From Freshwater in the New River and the Alamo River in Imperial County
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tntroduced Species Page42 San FranciscoBay in the San Pablo Channel by 1954 and from the Delta-Mendota Canal, in fresh water, in 1973 Light, 1977;Carlton, 1979a,p. 30S!.It was also collected from freshwaterin the New River and the Alamo River in Imperial County in southeasternCalifornia in 1979,and from a canalin Mar Chiquita, Argentina with the Australian serpulid worm Ficopomatusertigmaticus Kudenov, 1983!. Boccardiellaligerica may have been introduced with ships' ballast water, perhaps during World War II or the Korean War. Spionid larvae are among the most abundant and frequently encountered groups of organisms in ballast water Carlton k Geller, 1993!. B. tigericawas one of the most common benthic organisms collected by CDFG near Martinez in 1975-1981,and was found upstream as far as Collinsville in the western Delta Markman, 1986!.In 1976,a dry year, Siegfried et al. 980! found B. ligerica to be a dominant species at their upstream stations near Collinsville in the late summer and fall, with peak densities of around 20,000individuals/m2, and Markman 986! similarly reported an increase in B. ligericaupstream in the dry year of 1981.Light 978, p. 201! summarizing recent studies showed 8. 1igerica collected only from the ends of the Bay: at the southern end of the South Bay and from Martinez to the Antioch bridge in the northern Bay. Ficopomatusenigmaticus Fauvel, 1923! [SERPULTDAE] AUSTRALIAN TUBEWORM SYNONYMS:MercieretIa enigrnatica Ficopomatusenigmaticus is an Australian worm that builds and lives in a white, calcareoustube, the tubes forming large agglomerate masseswhen the worm is abundant. Reported from ships' hulls WHOI, 1952! and probably transported as hull fouling, it has becomeestablished in many parts of the world including the Black, Caspian and Mediterranean seas,northern Europe, Uruguay, Argentina, Hawaii, Japan and the Gulf of Mexico. It was first reported in San FranciscoBay from Lake Merritt, a tidal lagoon on the East Bay shore, in a 1921article in the Oakland Tribune headlined "Coral Reefs Spreading in Lake Merritt." The "reefs" had been first noticed by park officials about a year earlier. It was also in 1921that F. enigmaticuswas discovered and described in France, and discovered at the London docks Carlton, 1979a!. F. enigmaticus apparently requires water temperatures of at least 18'C to breed Obenat k Pezzani, 1994!, and in Europe it frequently lives in water heated by the cooling water effluent from power plants Vaas; 1978!. In the Netherlands its colonies have interfered with lock operations Vaas; 1978!. F. enigmaticushas beencollected from many sitesin the South,Central and San Pablo bays, sometimes in densemasses, especially from enclosedlagoons or protected waters. Thesesites include Aquatic Park Lagoon in Berkeley first appeared between 1942and 1946,and still abundant!, Alameda Lagoons abundant in 1971, scarcein the 1990s!,Berkeley Yacht Harbor 969!, San Rafael and Corte Madera Page43 Introduced Species Creek970!, Palo Alto Yacht Harbor and China Camp 974!, Foste Ci y Lgoons andBelvedere I.agoons before 1979!, and the Petaluma River Turning Bsin abundantin 1993' see Carlton, 1979a, p,331., for references onthe other records!. It is lessabundant now in LakeMerritt than it wasin the1920s and the 1960s-70s. Newman's963! report of a serpulidworm "comparable toMerciere/ta enigmatica"inthe seawater system ofa navalvessel docked inSan Francisco Bay suggeststhat it mayhave been introduced more than once. Heteromastusfilifonnis Claparede, 1864! [CAPITELUDAE] Heteromastusfiliforrnis isnative to the Atlantic coast ofthe United States fromNew England tothe Gulf of Mexico, and has also been reported from Greenland,Sweden, theMediterranean, Morocco, South Africa, the Persian Gulf, NewZealand, Japan, and the Bering and Chukchi Seas. The wide temperature range coveredbythese locations suggests thatmore than one species maybe involved. In CaliforniaHeterornasfus wascollected from San Francisco Bay in 1936,from Morro Bayin1960, possibly fromsouthern California by1961, and from Bolinas Lagoon by 1969.It was collected from Vancouver Island in 1962,from Coos Bay, Oregon in 1970 pers.obs.!, and from Grays Harbor, Washington by1977 Carlton, 1979a, p.322!. Aswith other polychaetes firstcollected onthe Padfic Coast inthe 1930s by QlgaHartman including Polydora ligniand Sfrebfospio benedicti inSan Francisco Bay!,Heterornastus fitiformis may have been. present but undetected formany decadesdue to the lack of earlier investigations ofintertidal polychaetes onthis coast.Thus this mud-dwelling capitellid worm may have been introduced toSan FranciscoBayin the late nineteenth orearly twentieth century with Atlantic oysters, withwhich it occurs;Wells, 1961!, ormay have been an early ballast water introduction.Heteromastusfiliformis is commonlycollected from the far South Bay to the westernhalf of Suisun Bay at concentrations of 10to 4000 per square meter, and has beencollected upstream toPittsburg Hopkins, 1986; Markmann, 1986!. It is one of themost common benthic organisms in the shallows of SanPablo Bay and the channelsof the SouthBay Nichols& Thompson,1985a!. Manayunkr'aspeciosa Leidy, 1858 [SABBLLIDAEJ SYNONYMS;Manayunkia eriensis Krecker, 1939! Manayunkiaspeciosa is a freshwaterpolychaete native to eastern North Americafrom the westernmost Great Lakes, New York and Lake Champlain in Vermontsouth to theSavannah River in SouthCarolina Klemm, 1985!. It was collectedfrom two small, shallow lakes in northern Alaska in1961 and 1964, and fromSevenmile Canal in Klarnath County, Oregon in 1964 Hazel, 1966; Holmquist, 1967;Croskery, 1978!. It was first collected inCalifornia from the Mokelumne River nearNew Hope Landing inthe eastern Delta in 1963 Hazel, 1966! Hartrnan's 969! Introduced Species Pttge 44 report of this speciesfrom SanPablo and Suisunbays appears to be basedon a misreading of earlier reports. Thistube-dwelling, colonial worm has neither a restingstage nor a planktonicor swimmingstage that mightaid dispersalor transportin water youngworms mature within the parentaltube and emerge as small, crawling adults to build tubesnearby Holmquist, 1967; Croskery, 1978!. However, transport in detrituscarried in watermay be possible.Hazel 966! suggestedthat M. speciosa arrived in the Delta in the water in which freshwatergamefish from the eastern UnitedStates were transported. Hazel 966!, citingSmith 896!, notedas pertinent the fact that white catfish Ictalurtts now Ameittrus! catus introduced to the Delta in 1874were taken from the SchuylkillRiver, Pennsylvania, the type localityfor M. speciosa.However, although Smith 896! describesthese as "white catfish or Schuylkillcatfish," he clearlystates that the fish transportedto Californiawere taken from the RaritanRiver, New Jersey.Thus "Schuylkill" appears to bepart of a commonname for thesefish, ratherthan the site from whichthey werecollected Although most or all of the freshwater fish introduced to California from the northeasternUnited Statesappear to havebeen planted in the late nineteenthor early twentieth century Table 1! and Manayunkiawas not discoveredin California until 1963,it is possiblethat this smallpolychaete was present and overlookedfor a longtime Holmquist,1967; Mackie k Qadri,1971!. Alternatively, it may have been transported in detritus floating in freshwater ballast. Martayttnkiuis the fourthmost numerous benthic invertebrate collected by the California Departmentof Water Resourcesin the Delta,with densitiesin the interiorof theDelta of 2,000to 50,000individuals/m2. It apparentlyrequires fresh waterand silty substrates,and is foundin theeastern portions of theDelta downstreamto Frank'sTract and Rio Vista, with questionablerecords from * few stationsfurther downstream Markmann, 1986; Herbold k Moyle,1989; Hymanson et al., 1994!. Marenzelleria viridis Verrill, 1873!tSPIONIDAE] SYNONYMS:Scolecolepis viridis Scolecolepis ten@is Scolecolepides vi ri dis Marenzelleria viridis is native to the northwestern Atlantic and was collected in Germanyin 1983,probably havingbeen introduced via ballast water Essink8c Kleef,1993!. It spreadthough western and northern Europe and into theBaltic Sea, where it is now extremely abundant. It was first collected on the Pacific coast in Nov. 1991 at Collinsville on the SacramentoRiver, at which station it has been found most consistentlyand abundantlyat up to 1700worms/m2. It has sincebeen collectedfrom Frank's Tract and the Old Riverin theDelta downstream to Grizzly Bayin 1992,in SanFablo Bay in 1995,and in thefar SouthBay M.Kellogg, pers. comm,1995; W. Fields,pers. comm., 1995; DWR, 1995!. It probablyarrived in ballast water. Page45 Introduced Species Marphysasanguinea Montagu, 1815! tEUNICIDAE] Marphysasattgttinea isregarded asa singlecosmopolitan species,but likely consistsofseveral difficult-to-distinguish butdistinct taxa. It isreported from Europe from Great Britain tothe Mediterranean!, thewestern Atlantic Massachusettstothe West Indies, the Gulf of Mexico, Bermuda andthe Bahamas!, Japan,China, and from Australasia tothe Red Sea and Africa, Inthe eastern Pacific it hasbeen known from San Francisco Bay since 1969, and from various sites betweenLosAngeles andPanazna Carlton, 1979a, p.302!. The San Francisco Bay populationmayhave been introduced fromthe Atlantic with shipments ofoysters, withwhich it occurson the Atlantic coast Wells, 1961!, or it mayhave been introducedHopkins in ballast969! water.reported M.sattgttinea ascommon atconcentrations of10-200 persquare meter, but found only in the South Bay south ofHunters Point,