Genesis of Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses
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Egg Retrieval by Blue Geese.--Lorenz and Tinbergen (1938)
202 General Notes [Auk, Vol. 90 Egg retrieval by Blue Geese.--Lorenz and Tinbergen (1938) used egg-retrieval behavior of Greylag Geese (Anser anser) to study simple instinctive motor patterns with an orienting component (taxis). They consideredthat such innate motor patterns "may have great taxonomic value for a species,a gentis, or even for a whole phylum." Poulsen (1953), finding the behavior to be present in several distinct systematicgroups concludedthat egg-retrieval behavior had evolved convergently in these groupsand could not be used as a taxonomiccharacter. He listed 42 species representing12 orders that rolled displacedeggs back into nests and only 2 orders (Pelecaniformes,Passedformes) that did not. There was no variation between species within an order; either all speciestested retrieved eggs or none did. Poulsen (1953: 32) and Sowks (1955: 101-102) together list 12 speciesof Anseriformesthat re- trieved eggs (Cygnus 2, Anser 4, Tadorna 1, Anas 3, Aythya 2). It is thus of interest that no female Blue Geese (Anser caerulescens) of 10 tested by Gooch (1958: 102) retrieved displaced eggs. As Gooch pointed out, the absenceof egg- retrieval behavior in the Blue Goose, a speciesthat has been included in the New World genus Chen (A.O.U., 1957) might have taxonomic significanceat the generic level. The observations reported here show that the proclivity and ability to re- trieve eggs is well-developed in Blue Geese. Several authorities (e.g. Delacour and Mayr, 1945; Johnsgard, 1965) have regarded Chen as invalid, placing it in Anser. Both Blue and LesserSnow Geeseare regardedin this paper as color phasesof the polymorphic subspeciesAnser c. -
![Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago [OGATT]](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/0838/online-guide-to-the-animals-of-trinidad-and-tobago-ogatt-260838.webp)
Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago [OGATT]
UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Behaviour Cairina moschata (Wild Muscovy Duck) Family: Anatidae (Ducks and Geese) Order: Anseriformes (Waterfowl) Class: Aves (Birds) Fig. 1. Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata. [www.birdsoftt.com/birds.../wild%20muscovy%20duck.htm, downloaded 19 September, 2011] TRAITS. Wild muscovies are overall black in colouration, but domesticated muscovies may be blue, brown or white. Indescent green and purple reflections on the wings and upper parts of their bodies (Wildfowl Trust, 2008). Wing; patches of white, which develops after one year of the duck’s life (Dye and Stai, 2004). Plumage (arrangement of feathers) brownish, almost black. Feathers are water proof because of an oil produced by a special gland on its’ tail. The wild muscovies are much sleeker, glossier and more attractive that their heavier, often “piebald” hybrid (Burton and Burton, 2002). Feather; facilitate flight, provide insulation, aids in thermoregulation, used for displaying, camouflage and signaling (Dye and Stai, 2004). Wing length; 400-500 mm (Wildfowl Trust, 2008). Males larger than female, average weight, male 6 lb (3 kg), female 3 lb (1.3 kg) (Burton and Burton, 2002). The naked skin and bill, (mouth) are bright red in domesticated ducks, but blackish in the wild muscovy ducks. Face; red warts on male not present in females, two blue-white bands. Bill; flat and broad which contain rows of fine v-shape indentation along the edge referred to as “lamellae”. The lamellae function is to UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Behaviour provide a grip on food without it sliding off (Dye and Stai, 2004). -
What Makes a Good Alien? Dealing with the Problems of Non-Native Wildfowl Tony (A
What makes a good alien? Dealing with the problems of non-native wildfowl Tony (A. D.) Fox Mandarin Ducks Aix galericulata Richard Allen ABSTRACT Humans have been introducing species outside their native ranges as a source of food for thousands of years, but introductions of wildfowl have increased dramatically since the 1700s.The most serious consequence of this has been the extinction of endemic forms as a result of hybridisation, although competition between alien and native forms may also contribute to species loss. Globally, non-native wildfowl have yet to cause major disruption to ecosystem functions; introduce new diseases and parasites; cause anything other than local conflicts to agricultural and economic interests; or create major health and safety issues in ways that differ from native forms. The fact that this has not happened is probably simply the result of good fortune, however, since many introduced plants and animals have had huge consequences for ecosystems and human populations.The potential cost of greater environmental and economic damage, species extinction, and threats to the genetic and species diversity of native faunas means that we must do all we can to stop the deliberate or accidental introduction of species outside their natural range. International legislation to ensure this is remarkably good, but domestic law is generally weak, as is the political will to enforce such regulations.The case of the Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis in Europe will show whether control of a problem taxon can be achieved and underlines the financial consequences of dealing with introduced aliens.This paper was originally presented as the 58th Bernard Tucker Memorial Lecture to the Oxford Ornithological Society and the Ashmolean Natural History Society, in November 2008. -
4 East Dongting Lake P3-19
3 The functional use of East Dongting Lake, China, by wintering geese ANTHONY D. FOX1, CAO LEI2*, MARK BARTER3, EILEEN C. REES4, RICHARD D. HEARN4, CONG PEI HAO2, WANG XIN2, ZHANG YONG2, DOU SONG TAO2 & SHAO XU FANG2 1Department of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Kalø, Grenåvej 14, DK-8410 Rønde, Denmark. 2School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China. 321 Chivalry Avenue, Glen Waverley, Victoria 3150, Australia. 4Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire GL2 7BT, UK. *Correspondence author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A survey and study of geese wintering at the East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, China, in February 2008 revealed internationally important numbers of Lesser White-fronted Geese Anser erythropus, Greater White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons and Bean Geese Anser fabilis using the site, as well as small numbers of Greylag Geese Anser anser. Only five Swan Geese Anser cygnoides were recorded, compared with several hundreds in the 1990s. Globally important numbers of Lesser White-fronted Geese spend the majority of daylight hours feeding on short grassland and sedge meadows within the core reserve areas of the National Nature Reserve, and also roost there at night. Greater White-fronted Geese were not studied in detail, but showed similar behaviour. Large numbers of Bean Geese of both serrirostris and middendorffi races showed differing feeding strategies. The small numbers of serrirostris tended to roost and feed in or near the reserve on short grassland, as did small proportions of middendorffi. However, the majority of middendorffi slept within the confines of the reserve by day and flew out at dusk, to nocturnal feeding areas at least 40 km north on the far side of the Yangtze River, returning 40–80 min after first light. -
Raising Ducks Intended for Consumption
eXtension Raising Ducks Intended for Consumption articles.extension.org/pages/69518/raising-ducks-intended-for-consumption Written by: Dr. Jacquie Jacob, University of Kentucky There are two important questions you should ask yourself before starting a small flock of meat ducks: What do you want to accomplish with a home flock? It is unlikely that you will be able to produce duck products for less than you can purchase them at the grocery store. A home duck flock, however, is a good 4H/FFA or family project. Are you up to the challenge of taking care of a flock of ducks for several weeks? Ducks, like all poultry, require daily care every day, including weekends and holidays. Consider the time and effort required for the care of the flock before deciding to start a poultry flock of any kind. Some additional questions to consider: Do the local zoning regulations permit you to raise poultry? Laws and ordinances in some communities may prohibit or restrict such activities in your neighborhood. Do you have the necessary equipment? Housing: Ducks need a clean, dry, draft-free shelter that provides at least 4 sq. ft. of space per duck. Ducks do not need water to swim in, but do require fresh water to consume. They drink a lot of water, resulting in very watery manure that must be cleaned on a daily basis. Ducks also like to splash in water, so it is important to have a waterer that limits spillage. Heat source: Ducks require a heat source, such as a heat lamp. Bedding material: Ducklings need some form of bedding or litter to help keep them warm and to absorb moisture. -
Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences Clinical and Gross-Pathological Changes in Muscovy Ducks and Nigerian Local Chickens Infec
Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Volume 18 (Number 4). December, 2020 RESEARCH ARTICLE Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences (P-ISSN 1595-093X: E-ISSN 2315-6201) http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v18i4.1 Usman et al. /Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 18(4): 182 - 190. Clinical and gross-pathological changes in Muscovy ducks and Nigerian local chickens infected with Newcastle disease virus (XIVb strain) SG Usman1*, SB Oladele1, L Saidu2, MS Muhammed1, FS Umar2, A Abubakar1, A Saleh1 & O Orakpoghenor1 1. Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 2. Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria *Correspondence: Tel.: +2348162632180; E-mail: [email protected] Copyright: © 2020 Abstract Usman et al. This is an Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute highly contagious viral disease, spreading rapidly open-access article within flocks and affecting birds of all ages. Muscovy ducks, geese and other published under the anseriforms have been tested against different strains of Newcastle disease virus terms of the Creative (NDV) and are found to be potential reservoirs showing mild or no clinical signs when Commons Attribution infected experimentally with strains that are virulent to chickens. The aim of this License which permits work was to compare the clinical and gross pathological changes in Nigerian local unrestricted use, chickens and Muscovy ducks experimentally infected with XlVb strain of Newcastle distribution, and disease virus. Forty birds consisting of 20 chicks and 20 ducklings were randomly reproduction in any selected and divided into 4 groups of 10 birds each. The Groups were designated as medium, provided the group 1 (infected chicks, IC), group 2 (control chicks, CC), group 3 (infected ducklings, original author and ID), group 4 (control ducklings, CD). -
The History of Potato- Eating by Wildfowl in Britain
The history of potato- eating by wildfowl in Britain Janet Kear Summary T h e development of potato-eating and swede turnip-eating b y wildfowl is linked to agricultural changes and climatic conditions in Britain. The tradition of taking waste potatoes from harvested fields began in Scotland among Mallard at least a century ago. A few Lancashire Pink-footed Geese acquired the habit about 30 years later, although potato-eating did not bccomc widespread until the 1920’s. On the other hand, Scottish Greylag Geese and some Whooper Swans have selected a regular diet of potatoes for only 20-30 years. Turnip-eating has been sporadic in bad weather among Whooper Swans in Aberdeenshire and became traditional after 1947 in the Greylag flocks on the Isle of Bute. The techniques used by the birds in dealing w’ith roots are briefly described. Land drainage and the shift of arable cultivation, so much a part of agricultural history in Britain, are not wholly inimical to wildfowl. Indeed the ease with which many species have accommodated themselves to new foods is both remarkable and worthy of detailed study in the context of conservation. An undisturbed roost, generally a body of water, remains essential but wildfowl have shown increasing readiness to forage many miles away. Further, the flooding of new reservoirs has enabled the birds to exploit areas in which hitherto they were seldom present. Agricultural changes There is little doubt that the first product of agriculture to be utilised by wildfowl was spilled grain from the stubbles of harvested cereal fields. -
(Icelandic-Breeding & Feral Populations) in Ireland
An assessment of the distribution range of Greylag (Icelandic-breeding & feral populations) in Ireland Helen Boland & Olivia Crowe Final report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency December 2008 Address for correspondence: BirdWatch Ireland, 1 Springmount, Newtownmountkennedy, Co. Wicklow. Phone: + 353 1 2819878 Fax: + 353 1 2819763 Email: [email protected] Table of contents Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 2 Methods......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Results........................................................................................................................................................... 3 Coverage................................................................................................................................................... 3 Distribution ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Site accounts............................................................................................................................................ -
Habitat Use and Behaviours of Introduced Muscovy Ducks (Cairina Moschata) in Urban and Suburban Environments
Suburban Sustainability Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 1 2017 Habitat Use and Behaviours of Introduced Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata) in Urban and Suburban Environments Joni Downs University of South Florida, [email protected] Rebecca Loraamm University of Oklahoma, [email protected] James Howard Anderson Jr. University of Oklahoma, [email protected] Jacqueline Perry University of South Florida, [email protected] Jessica Bullock University of Texas-Arlington, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/subsust Part of the Environmental Studies Commons Recommended Citation Downs, Joni; Loraamm, Rebecca; Anderson, James Howard Jr.; Perry, Jacqueline; and Bullock, Jessica (2017) "Habitat Use and Behaviours of Introduced Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata) in Urban and Suburban Environments," Suburban Sustainability: Vol. 5 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. https://www.doi.org/http://doi.org/10.5038/2164-0866.5.1.1028 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/subsust/vol5/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Environmental Sustainability at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Suburban Sustainability by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Habitat Use and Behaviours of Introduced Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata) in Urban and Suburban Environments Cover Page Footnote Portions of this research were funded by grants made to the lead author from the National Science Foundation (NSF) [grant number BCS-1062947]. The contents of this article are the responsibility of the author and do not reflect the views of the NSF. Special thanks to Jose Alejo for assistance in the field. -
Integration with Mallard and Muscovy Ducks
Water quality and growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus under integration with mallard and muscovy ducks Item Type conference_item Authors Nnaji, J.C.; Eze, J.O.; Isah, J.; Ahmed, J. Publisher FISON Download date 29/09/2021 19:04:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/38995 Water quality and growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus under integration with mallard and muscovy ducks Nnaji, J. C. / Exe,,. O. / Tsalt,}. / Ahmed, J. Abstract A ~/lIdy )~as conducted to evaluate the ejJ~dof duck manu",' and spilled duck feed on water qualtty and production of Oreochramis niloticus in an integrated system utilizing IWfI local duck breeds. Treatment / (!J) consisted nftrsh {mean .....eight. 20.17 tl 2Rg) stocked at a densuy of 5fishlm1 in a 71m' pond and integrated with 12 Mallard ducks (Alias platyrhynchos), treatment i (TJ) consisted uffish (mean weight, 2/.86 +O.93g) stocked til (I density qf5 [uhfm' ill a 72m! pond and tntegratcd w itll 12 Must:u,~v ducks (Cainna mosrhata) whitt' treatment 3 (1'3) was the control (72nr fish pond without integration}. Fish in T3 wasfed compounded feed of 3on/[,crude protein content three times daily I..hile those in TJ and Tl fed on cluck manure and spilled duck feed (15% crude protein contents. Walel qua/it)' parameters of tirefish ponds. growth parameters of'fish and ducks were monitored. After a 12-week experimental penod. mean weighI gain offish well! 140.68, 122.11 and 157./9~ in TI. T2 and T3 respectively while percentage survival ",(1~higheslm T3 and lowest in T2. Waterquality parameters ~oeregenerally favourable [or fish growth in all the treatments. -
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107 Changes in numbers of staging and wintering geese in Sweden: 1977/78–2019/20 LEIF NILSSON1,* & HAKON KAMPE-PERSSON2 1Department of Biology, Biodiversity, University of Lund, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. 2Pulma i, Gl das pagasts, Jelgavas novads, LV-3040 N kotne, Latvia. *Correspondence author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Regular goose counts made throughout Sweden since 1977/78 show that the total numbers staging and wintering in the country have increased markedly over the decades. October totals were of 51,000 geese in 1977, rising to c. 600,000 in 2018, during which time January totals also increased from 31,000 to 252,000 birds. The greatest change recorded was for the Greylag Goose Anser anser, numbers of which rose from 20,000 to > 250,000 individuals over a 35-year period. Changes in migration and wintering habits have also been recorded, with mid-winter (January) Greylag Goose numbers now amounting to 20–33% of the September totals in recent years, illustrating increases in the proportion of the population now wintering in the country. Moreover, large numbers of Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis have started to stage and over-winter in Sweden, and are now becoming the commonest species, with 365,000 recorded in autumn 2019. Key words: autumn, goose counts, migration patterns, population increase, winter. During recent decades, most Northwest which was formerly widespread across European goose populations have increased the Scandinavian mountain chain but is markedly (Madsen et al. 1999; Fox et al. now reduced to very few breeding pairs, 2010; Fox & Madsen 2017; Fox & Leafloor mainly in Norway, with a re-introduced 2018), with some reaching levels where population occurring in Sweden (Andersson they have come into conflict with & Holmqvist 2010; Fox & Leafloor agriculture when feeding on crops causes 2018). -
A Molecular Phylogeny of Anseriformes Based on Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (2002) 339–356 www.academicpress.com A molecular phylogeny of anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis Carole Donne-Goussee,a Vincent Laudet,b and Catherine Haanni€ a,* a CNRS UMR 5534, Centre de Genetique Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 16 rue Raphael Dubois, Ba^t. Mendel, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France b CNRS UMR 5665, Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, 45 Allee d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Received 5 June 2001; received in revised form 4 December 2001 Abstract To study the phylogenetic relationships among Anseriformes, sequences for the complete mitochondrial control region (CR) were determined from 45 waterfowl representing 24 genera, i.e., half of the existing genera. To confirm the results based on CR analysis we also analyzed representative species based on two mitochondrial protein-coding genes, cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2). These data allowed us to construct a robust phylogeny of the Anseriformes and to compare it with existing phylogenies based on morphological or molecular data. Chauna and Dendrocygna were identified as early offshoots of the Anseriformes. All the remaining taxa fell into two clades that correspond to the two subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae. Within Anserinae Branta and Anser cluster together, whereas Coscoroba, Cygnus, and Cereopsis form a relatively weak clade with Cygnus diverging first. Five clades are clearly recognizable among Anatinae: (i) the Anatini with Anas and Lophonetta; (ii) the Aythyini with Aythya and Netta; (iii) the Cairinini with Cairina and Aix; (iv) the Mergini with Mergus, Bucephala, Melanitta, Callonetta, So- materia, and Clangula, and (v) the Tadornini with Tadorna, Chloephaga, and Alopochen.