributing her 25th instead of 17th. So we have decided share to the preservation of the peace of PAN-PACIFIC U NION BULLETIN 13 the Pacific and the promotion of the hap- the freest intercourse between its com- piness of mankind. In celebrating Balboa ponent states, each of which possesses and Day let us sincerely hope that the nations enjoys its own legislative individuality in bordering the Pacific Ocean will do their matters not essentially of national con- utmost for the cooperation of promoting cern. permanent peace of this great ocean and And finally, Russia, embarked on an make it true to its name—the Ocean of untried course, has coined a new word, Peace. sovietism, in the dictionary of govern- Now I will ask His Excellency the ment, while the world looks on with in- American Ambassador to speak. terest at the development of still another Mr. Grew: When we picture Balboa experiment in this laboratory of political standing, over 400 years ago, on that science. mountain chain in Darien and gazing for Now in looking into the future, we the first time on the broad expanse of the must picture as best we may the tremen- Pacific, we inevitably wonder whether he dous developments which are bound to was gifted with imaginative foresight and take place in international relationships could visualize that this great ocean would and contacts. With expansion and ad- some day become not only a mighty com- vancement in aviation, and invention in mercial clearing-house for the exchange the realm of electricity and other fields, it of many of the world's essential prod- is not difficult to foresee the day when the ucts, but that it would develop also into nations of the world, in matters of com- the greatest experimental laboratory in munication and transit, will be physically history. For on the shores of that ocean linked in far greater intimacy than now. a number of greater and smaller Powers A century ago the steam engine and are working out their respective destinies steamship were in their infancy; the tele- under radically different systems of gov- graph and telephone unknown in general ernment, the outcome of racial, historical application ; the radio and aeroplane un- or geographic factors or, in some cases, conceived. At the present rate of prog- as the result of a break with the past and ress in invention and development, pro- the adoption of a new orientation. gressively accelerated during the past few Among other nations of the Pacific, generations, what may we not expect in Japan, with her vast background of ori- the century to come, and the next, and the ental culture combined with the energy next ? What may we not expect in the and initiative of a virile people, absorbed development of the international structure the civilization of the Occident, and yet of commerce and finance, and indeed in came through the process—a process of many other fields, if world progress abnormal rapidity—strong in her own maintains, as it surely will, its ever-in- personality and national character, in creasing velocity? The day will surely which centralization of authority and the come when international frontiers will preeminence of the Throne, are the out- lose much or all of their present physical standing elements. restraint, and with these physical re- The British commonwealth of nations, straints crumbled or vanished, who shall which, spreading round the world, keeps say to what degree the world's eventual its far-flung units in vital intercourse by community of interests will bring about protected maritime traffic and by periodi- a political intimacy among the nations cal conferences that decide how they can which we, in our present stage of devel- assist and guard one another's freedom opment, can but dimly visualize? and interests, owes its strength to the I have spoken of the Pacific as a elasticity and resiliency of the system. mighty experimental laboratory. In the The contribution of the United States old days, the chemists strove to discover is a federal organization that permits of and to blend the necessary elements 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

which would produce the elixir of life. great arena to which he initiated world Letting our imaginations rove into the access, and smile with gratification at his impenetrable mists of the future, may we contribution to the working out of the not wonder whether at some future epoch mightiest problem in history. there will emerge from these various ex- Viscount Inouye: We are very happy periments and experiences a system or a to welcome the Hon. Frederick Waller, combination of systems, best adapted to LL.D., Consul-General of Guatemala at universal acceptance and to world unity ? Los Angeles. Dr. Waller is an interna- That goal, if goal it be, can exist today tionally known diplomat, scholar of inter- only in our castle-building imagination. national law, and also a financier. He has Yet castle-building and day-dreams are attended the recent Economic Conference not always futile and not always so fan- at London and the Disarmament Confer- tastic as they seem. Perhaps Balboa ence at Geneva. dreamed, yet it is inconceivable that he He has large holdings in the oil indus- could have foreseen, even with the most try in America and Europe. He has vis- fertile imagination, the developments to ited Japan a number of times, and has a which his discovery has already led. large number of influential friends in our Before that epoch comes, human out- country. He has devoted his good influ- look may have undergone many a change. ence to the furtherance of friendly rela- But always this great laboratory of the tions between America and Japan. Few Pacific—where the racial types which Americans have the understanding of the have shown high capacity for advance in economic and political situation in the Far civilization have been brought face to face East that he has. It is therefore a great —will be at work, developing, experi- pleasure to introduce him to you. menting, learning, perhaps perfecting, Dr. Waller: I wish to thank you for the against the day when frontiers, which privilege and great honor of being a seem natural today, can no longer physi- guest at this distinguished gathering. cally exist ; when neither oceans nor While I have never appeared before at mountains can longer maintain their char- this Association, I have followed with acter as barriers to international inti- great interest during the last few years macy; when the whole structure of world the activities of the Pan-Pacific Associa- relationships will have assumed so intri- tion. The eyes of the world are directed cate, delicate and universal a nature that towards the events of the Far East, but the general community of interests will not only the nations surrounding the Pa- far exceed in importance the interests of cific but the nations of the world are all any one group or nation. When that day today looking forward to one goal, and comes, if the machinery for meeting it is that is international economic recovery. wisely conceived and intelligently built May I express my humble wish that from one generation to another, and if it every member of this Association will is solidly founded upon the enlightened contribute something towards that end. viewpoint recently expressed by Prince Viscount Inouye: Now I must intro- Tokugawa that "the future happiness and duce to you Miss K. M. Ball, for many welfare of all mankind will in no small years supervisor of art in the elementary degree depend on the promotion of good schools of San Francisco, and a well- understanding and mutual helpfulness known authority on Oriental art. She is among the nations surrounding the Pa- making a trip through the Orient. She cific," who shall say that the world will has published an authoritative book on not achieve a happier and more enlight- "Decorative Motives of Oriental Art" ened destiny than our forefathers could which has been widely circulated. In have visualized? Japan she hopes to study more closely art Then may Balboa look down on the and painting. Miss Ball is one of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15 founders of the Japan Society of Amer- have in your country a term which means ica in San Francisco in 1905, and the "art appreciation." This art appreciation "Sakura" Society in 1915. She is one of is a very wonderful thing. Japanese peo- the largest collectors of Japanese art ple will speak of this appreciation in rela- paintings in America. tion to custom, tone of voice, house, per- Miss Ball: I feel it a great pleasure to son, or apartment, as well as decorations be here today. I love Japan, and for and ornaments. It is that quality of re- many years it has exercised an influence finement and elegance which marks the on my life. I have lived in its atmosphere, character of the old order of things and mentally and spiritually, for many years, sometimes of the new. You have it in all for in San Francisco we have a great col- of your arts, and it is something for us ony of Japanese people, and in contact all to learn and acquire. I feel that in this with them I have learned of the character day and age the one thing civilization and ideals and philosophies of the Japa- needs most is art. "Art appreciation" nese people. We have also in San Fran- should be within the experience and cisco a Japan Society of America, which pleasure of every individual. We hope is constantly entertaining the visiting peo- the time will come when an educational ples of various organizations from Japan, art will be found everywhere, not only in so that we have come into contact with the art schools, where children will be the cream of Japanese society. We have trained to know what is beautiful, and also many museums, in which we have an where their taste will be cultivated, be- opportunity of seeing the best of Japan's cause art is not a matter of individual arts. It is not surprising then that I understanding and taste but a matter of should have come here. training. Art is really a matter of psychology, Japan has done so much for me that and it is the mental effect of looking at a when I first came into contact with it I work of art that tarries with us. I won- realized the greatness of its 'people and der if Japan realizes how far her art has their ideals, and I decided I would con- influenced the art of America and occi- secrate my life to the study of it and en- dental peoples. If you travel through the deavor to interpret it to other people. I museums of the world you will see many am making this tour of the world to study contributions of Japanese art, and scat- what all the oriental peoples have been tered all over the world are so many col- doing. I have been in almost every ori- lections of her art that one wonders ental country, and have been able to com- sometimes if there is anything left in pare the qualities of the various peoples. Japan at all. Viscount Inouye: As the last speaker Perhaps the most important factor of we have Mr. Ignaz Friedman, the world- this influence is in the prints. They prob- famous pianist. He was born in Austria- ably have exerted a greater influence be- Poland, and is a world-famous composer cause they are nearer our art, and are as well as a pianist. within the comprehension of our people. Mr. Friedman said a few words to the Their color is beautiful and they have in- effect that music has no age and belongs fluenced us not only in our paintings but to all times. in our commercial art. Probably our pos- Viscount Inouye read two cables re- ters spread all over the world are a repro- ceived from the Japan Association at duction of the art which dominated Honolulu and the Pan-Pacific Associa- Japanese prints. tion at Manila, in celebration of Balboa Japanese art is a matter of psychology. It is the mental reaction we derive from Day, and proposed that a cable in ac- viewing something that is beautiful, but knowledgment and congratulation should it depends upon our background. You be sent in reply. 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Thoughts on Balboa Day By DR. ARTHUR WAKEFIELD STATEN

Then felt I like some watcher of the skies When a new planet swims into his ken; Balboa arrived at Darien, now Panama, Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes as a stowaway. The first few days out He stood at the Pacific, and all his men from Haiti, where his creditors were Looked at each other with a wild surmise, Silent upon a peak in Darien. gnashing their teeth and pulling their Haitian hair, he had traveled first class in When Keats wrote these famous lines a barrel. The tradition says that the cap- upon his first opening of Chapman's tain was astonished when out of the bar- Homer, Homer nodded. It was not Cor- rel stepped a dapper gentleman with tez, but Balboa, who was the first Euro- sword and dagger, impecunious but un- pean to see the Pacific from its eastern perturbed. The old sea dog was for side. throwing him overboard, but was finally The explorer had climbed a tree, some dissuaded and history was made. accounts say, and the action would be a In Darien he soon became the head natural one. His guides had told him he man, which proves that though a man had now reached the place where the may fail as a farmer in Haiti he may suc- ocean could be seen, four days' distance away. ceed as an explorer somewhere else. This is the doctrine of the better 'ole. Balboa obviously had no mean sense of the dramatic, and today would have Balboa, although he would have been ranked high as a cinema director. When, marked by the credit bureau as "cash rec- four days later, he waded knee-deep into ommended," is now so well thought of the water and took possession of the that the Panama dollar is named after ocean in the name of the king of Spain, him and he is the patron saint of the he had changed his clothes for the occa- Pan-Pacific Union. Since 1915, when sion and, according to the frieze in the Queen Liliuokalani was a participant in Pan American building, was dressed in the glamorous celebration, his day, Sep- full armor, casque, corselet, greaves and tember 25, has annually been observed sollerets, and carried the flag of Spain in with spectacular ceremony the Pacific 'round. his left hand and his sword in his right. It is rather difficult to imagine him so Vasco Nunez de Balboa, who saw the dressed when he climbed the tree—and it Pacific 420 years ago today, deserves was dramatic foresight, too, to have all his honors. He had a heart, while the brought the flag along. conquistadors and other adventurers of A well-known painting, however, var- his ilk seem to have been mainly outfitted ies the scene, and makes him ambidex- with spleen and gall. In fact, his heart trous. Now he wears morning dress and caused him to lose his head, an experience holds the sword in his left hand and the which has happened to many. He reported flag in his right. Clearly, there is a theat- local abuses to home headquarters and rical difficulty, as embarrassing as the was decapitated for his pains. How his- right and left seatings are for a hostess. tory repeats itself ! If you were directing, which hand would Balboa saw the Pacific September 25, you give to the sword, and which to the 1513, and now we see it every day and flag ? Or should the right hand carry hope and pray that it may ever be pacific. both ? Viva Balboa! ADVERTISING SECTION 1

THE MID-PACIFIC

The Royal Hawaiian and the Moana-Seaside Hotels at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., The Matson - Lassco - Oceanic Steam- own and operate the Royal Hawaiian ship Company maintains a 'regular, fast, Hotel, Moana-Seaside Hotel and Bunga- reliable passenger and freight service between Honolulu and San Francisco, lows, and the Waialae Golf Club. The Los Angeles, South Seas, New Zealand Royal Hawaiian has been voted the and Australia. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., are world's finest hotel by sixteen World local agents for the line, whose comfort, Cruise Steamers. Rates upon applica- service and cuisine are noted among tion. Cable address Royalhotel. world travelers.

Famous Hau Tree Lanai The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- ing automobile dealers, have their offices lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach at and store in the Alexander Young Waikiki." Includes Jack London's Lanai Building, at the corner of King and and House Without a Key. Rates from Bishop streets, and their magnificent automobile salesroom and garage just $5.00 per day to $140.00 per month and in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. up. American plan. Clifford Kimball, Here one may find almost anything. owner and manager. Phone No. 6141.

ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

the beginning it has made a special point of helping the builder of small homes, a feature which has developed until to- day its Small Home Service, consisting of assistance and advice of architect, drafting room, interior decorator, plumb- ing expert and building material spec- ialists, extends also to home owners who

A Home Developed by LOIC'e 1-S & Cooke, Ltd. wish to redecorate or remodel their homes. At the present time the Lewers Since 1852, Lewers & Cooke, Ltd., has & Cooke, Ltd. organization includes de- been the headquarters for building ma- partments of plumbing, paint, interior terials of all varieties and has been in- decorating, tools, hardware, and electric timately connected with the growth of appliances, as well as lumber and all Honolulu's prosperous community. From other building materials.

OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9:15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. You arrive at Honolulu at 5 :27 P. M. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2 :52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

Home of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd. Anyone who has ever visited the Ha- Ltd. ; Baldwin Packers, Ltd.; The Mat- waiian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing-named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd. ; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 30 years by & Marine Insurance Co. ; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited ; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd. ; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd. ; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co. ; Kahuku Plantation Company; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd.; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd. ; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation ; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT.

THE MID-PACIFIC 5 CASTLE & COOKE BUMEN., MALOLO BERLIN OK MAN HATTAN Wherever you travel . . . whichever route you prefer . . . Castle & Cooke's Travel Bureau will arrange your reserva- tions or accommodations and relieve you of all annoying detail. Information, rates, or suggestions are offered with- out obligation and you are invited to use the travel files and service of the bureau. Castle & Cooke Travel Bureau, Merchant St., at Bishop. Branches in Royal Hawaiian and Moana Hotels.

C. BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED

C. Brewer and Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Planta- tion Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance.

ADVT. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons.

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with The Pacific Engineering Company, a power station generating capacity of Ltd., construction engineers and general 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and contractors, is splendidly equipped to power service to Honolulu and to the handle all types of building construc- entire island of Oahu. It also maintains tion, and execute building projects in its cold storage and ice-making plant, minimum time and to the utmost satis- supplying the city with ice for home faction of the owner. The main offices consumption. The firm acts as electrical are in the Yokohama Specie Bank contractors, cold storage, warehousemen Building, with its mill and factory at and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- South Street. Many of the leading busi- plies, completely wiring and equipping ness buildings in Honolulu have been buildings and private residences. Its constructed under the direction of the splendid new offices facing the civic Pacific Engineering Company. center are now completed and form one of the architectural ornaments to the city. The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for has its motor trucks meet all incoming the Ford car. All spare parts are kept steamers and it gathers baggage from in stock and statements of cost of re- every part of the city for delivery to pairs and replacements are given in ad- the outgoing steamers. This company vance so that you know just what the receives, and puts in storage until needed, amount will be. The Ford is in a class excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu by itself. The most economical and and finds many ways to serve its patrons. least expensive motor car in the world. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7 Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 1850; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency.

The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- Alexander Young Building, on Bishop tion supplies the pure milk used for street, make office equipment their spe- children and adults in Honolulu. It cialty, being the sole distributor for the also supplies the city with ice cream National Cash Register Co., the Bur- for desserts. Its main office is in the roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku Construction Co., the York Safe and streets. The milk of the Honolulu Lock Company and the Underwood Dairymen's Association is pure, it is Typewriter Co. They carry in stock rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- all kinds of steel desks and other equip- ciation has had the experience of more ment for the office, so that one might than a generation, and it has called at a day's notice furnish his office, safe upon science in perfecting its plant and against fire and all kinds of insects. its methods of handling milk and de- livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 tomers. Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ing newspaper and publishes many elab- cient is the loading and unloading of orate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company dispatches its pala- tial steamers, "Waialeale" and "Hualalai," to Hilo, leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Tuesdays and Fridays, arriving at Hilo at 8 A.M. the next morning. From Hono- lulu, the Inter-Island Company dispatches almost daily excellent passenger vessels to the island of Maui and twice a week to the island of Kauai. There is no finer cruise in all the world than a visit to all of the Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Interior View of Bishop Trust Co. Company. The head offices in Honolulu are on Fort at Merchant Street, where The Bishop Trust Co., Limited, larg- every information is available, or books est Trust Company in Hawaii, is located at the corner of Bishop and King Streets, on the different islands are sent on re- quest. Tours of all the islands are ar- It offers Honolulu residents as well as mainland visitors the most complete ranged. trust service obtainable in the islands Connected with the Inter-Island Steam today. The Company owns the Guardian Navigation Company is the world-famous Trust Co., Pacific Trust, Waterhouse Volcano House overlooking the everlast- Trust, and the Bishop Insurance Agency, ing house of fire, as the crater of Hale- and is thus able to offer an all-inclusive maumau is justly named. A night's ride service embracing the following : Trusts, Wills, Real Estate, Property Manage- from Honolulu and an hour by auto- ment, Home Rental Service, Stocks and mobile, and you are at the Volcano Bonds and the Largest Safe Deposit House in the Hawaii National Park on Vaults in Hawaii. the Island of Hawaii, the only truly his- toric caravansary of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu Paper Company, There are other excellent hotels on the Honolulu's Island of Hawaii, the largest of the leading book, stationery and novelty group, including the recently constructed store, is located on the ground floor of Kona Inn, located at Kailua on the Kona the Young Hotel Building in the heart of Coast—the most primitive and historic Honolulu's business district. The com- district in Hawaii. pany maintains the finest stock of books, bridge supplies, glassware, pewter and novelties to be found in Hawaii. They The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, are also agents for Royal Typewriters, substantial growth of the islands since Calculators and Steel Office Equipment the period of annexation to the United and Furniture. States. Over this period its resources have grown to be the largest of any financial institution in the islands. In The Haleakala Ranch Company, with 1899 a savings department was added head offices at Makawao, on the Island to its other banking facilities. Its home of Maui, is as its name indicates, a business office is at the corner of Bishop cattle ranch on the slopes of the great and King streets, and it maintains mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 branches on the islands of Hawaii, feet above the sea. This ranch breeds Kauai, Maui, and Oahu, enabling it to pure Hereford cattle and is looking to a future when it will supply fine bred give to the public an extremely efficient cattle to the markets and breeders in Banking Service. Hawaii. ADVT. dial! tree lern on the slopes 01 Mauna Lou.