DOCSLIB.ORG

Puerto Rico, Three Years After Hurricane María

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Puerto Rico, Three Years After Hurricane María Enduring Disasters: Puerto Rico, ThreeINTRODUCTION Years After Hurricane María eptember 20, 2018 marked a year since hurri- account alternative data, namely Puerto Rico’s Department cane Maria wrought havoc on the island of Puerto of Education and the U.S. Census Bureau’s American S Rico. Though the media has reported the crisis in a Community Survey (ACS), as compared to tradition- myriad of ways–for better or worse–our intention here is to al methodologies and sources used to render migration esti- provide a timeline of the major occurrences in the after- mates by other research institutes in the recent past. math, a meta-analysis of the media’s coverage of the disas- The closures of the public school system for months in the ter, and an updated account of the exodus of people. The wake of the storms further exacerbated the massive drain- island continues to suffer from a tenuous electric grid, age of population already in force prior to the cyclone, due ruined infrastructure, and financial bankruptcy a year after to what is now considered over a decade recession. The the hurricane; the increase in migratory numbers reflects humanitarian crisis in the aftermath of Hurricane has led the limitations that many continue to face on the island. to over 160,000 people to leave the island for the states. More importantly, the island’s population continues to de- Ranked from highest to moderate in migrants preference cline, and as a result, many schools have been closed, small are: Florida, Pennsylvania, Texas, New York, New Jersey, businesses experienced financial losses, and death rates Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, California, and Illi- exceeded birth rates for the first time in history. nois. Given the uncertain nature of the island’s economy, As per George Washington University’s study released we can expect the continuation of Puerto Rican migration on August 28, 2018, the most recent official death toll to the states, and, by implication, a changing experi- numbers to an astounding 2,975 the deadliest event in ence for stateside Puerto Ricans. This report marks this more than one hundred years. Hurricane Maria represents important turning point and is divided into three sections: many firsts in U.S. history: the longest sustained domestic timeline, media analysis, and exodus. air mission of food and water response, the largest disaster commodity distribution commission, the most expansive sea-bridge operation of federal disaster aid, and the biggest disaster generator installation mission. In addition, Ma- ria constitutes one of the largest disaster medical re- sponse and housing operations in U.S. history. For our analysis of media response, we have gathered top- ics covered by US online news sources and compared the frequencies of certain key words used by reporters on a monthly scale. TheIssued September Word Cloud datasets 2020 visually con- vey these trends over the past year, by way of Media Cloud, an open-source platform for media analysis. The exo- dus section details new migration estimates, taking into INTRODUCTION event that takes place in the Caribbean affects communi- Puerto Rico has suffered the compounded effects of ties not just there, but also far and away. One such place multiple disasters over the last three years: the devastat- was Holyoke, in western Massachusetts. In Anticipated ing impacts of Hurricanes Irma and Maria in September Vulnerabilities: Displacement and Migration in the Age of 2017, recurrent seismic activity in the southwest region, Climate Change, a report jointly produced by Centro and including a magnitude 6.4 earthquake on January 7, El Instituto: the Institute of Latina/o, Caribbean, and Lat- 2020, the current COVID-19 pandemic; all underscored in American Studies (University of Connecticut-Storrs) by a crushing debt crisis and a federally-mandated aus- we document the experiences of those displaced to the terity regime since 2016. Multiple natural disasters have United States by the hurricane, the relatives who provided exacerbated vulnerability and poverty, and public energy, them with safe haven in the United States, and the civic telecommunications, water, health, and transportation and government sectors that supported both groups in systems have greatly deteriorated and become even more Holyoke in the weeks, months, and now years since the vulnerable, causing systematic failures in social safety nets. storm hit. Recent disasters have revealed serious vulnerabilities in We next take an in-depth look at the massive and con- Puerto Rico’s preparedness and the lack of suitable and ac- tinuing post- Maria exodus and the impact of the evacu- cessible mechanisms to support adequate local communi- ees on stateside Puerto Rican communities. The recent ty engagement. The devastation caused by recent disasters migration of Puerto Ricans from the island has come to have also opened a window of opportunity not just for increase the number of Puerto Ricans in the United States recovery from the catastrophe but also for building a more overall. Given the importance that population size and resilient infrastructure. The history of how Puerto Rico growth have in the social and political discourse in the takes advantage of this window of opportunity brought United States, this increase will contribute to make Puerto about by catastrophic events is being written in an unfold- Ricans more visible politically, socially, economically, ing present. culturally and economically. It is imperative that the rebuilding of Puerto Rico is Hurricanes Irma and Maria may have brought destruc- undertaken, encouraged, and embraced by a wide range tion and devastation, but they also brought opportunities of civic sector actors including businesses, cooperatives, for the building of a stronger Puerto Rico and Diaspora. nonprofit organizations, municipalities, religious and edu- These opportunities take the form of: the collective efforts cational institutions, both in Puerto Rico and the United that resulted initially in rescue and relief responses to the States. It is precisely these stakeholders, in conjunction hurricanes’ destruction and have since then evolved into with decision-makers who can stimulate participation, recovery and reconstruction initiatives; the need for mit- transparency, equity, and accountability, all elements of igation and preparedness at the local level; and funding good government. opportunities, mostly from the federal government, to rebuild critical infrastructure and capacity-building. Chal- In this report, we mark three years since the hurricanes lenges will arise from the enormity of the reconstruction struck Puerto Rico by looking at salient events over the task at hand; the competing demands for limited resourc- past year to gain a broader understanding of the political es; and the willingness of diverse fields of stakeholders and social landscape that impacts rebuilding efforts. to come together to tackle to tasks at hand. Success will come from meeting the challenges taking advantages of While Puerto Rico bore the overwhelming brunt of the existing opportunities. Centro remains a willing convener cyclone, its impact was also felt in places in the United of those collective efforts and initiatives. States in which Puerto Ricans have settled. With increase mobility of people across countries, however, a weather 2 The following timeline collects the pertinent headlines and news stories related to Puerto Rico over the past two years in regards to the TIMELINE events following Hurricane Maria’s destruction. While the story the year succeeding Maria primarily focused on recovery efforts and death toll count, a shift has occurred within the consecutive year where headlines detailed the delay of disaster relief funding and corruption within the government of Puerto Rico. Insufficient funding and fraud charges from the governor’s top officials involving millions of dollars have left the island in a position where rebuild- ing may be delayed in the foreseeable future. 9/6/2017 12/20/2017 6/29/2018 Hurricane Irma passes north of Puerto Ninety days after Hurricane Maria, FEMA, HUD and PR Department of Rico, causing significant damage to the more than 9,600 disaster victims were Housing issue a report on housing dam- island’s electricity. Heavy rainfall led temporarily housed in Puerto Rico and age titled “Housing Damage Assessment to rivers reaching flood stage and six across 38 states through the Transitional and Recovery Strategies Report.” The landslides. The hurricane attributed to Sheltering Program (TSA), which allowed report classifies the ten most impacted approximately $759.4 million in damag- residents of Puerto Rico displaced by communities by the total number of dam- es and four fatalities, and Gov. Ricardo Hurricanes Irma & Maria to be granted aged housing units as San Juan, Bayamon, Rosselló declared Vieques and Culebra to access to temporary housing across the Caguas, Ponce, Toa Baja, Carolina, Are- be disaster areas. states. Earlier in the month, a new report cibo, Humacao, Canovanas, and Guay- suggested the death toll to be closer to nabo. However, when considering the 1,000. number of damaged housing units within a specific market, the 10 most impacted areas are found to be smaller communi- ties such as Culebra, Vieques, Comerio, Canovanas, Guayama, Toa Alta, Utuado, and Cayey. 2017 2018 2018 9/20/2017 1/25/2018 8/14/2018 Hurricane Maria made landfall at According to several reports, 3,894 survi- The government-owned electric power 6:15AM as a Category 4, with sustained vors remained in Puerto Rico and across company in Puerto Rico announces that winds blowing at 145mph and peaking at 42 states via the TSA program. This was it officially restored power to the entire 155mph as it made landfall. The north- a 40% decrease in enrollment from the island - almost a year after the power west trajectory of the storm assured that December 20 report. A subsequent report grid was severely impacted by Hurricane the entire island would be affected. Heavy by the New York Times stated that 1,500 Maria.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cancel Culture: Posthuman Hauntologies in Digital Rhetoric and the Latent Values of Virtual Community Networks
    CANCEL CULTURE: POSTHUMAN HAUNTOLOGIES IN DIGITAL RHETORIC AND THE LATENT VALUES OF VIRTUAL COMMUNITY NETWORKS By Austin Michael Hooks Heather Palmer Rik Hunter Associate Professor of English Associate Professor of English (Chair) (Committee Member) Matthew Guy Associate Professor of English (Committee Member) CANCEL CULTURE: POSTHUMAN HAUNTOLOGIES IN DIGITAL RHETORIC AND THE LATENT VALUES OF VIRTUAL COMMUNITY NETWORKS By Austin Michael Hooks A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of English The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga, Tennessee August 2020 ii Copyright © 2020 By Austin Michael Hooks All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT This study explores how modern epideictic practices enact latent community values by analyzing modern call-out culture, a form of public shaming that aims to hold individuals responsible for perceived politically incorrect behavior via social media, and cancel culture, a boycott of such behavior and a variant of call-out culture. As a result, this thesis is mainly concerned with the capacity of words, iterated within the archive of social media, to haunt us— both culturally and informatically. Through hauntology, this study hopes to understand a modern discourse community that is bound by an epideictic framework that specializes in the deconstruction of the individual’s ethos via the constant demonization and incitement of past, current, and possible social media expressions. The primary goal of this study is to understand how these practices function within a capitalistic framework and mirror the performativity of capital by reducing affective human interactions to that of a transaction.
    [Show full text]
  • SUPPORTING RESILIENT RECONSTRUCTION in DOMINICA Building Back Better for a Resilient Future
    SUPPORTING RESILIENT RECONSTRUCTION IN DOMINICA Building back better for a resilient future AT A GLANCE Country Dominica Damage to housing across all parishes following Hurricane Maria Risks Hurricanes; Floods; Landslides; Earthquakes Area of Engagement Enabling resilient recovery By improving the uptake of resilient building practices, Dominica can limit the damage from natural hazards. Data source: Hurricane Maria Post-Disaster Needs Assessment DOMINICA’S VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL HAZARDS Dominica is located within the Atlantic hurricane belt and SHARING RESULTS, LEVERAGING is extremely vulnerable to high-intensity weather events FINANCING AND STARTING TO such as high winds, excess rainfall and hurricanes. Physical REBUILD development in Dominica is concentrated along narrow coastal areas, particularly in the south and west. Housing is Following both Hurricane Maria and Tropical Storm Erika, not built to withstand extreme natural hazards, with wood and Dominica conducted Post-Disaster Needs Assessments (PDNAs), galvanized sheeting being most common for roofing and with with support from the ACP-EU NDRR Program*, which is few confined masonry buildings. managed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and the World Bank. On September 18, 2017, Hurricane Maria hit Dominica with catastrophic effects. Hurricane Maria was one of the most The Hurricane Maria PDNA identified housing as the most rapidly intensifying storms in recent history, leaving Dominica affected sector and one of the most important and challenging exposed to winds, flash floods and landslides. The impacts of areas for recovery. Building on the recommendations of the Hurricane Maria were severe both for the country’s economy Hurricane Maria PDNA, the ACP-EU NDRR Program launched as well as the human development of its citizens, and affected the “Enhancing Resilient Reconstruction in Dominica” project.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Since 2016, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Has Experienced a Period of Political Challenges Along with a Severe Economic Austerity
    Revista [IN]Genios, Vol. 7, Núm. 1, pp.1-16 (diciembre, 2020) ISSN#: 2374-2747 Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras © 2020, Copyright. Todos los derechos están reservados. ISLAND ARTSCAPE OF BANKRUPTCY: A NARRATIVE PHOTO-ESSAY OF SAN JUAN’S POLITICAL STREET ART OF RESISTANCE Medio: Fotografía Andrea D. Rivera Martínez Departamento de Psicología Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, UPR RP Recibido: 15/09/2020; Revisado: 16/11/2020; Aceptado: 29/11/2020 Abstract Since 2016, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has experienced a period of political challenges along with a severe economic austerity. Given the unpromising projections, voices of resistance, anger, frustration, uncertainty, and hope are becoming increasingly visible on the island’s cities’ walls and spaces. Thus, based on the current situation of fiscal crisis, this visual essay narrates and documents the continuum of interpretations and opinions regarding the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA) inscribed in the urban fabric over the past five years from now. Keywords: street art, bankruptcy, fiscal crisis, austerity, Puerto Rico Resumen Desde el 2016, el Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico experimenta un período de desafíos políticos junto con una severa austeridad económica. Dadas las proyecciones, las voces de resistencia, ira, frustración, incertidumbre y esperanza son cada vez más visibles en las paredes y espacios de las ciudades de la isla. Por tanto, dada la situación actual de crisis fiscal, este ensayo visual narra y documenta el continuo de interpretaciones y opiniones sobre la Ley de Supervisión, Gestión y Estabilidad Económica de Puerto Rico (PROMESA) inscritas en el tejido urbano durante los últimos cinco años.
    [Show full text]
  • UB Powerpoint Template
    converge.colorado.edu CONVERGE ethical, coordinated, and scientifically rigorous social science, engineering, and interdisciplinary extreme events research Lori Peek Principal Investigator, CONVERGE, SSEER, and ISEEER Director, Natural Hazards Center Professor, Department of Sociology University of Colorado Boulder Session 2: Collecting, Managing, and Archiving Social and Behavioral Science Data Describe opportunities for identifying and coordinating social science researchers so that we can best share information and publish our data as well as data collection protocols using DOIs, repositories, etc. Discuss some of the overarching challenges and concerns with sharing social science data, such as privacy, data management plans and related IRB policies, duplication vs. replication, etc. converge.colorado.edu 4 Things converge.colorado.edu 1. NSF has funded the CONVERGE initiative converge.colorado.edu Why CONVERGE? Why CONVERGE? • identify and coordinate researchers and research teams; • advance hazards and disaster research; • encourage the publication of data and data collection instruments and protocols (DesignSafe Cyberinfrastructure + CONVERGE). • support and accelerate training and mentoring; • fund virtual reconnaissance, field research, and the development of novel research instruments and data collection protocols; • accelerate the development of mobile applications for social science data collection (NHERI RAPID); Why CONVERGE? 2. NSF Supports Extreme Events Research (EER) Networks converge.colorado.edu Why the EER’s? Disciplinary
    [Show full text]
  • Persistent Hydrological Consequences of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
    RESEARCH LETTER Persistent Hydrological Consequences of Hurricane 10.1029/2018GL081591 Maria in Puerto Rico Special Section: P. W. Miller1,2 , A. Kumar1, T. L. Mote1 , F. D. S. Moraes1 , and D. R. Mishra1 The Three Major Hurricanes of 2017: Harvey, Irma and Maria 1Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, 2Now at Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Key Points: • Landscape vegetation metrics for Puerto Rico remained depressed Abstract In September 2017, Hurricane Maria severely defoliated Puerto Rico's landscape, coinciding below pre‐Maria values for with a series of persistent hydrological consequences involving the atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine approximately two months after components of the water cycle. During the defoliated period, the atmosphere's thermodynamic structure landfall 2 2 2 • Cloud and precipitation activity more strongly explained daily cloud activity (R PRE = 0.02; R POST = 0.40) and precipitation (R PRE = 0.19; demonstrated a stronger 2 R POST = 0.33) than before landfall, indicating that post‐Maria land‐atmosphere interactions were relationship to the atmospheric comparatively muted, with similar precipitation patterns also found following Hurricanes Hugo (1989) and thermodynamic profile during the defoliated period Georges (1998). Meanwhile, modeled post‐Maria runoff exceeded statistical expectations given the magnitude • Subsurface runoff responses to of contemporaneous precipitation. Enhanced runoff also coincided with greater sediment loads in nearshore rainfall and coastal suspended waters, increasing sediment content greater than twofold. This study offers a holistic narrative of sediment values remained elevated for two and four months, hydrospheric disturbance and recovery, whereby the instantaneous, large‐scale removal of vegetation is respectively accompanied by hydrologic changes “upstream” in the atmosphere and “downstream” in rivers and estuaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane Damage Detection on Four Major Caribbean Islands T ⁎ Kirsten M
    Remote Sensing of Environment 229 (2019) 1–13 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Remote Sensing of Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rse Hurricane damage detection on four major Caribbean islands T ⁎ Kirsten M. de Beursa, , Noel S. McThompsona, Braden C. Owsleya, Geoffrey M. Henebryb,c a Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, United States of America b Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, United States of America c Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, United States of America ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Tropical cyclones are natural events that transform into natural disasters as they approach and reach land. In Hurricanes 2017 alone, tropical cyclones caused an estimated $215 billion in damage. While MODIS data are regularly used Droughts in the analysis of hurricanes and typhoons, damage studies typically focus on just a few events without providing MODIS a comprehensive overview and comparison across events. The MODIS record is now sufficiently long to enable Disturbance standardization in time, allowing us to extend previously developed disturbance methodology and to remove Tasseled Cap dependency on land cover datasets. We apply this new approach to detect the impact of both droughts and hurricanes on the four largest Caribbean islands since 2001. We find that the percentage of disturbed land on the four islands varies from approximately 0–50% between 2001 and 2017, with the highest percentages coinciding with major droughts in Cuba, and Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. We demonstrate that (1) Hurricane Maria resulted in significant disturbance across 50% of Puerto Rico (4549 km2), and (2) gradual recovery started about 2.5 months after the hurricane hit.
    [Show full text]
  • National Historic Landmark Nomination Old San Juan
    NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 OLD SAN JUAN HISTORIC DISTRICT/DISTRITO HISTÓRICO DEL VIEJO SAN JUAN Page 1 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 1. NAME OF PROPERTY Historic Name: Old San Juan Historic District/Distrito Histórico del Viejo San Juan Other Name/Site Number: Ciudad del Puerto Rico; San Juan de Puerto Rico; Viejo San Juan; Old San Juan; Ciudad Capital; Zona Histórica de San Juan; Casco Histórico de San Juan; Antiguo San Juan; San Juan Historic Zone 2. LOCATION Street & Number: Western corner of San Juan Islet. Roughly bounded by Not for publication: Calle de Norzagaray, Avenidas Muñoz Rivera and Ponce de León, Paseo de Covadonga and Calles J. A. Corretejer, Nilita Vientos Gastón, Recinto Sur, Calle de la Tanca and del Comercio. City/Town: San Juan Vicinity: State: Puerto Rico County: San Juan Code: 127 Zip Code: 00901 3. CLASSIFICATION Ownership of Property Category of Property Private: X Building(s): ___ Public-Local: X District: _X_ Public-State: X_ Site: ___ Public-Federal: _X_ Structure: ___ Object: ___ Number of Resources within Property Contributing Noncontributing 699 128 buildings 16 6 sites 39 0 structures 7 19 objects 798 119 Total Number of Contributing Resources Previously Listed in the National Register: 772 Name of Related Multiple Property Listing: NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form ((Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 OLD SAN JUAN HISTORIC DISTRICT/DISTRITO HISTÓRICO DEL VIEJO SAN JUAN Page 2 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Plaaces Registration Form 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane & Tropical Storm
    5.8 HURRICANE & TROPICAL STORM SECTION 5.8 HURRICANE AND TROPICAL STORM 5.8.1 HAZARD DESCRIPTION A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or sub-tropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all considered tropical cyclones. These storms rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere around the center and are accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds (NOAA, 2013). Almost all tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (which includes the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) form between June 1 and November 30 (hurricane season). August and September are peak months for hurricane development. The average wind speeds for tropical storms and hurricanes are listed below: . A tropical depression has a maximum sustained wind speeds of 38 miles per hour (mph) or less . A tropical storm has maximum sustained wind speeds of 39 to 73 mph . A hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or higher. In the western North Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons; similar storms in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean are called cyclones. A major hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 111 mph or higher (NOAA, 2013). Over a two-year period, the United States coastline is struck by an average of three hurricanes, one of which is classified as a major hurricane. Hurricanes, tropical storms, and tropical depressions may pose a threat to life and property. These storms bring heavy rain, storm surge and flooding (NOAA, 2013). The cooler waters off the coast of New Jersey can serve to diminish the energy of storms that have traveled up the eastern seaboard.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane Marãa Tripled Stem Breaks and Doubled Tree Mortality Relative
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09319-2 OPEN Hurricane María tripled stem breaks and doubled tree mortality relative to other major storms María Uriarte 1, Jill Thompson2 & Jess K. Zimmerman3 Tropical cyclones are expected to intensify under a warming climate, with uncertain effects on tropical forests. One key challenge to predicting how more intense storms will influence these ecosystems is to attribute impacts specifically to storm meteorology rather than dif- 1234567890():,; ferences in forest characteristics. Here we compare tree damage data collected in the same forest in Puerto Rico after Hurricanes Hugo (1989, category 3), Georges (1998, category 3), and María (2017, category 4). María killed twice as many trees as Hugo, and for all but two species, broke 2- to 12-fold more stems than the other two storms. Species with high density wood were resistant to uprooting, hurricane-induced mortality, and were protected from breakage during Hugo but not María. Tree inventories and a wind exposure model allow us to attribute these differences in impacts to storm meteorology. A better understanding of risk factors associated with tree species susceptibility to severe storms is key to predicting the future of forest ecosystems under climate warming. 1 Department of Ecology Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. 2 Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK. 3 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.U. (email: [email protected]) NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:1362 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09319-2 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09319-2 yclonic storms (hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons) exposure to wind or the structure and composition of forests at Crepresent the dominant natural disturbance in coastal the time the storm struck.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005
    MARCH 2008 ANNUAL SUMMARY 1109 ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005 JOHN L. BEVEN II, LIXION A. AVILA,ERIC S. BLAKE,DANIEL P. BROWN,JAMES L. FRANKLIN, RICHARD D. KNABB,RICHARD J. PASCH,JAMIE R. RHOME, AND STACY R. STEWART Tropical Prediction Center, NOAA/NWS/National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida (Manuscript received 2 November 2006, in final form 30 April 2007) ABSTRACT The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active of record. Twenty-eight storms occurred, includ- ing 27 tropical storms and one subtropical storm. Fifteen of the storms became hurricanes, and seven of these became major hurricanes. Additionally, there were two tropical depressions and one subtropical depression. Numerous records for single-season activity were set, including most storms, most hurricanes, and highest accumulated cyclone energy index. Five hurricanes and two tropical storms made landfall in the United States, including four major hurricanes. Eight other cyclones made landfall elsewhere in the basin, and five systems that did not make landfall nonetheless impacted land areas. The 2005 storms directly caused nearly 1700 deaths. This includes approximately 1500 in the United States from Hurricane Katrina— the deadliest U.S. hurricane since 1928. The storms also caused well over $100 billion in damages in the United States alone, making 2005 the costliest hurricane season of record. 1. Introduction intervals for all tropical and subtropical cyclones with intensities of 34 kt or greater; Bell et al. 2000), the 2005 By almost all standards of measure, the 2005 Atlantic season had a record value of about 256% of the long- hurricane season was the most active of record.
    [Show full text]
  • JUVENILE DELINQUENTS and the CONSTRUCTION of a PUERTO RICAN SUBJECT, 1880-1938 by Suset L. Laboy Pérez BA, Y
    MINOR PROBLEMS: JUVENILE DELINQUENTS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PUERTO RICAN SUBJECT, 1880-1938 by Suset L. Laboy Pérez B.A., Yale University, 2002 M.A., University of Wisconsin, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2014 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Suset L. Laboy Pérez It was defended on Friday, January 24, 2014 and approved by Dr. Seymour Drescher, Professor, Department of History Dr. Lara Putnam, Professor, Department of History Dr. Harry Sanabria, Professor, Department of Anthropology Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Alejandro de la Fuente, Professor, Department of History ii Copyright © by Suset L. Laboy Pérez 2014 iii MINOR PROBLEMS: JUVENILE DELINQUENTS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PUERTO RICAN SUBJECT, FROM 1880-1938 Suset Laboy Pérez, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2014 This dissertation focuses on the creation of a juvenile delinquent subject in Puerto Rico, studying why concerns about children and youth transgressions emerged and evolved in the island after the mid 19th century. Furthermore, it analyzes the creation and evolution of new state institutions to prosecute, contain, and reform delinquent youth between 1880 and 1938. It also traces the experiences of the children and the families targeted by these institutions. The dissertation answers the following questions: 1) How was juvenile delinquency
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Overview: Impact of Hurricanes Irma and Maria
    REGIONAL OVERVIEW: IMPACT OF MISSION TO HURRICANES IRMA AND MARIA CONFERENCE SUPPORTING DOCUMENT 1 The report was prepared with support of ACAPS, OCHA and UNDP 2 CONTENTS SITUATION OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 4 KEY FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Overall scope and scale of the impact ....................................................................................... 5 Worst affected sectors ...................................................................................................................... 5 Worst affected islands ....................................................................................................................... 6 Key priorities ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Challenges for Recovery ................................................................................................................. 7 Information Gaps ................................................................................................................................. 7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RECOVERY ................................................................................ 10 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]