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Results from a Carbon Stock Analysis of Natural and Rehabilitated

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Results from a Carbon Stock Analysis of Natural and Rehabilitated TAKING STOCK: Results from a carbon stock analysis of natural and rehabilitated mangroves, Tiwoho (North Sulawesi) Clint Cameron (CDU); Lindsay Hutley (CDU); Dan Friess (NUS); Keith McGuiness (CDU) Clint Cameron PhD Candidate Project Manager, CDU – UNEP Grid Arendal ‘Blue Forests Project’ [email protected] Tiwoho 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials & 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary locations background Methods results /next steps SITE A • Dike walls Site C significantly diminished (in a state of disrepair) prior to EMR; • Some mixed species plantings before EMR → poor growth; • EMR removed hydrological barriers. SITE B • Higher elevation → Site A only fully inundated at higher tides; • 6 unsuccessful gov. plantings of C tagal over 9 years; • C tagal finally established post – 2005; • Still requires $ $ to develop tidal creek → flooding & drainage . SITE C Site B • 5 ponds > natural recruitment prior to EMR + planting in 1998 -99; • Remaining ponds bare. 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary locations background & Methods results /next steps Trees > 5 cm dbh measured in 7 m radius (A = 153.9 0 m m2), all subplots Wood debris 25 m transects (4 per plot, all plots) out to 12 m, all subplots 50 m Trees <5 cm dbh 75 m measured in 2m radius (A = 12.6m2), all subplots 100 m Soil measurements 125 and core extraction, m all subplots 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary / locations background & Methods results next steps DEC 2015 TIWOHO CARBON STOCK ASSESSMENT • Team of 12 → students from UNHAS, UNSRAT, & UNG, CDU RIEL, YHB (Blue Forests), Japesda Gorontalo & Mr. Compass (ex. Village head); • 58 plots → ~5000 species & DBH measurements (trees & saplings); • 3 EMR sites and 2 reference forests; • 175 soil samples at 4 different depth increments (0-15 cm, 15-30, 30-50, 50 – 100 cm); • Soil samples from a disused aquaculture site > Molas; • Spec. specific allometric equations used to calculate biomass; • Possible to use Nintendo 3D scanner to estimate biomass? Photo credit: Dr. Aaron Burton 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials & 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary / locations background Methods results next steps EMR Site B: Species Ref Site A: Species dominance dominance 3% 3% 4% 0% 1% 2% 2% 0% 1% Aegiceras corniculatum 0% 15% Avicennia marina Avicennia marina Brugeria gymnorrhiza 22% Brugeria gymnorrhiza Ceriops tagal Lumnitzera racemosa Ceriops tagal Rhizophora apiculata 65% 82% Sonneratia alba Rhizophora apiculata EMR Site A: Species dominance 1% 1% 0% 0% Avicennia marina 6% 15% Ceriops tagal Lumnitzera racemosa 5% 1% Nypa fruticans Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora stylosa 71% Sonneratia alba Sonneratia caseolaris Photo credit: Photo Dr Aaron Burton 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials & 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary / locations background Methods results next steps Site EMR EMR Ref AGB BGB 0 ‐ 15 cm 15 ‐ 30 cm 30 ‐ 50 cm 50 ‐ 100 cm Site A Site B Forest A • All sites C. tagal 100.00 Geomorp Coastal fringing: mid - lower dominated; hic (landward) mangroves position • EMR Site A Area (ha) 1.97 2.17 biomass close to 0.00 of EMR sites Ref Site A but > Species Ceriops Ceriops Ceriops more seedlings / dominanc tagal tagal tagal saplings; ‐100.00 e Total 34.2 ± 15.4 ± 46.8 ± • EMR Site B → trees 3.1 1.2 3.9 poor growth / Seedlings 17.1 ± 3.4 ± 0.5 1.0 ± 0.3 ‐200.00 / saplings 3.0 stunted; ‐1 Downed 14.5 ± 8.8 ± 6.2 34.6 ± • High prop. biomass wood 4.3 12.5 downed wood; Mg C ha total ‐300.00 Leaf litter TTT • Post- conversion / forest Site A & Site B ~ floor lost 113 - 161 Mg ‐400.00 Total 65.8 ± 27.8 ± 82.5 ± C ha-1 soil C in biomass 6.2 3.5 13.7 Soils total 391.6 ± 343.6 ± 504.2 ± comparison to Ref 43.3 36.6 54.1 Site A respectively; ‐500.00 Total 457.5 ± 371.4 ± 586.7 ± ecosystem 162.9 157.9 210.9 • How much soil C carbon stock has been gained ‐600.00 EMR Site A EMR Site B Ref. Site A since EMR? 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials & 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary / locations background Methods results next steps EMR Site C: Species dominance 1% 0% 19% 27% Avicennia lantana Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Ceriops tagal Rhizophora apiculata Sonneratia alba 53% Ref Site B: Species dominance 3%0% 0% 2% 5% Avicennia marina Photo credit: Photo Dr Aaron Burton Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Ceriops tagal Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora mucronata Sonneratia alba 90% 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials & 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary / locations background Methods results next steps Site Ref Forest AGB BGB 0 ‐ 15 cm 15 ‐ 30 cm 30 ‐ 50 cm 50 ‐ 100 cm EMR Site C B 300.00 Geomorphic Coastal Coastal • Both sites R. position fringing: fringing: apiculata dominated; upper upper 200.00 (seaward) (seaward) • EMR Site B more mangroves mangroves S. alba & C. tagal Area (ha) of 100.00 EMR sites 9.63 growth; • Successful re- Species Rhizophora Rhizophora 0.00 dominance apiculata apiculata growth rates but th Total trees still only ~1/5 of ‐100.00 44.1 ± 4.4 230.5 ± 16.7 Seedlings / the way to ‐1 saplings obtaining biomass ‐200.00 0.9 ± 0.2 0.4 ± 0.1 Dead and of Ref. Site B; Mg C ha downed wood total • Similar soil C ‐300.00 8.7 ± 3 22.2 ± 6.5 content → lost ~32 Leaf litter / -1 ‐400.00 forest floor Mg C ha (unlike TT Total biomass other two sites); 53.8 ± 13.3 253.1 ± 73.4 ‐500.00 Soils total • Again, how much 477.3 ± 47 509.5 ± 45.7 soil C has been Total 531.1 ± 211.7 762.6 ± ‐600.00 ecosystem 128.2 gained post – carbon stock EMR? ‐700.00 EMR Site C Ref. Site B 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials & 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary / locations background Methods results next steps MOLAS RESULTS ‐50.00 • Huh ???? • ‐150.00 Higher C than intact ref. forests > completely opposite of expected; ‐250.00 • Old lagoon / estuary > sediment accretion / 50 ‐ 100 cm ‐1 deposition? ‐350.00 30 ‐ 50 cm • When converted were 15 ‐ 30 cm Mg C ha 0 ‐ 15 cm mangrove trees (as well as ‐450.00 stumps) left in the pond > slowly decompose > increase organic C? ‐550.00 • Lack of macroinvert’s (e.g. crabs) and porous ‐650.00 burrows to facilitate oxidation? EMR Site EMR Site Ref Site A EMR Site Ref Site MOLAS • C loss from respiration? ‐750.00 B C B 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials & 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary / locations background Methods results next steps NPP (AGB + WD) NPP (BGB) 25.0 20.0 15.0 ‐1 10.0 e ha 2 5.0 t CO 0.0 ‐5.0 ‐10.0 Site A Site B Site C NPP (BGB) ‐5.8 ‐2.1 ‐5.6 NPP (AGB + WD) 18.4 8.1 14.2 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials & 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary locations background Methods results / next steps 30.0 SUMMARY / KEY MESSAGES 25.0 • Overall, EMR across 14 ha at Tiwoho ‐1 has resulted in the storage of an 20.0 year estimated ~708 Mg C or ~2, 600 t ‐1 CO2e (biomass total); e ha 15.0 -1 -1 2 • Average of ~18 t CO2e ha year post rehab (NPP); 10.0 • Avg. EMR Site A & B = ~22 t CO2e NPP: t CO ha-1 year-1 > natural rehab works; 5.0 • How does this compare to other forest types & CER from R / A projects? 0.0 • Does not include soil C accumulation but possible to infer based on average rates of sediment accumulation; • Only half the story → need to carry out GHG flux assessment: NEP = NPP – Re(Rh + RH20) EMR Site A: Fate of NPP following NPPtotal Net primary production: total proportions allocated to litter, wood & soils NPPlitter Net primary production: foliage and contribution to carbon burial. Alongi production and litterfall 24.2 NPP -1 -1 total (2014). Figures are in t CO2 ha year NPPwood Net primary production: woody biomass NPProots Net primary production: coarse and fine NEP = NPP – roots R &R L Litterfall that remains at the surface. Re (Rh + RH20) H H2O surface Approximately half is decomposed in- situ and respired by heterotrophs, and ? the other half is exported as DOC R allo S Proportion of litterfall that is buried in NPP litter 8.2 litter mangroves soils ? Sfine Proportion of fine root turnover that is ? buried 8 S Total amount of soil carbon burial NPPwood total DOC Dissolved organic carbon exported to Aimport ? adjacent systems POC Particulate organic carbon derived from NPProots L surface litterfall and exported to adjacent ? RDIC systems 8 3.6 3.4 POC ? Aimport Allochthonous import of sediments from 1.8 ? DOC adjacent systems (riverine sediments, ? oceanic sediments etc.) 3.6 8 0.5 Sallo Proportion of imported allochthonous Sallo 2 1.1 Slitter sediments that is buried Sfine Rallo Respiration of allochthonous soil carbon by heterotrophs R Respiration of dissolved inorganic S DIC 5.3 total carbon by heterotrophs RH & Respiration from soil heterotrophs when RH2O soils are exposed (Rh) and atmospheric exchange of heterotrophic respiration from mangrove waterways (RH2O) 1. Site 2. Tiwoho 3. Materials & 4. Tiwoho 5. Summary locations background Methods results / next steps NEXT STEPS: BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT • Awarded Indonesian Project Grant 2016 -2017 • Use same approach as carbon stock assessment → researchers from Auz & Indo universities + Indo. student volunteers = ability to capture lots of high quality, quantitative data with high spatial coverage. • Enable full suite of ecosystem service benefits (carbon + biodiversity) from rehab to be quantified → possibly first time this has been done Questions / Comments? www.gefblueforests.org PhD Supervisors: Prof.
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