6.0 Premières Nations
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Treaty of Peace and Friendship Started 1760 Concluded February 1763
Treaty of Peace and Friendship started 1760 concluded February 1763 Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1760 This fact sheet gives some context to the Peace and Friendship Treaties in the Maritimes and Gaspé. They are important historical documents that can be viewed as the founding documents for the development of Canada. The Treaties were signed with Mi'kmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy First Nations prior to 1779. Treaties are solemn agreements that set out long-standing promises, mutual obligations and benefits for both parties. Early History The Mi'kmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy have inhabited the Atlantic region for thousands of years. The three communities believe their ancestors have lived in this area since the beginning of time. Archaeologists have been able to confirm evidence of their occupation going back at least 2500 to 3000 years. Before 1500 AD, the Mi'kmaq's main communities were on mainland Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island, along the coast and rivers of eastern New Brunswick, and the Gaspe Peninsula of eastern Quebec. The Maliseet, on the other hand, lived along the St. John River Valley and its tributaries in central New Brunswick. Some families may also have hunted and fished on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River above Lake Temiscouata. The Passamaquoddy lived along the St. Croix River and its tributaries though families appear to have lived mainly in coastal areas bordering on Passamaquoddy Bay. Though the Passamaquoddy are often identified as a separate and distinct people, British and French officials stressed the strong cultural and biological ties between the Passamaquoddy and the Maliseet. -
Mascarene's Treaty
T R E A T Y The submission and agreement of the Delegates of the Eastern Indians (December 15, 1725, Boston, New England, B ritish possession) Whereas the several Tribes of the Eastern Indians viz the Penobscot, Narridgwolk, St Johns Cape Sables & other Tribes Inhabiting within His Majesties Territorys of New England and Nova Scotia, who have been Engaged in the present War, from whom we Sauguaaram alias Loron Arexus Francois Xavier & Meganumbe are Delegated & fully Impowered to Enter into Articles of Pacification with His Majties Governments of the Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire & Nova Scotia Have contrary to the several Treatys they have Solemnly Entred into with the said Governments made an open Rupture & have continued some years in Acts of Hostility Against the subjects of His Majesty King George within the said Governments, They being now sensible of the Miseries and Troubles they have involved themselves in, and being Desirous to be restored to His Majesty’s Grace & Favour & to live in Peace with all His Majesties Subjects of the said three Governmts & the Province of New York and Colonys of Connecticut & Rhode Island, and that all former Acts of Injury be forgotten Have Concluded to make and we Do by these presents In the Name and behalf of the said Tribes make our Submission unto His Most Excellent Majesty George by the Grace of God of Great Britain France and Ireland King Defender of the Faith &C. in as full and ample manner as any of our Predecessors have heretofore done. And we do hereby Promise and Engage with the Honorable William Dummer Esqr as he is Lieutenant Governor & Comander in Chief of the said Province for the time being That is to say. -
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The Dispossession of the Míkmaq Indians from Chignecto to Elsipogtog1: A Case Study Analysis of the Health Determinants of the Physical Environment by Patrick J. Augustine A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Indigenous and Canadian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2021, Patrick J. Augustine 1 The community uses the Pacifique orthography, while the Francis-Smith system spells it L’sipuktuk (Sable & Francis, 2012). Abstract Traditionally, the Míkmaq enjoyed an interconnected relationship with the land, harvesting what they needed from the earth and the ocean, guided by the concept of Netukulimk, the practice of sustainability. Upon the arrival of European settlers, new trade practices were introduced, and what was once plentiful was quickly depleted. Although the original inhabitants were assured that their lands would be protected by agreements and treaties, these assurances proved to be false, and the traditional relationship with the land was threatened, as the Míkmaq—presaging the fate of most Indigenous Peoples in Canada—were dispossessed of their historical lands and forced to live on reserves; many of them far away from the environments to which they had had biological and spiritual ties. Land is central to our understanding of current Indigenous health issues; centering around how the Míkmaq traditionally employed land and resources, what changes in that relationship were brought about by colonization, and how their removal to reserves influenced their relationship vis-à-vis their environment. In addressing the ways that land policies, post-first contact, were developed and implemented over time, it is possible and necessary to juxtapose that history with the story of the forced mobilization of the Míkmaq and examine the effects that the dispossession of land had upon their livelihood and economic activity. -
History Etched in Stone: Gravestone Art and the Garrison Graveyard at Annapolis Royal
W.P. Kerr W.P. W.P. Kerr H IS T O R Y ET The garrison graveyard at Fort Anne National Historic Site of Canada in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, is one of the most historic graveyards in Canada. The town in which it is located is today charming and picturesque C HISTORY yet for over a century it was a military stronghold, whether known as Port- HED Royal or after 1710 as Annapolis Royal. The place was alternately attacked and defended by the French or the British in the long struggle for military supremacy in North America. The garrison graveyard is the resting place for I hundreds of French, Acadian, and British military personnel and civilians N ETCHED spanning over three centuries. S This book explores the compelling history of Port-Royal/Annapolis T Royal as told through the gravestones in this scenic graveyard setting. O NE IN STONE: It presents a pictorial sampling and interpretations of the eclectic gravestone art and epitaphs, and offers numerous insights into the people whose lives are marked by the stones. As well, it looks at the attitudes, art, aesthetics, and beliefs that have come and gone, yet have left an imprint on this national cultural landscape. Gravestone Art AND THE Garrison Graveyard AT Annapolis Royal HISTORY ETCHED IN STONE History Etched in Stone: Gravestone Art and the Garrison Graveyard at Annapolis Royal W.P. Kerr Copyright © 2011 Her Majesty the Queen, in right of Canada as represented by the Minister of National Defence. Canadian Defence Academy Press PO Box 17000 Stn Forces Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4 Produced for the Canadian Defence Academy Press by 17 Wing Winnipeg Publishing Office. -
Proquest Dissertations
THE IMPACT OF ILE ROYALE ON NEW ENGLAND 1713 - 1763 by Donald F. Chard LtMAA.Ci A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in History UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA OTTAWA, CANADA, 1976 Chard, Ottawa, Canada, 1977 UMI Number: DC54008 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC54008 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER TABLE OF CONTENTS i TABLES AND MAPS ii ABBREVIATIONS iii NOTE ON DATES iv INTRODUCTION vi I. CANSO, 1710-1721: FOCAL POINT OF NEW ENGLAND- ILE ROYALE RIVALRY 1 II. PATTERNS OF TRADE, 1720-1744 34 III. THE LOUISBOURG EXPEDITION OF 1745 67 IV. VICTORY AT LOUISBOURG: ECONOMIC EXPECTATIONS AND REALIZATIONS, 1745-1748 103 V. THE BITTER FRUITS OF VICTORY: MILITARY AND SOCIAL REPERCUSSIONS OF THE 1745 ASSAULT ON LOUISBOURG 139 VI. IMPERIAL SUBSIDIES AND CURRENCY ADJUTSMENTS.. 168 VII. NEW ENGLAND'S ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HALIFAX AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVA SCOTIA 1749-1755 188 VIII. -
Mascarene's Treaty of 1725
MASCARENE’S TREATY OF 1725 Andrea Bear Nicholas* Prior to 1984 there was no known treaty that specifically protected the access of Maliseet people in New Brunswick to fish and game resources. Maliseets were consistently charged and found guilty of violating provincial fish and game laws. The only treaty that did protect their access, and seemed to include the Native people of “St. Johns”, was Dumm efs Treaty o f 1725.1 However, in reality this treaty provided no protection. On the British side, it was signed and ratified only by Massachusetts authorities. It was not known to have been signed and ratified in Nova Scotia, which, at the time, encompassed what is now New Brunswick. As New Brunswick is a successor government to Nova Scotia and not to Massachusetts, Dummefs Treaty was never deemed to apply in New Brunswick. Consequently, Maliseets charged with fish and game violations in New Brunswick were generally convicted. Not only were thft known treaties between Nova Scotia and the Maliseets silent on the matter of hunting and fishing, they also contained only the obligations of Micmacs and Maliseets, and few or no corresponding benefits like those found in the better known Bummer’s Treaty. This raises serious questions as to whether or not they can even be called “treaties”. It is an essential requirement of natural law that there be benefits to both sides in any treaty. These questionable treaties included: the mysteriously different version of D ummefs Treaty signed at Annapolis in 1728, the same treaty signed at Halifax in 1749,2 and the 1760 treaty with similar text.3 Almost oblivious to this apparently hopeless situation Maliseets continued to cherish the tradition that there had indeed been treaty promises made reserving their access to fish and game. -
Land Tenure in Acadian Agricultural Settlements, 1604-1755: Cultural Retention and the Emergence of Custom Carol A
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Summer 8-5-2019 Land Tenure in Acadian Agricultural Settlements, 1604-1755: Cultural Retention and the Emergence of Custom Carol A. Blasi University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Cultural History Commons, and the Legal Commons Recommended Citation Blasi, Carol A., "Land Tenure in Acadian Agricultural Settlements, 1604-1755: Cultural Retention and the Emergence of Custom" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3053. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3053 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LAND TENURE IN ACADIAN AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENTS, 1604-1755: CULTURAL RETENTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF CUSTOM by Carol Ann Blasi BA, Syracuse University, 1978 MA, The University of Chicago Divinity School, 1981 JD, Temple University School of Law, 1986 A DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for theDegree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine August, 2019 Advisory Committee Members: Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History, Advisor Alexander Grab, Emeritus Professor of History Stephen J. Hornsby, Professor of Geography and Canadian Studies Richard W. Judd, Emeritus Professor of History Liam Riordan, Professor of History © 2019 Carol Ann Blasi All Rights Reserved ii LAND TENURE IN ACADIAN AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENTS, 1604-1755 CULTURAL RETENTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF CUSTOM By Carol Ann Blasi Dissertation Advisor: Dr. -
Summary of Public and First Nations Participation Environmental Impact Assessment Proposal by Sisson Mines Ltd to Construct
SUMMARY OF PUBLIC AND FIRST NATIONS PARTICIPATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROPOSAL BY SISSON MINES LTD TO CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE AN OPEN PIT TUNGSTEN AND MOLYBDENUM MINE NEAR NAPADOGAN, NEW BRUNSWICK Prepared by the Department of Environment and Local Government January 2016 Table of Contents Background ii EIA Conclusion and Decision iv Final Steps in the EIA Process Steps Following the EIA Process v Federal Environmental Assessment (EA) Process v Independent EIA Panel Review Table of Contents 1 List of Tables 5 List of Figures 5 1.0 Introduction 7 2.0 Terms of Reference 8 3.0 Process and Meetings Held 10 4.0 Methodology 11 5.0 Issues raised and Panel Opinions – Introduction 11 6.0 First Nations 12 7.0 Socioeconomic 93 8.0 Tailings Storage, Seepage and Baseline Hydrology Concerns 95 9.0 Bonding 138 10.0 Health Issues 143 11.0 List of Recommendations 188 12.0 Appendices 199 Background In the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report to the Minister of Environment and Local Government, Sisson Mines Ltd., or the proponent, has proposed to construct and operate an open pit tungsten and molybdenum mine west of Napadogan, approximately 60 kilometres northwest of Fredericton, New Brunswick. Following a two year construction period, the open pit mine would operate for an estimated 27 years and the project development area (PDA) would cover 1,253 hectares (3,096 acres) of Crown lands. Approximately 30,000 tonnes of ore would be mined and processed on-site per day. The resulting mineral products would be trucked to nearby rail facilities for transportation to customers. -
31295020692165.Pdf (11.25Mb)
Assimilation versus Autonomy: Acadian and British Contentions, 1713-1755 by Laurie Wood A SENIOR THESIS for the UNIVERSITY HONORS COLLEGE Submitted to the University Honors College at Texas Tech University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree designation of HIGHEST HONORS DECEMBER 2006 Approved by: DR. STEFANO D'AMICO History Department /1-t3-tYo D~. CHRISTINA,ASHsY -MARTIN , I<- Date Honors College DR. GAR~ . BELL ~ Dean, U versity Honors College The author approves the photocopying of this document for educational purposes. he 'Z ^^ TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 I. Introduction 2 A. Historiography II. Geographical and Historical Context 4 Figure 1 European Settlement in Nova Scotia, circa 1750 A. Geography B. Colonial History III. Acadian Identity and Culture 10 A. Society B. Acadians in Relation to British C. Acadians in Relation to Mi'kmaq D. Conflict in Acadia IV. Paul Mascarene 20 Figure 2 Portrait of Major General Paul Mascarene A. Early Life and Career B. "Description of Nova Scotia" C. Diplomacy V. Oaths of Allegiance 27 A. Context B. Early Acadian Oaths C. Oath of 1730 D. Acadian Motives E. "Le Grand Derangemenf Figure 3 Map of Acadian Deportation, 1755-1757 VI. Conclusion 41 A. Acadia after the Expulsion B. Long-Term Effects C. Links VII. Bibliography 47 L INTRODUCTION Recent historical scholarship conceives seventeenth and eighteenth century North America as one region within an Atlantic context that recognizes both European imperial nations and the colonies that they oversaw.' Within this vast geography, Acadia"^ exemphfies the interaction of different cultures during an age of transatlantic trade and colonialism. -
Anatomy of a Treaty: Nova Scotia’S First Native Treaty in Historical Context
ANATOMY OF A TREATY: NOVA SCOTIA’S FIRST NATIVE TREATY IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT Stephen E. Patterson* In 1998, the celebrated case of R. v. Peter Paul1 made its way to the New Brunswick Court of Appeal where Mr. Peter Paul, a Mi’kmaq relying on aboriginal and treaty rights, lost his bid to harvest bird’s eye maple logs on Crown land without a licence. Subsequently, the Supreme Court of Canada refused to hear an appeal. Governments and lumbering interests breathed a sigh of relief, but so too did a good many native people and their lawyers who recognized that no adequate evidentiary base had been established at the original trial, and that, despite decisions in favour of the defendant by Provincial Court Judge Frédéric Arsenault and Queen’s Bench Judge John Turnbull, fundamental differences in the reasoning of the two, and questionable attempts by Judge Turnbull to fill gaps in the evidence with his own research, had muddied the waters so as to make it next to impossible for the Supreme Court to sort out the mess. It seemed clear that both native loggers and the Province of New Brunswick would find another occasion to test the law on this issue, where presumably both would attempt to correct the fundamental flaw in the Peter Paul case by providing the courts with adequate historical evidence. This paper does not presume to predict what that evidence might be or argue the issue as a matter of law. But it could be useful for all concerned, as well as for anyone interested in the burgeoning field of aboriginal and treaty rights litigation, to know more about the original treaties made by the Province of Nova Scotia and the Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy beginning early in the 18th century.