Neuroprotection for Ischemic Stroke: Moving Past Shortcomings and Identifying Promising Directions
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 1890-1917; doi:10.3390/ijms14011890 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Review Neuroprotection for Ischemic Stroke: Moving Past Shortcomings and Identifying Promising Directions Ryan C. Turner 1,2, Brandon Lucke-Wold 1,2, Noelle Lucke-Wold 2,3, Alisa S. Elliott 1,2, Aric F. Logsdon 2,4, Charles L. Rosen 1,2,* and Jason D. Huber 2,4 1 Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: rcturner@hsc.wvu.edu (R.C.T.); bwold@mix.wvu.edu (B.L.-W.); aselliott@hsc.wvu.edu (A.S.E.) 2 The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: amoutrie@mix.wvu.edu (N.L.-W.); logsdoa@gmail.com (A.F.L.); jdhuber@hsc.wvu.edu (J.D.H.) 3 Department of Health Restoration, West Virginia University School of Nursing, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA 4 Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: crosen@hsc.wvu.edu; Tel.: +1-304-293-5041; Fax: +1-304-293-4819. Received: 9 November 2012; in revised form: 4 January 2013 / Accepted: 10 January 2013 / Published: 17 January 2013 Abstract: The translation of neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke from bench-to-bedside has largely failed to produce improved treatments since the development of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). One possible reason for lack of translation is the failure to acknowledge the greatest risk factor for stroke, age, and other common comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes that are associated with stroke.
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