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South Dakota Farm and Home Research SDSU Agricultural Experiment Station
Fall 1969 South Dakota Farm and Home Research Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University
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V . ~cJ ,n'1, '1' ,,(,&\ ' f COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY Brookings, South Dakota 57006 OFFIC_E or THE DEAN AND DIIU:CTOR 154 AGRICULTURAL HALL • Area Code 605, Pl,o,re 688-5131 This 82nd annual repo.rt of the Agricultural Experiment Station is .intended to make availab'le to South Dakotans an 11 inventory11 of agricultural research as we go into what l believe will be the 11 Stupendous Seventies. 11 The inventory will provide a look at what we are doing now, some of the major accomplishments of the 1960 1.s, and a few of the things that might be expected in the ~uture • . Although most of the time there are more problems than solutions, we have made remarkable progress. We expect this progress to continue at an expanded, accelerated pace. It will take a lot of hard work. Success must be used not only to overcome problems but to provide encouragement to rise and start again when we1 encounter failures. The Agricultural Experiment Station provides one of South Dakota's best investments: research which will advance our top industry of agriculture. Every South Dakotan is a member of this investment team · and has a stake in the outcome. · The philosophy of sharing whatever knowledge we may have is a trade mark of land-grant institutions such as South Dakota State University. With this _annual report we wish to share information about the hundreds of things which make up our agricultural resear.ch effort. No attempt is made to go into detail. Additional details may be found in our bulletins and other publication$ of research results; in South Dakota Farm & Home Research, which is a quarterly progress report of our activities; in newspapers, magazines, and on radio and television. lf you desire additional information, ·we will be happy to attempt to provide it for you. ~()d~) Dean, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences and Director, Agricultural Experiment .. Station DA: ras A land-grant univernty eennng South DakotaM through Teaching-Re.earch-E:rte,anon 82nd Annual Report I , I Agricultural Experiment Station Animal Health ------4 (VS, Bact, EZ, SB, AS) South Dakota State University Community and Public Affairs .______6 (RS, Econ) · Brookings Crop and Soils ____ ·----- ·------6 (Agron, BB, AE, WRI, Bact) Eng i nee ring ______------______14 (AE, WRI) Fertilizers ______.--- __ __ 16 This annual report departs somewhat from the format used in (Agron) . previous years: Home and Consumer ______16 • Accomplishments have been.listed as far as possible under sub (DS, AS, HE, Bact) ject headings. Garden and Orchard ______18 • Although current activities and accomplishments are empha (HF) sized, some major accomplishments of the decade are also in Insects -·- ---- ___ ._ ·---- ____ _ ·· ------... ______20 cluded. A small look into the future may be obtained under the (EZ, HF, PP) "Upcoming or Needed" headings that include scheduled future Institute~ ______22 research or problems scientists believe should be studied. Irrigation, Water Resources ______24 • No attempt is made to cover every phase of every project. In (Agron, AE, PP, HF, Econ, AS, WRI) many ~ases several years are needed to obtain results from Livestock __ ·---- ______27 research. Progress or absolute results may not be readily avail (AS, DS, AE, PP, VS) able or apparent at any one point in time. M~nagement, Marketing, Business ____ 31 · The complete report, however, identifies all ·pr?jects now under (Econ, HE, WRI) way, the names of persons heading these projects, and the depart Pia nt Diseases ______32 ments concerned. Projects are -listed by departments. The subject (PP, BB) heading index provides a means of readily -identifying departments Pollution ______35 ., J with activities under the various .headings. Publications, agricuhural (AE, WRI, Engr. Exp. Sta., Agron, advisory groups, staff, and financial statement are at the back of the EZ, SB, WFS, Bact) book. · · Range ______·----- ______--- ··-- ______36 Most items under each subject heading are followed by letters in (AS, Agron, AE) parentheses which designate the department( s) involved. The depart Sociology -- · ______37 ments of the Agricultural Experiment Station and their letter designa (RS) tions as used here: Wildlife and Fisheries ______,37 (WFS, AS, WRI, HE) AE-Agricultural Engineering OS-Dairy Science Agron-Agronomy ( Note: the Agron Econ-Economics Special, Service Type Activities ______40 my Department and Plant EZ-Entomology-Zoology List of Projects ______42 Pathology Department were HE-Home Economics merged into the new Plant Sci HF-Horticulture-Forestry List of Publications ______45 ence Department, .effective July PP-Plant Pathology ( see Agronomy) 1, 1969) RS-Rural Sociology Staff ______52 AS-Animal Science SB-Station Biochemistry Finaocial Statement ______53 Bact-Bacteriology VS-Veterinary Science BB-Botany-Biology WFS-Wildlife and· Fisheries Sciences. Agricultural Advisory Groups ______--:----54 Published quarterly by the Agricultural . Experiment Station, South Dakota State Uni 82nd Annual Report versity, Brookings, South Dakota. This pub lication will be sent free to any resident of Vol. XX Fall 1969 No. 4 South Dakota in response to a written request. To simplify terminology, trade names of Duane Acker products or equipment are sometimes -used. No endorsement of specific products or Dean, College of Agriculture and equipment named is intended, nor is criticism Biological Sciences, and Director, implied of those not mentioned. Agricultural Experiment Station Material appearing in this publication may South Dakota be reprinted provided the ' meaning is not Frank J. Shideler changed and credit is given the author and Editor (Editorial Office, State Unive r sity the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment South Dakota State University, Station. SERVING Tl-IE PEOPLE OF SOUTH DAKOTA Brookings, S. Oak. 57006 TI-IROUGI-I TEACHING, RESEARCH, EXTENSION 3 Animal Health pheasant As commercial pheasant raising and the wild will help determine correlations among factors estab botulism pheasant populations are of economic impor- lished in investigations. New and more sophisticated tance to South Dakota, a study of botulism is techniques are being sought as specimens submitted underway in these birds. This disease causes consid from field cases of abortion are-subjected to· a battery erable loss of birds on game farms and in the wild. of detailed laboratory examinations. In the last half Frequently in late summer large populations of the of the year, abortion cases investigated totaled 284 toxic bacteria causing botulism build up in mud for cattle, 48 for sheep and 23 for swine. In addition flats or dried up lakes. Pheasants drinking water or to providing more information for the laboratory, feeding in such areas often contract the disease, which this research will be of use to the practicing veterinarian mainly affects the nei::vous system. Current research in controlling this large economic loss to South Dakota. _reveals that of the five strains produced in this work, (VS) two C types and an unidentified strain are the only bvd Investigations have been completed on disease ones affecting pheasants. Types D and E used were · disease conditions in cattle which may be a result of poisonous to mice but had no effect _on pheasants. bovine virus diarrhea virus ( BVD). Some of Reactions of pheasants to various toxins are closely these conditions are abortion in pregnant animals, and observed ( including moving pictures of typical cases) lameness and diarrhea in feedlot calves. Preliminary re- · · and post mortems conducted. From toxins that cause search that shows development of immunity ( detect- · the disease, toxoids or "protector" materials are able levels of antibodies) in 5-day-old calves and in produced. These are tested on birds to determine the colostrum samples from the same herd indicate that degree of protection, size of dose needed, and best healthy calves were protected by the colostrum. method of using or administering. (VS) Isolation of only one strain of BVD from one aborted mastitis Mastitis research mainly deals with learning fetus out of 250 examined leaves some question as research more about organisms that cause the disease, to significance of the disease in abortion. Additional their eradication, and surveys to determine ex research is needed to indicate possible relationship tent of their infection in South Dakota herds. Nearly of BVD virus and hog cholera virus . as serological 900 isolated Micrococcaceae from bovine udders methods show a similarity between the two. ( VS ) h~ve been characterized in one phase of the pro enteric More in'formation is being sought about certain ject. Through nearly 1,700 milk samples tested, it has diseases digestive tract ( enteric) diseases in farm ani- been determined that another major mastitis-causing mals and the main microorganism ( Escherichia organism,Streptococcus agalactiae, is present in some coli) associated with them. This microorganism is some South Dakota dairy herds. Infection within individ times capable of producing disease and sometimes ual herds and in the areas surveyed is comparatively not. Part of the approach consists of collecting a large light. Upon completion of the study, it is anticipated number of the microorganisms for study in experiment that more than half of the state's dairy herds will al animals. Statistical evaluation of characteristics have been included in the survey. Current methods thus may provide information on the role the micro of eradicating this organism from herds was deter organism plays in producing enteric disease. (VS) mined to be quite efficient. ( VS ) ehd in More than 11% of nearly 1,100 blood samples livestock A computer program is one of several research livestock from cattle and hogs tested positive for epi- abortion approaches toward learning more about major zootic hemorrhagic deer disease ( EHD) anti- • causes of abortion among livestock and meth bodies. This supports previous evidence and suggests a ods of diagnosis. Large volumes of computerized possible role of domestic animals in the EHD virus- . information from laboratory and field investigations host transmission cycle. ( Bact) 4 ehd in' A 3-year survey of blood samples shows that eee in Following first isolation in 1967 of eastern game on the average one of every five big game pheasants equine encephalitis ( EEE) in pheasants in animals in South Dakota had antibodies indi South Dakota, a field investigation revealed cating probable contact with the virus and possible 11% of more than 750 birds from 18 counties had the dis history of epizootic hemorrhagic deer disease ( EHD). sease. First isolation was in connection with an out These animals included whitetailed and mule deer, break at a commercial pheasant farm in which mortality antelope, mountain goats and elk. This evidence was rate was nearly 90%in 16- to 18-week-old birds. EEE found in.14 of 18 counties surveyed with the highest disease symptoms mainly involve the nervous system, percentage of positiye animals in Pennington and resulting in progessive paralysis in the limbs of phea Harding counties. ( Bact) sants. As age increases, from day-old to a week-old, mortality percent decreases in pheasants infected with EEE virus. ( Bact) ehd lab A technique is being perfected for laboratory studies study of epizootic hemorrhagic deer disease insects More information is needed on how eastern ( EHD ) without the use of live animals for ob and eee equine encephalitis ( EEE) disease is trans- servation of symptoms or extraction of isolates. It mitted to pheasants. Mosquitoes have been involves tissue culture, a common scientific method of shown to be one vector. EEE has been isolated from growing isolated bits of multicellular organism in four major mosquito species in other states. One of dependent of its usual surroundings -for instance, in these species is the most abundant and is considered a "test tube." Deer kidney and spleen cells have been South Dakota's most important mosquito pest. Some successfully grown and used to isolate and detect 75,000 mosquitoes have been collected from six EHD virus. ( Bact) counties to determine their role in virus transmission from pheasant to pheasant. Other external parasites of pheasants are also being checked as possible EEE poultry Disease accounts for over half of the adult diseases chic~en losses in layer flocks, costing South transmitters. ( Bac.t) Dakota poultrymen considerably more than excess . Excess and faulty distribution or accumulation . a million dollars a year. Yet only 6% of this disease loss is ammonia of ammonia that causes damage or death in diagnosed, leaving 45%unknown as far as definite or animals from "ammonia intoxication" is being tentative causes of death. To learn mq~e about death investigated. When ammonia accumulates faster than causes, a surveillance-diagnostic program was conduct lungs and liver can eliminate it, blood ammonia values ed to include all dead birds from three typical. rise causing changes in metabolism and other body commercial layer flpcks. Main death causes were from functions some of which are disastrous. Non-protein the leukosis complex1 oviduct infections, fatty liver nitrogen feeds ( urea, for example) consumed too disease, and canniha:lism; Other diseases found fre rapidly may result in elevated blood ammonia: values. quently involved liver and kidney disorders ~nd peri Since thousands of tons of nitrogen-containing and tonitis. (VS) ammonia-producing chemicals are fed to cattle and sheep, information is needed to determine ways of fatty liver The fatty liver syndrome in chickens was more maintaining safe feeding levels. (Ent-Zoo) syndrome frequently observed in cage rather than floor type operations during a survey on poultry selenium· Continuing basic research on selenium is con diseases. The survey also indicates a possible studies tributing substantially to understanding of the relationship between fatty liver syndrome and canni metabolism and mode of action in the body balism as these two condition~ co-existed in a high of this element which is toxic, or poisonous, yet essen percentage of cases. (VS) tial, in the diet of farm animals. (SB) urinar}' Methods have been developed to reduce test for Researchers hope to find a reliable test for calculi losses in feedlot animals from either the fatty liver detection of fatty liver condition in chickens phosphatic or siliceous type of urinary calculi in connection with a detailed study of some ( kidney stones ). Because factors leading to cause of biological changes that occur in this condition in laying these two types of calculi are not the same, different hens. (VS) control measures are needed. Main causes of urinary calculi in feedlot lambs are rations high in phosphorus moldy Data is being summarized in a study to obtain that result in production of an alkaline urine. ( SB, AS) feeds more information about molds in hay and other less IQmb Lamb mortality was decreased from 16.5% to livestock feeds. Nearly 400 Aspergillus fungus mortality 4.5% by feeding antibiotics in ewe rations for cultures have been tested in mold-1.nfected soybeans ,80 days beginnings 6 weeks before lambing. and wheat fed to laboratory chicks and mice. Next (AS ) phase will involve experimental livestock. This research, in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service, grass Grass tetany in cattle can be controlled by mag USDA, was done by departments of Plant Pathology; tetany nesium supplements. These magnesium-con Animal Science, poultry section; and. Veterinary taining supplements are now being sold by Science. most feed dealers in grass tetany areas. (AS) 5 sources of food needs, in forms of food, and if. they can be produced abroad. (Econ) Community medical A study of medical services and ambulance services operations in northwestern South Dakota shows: hospitals in low-density population and Public Affairs areas were small, lacked many of the specialized per sonnel of larger hospitals, had low occupancy rates, and were not as well equipped as larger hopitals. Many changing Research regarding small towns in South towns and some entire counties were without doctors towns Dakota has been expanded to include an in- vestigation of change associated with growth and dentists while those with only one or two doctors and decline in which leadership and institutional ar often could not replace doctors who left. Turnover of rangements may become important variables. Data doctors in small towns appeared to be more rapid than on occupational structure, employment base, average for larger towns: (Econ) income, educational attainment and commuting pat ambulance What kind of ambulance service would be best terns of incorporated places in Sout_h Dakota will services for a sparsely settled area such as northwestern illustrate direction of change. Information of this type South Dakota? A fixed-wing aircraft would be assists local leaders in evaluating their community's more expensive than· a helicopter because of need for potential for industrialization or · recreation develop support by an auto ambulance service. The auto ambu ment. (RS) lance is less· expensive, but slower and not as convenient service As trends indicate that fewer and larger farm as helicopter-auto service. One suggestion: establish a centers centers will accompany the changing number good ambulance service to impr~ve access to special of farm units in the state, production facilities, ized larger-center medical facilities supplemented population and transportation are being evaluated to with extensive care units in outlying clinics for routine _determine how elevators and farm service centers health needs. But: could such an area finance adequ can be structured to be viable in the future. (Econ) ate ambulance service without outside help? (Econ.) public Studies are planned dealing with types, struc utility . A framework or guide was developed for use by se_rvices ture and financing of public services including ownership communities faced with a decision concerning . various size medical facilities. Kind of agricul- ownership of community electric utilities. turai programs most advantageous under South Dakota Considered were effects a change in ownership would conditions will be considered in another study. Also -have on local taxes, electric rates, electric service, local studies are to look at impact of foreign agricultural empioyment, management of the utility, finance of the ./ production and international trade on the South Dakota utility and local government services, and. expansion economy with such implications as possi_ble changes in of the local utility distribution and generation. (Econ) _ Crops and Soils Alfalfa lands boost the potential for su'ch areas with tests show alfalfa by Predictive techniques were developed that ing production up 50% after interseeding and frequent- computer enable plant breeders to select alfalfa for . ly much higher on low producing grasslands. (Agron) · · both high seed an~ high forage yields in dif- less Laboratory testing procedures were adapted to ferent environments. Most alfalfa seed for planting bloat risk allow alfalfa breeders to select plants with low iri the North Central Region is produced in Western foam producing properties and presumably re States. But economic- and time-loss are incurred be duced risk of ~loat when grazed by livestock. Seed was cause some improved varieties are not adapted for produced in 1969 from three experimental synthetics western seed production. To avoid this, alfalfa breed . of alfalfa with intentions of starting research on bloat ers now use computerized data to look at several reducing potential with livestock in 1970. (Agron) specific characteristics of a plant and determine in advance its approximate western seed production Corn potential: (Agron) hybrid Corn yield results over the past 4 years at selection Centerville indicate a short season hybrid is using Teton and Travois alfalfa varieties, ·developed more sensitive to the population variable alfalfas for pasture and range use, are persistent under than a full season hybrid. (Agron) grazing, are more winter hardy, are less likely soil tern- Soil temperatures were influenced more by to cause bloat than hay type varieties and are wilt and peratures corn plant populations than by row spacings leaf-drop resistant. New techniques developed for when temperatures were measured between interseeding alfalfa and grass into permanent grass- rows at Centerville. (Agron) 6 Growth regulators can boost seed production in flax by producing more bolls along the stem (plant at right). Practical methods of applying the regulators are being sought to make use of the chemicals in the field. VtJrious objectives are sought in corn breeding work: disease resistance, height, type of leaves, yield, early maturity, and others. The two photos below were taken down the middle of two equally spaced rows of different experimental types of ,} corn. Erect leaves of one provide an opening in the row; the other "droopy" type virtually closes the row. 7 Swedish scientists report that Hiproly barley (left) has a higher-than-normal lysine characteristic. Only trouble for northern Great Plains farmers desiring a barley with increased food and feed characteristics is , . that Hiproly is not adapted to this area. SDSU research is attempting to transfer the favorable characteristics into varieties suitable for South Dakota. Primus (right) is one of the varieties being used. (Lovver left) SDSU agronomists inspect seed increase plots in Arizona used in the cooperative USDA-SDSU • development of Primus barley. Laboratory methods developed for producing common mushrooms · might be , extended to growing morel mushroom (below), considered a gourmet food but never successfully produced under cultural conditions. ,... 8 corn .row If seeking higher corn yields by increasing plant new oat Kota oats is a newly-developed, high-yielding spacmg populations, research suggests you should also variety disease-resistant variety adapted to South Da plan to narrow the distance between rows to kota and the North Central Region. About $1 give plants more "elbow" room. Corn yields at Center is spent on oat research in South Dakota for every $5,000 ville increased only slightly when plant populations value of the oat crop produced. (Agron) were boosted in 40-inch rows but yield went up in 30- and 20-inch rows. One possible reason: the more wheat belt Excellent survival of winter wheat seeded in plants-per-ac~e in narrow rows are more equally to north stubble mulch experime.ntal plots and in coop- spaced, less crowd~d. (Agron) erator's fields near Garden City and Water town the past 3 years opens possibilities of extending narro.w row If you plan to go into narrow rows in southeast- the South Dakota winter wheat belt northward into planhng em South Dakota, corn populations of at least traditional spring wheat areas. A new 7-foot press drill 16,000 plants an acre should be considered. has been donated for this research by the South Dakota (Agron) Wheat Commission. (Agron) corn belt South Dakota's corn belt has been pushed north expanded and west through new corn hybrid releases high lysine Cooperative USDA-South Dakota research is for earliness, low temperature seedling toler barley attempting to transfer high-lysine character- ance, disease resistance, better yields. Annual research istics of a non-adapted barley into varieties cost of this continuing effortis slightly over $30,000 suitable for South Dakota. If successful, a barley with but benefits South Dakota agriculture by about $12 greatly increased food and feed value will become million each year. ( Agron) . . available. ( Agron) Flax two new Two new varieties-Primus and Primus II-are flax lab Attempts to find improved flax varieties barleys South Dakota's newest barleys developed rese~rch are enhanced through research with control- through cooperative state and USDA research. led environment equipment which catalogues Return for the state's research dollar is estimated at important effects of such single components as air better than 20 to 1. ( Agron) temperature, root temperature, and nitrogen level on seed production, oil production and .oil quality. improving Dockage and shrunken and broken . kernels (Agron) quality most frequently lowered quality al)d market price of South Dakota· wheat, a 6-year survey .}boosting Growth regulators have increased seed produc reveals. By reducing dockage 1%, increasing grade by . flax yield tion in flax 'by as much as .62% over untreated · lowering shrunken and broken kernels, and boosting plants in controU~d laboratory growth chamber protein 1%, South Dakota farmers would gain an esti experiments. One regulator breaks lateral bud dorm mated $2.5 million in increased wheat returns. Properly ancy resulting in more bolls along the stem. Another calibrated and adjusted harvesting machinery, early regulator causes plants to stay "young" longer and with maturing rust-resistant varieties, use of fertilizer, are stand hot weather better. If practical application among ways to reduce these losses. (Agron) methods can be found, the regulators could mean a maximum yield potential of around 40 bushels an resistance Hume, a new winter wheat, is a research dev- acre, about double usual flax yield. ( B-B) to rust elopment, which, had its rust resistance been available in 1962, could have helped avert a Grass $25 million South Dakota wheat loss due to a rust grass for Summer switchgrass was selected from epidemic. Hume in 1969 continued to resist new races summer a collection of native warm season grasses. of stem rust appearing in the Midwest while other It provides pasture during the warm part of varieties apparently are susceptible. (Agron) the summer when cool se·ason grasses stop producing. (Agron) Sorghum oahe Through selection and breeding, Oahe was reducing Combining grain sorghum which had wheatgrass developed as a high forage- and seed-yielding wind losses been windrowed to prevent wind damage intermediate wheatgrass that extended use of resulted in losses of only 2%-4% of grain yield. this valuable variety through Central South Dakota This compared with losses of 10% of yield for sorghum wes~ward into the Intermountain States. (Agron) in 12-inch rows left standing until harvest and 24% of yield for 30-inch rows. Windrowed and standing Small Grains sorghum grain drying rates were about the same. new wheat A 1969-released variety provides another Windrowing was at various experimental intervals variety ingredient in the effort to expand the state's beginning with 35% grain moisture; combining was winter wheat belt northward. It is Winoka, at 16% grain moisture. ( AE) ~ a variety distinguished by its winterhardiness and C ~ excellence of quality to the miller and baker. Yield sorghum In sorghum, windrowing of down grain did not is comparable to other recommended. and hardiest harvesting reduce losses over the direct cut method-in varieties. (Agron) fact, losses increased in the 30-inch rows. ( AE) 9 narrow row Planting sorghum in narrow ( 12-inch) rows duction of the morel mushroom which is considered a sorghum was quite effective in preventing large losses gourmet food but never successfully produced under due to wind damage. ( AE) cultural conditions. ( B-B ) sorghum Direct use of tissue culture for producing new research Newest research site is the Whetstone Valley research plants, done previously with carrots and re- center new Crops Research Center west of Milbank, estab- lated species, has been partially successful with lished in the spring of 1969 in cooperation with sorghum, a more complicated plant. Tissue cultured a farmer-businessman association in northeastern South plants are genetically identical and provide material Dakota. Research began on corn, soybeans, sunflowers, for plant breeders. ( B-B) sorghum, alfalfa, fertilizer rates, row spacing, plant population, weed control, "pan spots." (Agron) sorghum to Grain sorghum production has been pushed new areas northward through the breeding of dwarf, . pasture Goal of the Pasture Research Center at Nor early-maturing varieties and hybrids. ( Agron) research beck is more grass and animal products per acre. Studies now underway: comparing net General return from various cash and pasture crops; evaluat ing management systems for several kinds of pastures; plant A new·method to help predict plant nutrient and improvement of grasslands by fertilization, plant analysis needs for small grains, corn, soybeans, and control, interseeding and grazing management. alfalfa became available to South Dakota (Agron) · farmers in 1969. It is plant analysis, considered to be another aid in the job of finding out what plant nutrients nitrogen A search is on for strains of bacteria that are are needed for high crop yields. (Agron) fixers more effective nitrogen fixers on the roots of legumes. Bacteria from root nodules of exposed A simple, new method was developed to estab four species of native legumes-purple vetch, purple subsoils lish protective vegetative cover ori subsoils prairie clover and two "scurf" peas-are being com exposed along new road structures. The method pared with known strains in studies of interrelated . combines these practices: single-pass cultivation 2 units of South Dakota's vast grasslands. ( Bact.) inches deep, about 25 pounds of seed including alfalfa and wheatgrasses planted a half to an inch deep with a variable Investigations of free-living nitrogen fixers - press drill, and about 75 pounds an acre each of nitrogen population in many soils has led tothe discovery that one and phosphorus applied just ahead of the press drill. of the main ones ( Azotobacter chrococcum) Implements are operated on contour, seeding closely may have a population distribution that varies over a following tillage in early spring. (Agron) thousand-fold from place to place in one field. ( Bact. ) soil temps Take the temperature of the soil in May and use of Substances, and the chemical changes they important plant your crops accordingly ( 55 degrees for ammonia cause, that enable bacteria and the host legume corn, 65- 7__0 degrees for sorghum, for instance) to "fix" nitrogen in plants are being studied. research suggests. South Dakota has a special interest Part of the investigation concerns presence and activity in soil temperature because the northern boundary for of glutamic dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in use wheat belt and barley production bisects the state of ammonia by many bacteria. Ammonia is believed while the fringes of corn, sorghum and soybean grow by many scientists to be an early product of nitrogen ing are here also. (Agron) fixation. ( Bact.) till-plant The increased net return economics of till Upcoming or Needed economics planting over conventional planting come . . through elimination of costly plowing-if yields new winter New winter wheat varieties are on the are not reduced compared with conventional planting. wheats horizo'r1 that will show rust resistance, earli- .Good management is required to control weeds when ness, hardiness, high yield, good quality, and till:planting. ( AE) shorter or stronger straw. More will be learned about best management of the new spring wheat semi-dwarfs weed During continuing research, weed control for higher yields. control practices have been developed that at the control of Weed control possibilities for the future: con- level of actual farm use in 1966 accomplished weeds trol of downy bromegrass in pastures and win- a net increase in crop yield worth an estimated $12 mil ter small grains; control of perennial weeds lion-about 20 !imes total cost of research programs. .such as leafy spurge, milkweed, dogbain; biological (Agron) control of noxious weeds; aquatic weed control for use along irrigation canals and holding ponds; growing A method was developed for growing the improving dependability of herbicide performance. mushrooms common commercial mushroom in the labon- tory with readily-available materials. This pr ,_ improved Selection of highly digestible varieties of cool vides a teaching tool, an easily-obtained supply fm grasses season grasses is anticipated through use of laboratory use, possible application for homegrowing artificial rumen digestion techniques for ap common edible mushrooms as well as commercial 'l)ro- praising genetic lines.' 10 Winter wheat survival (top) in the spring near Watertown where spring wheat is commonly grown. Minter (left) and Hume (right) were seeded the previous fall in barley stubble. The same wheats (right) . as ·above in July. Gregory K. Grenz, SDSU graduate student of Eureka, rigged up his own outfit to harvest grasslands fertilizer experimental plots at the Pasture Research Center, Norbeck. The apparatus on the front of this tractor was used to harvest grass samples from hundreds of plots. 11 need new Mightly handy for South Dakota would be a values of Why keep on with crop improveme~t research? bromegrass variety of smooth bromegrass which c~ntinues research Here's one reason: a new spring wheat variety to produce abundant new growth during the that increases average yield by only 1 bushel an warm season. Such a variety would complement alfalfa acre would boost South Dakota farm income by $3.6 in a pasture mixture since it would tend to grow back million. The search must be continuous for genetic at the same rate and would consequently decrease the resistance to new pests and new diseases. bloat hazard. research A round-up of problems which await agricul- grass with A grass with a large seed would be a welcomed needs tural research attention: rangeland machinery large seed development. It could be easily established · for low-cost ripping, renovation, reestablish by seeding like cereals at depths at which ment; adapted high-lysine corn lines; a new high-pro mositure is available. tein oat variety; exploit principles of hybrid vigor in adapted small grains; soil temperature effects on forms warm type A warm season variety of big bluestem with of soil phosphorus and nitrogen; techniques to renew bluestem high forage and seed production is needed to productivity of land where erosion has reduced topsoil; help sustain forage production during the incorporation of weevil resistance into a pasture type summer. alfalfa; reducing topsoil loss. mini-tilled A surer method is needed of planting winter wheat wheat in. mid-September in a mir~imum tillage operation with one tractor drawing one imple ment preparing the soil followed by the grain drill. This once-over tillage-drilling operation would save soil, time and money for South Dakota farmers. mulched Someday you may have a mulch system for dry alfalfa land alfalfa which will increase hay yields and use available soil moisture more efficiently . .high-yield Regulation of flower production and embryo flax · development will be used with new knowledge on single-component environmental factors in ' ~ I attempts to develop higher yielding flax varieties with improved oil quality. mapping About half of South Dakota:s soils have been soils mapped. Detailed classification and mapping continues. "'Laboratory data on physical and Rotation experiments near Centerville. chemical features and field data on fertilizer response Top photo shows corn-oats rotation, bottom photo shows corn-oats sequence with sweetclover and other characteristices of soils will let us better as a green manure. Plots on left were appraise soil and prescribe best crop use, management fertilized, those on right were not. Note response systems, fertility levels. Remote sensing techniques will to fertilizer (top); effectiveness of be used to help speed the mapping process. svveetclover (bottom). Because sweetclover takes as much moisture out of the soil as some weeds, success of using sweetclover as a bloat-less Alfalfa germ plasm is sought which will result green manure depends heavily upon total alfalfas in varieties that do not induce bloat when rainfall and its distribution. grazed. stubble Minimum tillage and mulch systems give good mulching corn and sorghum yields with appreciable savings of water and topsoil. But methods must be perfected, weed control techniques must be adapted. Stubble mulching was tried and discarded in the Midwest wheat region years ago. Tools and knowleqge may now be available to make it work. Main problems include: the winter "home" stubble mulching provides for fungi, i;iematodes, bacteria, insects and weeds. ' grassland Elimination from grasslands of undesirable weeds and hard to control species such as the annual bromes ( cheatgrass) is a need that research should investigate. 12 Fertilizer studies at Centerville. Comparison of amounts of vegetative · cover as influenced by the use of ammonium phosphate fertilizer on subsoil along Interstate Highway 29, south of Baltic, S. D. Profitable crop production relies on annual weed control. This experiment with corn at the research farm near Centerville illustrates the differences betl/l/een herbicide treated plot (right) and an untreated plot (left). 13 bines ruggedness and simplicity with flexibility. It removes a strip of sod 4-6 inches wide and is ad justable to make furrows 2-3 feet apart. ( AE) Engineering long-span Long-span fences, which have been under fences study at the Pasture Research Center at Nor- beck will be seen in movies produced by a com mercial farm implement firm. Requests for information on long-span fences that South Dakota researchers have developed and studied, come from throughout the world. Savings in fence construction costs constitute one of the main advantages of long-spans. ( AE) operator More comfort for the tractor operator is weather In cooperation with Environmental Science comfort being sought in current research. Under study summaries Service Administration (ESSA) three addition- are heat loads going into a tractor cab, mainly al climatological summaries were published from engine exhaust, transmission, and sun. One objec to bring the total for various areas of the state to 16. tive is improved insulation in ceiling, floor and console In addition to agricultural areas, summaries are con of the cab. (AE) · templated for resort areas such as the Black Hills, Great Lakes of the Missouri; and Northeastern Lake quieter Acoustical foam insulation installed on ceiling Region .. ( AE ) tractors and walls plus a special floor mat reduced noise level inside a tractor cab as much as 40%. losses due Weather conditions, sµch as low temperatures, With care, this "on-farm" method of installation may to weather winter storms and summer heat, that cause give best results in reducing noise because some fitting livestock losses are to be evaluated in a 4-state is usually required for each individual tractor, especial cooperative study by ESSA state climatologists. ( AE) ly for sealing openings in the floor. ( AE ) weather A new climatological handbook for South Da- ear muffs Commercial-type ear muffs help reduce agri handbooks kota soon to be issued will include 20 clima- preferred cultural machinery noise to comfortable levels. tological summaries and nine new maps, . Re_sults of a test with a group of cooperating covering some 40 variables. A publication on precipita farmers · indicated: 33% used ear muffs extensively tion probabilities for South Dakota is being ( more than 85% of the time), 42·%used moderately prepared. ( AE ) ( 40% to 67% of the time), and 25% used only 15% or data on Information on South Dakota winds-direc- less of the time. Use of noise-reducing ear muffs is winds tions, velocities, daily and hourly variations-. affected by type of field operation, frequency of dis is being evaluated and assembled from com mounting tractor, maximum temperature, and length of puterized data. ( AE, WRI) time worn. Although ear muffs caused some physical discomforts, cooperators preferred wearing them over Upcoming ·or Needed being subjected to excessive noise. ( AE) free stall Various floor types will be investigated next 1/.s-h.p. A newly-developed, easily-fabricated recipro- · housing in dairy calf free stall housing research using conveyor eating or shuttle-type conveyor delivers from the time-lapse photography technique. Wood 800 pounds to 1,100 pounds of grain per hour. and steel slotted and conventional bedding systems Although this rate is slow because of small cross-sec are to be studied. ( AE ) tional size of conveyor, a 16-foot length can be · livestock Temperature, relative humidity, and ventila p~wered by a }4-horsepower motor and gear reducer. (AE). housing tion rates are main features to be evaluated in an upcoming study of environmental con pneumatic A pneumatic elevator with 3- and 4-inch grain- ditions in pole type and controlled environment beef elevator carrying tubes is being tested for 30-foot feeding units. Minimal environmental control data heights. Since air velocities are high, several is sought for livestock pro 14 Foam insulation inside tractor cab (above) reduces noise dangerous to- hearing. Acoustical ear muffs (upper righ i) a_Jso . help to reduce agricultural machinery noise. Pasture interseeder for legume seed (at right) designed and constructed by agricultural engineering students and Agricultural Experiment Station personnel. An automatic camera takes time-lapse movies (below a frame at 6: 15 a.m.) to. record continuous activities of calves during a several-week period in free stall dairy housing research. 15 / need more Many South Dakota soils supply ph?sphorus phosphorus so slowly to sorghum, small grains, alfalfa and grasses that growth is limited, according to greenhouse soil fertility studies. This emphasizes ~,-- ~J the need of supplemental (fertilizer) phosphorus for maximum crop growth. (Agron) pop;ups Pop-up fertilizer didn't make corn "pop" out uptake of Plant uptake of phosphorus from several soils don t pop of the ground any faster in southeastern South phosphorus of South Dakota is influenced by different Dakota experiments but, more like a delayed soil temperatures within the range common to action fuse, it did stimulate early growth more than the growing season. ( Agron ) larger amounts of fertilizer placed 2 inches to the quality Crop quality as well as yield must be consid- side and 2 inches below the seed. (Agron) important ered wpen determining fertilizer returns. barnyard Continuing research at Highmore illustrates Fertilizer trials re-emphasized need for im manure the value of barnyard manure as a fertilizer. proving the precision of predicting soil provision of Barnyard manure in combination with com phosphorus to plants. (Agron) mercial phosphorus fertilizer resulted in highest yields fertilizing Need for fertilizer use on small grain has be.en of spring wheat. Grain yields of sorghum from plots small grain established and promoted. Fertilizer placed treated with barnyard manure were twice as high as ne~r the seed increases water use efficiency those from plots without manure appli~ati~ns. (Agron) worth an extra 5.2 bushels an acre of spring wheat; rates of At Presho, fertilizer studies with winter wheat with similar response on barley and oats. At least half fertilizer indicated that 100 pounds of 0-15-0 an acre on the increases in average small grain yields during the _ stubble, and 100 pounds of 0-15-0 or 30-30-0 past few years can be attributed to fertilizer use. The on fallow were the only rates profitable. Management $17 million fertilizer business engendered by these studies indicate that rotations including a silage crop practices produced about $30 million extra income for produce the highest return per acre. (Agron) farmers from the 1968 crop. (Agron) Home and Consumer improving Cheddar and Swiss type cheese that develops pheasant Pheasant feathers were used for i:naking cheeses undesirable flavors during the _aging process artifacts clothing items and artifacts which might be can be made very acceptable by light smoking produced in quantity for tourist trade. (HE) in a conventional cqmmercial meat "smokehouse." ( DS) venison Rese~rch has established that venison contri lean, fat You'd assume a fatter turkey would be the most vitamins butes about one and a half times as much about same tender and juicy. Not necessarily so. Home thiamine ( vitamin B) per pound ~s lamb, economics taste panelists couldn't tell much dif twice as much as veal, four times as much as beef, and ference between a lean and a fat bird-when each was from a fourthJo a third as mu~h as pork. (HE) propertly roasted. This is a part of research on effects of added fats Turkeys fed a small percentage of corn oil both vegetable and animal fats in turkey rations. (AS) accumulate in their body fat. considerably more of the polyunsaturated linoleic acid low-fat A low-fat dairy spread was developed which than those fed t:he usual "yellow grease." The flavor of spread is spreadable at refrigerator temperatures and these turkeys is acceptable. (HE) has only about 60% of the calories of butter or margarine. ( DS ) identify Fatty acid components of the fats in about 50 fatty acids foods -served in one SDSU cafeteria have been faster Additional research is needed toward accele determined. Detailed data for fatty acid con- cheese ration of the cheese ripening process which . tent of most of these foods has not previously been could save time and storage space, minimize available. For some foods as many as 25 fatty acids were inventory capital needs, and lower consumer prices. found, although some of these were present in only (DS) S!llalJ amounts and the identity of these minor fatty acids was not established. Gas chromatography in the split hams When boneless hams were s·eparated into two laboratory provides "fingerprints" for constituent fats find favor portions before processing, yield and palata- in mixed dishes. For instance, the hot chocolate mix, bility traits were not influenced. Splitting hams dessert topping and gingerbread served contain large from today's heavier muscled pork carcasses provides amounts of coconut oil ( highly saturated), but the date retail cuts better suited to the modern family's needs bars and raisin cookies were made with a highly unsatu- and present desire for variety in the meat diet. (AS) rated fat. (HE) · 16 carp for Studies were made of carp from four lakes: Upcoming or Needed eating Traverse, Big Stone, Poinsett and Oahe. Data frozen An acceptable freeze-dried pork product with on weight of the fillets as percent of total fresh pork suitable shelf life is being investigated. This weight are similar. They varied from 27% to 35%. Fillets will include a study of ways to delay rancidity were cooked, refrigerated and separated into six zones in freeze-dried pork. (HE) to determine flavor acceptance by sensory rating. The front mid-section and rear mid-section, which contain diet Is phosphate metabolism the key to utilizatjon the dark flesh, were scored poorest. Carp from Lake studies of both fats and carbohyrates and a possible Traverse had poorer flavor than carp from the other explanation for their interrelationship in ather lakes, cooking loss'es were lower for carp from Big osclerosis and heart disease? Metabolism of 100 grams Stone Lake. Carp from Traverse and Oahe had lower of sugar requires phosphorus equivalent to 5% of the fat and higher moisture content; carp from Big Stone total body store; mixed diets contain only 2% to 3% of Lake were higher in fat content than Poinsett carp. In possible needs for immediate phosphorylation of the protein content, Oahe carp were higher than those sugar provided by the same diets. Becaus~ sugar is from Traverse or Big Stone lak.es. Taste panelists quickly absorbed, its metabolism may compete for . preferred a 10% brine in the preparation process. phosphate with phospholipids and thus alter the bal Fillets that were frozen and thawed absorbed more ances of lipid metabolism. (HE) salt than fresh carp. Products from carp such as saus protein To help increase the protein supply for people age, pickled carp, frozen cubes and smoked carp from fish of South Dakota more research should be done were successfully prepared. Further tests are needed on fish, particularly carp from lakes and cat to standardize formulae and p~ocedures. (HE) fish grown in ponds. (HE) blanket Blankets of various types of construction gen- can·ned Freeze dried canned pate and smoked whole · types erally retained their original appearance after pheasant pheasant products are needed, especially for laundering except for the nonwoven, which South Dakota's tourist trade. tended to retain wrinkles incurred in laundering. Each ·taste of Palatability studies are needed of pork loins blanket type has its own strengths and weakness and pork from animals of known history. This is import- the shopper must consider what characteristics ar_e ant due to quantity of pork consumed in the rriost desired in a blanket. (HE) area. (HE) blanket Heat loss differs with blankets ·of different con heat loss struction, except when the blanket is placed oven types Use of electronic and convection ovens is be , between two sheets. (HE) · · · coming more common. Results of roasting pork in conventional, electronic and convection cleaning Lamihat~d fabrics should be cleaned in a ovens will become available as well as chemical analy laminates manner i:n:ost aGceptable for the face fabric. sis of these new lean pork roasts. (HE) fresh Studies will be continued on quality and soap for When washing white nylon fabrics, machine pork uses nutritive values of pork as consumed. A study white nylon washing with a heavy duty soap is usually is needed for uses of fresh pork as ham and more successful than hand washing with a shoulder rather than curing these cuts. (HE) mild soap. (HE) available Availability of nutrients-protein, vitamins, blood The effects of ordinary self-selected diets and nutrients minerals, fatty acids-to students eating in a lipid their various nutrients on the blood lipid levels SDSU cafeteria have been calculated from the of students will be studied. Two sets of data inventory of foods used. AlsQ studied were nutrient are available on the whole spectrum of lipid compon contents of individual meals chosen by selected stu ents in normal young adults. It appears that differ dents at a cafeteria. (HE) ences in the relative amounts of certain subclasses of frozen A rapid, specific and sensitive method now phospholipids may .be important in atherosclerosis. foods reduces from 7 days to only a few hours the. carpeting Carpeting is being used more in South Dakota time needed to detect organisms which cause research homes, schools and businesses. The effects of poisoning in some precooked, frozen convenience foods. wear and cleaning on carpets of different Since these foods are precooked any toxin or poisonous fibers are being measured and analyzed. (HE) substance which is formed in mass~produced foods through poor storage will not be destroyed when the ea!y care Easy care finish has been applied to sheetings. foods are warmed for eating. The method is being used fimshes Effectiveness of such finishes, their soiling to check toxin formation by individual bacteria in food propensities and durability in actual use are and to what degree cells are producing toxin liable to under study. (HE) cause illness. ( Bact) for better·Water of various degrees of hardness and effects Under study are effects of carbon dioxide and laundry mineral content causes problems in laundering. ( . ~ of gases nitrogen gases on poison-producing organisms Working with homemakers who launder given , Y in convenience foods sealed in plastic bags. fabrics in their own homes and then evaluating the The kinds of foods likely to support this type of toxin fabrics after laundering may lead to methods which production are also being determined. ( Bact. ) will improve laundering results. (HE) 17 Fruits-Vegetables protecting Wind protection increases vegetable yields vegetables protective rows of sudangrass were used in experiments. (HF) · plastic Polyethylene greenhouses were shown to be greenhouse practical in the state, especially suited to bedding plant operations. (HF) new Bonanza and Rushmore tomatoes and Peter vegetables Piper pepper were developed for home gar- dens. Bellarina is a new processing tomato that could promote commercial tomato growing in the state. (HF) earli~r Northwestern limits of the range of wild grapes grapes, Vitis ripariq,, on the Great Plains were determined. Seeds were grown from these northern vines. Extremely early vines were selected from the resulting progenies for use in breeding hardy, early-maturing quality grapes for South Dakota. This South Dakota wildflower, Pentstemon (HF) angustifolius, is one of the first to bloom in the spring at McCrory Gardens, a new 15-acre horticultural research and instructional area at SDSU. Bonanza (left) is a new tomato variety developed through 8 years of research by Agricultural Experiment Station horticulturists. It is a home garden type tomato, large, meaty, crack-free. The orange-red fruit average 10 ounces in weight. Early maturing, it is but one of several SDSU-developed vegetables. Black Hills creeping juniper. The two plants display markedly different characteristics although both were derived from the same parent plant. Typical prostrate form of the creeping juniper is illustrated by the plant on the right. The foliage is scale-like or mature and bright green in color. The plant on the left is apparently a bud sport mutation. It is upright or mound-like in growth form with awl-shaped or juvenile foliage of an attractive bluish-green. The upright form is of special interest and is being evaluated for potential landscape use as a new woody ornamental clone. growing Improved techniques for establishing ponder- evergreens osa pine and eastern redcedar may be develop ed. controlled An automated system for reducing light in- light tensity in greenhouses may be developed. rooting Factors involved in successful rooting of iilac quality ·The Redwell apple was found to be one of the lilacs cuttings need to be known. apple most reliable for producing annual crops of quality apples in South Dakota. (HF) black hills Upright and hortizontal junipers from the iunipers Black Hills and the North Dakota Badlands Flowers will be selected as superior ornamentals for household Twenty-two bicolor grandiflora petunias were South Dakota. (HF) plants tested to determine which had the best form for use as potted plants. The six best were sugar Sugar maple cuttings collected from superior Pennant, Sabre Dance, Zig Zag, Fiesta, Kandy Kane, maples trees in South Dakota and western Minnesota and Razzle Dazzle. Others were too vigorous for this will be the source of selections during the next purpose. ( HF ) several years. Cutting have rooted well, but further research is needed concerning overwintering young · controlled Studies are being completed to determine plants. (HF) flowering factors that affect flowering in the Amazon Lily (Eucharist grandiflora). It is new Thirty-five seed sources of Pinus mugo have anticipated this study will make it possible to promote shrubs been obtained from several European coun- flowering at will, thus making the Amazon Lily more tries. During the next decade seedling shrubs suitable for commercial production. Florists use the .grown from this seed will be selected for possible use flowers for weddings and corsages. (HF) in South Dakota ornamental plantings. (HF) Trees green ash Green ash from seven seed sources ranging improving Pear-shaped tomatoes suitable for mechanical sources from North Dakota to Oklahoma and planted tomatoes picking and improved garden types adapted at Brookings in 1961 show trees from Syracuse, to South Dakota conditions are in future re t' . Nebr., superior in height growth. North Dakota seed search work. (HF) './ produced trees that cease growth early and therefore· have less annual ht:;~ght growth than trees from more spuds Greatly increased yields of potatoes grown South Dakota and N ebiaska. (HF) per acre under irrigation may be anticipated through research on interrelationship of varieties, ponderosa Ponderosa pine from 75 seed sources· planted fertilizer, irrigation and other cultural practices. pine near Big Bend Reservoir in 1968 indicate poor survival for those from New Mexico, better Improved pepper varieties will be developed Arizona, Idaho and of one from Colorado. (HF) peppers as a result of current breeding research for chemical «Chemical fallowing" of native grass lands earliness and larger fruit size. (HF) fallowing prior to tree planting increases soil moisture woody Improved strains, hybrids and clones of wind and therefore tree survival and growth in plant types break trees and woody ornamentals will be ings along Big Bend Reservoir. Chemical fallowing is selected. ( HF ) the use of herbicides t~ keep 'the soil free from plant growth during the growing season the year prior to commercial Additional encouragement and development planting. Summer fallowing is usully considered the vegetables is needed f~r horticultural crop growing in use of plows and cultivators to accomplish the same areas of South Dakota with conditions especial thing. (HF) ly favorable for commercial production. Several horti ' I Christmas Locally-grown Ponderosa and Scotch pine cultural ·crops have been successful in various parts of trees respond satisfactorily to pruning to produce the state, particularly in the southeast and a few other Christmas trees acceptable to the South Dako favored locations. ta market. (HF) influence Because of influence of large bodies of water farmstead The best farmstead windbreak designs for of lakes on climate of adjacent lands, research is need windbreak reducing breakage are currently being investi- ed on relationship of microclimate and soils to gated. (HF) · · production of horticultural crops near the Missouri River reservoirs in South Dakota. Upcoming or Needed '~ J ·mproved Development and introduction of better fruit community In the near future South Dakota· will need to 11 ruits varieties for South Dakota are needed. A high betterment know how it can create microclimates and · quality pear selection and some apple selec- pleasing surroundings that will improve com tions are especially promising in this research. (HF) munities and recreation areas. 19 Several new "angles" happened in these latest infesta tions: hot weather didn't faze the greenbugs· although they retained their cool weather habits, they caused heavy damage to winter wheat after the first frost in the fall, they took a liking for sorghum for the first time in South Dakota, and so far it appears the green bug isn't a new model but the same old type with Animal changed habits. Aerial spraying with new insecticides horn, face Improved horn and face Hy control is on growing winter wheat and around edges of fields fly control anticipated through better timing of aerial at planting time are being tried. The South Dakota application of insecticides. When more is Wheat Commission has provided funds for assisting known about insect enemies of face flies, it is conceiv the research. ( EZ) able these could be "seeded" on the range for natural population suppression. While aerial application of rootworm In corn .rootworm control research, an experi- insecticides helps in control of horn and face flies, control ment on suppressing the adult form of the information is also being collected regarding the effect insect indicated two carefully timed ( in on beneficial or non-noxious insects. Better control August) aerial applications of insecticides are needed. of flies associated with feedlots is needed. Future Research continues to determine feasibility of redu_c research along these lines is anticipated. ( EZ ) ing corn rootwo~m adults over large areas. If feasible ulv aerial One of the two research approaches for horn it potentially could reduce ro(?tworm control costs by spraying and face fly control on range Gattie is for im- half compared with over-the-row planting-time mediate relief through new organophosphate treatment_s. ( EZ) · insecticides used in ultra low volume aerial spraying biological Two insect species, parasitic to alfalfa weevil Some 1,400 head of cattle were used in this year's tests. controls and unknown to occur in South Dakota, were Refinements continue in materials and methods of released at three locations in the Spearfish and _ULV aerial application which was developed in South St. Onge areas in the spring of 1969. Observations of Dakota. This type of application results in savings of possible biological control effects·will be made in time and labor as well as good control of the pests. ( EZ) ensuing seasons. ( ·EZ) parasites Higher income from swine might result by alfalfa Five acre-inches of irrigation water applied of swine reducing cholesterol levels not only in the hogs weevil through overhead sprinklers did not reduce themselves but also in parasitic roundworms effectiveness of non-systemic insecticides with which the animals may be infested. Research which had been applied as wettable powder sprays in concerning nutrient requirements of the hog round alfalfa weevil control. ( EZ) worm ( Ascaris lumbricoides) shows they require cholesterol. Preliminary results indkate a compound help· leaf- Researchers have discovered that ·those aHalfa used in treating human patients with high cholesterol cutter bee leaf-cutter bees, imported to South Dakota a levels has a definite detrimental effect on roundworm. few years ago to help pollin·ate alfalfa seed This could lead to a cholesterol-reducing feed that crops, are being molested by certain beetles (Dermestes would help control the costly roundworms. ( EZ) genus ). Control methods being tried include attempts · to attract the beetles to poisoned baits that won't injure control of Cattle grubs can be effectively controlled in. the beneficial pollinating bees. ( EZ) grubs South Dakota by the method of "pouring on" systemic control chemicals. Full control would effects of Alfalfa weevil-damaged plants show a distinct prevent up to $4.5 million in annual losses due to low insects loss in carotene, according to preliminary re- ered cattle performance and hide value. ( AS, EZ) search. Nutritional value of alfalfa is therefore · affected by insec~Jcide controls. ( EZ) big game .Infestations of internal parasites such as parasites stomach worms and tapeworms in South Dako- systemics Most effective controls for alfalfa seed insect . ta's seven species of big game animals range effective pests were systemic insecticides which move from light to heavy, from serious to surprising. Gener from the soil through stems and foliage to ally, whitetailed deer and elk are lightly infested, kill insects feeding on upper portions of the plant. pronghorn antelope heavily infested, bighorn sheep These short-residue chemicals are also less hazardous and mountain goats may be infested with lungworms ·to beneficial insects such as bees. ( EZ) that lead to death from pneumonia, and buffalo carry several potentially dangerous species of stomach alfalfa Systemic insecticides were effective in alfalfa worms. Surprisingly, several species of internal para systemics weevil control when applied as granules at sites were found for the first time i!} wild game the 6- to 8-inch tall growth stage. ( EZ) animals during (his investigation.· ( EZ ) spread of Surveys indicate a widening distribution of Crops grass pest scale insect pests of two common pasture and greenbug Build-ups of greenbugs or aphids in winter range grasses in South Dakota. A mealybug research wheat and sorghum have caused considerable on blue gramma grass has now been found in 20 damage in South Dakota in recent years. counties in central and -eastern South Dakota. Another 20 mealybug has been found on buffalo grass in 15 counties in the south and central part of the state. Mealybugs cause injury by extracting plant sap and by excreting honeydew, which can form a medium for growth of various fungus species. ( EZ) new scale Cottony cochineal scale, a source of a com discovered merc~ial biological stain or dye and indicator used in laboratory work, has been found in South Dakota for 'the first time on cactus in Stanley County. It has been used as a biological control on cactus in Australia. ( EZ) beetles in · Damage to cucumber plants by striped and cucumber spotted cucumber beetles was reduced by covering 50% of the soil surface with aluminum foil. (~F) nematode The first part of a survey and inventory of nema inventory todes of the Northern Great Plains was pub lished. Scores of nematodes common to South Dakota are included. (PP) ·using aircraft for ultra low volume (UL V) spraying , of range cattle has met with success in South Dakota, one of the first states to try this method of horn and face fly control. Research continues . on methods and materials (top, right). How do you know ULV spraying is successful? One way is to use binoculars to make fly counts on cattle before and after sp'raying (right). An infestation of greenbugs like this on a ~~rghum leaf is one reason research to control the aphids is being pushed in South Dakota. As they go into a new, larger form the aphids shed their skin (shown in white). Note typical, and identifying, green stripe (darker in photo)" on the back of the greenbugs, shown here about five times natural size. 21 Farm & Home Research is financ ed in whole or in part bythe Wa ter Resources Institute, the South Institutes Dakota Cooperative Wildlife Re search Unit, and the South Da kota Cooperative Fishery Unit. The new Remote Sensing In Some of the initial work of the WRI is a statewide South Da stitute headquartered on the Institute has consisted of flights kota organization based at SDSU SDSU campus provides agricul over central, eastern and south and funded under the U. S. De ture with a new research tool ex eastern South Dakota to obtain partment of Interior. pected to have far-reaching ap data on water resourecs, soil clas CWR U is financed and guided plications in South Dakota. The sification and Dutch elm disease. by the South Dakota Department Institute was established as a Agricultural Experiment Station of Game, Fish and Parks; South statewide facility and works co agronomists, soils specialists, and Dakota State University; U. S. operatively with various state plant pathologists and the Insti Bureau of Sport Fisheries and and federal agencies. tute are cooperating in obtaining Wildlife; and the Wildlife Man Remote sensing involves ob this data. agement Institute. taining data from special photo In addition to the specially · CFU is financed and guided by graphic film or by other means equipped remote sensing aircraft the same ~gencies as CWR U with through overviews ( with aircraft, _ based at Brookings, the Institute the exception of the Wildlife satellites, even a "cherry picker") on occasions will have access. to Management Institute. · of selected terrain. This data is information obtained by high-fly Three other Institutes have then translated into information ing aircraft of the National Aero been organized to focus research, which for agriculture might in nautics and Space Administration teaching and extension functions clude additional knowledge (NASA). In the future, data from of one or more Colleges at SDSU about, for example, early identi earth satellites will also be used on specified priority areas. These . fication of crop diseases, soil clas in South Dakota agricultural re are: the Institute of Biological sification, soil salinity, water re search. Sciences; the Institute of Irriga sources, range condition, irriga- Other Institute Support tion Technology; and the Insti . · tion, drainage, erosion, crop sta Some of the research reported tute of Socia1Sciences for Rural tistics, pollution. in this issue of South Dakota Urban Research and Planning. FRONT AND BACK COVERS: equipment, .has a potential of up to some 80,000,000 data points. Additional, or cor Remote sensing aerial photographs taken roborating data, may be obtained --- day or simultaneously but with different types of night -- from special film in a scanner film appear on the front and back covers. type camera which provides a "picture" show They show the Agricultural Experiment ing minute temperature differences emitted · Station's 200-acre irrigation research farm ~rom objects or areas on the .ground. east of Redfield in Spink County. The "A" i11 , these cover photos shows the The front cover photo is from ordinary farmstead at the research farm. The small 70mm black and white film, the back cover rectangle at "B" is a special experimental from 701Illil black and white infrared film drainage area shown in ground level views which records light at a different wave at the top of page 25. What appears black · length. Also taken at the same time were on the front cover, regular film, and white regular color and infrared color film, both 6n the back cover, infrared film, indicates 70mm, from two other cameras in the four growing vegetation -- an example is the camera mounting. These photos taken last rectangular alfalfa field "C". A black on October Sat an altitude of 5,000 feet cov both phptos indicates wet or damp soil. er an area considerably la1ger than the re- Light spots in field at "D" on the back search farm. · cover are apparently growing vegetation, Experienced photo interpreters use spe dark areas dormant. Compare the fields of cial viewing equipment to identify hundreds corn, "E" planted at normal date and late of data point£ from the film. One frame of planted corn at "F" which shows as darker a 701IUil film, with microscopic-viewing on the infrared back cover photo. 22 The specially-equipped airplane (left) that records data being used in agricultural research. Included in the airplane is a bank of four cameras (right) each loaded with a different type of film that gives four different "views" of the same terrain. Film must be "read" through special instruments (aboye) to obtain specified c/c?ta. Other specialized viewing and recording equipment (right) is used in the lab to "re-fly" and-observe the data collecting missions flown in the aircraft. Dotted areas on map at left show where remote sensing flights are gathering data in the Aberdeen-Redfield Huron region. A read-out is simulated of a "picture" transmitted from a satellite at a tracking station being set up in Brookings. Although satellites may·provide remote sensing data for South Dakota agriculture in the future, these pictures currently will be used to determine clear weather flying conditions for aircraft. 23 Irrigation and Water Resources zinc i~ Beginning with zinc, micronutrient supplies in stalk, root Research with stalk and root rot resistant corn topsoil topsoil and subsoil are being evaluated. This rot study _ hybrid combinations, which also are less sus- helps gain advance knowledge of plant nutri ceptible to lodging, is tentatively scheduled to tion problems when soil is leveled for irrigation. It may begin under irrigation conditions at Redfield in 1970. be a deciding factor in choosing an overhead sprinkler Hopefully this will provide additional lead time to system or a gravity system (for leveled land) for con- _· make corn lines available for irrigation on the Oahe siderable irrigation development in the future. Studies Unit. Losses of up to 21%have been attributed to these compare values of variously solubilized zinc in impor two diseases in South Dakota's main southeastern tant soil depths of major soils and soil associations. corn belt. (PP) Results so far indicate the topsoil is extremely impor tant in supplying zinc. (Agron) liqu.i~ A design was successfully tested by which a fertilizer constant low volume of a liquid material water-need Estimates of evaportranspirat_io.n. rates from (fertilizer) can be injected into a sprinkler irri-. measures climatic data compare favorably with directly gation system. This is frequently called "fertigation." measured values. ( Agron, WRI) Because many liquid fertilizers are corrosive to irri irrigation In cooperation with Soil Conservation Service, gation equipment, the new injection method prevents guide a new irrigation guide is being prepared for a mechanical or moving part from coming in direct South Dakota in which water use by plants contact with the concentrated liquid fertilizer. ( AE, will be based on evaportranspiration rates predicted WRI) - from climatic data. This will aid in irrigation planning. ( Agron, AE, WRI) _ . i~rigated When till-planting ( no primary tillage prior to till-plant planting) was used in irrigated corn, herbicide drainage The capillary fringe, a zone just above the control of weeds was a must and yields were studies water table that may readily "soak up'' water further boosted with a chemical-mechanical weed by capillary action, is often quite thick in lake control combination. Since old rows had to be ridged bed sediment soils of the type in much of the for proper functioning of the till-planter, a ridging or Oahe Unit. As this factor is an important function of hilling-cultivation combination operation was neces- . . drainage and irrigation, an on-site method of pre sary. Planting as well as cultivation for weed control calculating the thfckness would be desirable. (AE, was more difficult in till-planted experimental plots WRI) because of large amounts of trash between rows. (AE) less gravel Studies using soils from the Redfield area predicting One hundred storms in eight wat~rsheds were needed indicate that a 3-inch gravel envelope on tile runoff analyzed to obtain information that can be put drains performs satisfactorily. This is less than on a computer and eventually be used to pre had been anticipated, meaning considerable potential dict runoff from rainfall. Watersheds are at Alpena, savings in amount and transport of gravel for hund Blunt, Herreid, Frederick, Zell, Big Stone City, Peever reds of miles of drainage tile in Oahe area. (AE) and Alcester. (AE) · soil water New research in conjunction with the Water using mist "Mist irrigation" can be used to provide a supply Resources Institute and Remote Sensing irrigation more favorable microclimate for vegetables Institute will observe plant water stress by reducing frost hazards and by cooling sum through remote sensing techniques and relate it to soil mer temperatures. Cauliflower under mist from an water supply. This type of research may open the overhead piping system produced 93% grade A heads way for detection of need for irrigating by remote as compared to 77% under ordinary irrigation. Heads sensing from aircraft or satellites. (Agron, WRI) under mist were much larger than those grown under ordinary irrigation. (HF) claypan ·Investigations have started on deep plowing soils and other management too~s for the improve- cropland' Use of irrigated cropland as grass_-legume ment Qf "claypan soils"·of the James River pasture pasture to produce beef competes with other Basin. Results may have a wider application than only crops on the Belle Fourche Irrigation project for irrigated lands. Deep plowing and the use of chem in western South Dakota and in other areas with ical amendments will be among the treatments used. similar conditions. The studies do not show that beef The problem is a result of the same general soil con production on irrigated pastures is superior to other dition as in the "pan-spot" areas of rangelands. (Agron) crops. (Econ) 24 Photos at right and above are of the same irrigation research plot at Redfield. The plot and border area are flooded to establish a saturated condition - or to raise water table level - for obtaining tile-flow and other data. Two stage recorders (on legs) provide evaporation and seepage data while other instruments record tile flow rate of water and volume of water. Those six circular areas (photo at right) are all that can be seen of cylinders containing several tons of undisturbed soil ·from near Redfield which have been installed on the SDSU campus for irrigation research. By bringing the soil to the ca(Jlpus, time spent in traveling to and from t ) Redfield is eliminated plus the fact the set-up can be connected to more sophisticated equipment near regular laboratories. At lower left are three of six covers (Below) A new type of 7ightweight pipe that automatically cover the cylinders when it rains. is used - and tested - as a replacement for old pipe connecting _the irrigation research farm near Redfield with a river nearby. "Fertigation" - by which a constant low volume of a liquid material (fertilizer) is injected into a sprinkler irrigation system (below). In this SDSU design no mechanical or moving part comes in direct contact with the concentrated liquid fertilizer. r \ .-,··. spuds and Kennebec potatoes grown in experiments at expenditures would be made, a study of irrigation irrigation Redfield under irrigation, close spacing, and impact on retail and service trade shows. (Econ) high fertilization produced 900 bushels an acre. irrigation An investigation of the economics of irrigation Under the same conditions, Red Pontiac produced ups income development from ground water sources using 1,100 bushels. (HF) sprinkler methods identifies 21,338 acres of land on 70 farms in Brookings County as having adequ onions and Direct seeding of onions grown under irrigation ate water supplies and suitable soils. Irrigation on this irrigation resulted in yields of about 350 bags, 100- pound weight, of grade A onions an acre. acreage would change gross farm income upward by These are of the quality that can be used for either $1,728,000. Operating expenses were calculated to onion rings or slicing. (HF) rise by $1,400,000. Overhead costs and real estate taxes were found to rise by $76,000 and returns for family huge water Nearly 7 billion gallons of water-enough to labor and manag~ment would be improved by an losses supply a city the size of Sioux Falls for estimated $241,000. After the effect of the "multiplier," about 2}~ years-are lost annually by seepage area personal income gains would be $895,000 for and evaporation from stockponds in just one western Brookings trade area and an additional $340,000 for South Dakota county, according to a study. Seepage the rest of the state. (Econ) from ponds on sandy soil varied from 2}~ to 13 feet new New developments in agricultural and irriga- annually, ponds on clay soil lost from a foot to 5}~ feet technology tion . technologies are being used to determine of water a year on the average. Possibilities for evapo best combinations for irrigation and dryland ration reduction: covers or roofs for very small ponds, farming in ·north-central South Dakota. These guide constructing ponds with smallest-possible surface lines and strategies are for use by farm operators in area, use of chemicals that form evaporation-suppress making irrigation investment decisions. ( Econ, WRI) ing film on water surfaces. Seepage can be reduced by using liners of various materials. (AS) irrigated Forage production, carrying capacity and pastures animal gains per acre were greater on alfalfa- water for Ample water for livestock needs can be grass than on smooth brome and orchardgrass · livestock harvested from relatively small areas of cer- under rotation gr~zing of irrigated pastures in western tain western South Dakota range sites hav South Dakota. Puring a 3-year period, alfalfa-grass ing heavy ~lay soil, according to 5 years of research. The pastures produced average gross return of $77.12 an water must be stored in closed containers or otherwise acre in animal gain and hay, compared with $53.79 for partially sealed off to reduce evaporation and seepage. grass pastures. ( AS ) (Agron ) .. variations Eleven irrigated grasses in western South Da ' irrigat!on Adoption of irrigation on a potential 650,660 in grasses kota varied in percent crude protein because of potential acres in eastern South Dakota from surface differences in seasonal weather, nitrogen · water sources would boost total income in source, and inherent variability among the grasses. Pro the state by $126 million with over $111 million accru tein content of.grasses grown with inorganic nitrogen ing to residents of trade areas where the new farm was higher than that of grasses grown in alfalfa. (AS) Inside or outside housing: about the same as far as health of dairy calves concerned. 26 at high moisture and feeding without processing could result in tremendous savings for farmer-feeders in South Dakota. (AS) corn-urea Experiments show a simple corn-urea mixture mixture is nearly equal to soybean meal or more com plex supplements with urea when fed with low protein roughage for wintering beef cattle. (AS) Beef Cattle shipping Shipping fever problems can be reduced, feedlot Two new feed additives-melengestrol fever early feedlot performance and adaptation production acetate (MCA) and resorcylic acid lactone improved by feeding newly-weaned and · ( RAL )-improve rate and efficiency of feedlot shipped calves an antibiotic or antibiotic-sulfa drug cattle production. Although similar to results with combination. Higher levels of protein than commonly diethylstilbestrol (DES) , MCA additionally offers recommended also appear beneficial. (AS) adva_ntages for heifers and RAL produced higher adiusting The commonly-used 70-pound standard birth rates of .gain at high levels without undesirable side weights weight is sufficiently accurate to replace effects of DES. (AS) actual birth weight in the calculation of age adding A small quantity of alfalfa ( 3%-10%) added to differences in weaning weights. (AS) alfalfa an all-concentrate ration improves rate of estimating Differences in marbling among market animals gain and feed efficiency of feedlot cattle. marbling cannot be as accurately estimated on an individ- Particle s~ze of the alfalfa ( fine or coarse) did not ual basis as on.a group basis. Meaning: carcass appear to make any'difference. (AS) grade of individual animals, such as in carcass contests, is extremely hard to evaluate in live animals but the inside the Studies with microorganisms that inhabit the average carcass grade of a lot of commercial cattle stomach rumen (stomach) of cattle and sheep show ·going to slaughter can be somewhat more easily evalu that the ciliate protoza digest and use urea ated. (AS) differently than their counterparts, the bacteria. ( AS ) improve by Selection of breeding stock for growth rate feeding of Experiments with calves win~~red on prairie selection results in improved cutability, lower feed and urea hay and protein supplements show that calves fixed costs as well as improved weaning and ~ adapted to low levels of urea perform better yearling weights. (AS) · YI__) . when fed higher levels of urea during a subsequent wintering period .. ( AS ) culling Breeders using the recommended practice of growing, Cattle feeding · operations may be profitably bulls culling the low end of their bull calves at wean- finishing divided into a distinct growing ( bac~ground- ing time will tend to reduce postweaning daily ing) phase and a finishing phase. High rough gain and yearling weight ratios of the remaining bulls. age rations during early stages followed by high con Daily gain ratios will be reduced by 0.6 of a point and centrate rations in late stages of finishing give higher, yearling weight ratios by 1.0 point for each 10% of bulls more economical production than intermediate levels c.ulled at weaning. If selection is based on other than fed throughout growing and finishing. (AS) weaning weight, effect of selection on ratios will be less. (AS) protein Protein supplements in which ground corn, carriers diatomaceous earth and dehydrated alfalfa retail Weight, fat thickness and rib eye area have a meal served as carrier materials for urea gave yields relative rank of 10:3:1, respectively, in deter poorer gains than a soybean supplement for wintering mining yield of retail cuts of beef carcasses. calves on praire hay. In a cattle finishing trial, these (AS) same carriers with an antibiotic were comparable to Dairy Cattle soybean meal. In the absence of an antibiotic, dehy-. calves pick Calves preferred 26-inch wide stalls over drated alfalfa meal was superior to the other carriers. wide stalls 18- or 22-inch wide stalls, according to pre (AS) liminary free stall dairy housing research using market Stresses of marketing apparently do not reduce time-lapse photography for continuous day and night stresses marbling in beef carcasses. (AS) monitoring of calf activity. ( AE, DS) calf crop Percent calf crop from 2-year-old crossbred in or out, Dairy calves raised in outside hutches under near equal heifers was nearly equal for animals in drylot about same various eastern South Dakota weather condi continuously ( 80%) and for those pastured tions were as healthy as those raised in a con during the summer ( 80.5%). (AS) trolled,. warm environment. ( DS ) processing Experiments comparing grinding, rolling and quality in Hay quality is an important factor in growth . -f- ot needed flaking with unprocessed grain indicate com alfalfa hay and milk production. Dairy steers fed good . • }) grain need not be processed when fed in high quality alfalfa hay consumed more dry matter, concentrate rations to finishing beef cattle. This was gained more weight and had a more healthy appear true for either dry or high moisture corn. Storing corn ance than those fed moldy hay. In feeding trials with 27 dairy heifers comparing loose hay stacked in the field, addition of amino acids is not enough-they must be baled hay stored in a barn and baled hay in outside in a closely regulated balance for full effectiveness. ricks, the loose hay returned $5.79 per acre more than (AS) baled hay in a barn and $17.14 more an acre than baled hay in ricks. ( DS) colored Dehydrated alfalfa meal is the most practical egg yolks source of pigmentation for producing dark to~s as a Alfalfa haylage is an excellent feed for growing colored yolks in chicken eggs. Egg yolk color is dairy feed Holstein heifers. Forty-six heifers at 6-month a factor in certain manufactured or processed foods body weights averaging 383 pounds ( 96.7% of noodles, packaged sponge cakes- as well as for break Beltsville-USDA standard weight) after being on high fast preferences. (New Yorkers who eat a lot of South quality, bud-stage alfalfa haylage for 6 months aver Dakota eggs prefer yolks of light color). ( AS ) aged 771 pounds or 108.0% of Beltsville standards. After 12 months the heifers averaged 1,072 pounds body corn oil Adding 4% corn oil to turkey diets increases by weight, 117 .5% of Beltsville standards. The heifers in diets a third the amount of.carcass unsaturated fatty were fed a minimum of grain ( a pound daily) just to acids. (AS) get mineral supplement into their rations. The heifers were exceptionally smooth and short haired with excel hazardous About a fifth of 366 species of molds associ~ted lent "bloom" or smoothness. ( DS). molds with feeds are potentially hazardous to live- free stall Dairy calves were raised satisfactorily in a free stoc;k, according to pilot studies with chicks. housing stall unit froni 150 pounds ( about'7 weeks) to (AS,PP,VS) 350 pounds ( about 5 months). The calves used the stalls, remained clean and grew satisfactorily. 2-a-day Potential 2-a-day egg layers are in a line of (DS) egg layers hens developed through selective breeding. The line has a high incidence of double ovi soybeans Soybeans have helped boost net returns nearly ducts. The second oviduct-althought inactive at pre boost net $20 an acre when grown with com for silage sent-provides the hen with the potential of laying 2 fed to dairy cows. Combining high-protein eggs daily. ( AS ) . · soybeans with low-protein corn takes advantage of good points of both crops. Soybeans grown with corn research South Dakota's $30 million annual poultry -for silage _produced more protein per acre, increased center industry has a $300,000 center at SDSU com- silage palatability, lowered costs of added protein in ra pleted in 1968 which provides tools never tions, and the combination was better adapted for before available in the state for research and education mechanical feeding than baled hay and silage. The dealing with poultry. Major emphasis is on nutrition combination increased milk production 17.4% an acre studies aimed at low cost rations that produce top over all-corn silage. ( DS) quality poultry products. (AS) moldy hay Livestock producers feeding moldy alfalfa hay is costly should count on a two-way loss in dollars and Sheep cents. First, considerable moldy alfalfa is sheep in Sheep can be satisfactorily raised in drylot wasted either by the producer not feeding it or by ~rylot confinement year-round. Slotted flo~>rs provide animals rejecting it. Then, the producer pays a second dry, clean quarters for lambing, lambs time if the animal eats too much moldy alfalfa which gain more rapidly and the straw saved more than pays contains substances that depress growth. One experi for slotted floors. Internal parasite infestations are ment shows that about a pound a week of the difference almost nil in confinement-raised ewes and lambs. (AS) in average individual gains by steers was caused by feeding.moldy hay. ( DS) antibiotic Chlorte~~acycline fed during a 10-day flushing no help period before breeding and/ or during breed Horses ing didn't increase lambing percentage over research Mare's milk composition did not appear to ewes fed no antibiotics. (AS) on scours be related to or a contributing factor of foal scours. (AS) ew~,. ram Environmental temperature is an important earlier Management techniques and rations are being ferhhty factor in fertility of ewes and rams. Radio weaning evaluated for,weaning foals at an earlier age telemetry is a tool available to research to mea without causing physical health or "personal sure temperatures within reproductive systems of sheep ity" problems. Research involves comparing paired to determine the site affected by environmental tem- colts weaned at 30 days of age on a dry ration and those perature. (AS) · that nurse the n~mnal 6 months. (AS) reducing Lamb death losses at Antelope Range Field Poultry lamb loss Station have been reduced by about half with added Cheaper, low protein poultry diets supple a self-fed lambing ration. This practice has amino acid mented with small amounts of certain amino been profitable in years with stress during and immedi acids nearly equal maximum performance ately following lambing due to adverse weather or obtained from more expensive high protein diets. Mere disease. ( AS ) 28 Swine nonprotein Urea has successfully furnished a major part lysine Pigs use the amino acid lysine equally as nitrogen of supplemental protein with low protein ~plement well in either the diet or the drinking water roughage rations fed to calves. Research on Y .J? Lysine supplementation improved growth supplements needed and factors inyolved in adapta rate and feed efficiency of pigs fed diets of low protein tion to nonprotein nitrogen compounds may show that ( 12%-14% ) . ( AS ) urea and other nonprotein nitrogen compounds can satisfactorily and safely furnish all supplementary dried grain Distillers dried grains with solubles can be in protein needed by beef cattle. in rations eluded in growing swine rations of com-soy bean meal at 5%or 10% levels without adverse studies of Some control of what goes on inside the stom- ly affecting rate of gain or feed efficiency. At a 20% level, rumen ach, or rumen, of cattle may offer possibilities · diet digestibility was lowered, gain and feed efficiency for improved feed utilization. Research on reduced. Main reason: lowering of lysine content of buffering compounds and antibiotics, which somewhat diet. (AS) alter rumen fermentation products, looks encourag ing as another method for improving feed utilization, feed for · Brood sows will produce good pig crops on as especially for corn silage. brood sows little as 3 pounds daily of a balanced ration · during their first two gestation periods, how ~rea use Research on how rumen protozoa use nitrogen ever, under South Dakota winter conditions it is advis in stomach from urea can provide key answers as to able to feed 4-5 pounds daily. Pending more research, methods of improving nonprotein nitrogen recommendation is: minimum of 4 pounds feed daily utilization. during gestation for. sows kept for three or more litters. effects of Protection of livestock from hot and cold tern (AS) - climate peratures is a major economic factor facing South Dakota cattle producers. Research is housing in Pigs, in an open front, uninsulated house grew open just as rapidly during winter as those housed needed on effects of climatic environment on livsetock in an insulated, ventilated, controlled environ production efficiency plus its value. ment building. But: feed required per unit of gain was self-fed Self-fed liquid supplements are being greater for pigs in the open front buil4ing. Amount. supplement compared with hand-fed high protein pellets of extra feed varies with severity of temperatures. (AS) as protein supplements for steer calves grazing ~ssen Main advantage of slotted floors over conven- winter range. (AS) ~Abor need tional concrete floors in pens for growing-£n herd More needs to be known about nutrition of the ishing pigs .is thv considerably less manual nutrition breeding herd at various seasons under both labor needed for cleaning. ( AE) range and drylot conditions. What are advan measuring Quicker measurement of loin eye si;e? Accur- tages and problems of a continuous calving system loin eye acy of estimating loin eye size by use of an compared to a seasonal system, especially under drylot? ultrasonic. sonoray machine has been demon strated to be nearly the same when either 3 or 10 stan.dardize Is it possible to standardize quality and quant- ultrasonic measurements were used. (AS) beef cuts ity of beef cuts? Upcoming or Needed test tube A method is needed to predict forage palatabil eva luation ity as well as digestibility. A combination of Beef Cattle "test tube" methods may be possible for more storage: More research on feed processing and storage effective forage evaluation programs. processing is needed. As a large percentage of total cost of feeding cattle is represented by feed costs, Dairy small improvements can result in great economic bene cheese Researchers look toward increasing cheese fits to cattle feeders. (AS) whey use whey utilization by using it in high grain diets for dairy cows as a preventative for milk fat research on Investigations are needed to determine best depression, as a source of energy in urea supplemented heifers ways to feed heifers and treatments which mav forages and as an additive to haylage and reconstituted improve performance. This is an important ., haylage to improve palatability, quality and energy area_of research because heifers make up a high per level. centage of slaughter cattle. ( AS ) new types Can meals made from processing such crops digestive Research can bring more information on causes of meals ~s sunflowers and rapeseed be used as a cattle disorders and methods of preventing digestive disord- feed protein supplement? ers in feedlot cattle fed high concentrate ra tions. inhibitor There's a growth inhibitor in soybeans that in soybean needs to be identified and characterized. energy Information is needed on energy intake and factors production output of beef cows of different new dairy Modified and new dairy foods such as cheese sizes. food needs type spreads should be developed. 29 waste · Better systems are needed for use or disposal Sheep . disposal of dairy cattle wastes and milk processing estrus Synchronization and induction of estrus with plant wastes. induction hormones during out-of-season breeding period might produce three lamb crops in 2 years or housing More information must be obtained on con two lamb crops annually. research struction, disease control, waste handling, feeding techniques and other management lambing More detailed appraisals are needed concern problems related to confined, environment-controlled programs ing influence of accelerated lambing programs dairy cattle housing. on length of productive life and nutrient requirements of individual ewes. byproducts What about possibilities of using agricultural semen A method is needed for rapid evaluation of as feed and industrial by-products as feed for rumi- evaluation semen to determine fertility of a ram. nants? If it becomes necessary to supply human food needs by using more grain or to isolate proteins Swine high lysine High lysine corn ( opaque-2, for example) from alfalfa and other crops, a lot remains to be learned corn use reduces amount of protein supplement needed about using non-human food sources for ruminants. in swine rations. Research is underway to Examples are non-protein nitrogen ( such as urea) establish best ways of using this type of corn. ( AS ) . ~ for a protein source, corn stalks or newsprint for rough ages and waste fats and oils as an energy source. less fat, Studies bf effects of hormone combinations in more lean finishing pig diets may lead to better feed updating Better tests are needed for evalua·t.ing milk efficiency and improved carcasses ( less fat, milk tests quality. Most ~xisting tests were developed for more leari). (AS) uncooled milk shipped in cans and do not copper Research seeks to dete~ine value of high fully reflect the quality of milk cooled and handled by for swine levels of copper in swine rations and its . modern techniques. interrelationships with other minerals such as Poultry iron, zinc and molybdenum. As more research indicates benefits obtained ~nd tissue analysis keeps track of · seek toxic Researchers hope to isolate a toxic. factor in residues, Food ~nd Drug Administration approval factor soybeans which increases requirements for for high level copper feeding may be forth- calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D by poultry 3 coming. ( AS ) and hogs: (AS) preserving Improved means are needed for preserving growth Poultry growth-promoters in molded soybeans semen boar semen to increase the feasibility of arti promoters and grains need to be. identified. ficial insemination in swine. selenium Too little or too much selenium affects poul carcass Data already collected may show feasibility needs try production. The role of selenium as an estimates of more accurately estimating pork carcass essential and as a toxin will be further studied. composition from measurements on the rail. (AS) market What is the best market weight for hogs to . radiation Possible changes for chickens: Research is weights maximize edible pork production, minimum studies looking for a technique for inducing genetic fat production, desirable palatability traits and mutations by irradiation which might result to some extent production efficiences? The answers in improved strains; selection of radiation-resistant may come from relating physical and chemical char strains to determine possible association with certain acteristics of the products to slaughter weight. diseases or injuries; and the chicken and the egg as . housing What happens regarding stresses, diseases, pil?t study tools in investigations of radiation stresses behavior of animals under confinement or in protecfors. ( AS ) environ'ment-controlled housing? . feeding Means of feed restriction for growing pullets stress Basic information would be valuable on cause pullets to maximize later performance is an area in syndrome of "stress syndrome" in swine and its relation which more studies are needed. With mecha to PSE ( pale, soft and exudative) pork. nization, special feeding techniques need to be nutrients With reduced feeding levels and trend to keep developed. ~equired sows in production longer, more information small hen, Still sought are chickens which will produce is needed on requirements for most nutrients. big rooster small hens ( for egg layers) and large roosters vitamin e Death losses are being reported from deficiency ( for broilers ). If that's possible, one instead deficiency of vitamin E or selenium, or both, in swine of two types of chickens would serve. the entire industry. diets under farm conditions. More ·research is new type Genetically, present-day chickens have gone needed on relationship and needs of these chicken about as far as possible to produce new sources nutrients. of variability to properly select for increased increasing More knowledge is needed on how to increase egg production and disease resistance (livability). survival conception rate, embryo survival, pig strength Continued research is necessary to induce mutations and survival at birth and from survival to through irradiation or by chemical means. (AS) weaning. 30 Management, Marketing and Ag Busine~ MANAGEMENT did the 9,000-pound level under each system. A hog managing A price tag for management is a step closer. and-beef-cow combination reauired less labor than the price tag Farm management research indicates that the dairy alternatives but more la~d was needed. Feeding top one-third of South Dakota farmers can yearling beef cattle required larger amount of captial, earn a given level of family labor and management but less land than other crop and livestock systems. income with only half as many :resources as the ( Econ) avera·ge farmer needs to earn the same level of income. improving What kind of a rancher in central South Dakota The study reveals: Depending upon level of manage pastures is it who decides to do pasture improvement ment and livestock plan, land requirements to earn work? Mainly he's an innovator, he expects $11,000 family labor management income ranged from a satisfactory stand from a new seeding, believes pas 300 acres to 5,800 acres, labor required from 3,700 ture improvement work can be done profitably on hours to 15,500 hours, nonland .capital from $30,000 to small scale basis. Also, the study analyzing rancher $310,000. {Econ) attitudes on pasture improvement revealed he's farm Farm business analysis and forward planning younger, better understands pasture improvement planning are tools that all farmers can use to attain technology, and is more optimistic about profitability. at least the productive management level of the (Econ) top third of South Dakota farmers. Surveys of SDSU managing Present or potential farmers may be able to educational campaigns, currently reaching 2% of guide measure their managerial capabilities and farmers directly, indicate farmers doing forward . related chances of success with a guide being planning boost their net income by an average of $1,000. · developed based on personality characteristics. It can If all in this group follow through, their total net also assist financial institutions to evaluate the poten I) . annuathl inc:otme shdo~ltdh be ?eahrly $lbmillio( nE higb) er in tial success of their agricultural borrowers. (Econ) 1970 an 1 wou1 . o _erw1se ave een. con MARKETING boosting What meth~·d of ranch organization in central marketing, Preliminary studies on role of farmers and profits South Dakota brings the greatest profits? production ranchers in livestock marketing indicate Ranchers have many crop-livestock enterprises potential savings from developing more from which to choose. A study indicates that with comprehensive marketing programs for livestock in adequate capital, efficient operators in central South South Dakota. One finding indicates livestock Dakota may find it profitable to use most cropland to marketing facilities are not used to near full capacity; produce feed grain and process it through beef fattening another finding points to possible higher income from the cattle grown on native grassland. High profit through better coordination of production and mar plans include renovation of native pastures in poor keting functions. (Econ) condition and some tame pasture production on crop land to provide full season pasturing. Wintering and cheaper With transportation playing a vital role in summer grazing of calves and drylot fattening at transport competitive position of several industries, the end of the summer grazing period are also part of alternatives for reducing costs are being the plans. Such a program provides flexibility in evaluated. Included is research seeking what concen adjusting to pasture carrying capacity from year to year tration of grain is needed to achieve high efficiency in due to weather variations without affecting the transportation costs through large volume freight size of the cow herd. ( Econ) rates. Railroads now serve 317 South Dakota towns that have 476 grain elevator companies, which is 51 towns dairy Provided high management ability is available, and 57 elevator companies less than 8 years previously. potential dairy enterprises offer a potentially good Twenty-five grain elevators depend entirely on truck means for farm operators to improve income transportation. (Econ) with relatively low levels of resource requirements, a six-county northeastern South Dakota study shows. futures The futures market apparently plays a role The dairy enterprise with production of 13,500 pounds markets in disseminating information about supply and of milk per cow per year in a free stall system required demand conditions which aids producers and -*) fewer resources-number of cows, acreage, hours labor, processors in decision-making and pricing. This ~ I dollars of capital-to gain a given level of net returns assumption resulted from research on impact of futures than either stanchion or loafing barn systems. The trading on price fluctuations for live cattle and 13;500-pound level required fewer total resources than uncured bacon. During 4 years with futures trading 31 compared with 4 years without, random price fluctua renew In a search for alternative uses of excess grain tions for beef were reduced by almost 35% and for hedging storage facilities, hedging showed earnings bacon by about 50%. (Econ) above that possible by storing commodity cred- it grain for every year considered. This analysis indi- ~ livestock Studies of effects of changing livestock cates a need for elevator managers to learn how to marketing marketing patterns for slaughter livestock on hedge for profit, a "science" largely forgotten or not terminal auction markets indicates some seriously considered during the era of guaranteed CCC economies of size are gained by auctions handling more storage. ( Econ) than 50,000 marketing units annually. Cost-volume evaluating . An econometric model of the state of South studies of commission :firms at Sioux City stockyards taxes Dakota is being developed. This model should indicate most economies of size are reaped by firms be useful in improving our understanding of handling at least 100,000 marketing units annually. ( Econ) the economy o~ the state and in evaluating the impact of variou:; tax policies on the state economy. (Econ) buyi~g A South Dakota survey showed that buying Upcoming or Needed practices practices of high school juriior girls are related family The probable effects of farm corporations to size of the school they attend but practices farms on the achievement of farmer's goals are to of college juniors are independent of size of the be studied. Results to date indicate that institution. ( HE ) keeping the farm in the family is the main goal. A study will be made to determine the success of older AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS corporations in achieving this· and other g(?als. A mail survey of out-of-state corporations revealed that 17 of Economics 25 corporations leased their land to farmers. Manage stabilizing Intensive livestock feeding, with large ment problems appear to be the major weakness of income purchases of feed grains, offers an effective co.rporate farming. alternative means of reducing income ups and downs resulting from variability in crop yields while maximum A new stµdy will consider capital requirements profits needed. to accommodate future ranchers and minimizing resource. requirements, according to a study of four north-central South Dakota counties. farmers in South Dakota who desire to achieve · ( Econ) - maximum profits. Also to be investigated are problems of lending institutions as they attempt to adjust to 4 changing needs of agriculture. ··.,a cattl!! to Investigations on how the livestock feeding in- grain area dustry in South Dakota could be expanded if public The practicality of current publi~ policies re local surplus feed grains were used to fatten policies lating to the exit of farmers from agriculture local feeder cattle indicate that shipping feeder cattle is being tested in a study of vocational and from surplus areas to grain surplus areas was less ex geographic. mobility. The meaning and relative import pensive than shipping the grain to cattle areas. These ance of a change in jobs compared to a change of resi areas could expect a growth in feedlot activity: Aber dence will be used to re-evaluate alternatives offered · deen, Watertown, Sioux Falls and Mitchell. (Econ) to marginal farmers. additional $1.5 million profit for South Dakota wheat control of Available wheat rust control chemicals must growers. (PP) wheat rust be applied before rust becomes a recognized threat. The problem is to be able to predict that extending Early results of planting winter wheat at spraying for rust will pay in a given season. Researchers wheat belt different dates at Watertown and Garden anticipate a breakthrough in wheat rust forecasting. City, traditional spring wheat areas, indicated Now being tested is a system that eliminates much that wheat streak mosaic was not a factor in these not all-guesswork. It can he used by trained county new areas. Much more remains to be investigated agents, and, hopefully, by individual growers and spray regarding diseases in planting winter wheat in these applicators. (PP) spring wheat regions. (PP) predicting Value of research concerned with predicting rus! Currently under investigation is the potential wheat rust potential wheat rust damage is illustrated by resistance of a somewhat revolutionary approach to rust estimates that widespread use of sprays and resistance in wheat. Described as "hori methods avail~ble in 1968 could have meant an zontal resistance" or sometimes ":field resistance," the 32 Part of the losses sustained by corn growers is attributed to root and stalk rot which vveaken the plant, resulting in In efforts to control 'Dutch elm disease lodging and broken stalks. An effort is and save thousands of shade trees, one being made to incorporate resistance to approach is to find trees resistant to the the rots in corn. A field with heavy disease. A coNection of elm trees from lodging and broken stalk damage is the United States and Europe showing shown at upper right. some resistance to the disease was pian ted by plant pathologists to determine how the trees fared under South Dakota conditions. One of the small trees is shown above. An experimental corn with resistance to root ·and stalk rot (right, center) shows little lodging and stalk breakage. SDSU botanists are also studying Dutch What stalk rot does is shown in bottom, elm disease. This microphotograph taken right photo. Severe shredding of pith and during some of the preliminary work disintegration of joints in two diseased shows the spore producing structure of stalks (at the right) weaken the plant. the fungus causing Dutch elm (long dark Stalk rot resistant plants (at the left) object) in a section of American elm show pith intact and joints with little callus tissue. disease damage. ,,·, objective is that if entirely-rust-free wheat is an been achieved. Callus is being used to study growth impossibility, then develop maximum performance habits of the Dutch elm disease organism. (BB) from varieties that suffer the least rust damage. (PP) dutch elm In a collection of hybrid elms with Dutch mo~aic Triticale hybrids, crossed with spring wheat, resistance elm disease resistance which were obtained resistance are being increased for field tests of tolerance to from sources in the United States and Europe, wheat streak mosaic virus. Some lines of four strains have shown fair overwinter survival in triticale, which is a hybrid between wheat and rye, show Brookings where they have been under test for the first resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus. Of 33 tested, time the past 2 years. (PP) three were virus-free, three 4% to 6% infected, four 10%to 18%, and the remainder ranged from 25% to canker First seed production is being obtained from 93% infected. ( PP ) resistance canker disease-resistant selections of cotton- wood made from disease-resistant selections test virus Two new methods for rapid-testing wheat developed over the past several years. Canker diseases resistance and triticale for virus resistance were devel- in some cases have killed up to 40%of these trees oped. One, an improved laboratory method, which are extensively grown in shelterbelt plantings reduces amount of air and conserves amount of throughout the state. (PP) inoculum needed in a modified sand blaster. The other, for field testing, involves natural virus infection loose smut Almost 100% control of loose smut of barley was of wheat and natural movement of mites by planting control demonstrated when seed was treated with an winter wheat in mid-August in rows wid_e yµough experimental chemical that since has been ap so that late fall or spring interseeding can be done proved by FD A for use on barley seed to be harvested with the variety being tested. (PP) and used exclusively for seed production. (PP) testing new Goal of new disease-resistant potato variety Upcoming or Needed potatoes research is to provide South Dakota certified new wheat Increasing damage by a leaf disease of wheat seed growers and commercial potato disease ( caused by the fungus Septoria avenae f. producers with varieties that possess resistance to triticea) along with an associated bacterium the major diseases encountered in the state. Thirteen caused leaf spot, head blight and kernel shriveling · advaced potato lines resulting from various disease will require additional research if present trends ~~search programs in the United States were grown at continue. (PP) · Brookings -in 1969 to test their disease reactions to leaf rust A new experimental chemical, tested for the black leg, alterneria leaf spot, late blight, verticillium control first time in 1969 in South Dakota, shows wilt, and yield. Also being investigated are tuber outstanding promise in controlling leaf rust defects inc.luding scab, ring rot, hollow heart, net necro in winter wheat · ( it is specific for Puccinia recondita). sis and virus diseases, vascular discoloration, growth Some answers as to why the chemical specifically con cracks, secondary growth or nobbiness. (PP) trols this particular rust might open the way to discov new corn Greenhouse,experiments show that brome ery of additional specific chemicals for· other rusts. (PP) disease grass mosaic virus wiII in f ect d ent corns. T h is is winterkill Just what role root and crown diseases play in a potential major disease hazard if transmis studies the winterkill complex in winter wheat is sion occurs under field conditions in eastern South still relatively unknown-and, it is possible Dakota where brome grass and com are that tools are not yet available ~o crack this problem. commonly associated. (PP) mosaic A common wheat having resistance to streak dutch elm Educational and technical assistance is resistance mosaic may emerge from efforts to use wheat controls provided for control of Dutch elm disease grass in breeding work. which has been found in Clay, Charles Mix, ., Minnehaha, Union and "'¥ankton counties, all in south alfalfa Additional studies are needed to better under- eastern South Dakota. Remote sensing techniques leaf blotch stand the genetics of resistance of alfalfa to are being investigated to determine possibilities the fungus, Pseudopeziza jonesii, which of use in South Dakota Dutch elm studies. (PP) causes yellow leaf blotch. A method is needed for large-scale inoculations of alfalfa with the disease study dutch Tissue culture is being used with Amercian elm fungus. elm in lab to provide material to investigate Dutch elm disease. A method was developed to grow chemistry Knowledge of the biochemistry of the callus ( a scar tissue-like growth) from elm leaves in an of disease resistance of South Dakota plants to disease effort to provide a uniform source of elm trees for would assist plant breeders as well as develop testing. So far only callus and root differentiation have ment of chemical preventatives. j 34 aquatic insects had a 7,300-fold increase over water. Residues found were not above the Federal Food and Drug Administration tolerance limits. ( WFS). Studies at Lake Poinsett show a concentration of some pesti cides through the food chain, suggesting continued surveillance of praire lakes. ( SB, WRI) feedlot Variat.ion in runoff water composition, noted watershed The amounts and kinds of dissolved material runoff in studies with three large feedlots, is pre makeup found in a South Dakota lake are strongly re liminary information needed for establishing lated to the geology of the surrounding estimates of effectiveness of lagooning or other proposed watershed. ( WFS, WRI) pollution-abating methods. Runoff measuring devices dieldrin in Effects of the pesticide dieldrin on pheasants · were installed for three large feedlots prior to the pheasants were studied and findings included: lowered melt of 1969's record snowfall. (AE, WRI, Engr. Exp. food consumption, weight and egg production Sta.) of hens administered 6 milligrams or more; fertility drain~ge .Deep plowing and chemical amendment re and hatchability of eggs were lower among hens pollution search for improvement of James River Basin hatched from parental hens administered dieldrin ( so land will provide a look at some possible eggs contained dieldrin) than those hatched from pollution effects: drainage waters from these recla dieldrin-free eggs; chicks hatched from eggs laid by mation trials will be collected and analyzed to assess hens receiving 8 milligrams of dieldrin lacked normal effects of possible increased mineral quantities in depth perception; hens fed dieldrin eliminated 20%- ground waters. The. reclamation of such soils requires 40% of the insecticide through eggs they laid. ( WFS ) that sodium salts be reduced in the rooting zone. fish The poor quality of fish populations in the (Agron) population Big Sioux River result from agricultural activi noise as a Noise is a pollutant. A do-it-yourself method ties causing field run-off as well as from domes pollutant of soundproofing agricultural tractor cabs was tic sewage and some industrial pollution. ( WFS) developed to reduce noise to acceptable · levels of comfort and safety. Research elsewhere shows bacterlal Specific bacteria typical in human and animal indicators wastes are being used as "built in" indicators that excessive noise over extended periods causes to determine if and when water pollution is ., hearing loss and other damage to health. ( AE) occurring, as tracers to determine the sources ( munici , ) diazinon In chemical residue studies, adsorpti~n of pal or animal) of pollution, and as tools to measure in plants diazinon W8;S rapid with detectable quantities effectiveness of pollution controls, especially those in of the pesticide.appearing in the plant within volved in farm animal waste disposal. Additional work 24 hours after soil treatment. Loss of diazinon from the is planned to confirm the use of the ratio of bacteria soil was rapid with an average of 15% remaining 15 types as a means of locating waste pollution sources days after application. Diazinon was expired by alfalfa and to help determine if the wastes are municipal or plants after being absorbed into the plant. ( EZ) farm. ( Bact., WRI) alfalfa Under currently recommended insecticide detecting More sensitive, rapid and reliable methods residues treatments for insect control on alfalfa, no organisms are being developed for detecting Streptococ- detectable injurious residues have been found cus bovis; These could serve as good indicators that might contaminate foliage or soil of future hay of farm animal pollution of water as the organism is cuttings following the treated 'Crop. Fresh-cut and hay found primarily in cattle, sheep, and some associated samples were tested 1 week, 2 weeks and the following swine feces. ( Bact., WRI) spring after treatments to second crop alfalfa. ( EZ) pollution Two bacterial "indicators" used in waste dis residues Pesticide residue levels in wild game animals tracers posal research survive in river water long in game and bird tissues appear to be too low to be enough to function as pollution tracers. Survival harmful, according to estimates based on ranges from several days in the case of an organism limited surveys in South Dakota (SB). During a associated with farm animals to 6 weeks for one asso study of big game animals in South Dakota it was ciated with human or municipal wastes. ( Bact., WRI) found that pesticide residues, when occurring, were at fecal The routine isolation from regional rivers of levels below the Federal tolerances allowed for pollution SalrrwneUa and Arizona species of disease- domestic livestock. ( EZ) causing· bacteria is evidence of fecal pollution residues Insecticide residues in Lake Poinsett food since they originate only from human and animal waste in lakes chain varied with the food level. Water had the sources. All first 12 isolates from the Big Sioux River lowest total residue as measured in parts per were Salmonella typhimurium, known to be the most ',, million ( p.p.m.). Bottom sediment and crayfish had infectious strain for man and for farm animals. Success I 18 times more residue than water. Minute animals and in developing sensitive, rapid detection methods will bottom algae showed a 37-fold increase over water. Tot- furnish a tool for minimizing water pollution by human al ·residue in fish averaged 790 times that of water and and farm animal wastes where it does occur. ( Bact.) 35 sweetclover association. Abundance of native perennial grasses was not reduced. ( AS ) changes in Observations of 25 years of change in native range range near Cottonwood: Heavy grazing isn't always to blame for range depletion. Range may also deteriorate under moderate and light stocking rates during drought or poor distribution of precipita tion. Economical range recovery on clayey ranges in this area requires cool season deferment which should be coupled with a mechanical treatment such as pitting, grazing Grazing deferment from green-up to early contour furrows or discing if depletion is severe. Inter deferment July can be expected to result in rapid recovery seeding with cliinax dominants ( important range of deteriorated western wheatgrass stands plants) may hasten range recovery if these species on dense clay range sites if precipitation is normal or are not sufficient to make an economical response to above. (AS) deferment and mechanical treatments. Mid-grasses must be maintained or be permitted to build up again aid grass Chemical control of annual £orbs, plus nitrogen for the best management. These cool season grasses recovery fertilization ( 1-2 pounds an acre of 2, 4-D added to warm season shortgrasses provide a longer and 120 pounds an acre of nitrogen) aided green grazing season. ( AS ) in native grass recovery on deteriorated dense clay range only after three growing seasons following treat rotation Under a 4-pasture rest-rotation grazing system ment. (AS) grazing in which one pasture is rested year-long dense clay Pitting and furrowing were of little or no value and three are grazed in rotation at a moderate ranges for improving deteriorated dense clay ranges rate, ranges at Antelope Range F_ield Station have because furrows rapidly silt-in. (AS) improved but lamb production has been less than under continuous moderate grazing. (AS) improving Range improvement by ripping shows promise range on western South Dakota areas where poor long-spans Long-span fences that keep cattle in yet cost physical soil conditions ( such as pan spots) cost less less than half as much as conventional fencing limit forage production. Research is investigating this . are being used and demonstrated at the .) treatment on various soils with and without fertiliza Pasture Research Center, Norbeck. Fewer line posts tion. (AS) spaced at longer intervals with «stays" be~een to hold wires apart account for much of lower initial fiber As the growing season progresses, the fiber cost of long spans. Cost difference between cheapest increases content of grasses increases rapidly and the long span ( 3-wire, 150-foot span between posts) and pattern of change is similar for both cool and conventional fence is about $360 a mile. ( Agron, AE) warm season grasses. Relative levels of some sugar components vary with grass type as well as with lab method Laboratory "test tube" methods developed to time of the growing season. (AS) effective evaluate plant varieties used in grass breeding early Certain bromegrasses, intermediate wheat are at least as effective as methods in which harvest grasses and crested-wheatgrasses should be the live animal is used. ( AS ) harvested before 50% of the heads emerge to obt.ain <;l forage of high nutritive value. A 2-week delay Upcoming or Needed in harvesting can cost up to a fourth of crude protein energy Energy 'flow through range plants, livestock, content and make the grasses about 20% less digestible flow study small mammals, insects, birds, and decom for animals. ( AS ) - posers will be measured in areas in excellent and poor range condition at Cottonwood. This research ranges Water runoff and productivity of ranges in is part of the International Biological Program, Grass- compared poor-fair, fair-to-good, and good-to-excellent . land Biome studies, funded bv National Science range condition are being compared at the Foundation. ( AS, EZ, Bact ) · -Range and Livestock Research Center at Cottonwood. (AS) nitrogen The effect of nitrogen fertilization needs to be effect studied on ranges on different range sites, in bettering Seeding of deteriorated and dense clay range different range condition classes, and on the ranges in western South Dakota with biennial grazing animals throughout the state. (AS) sweetclover more than doubled total forage production and stimulated native grass production warm grass In eastern South Dakota there's a need for through release of nitrogen. Forage production in ex needed increasing forage production on pastures j periments totaled 1,804 pounds per acre with sweet with nearly pure stands of cool season native clover, 750 pounds without. The grass component alone grasses by interseeding warm season grasses or by was increased by 373 pounds an acre as a result of supplying separate warm season pastures. 36 and more frequently did not expect help from anyone in getting started. ( RS ) low income A detailed study of a sample of low income families families in Brookings, Kingsbury and Moody ambitions Aspirations and intentions of rural youth have counties is underway. Objectives are to deter of youth been probed in light of increasing difficulty mine social characteristics of low income families, for farm youth to enter farming as a life migration patterns, occupational history and potential occupation. Unless a farm boy can go into fanning with and types. (RS) his father or other ·relative, there's little opportunity communal A study of the Hutterites, South Dakota's for him to enter farming. But not all farmer's sons farmers communal farmers, has been updated and re- choose to go-into farming. Differences between youth veals that in 1968 the 27 colonies averaged 103 choosing farm and nonfarm occupations are being people consisting of 14 families and 30 schoolage analyzed and intentions are to cpeck within a children. Total acreage operated was 145,461 as few years to determine their actual occupation. Those compared with 79,000 in 1957. The average colony had planning to farm expressed a greater preference for 5,387 acres compared with 4,460 in 1957. Beef and working for themselves, working outdoors, staying pork production are major livestock enterprises, corn in their hometown and more expected help from par is the major crop. Goose production has been rapidly ents in starting out. Those planning nonfarm occu increasing. Some Hutterites use very modern and pro pations had higher preference for leaving their gressive agricultural practices and equipment. Four hometow11:, working for a company or government, colonies have started irrigation enterprises. (RS) Wildlife and Fisheries ""f naging Deer herd management in eastern Soqth white Genetic make-up is the reason for white • ;er herds Dakota might better be based on natural pheasants pheasants in the wild population of ring-necks drainage ~reas rather than on county units. in South Dakota. (AS) (WFS) .. trout in Some streams in northeastern South Dakota habits of Raccoons are opportunists and homebodies. streams can support brook trout populations provided raccoons They feed on seasonally available food. improvements are made along the banks and Seldom do they eat birds. They remain within planting of adult trout is done annually. Improve a half square mile when food and suitable cover are ments include forming more pools, providing more available. To the consternation of sweet corn growers, shade by planting trees and shrubs along pastured raccoons frequently invade these fields causing areas, and providing special access areas for cattle. considerable damage. ( WFS) (WFS) · grouse . Sharp-tailed grouse feed most heavily on need more Two selected ponds in eastern South Dakota food habits prairie rose and ~andelion during summer; fishing studied for fish species are under-fished each on cultivated small grains during winter. year. More fishing is needed to keep the During the first 2 months of life, growing chicks feed fish growing. In under-harvested ponds, fish become almost exclusively on grasshoppers and other stunted. ( WFS ) insects. ( WFS) ice and Formation of an ice cover in some lakes pheasants A new telemetry system was developed for winterkill causes an increased concentration of chemical~ on radios radio-tracking wild pheasants to learn more about their movements related to cover in the remaining water and likely contri butes to winterkill of fish. ( WFS, WRI) and physiological changes through the seasons. ( WFS) preparing Research on preparation of venison wetlands Highest production of blue-winged teal and venison established these conclusions: animal differ- nesting probably other field-nesting ducks occurs on areas having numerous small and sha1low ences are significant; taste panels could deter wetlands. ( WFS) mine no differences in eating quality due to variations in food source; quality loss in frozen storage was -1,easants Pheasants generally spend their life within a detected after 11 months of storage; removal of fat ..r t ) d cover square mile area but move greater distances before storage or cooking had no significant effect when driven out by lack of winter cover. upon acceptability of meat; open pan roasting and pan (WFS) broiling of chops were preferred over braising. ( HE ) 37 venison .Comparing venison from buck and doe winterkill Specific factors that cause winterkill qf fishes flavor revealed little flavor difference. Roasts from of fishes in South Dakota prairie lakes need to be the buck were more tender but aroma of cook determined. ed meat from the doe was preferred. (HE) ,, '/ slowing Research can help find methods for using the farm pond In farm ponds a mixed population of bluegills, lake aging high biological productivity of northern fish crappies, bullheads, and largemouth bass can provide good fishing but addition of prairie lakes and means of slowing rapid aging suckers or similar rough fish is detrimental. Addition of of such lakes. not more than one or two large predator fish- such as northern pike or a flathead catfish-per acre will main pheasa~t Information is continually being sought on tain a balanced fish population. ( WFS) production how to achieve maximum production of ring necked pheasants on an average-size farm Upcoming or Needed with adequate cover management within the South pheasant Do state-owned lands with desirable cover Dakota pheasant range. cover produce and hold more pheasants than privately-owned land farmed by current game and Analysis of big game and livestock competition agricultural practices? Initial studies indicate state livestock for forage might provide clues toward su~- owned lands do. ( WFS) cessful management and harvesting of wild ferret What is the ecological relationship of the game in con_nection with a liv~~tock operation to pro population black-footed ferret, an endangered species, to vide additional income to ranchers. prairie dogs and their control by poisoning? pesticides More needs to be known about pesticides and pheasant Economic feasibility and other studies are and game wildlife. For instance, the effects of aldrin products needed of domestic production of pheasants, on young pheasants under semi-wild con- cooperative processing of the birds and quan ditions and changes in broodiness of hen pheasants tity products to satisfy demand of tourists in South Da~ exposed to dieldrin. ( WFS ) kota. The state needs a local product available to tourists. fish from Methods are i:ieeded for growing crops of fa rm ponds black bullheads and other fish in farm ponds cooking South bakota produces many different kinds for the commercial market in South Dakota as wild game of game. Little has been done to help in use well as procedures for growing crops of bait fish in . of the meat which results from the hunting. farm ponds. . .)}) Research is needed on care of game after shooting and land use More information is needed on effects of on cooking methods for all game in which ~he state has studies herbicides, fertilizers, land use and farm man an open season. Buffalo, antelope, wild turkey, geese, agement practices upon wild bird and mammal ducks and grouse are suggested areas of research. populations. More is also needed on venison, phea·sant and fish. Digging out prairie dog burrows (left). Antenna used in tracking radio-equip ped pheasants (right). Captured black-footed ferret, an en dangered species (below). 38 Research seeks more information Marking hatchery trout about winterki/1 of fish. (top, right) for study on a northeastern South Dakota sp:eam. Student assists at a bag-check station (right). Data on hunting success is used in wildlife • studies. Taking plankton samples in a study involving some phases of pollution Oxygen content of lake water is checked in the field chemically (below). Note open sample kit. • Special and Service Tvpe Activities Station Biochemistry. Farmers, its; 29 laboratory tests for identification an important part of economical fert ranchers, veterinarians and others have of Dutch elm disease; 1,200 acres of ilizer application. Adequate and balanc used the Station Biochemistry depart potatoes inspected for disqualifying dis ed rates of fertilizer have produced high ment's analytical services during the eases in regard to certified seed produc yieids in the past few years. Plant analy year for 1,298 feed analyses, 709 poison tion; 15 laboratory tests to determine sis plays an important role in diagnos an3 diagnostic analyses, and 54 miscel presence of bacterical ring rot in certifi ing low levels of micro and secondary laneous analyses. Detailed information ed seed potatoes. Additional informa nutrients as well as N, P, K . Additional about procedures and types of analyses tion may be obtained through: Plant information available from: Soil Test are available from: Analytical Services Science Department, South Dakota ing Laboratory, Plant Science DeP.~rt Laboratory, Station Biochemistry De State University, Brookings, S. D. ment, South Dakota State University, partment, South Dakota State U niver 57006 Brookings, ~- D. 57006. sity, Brookings, S. D. 57006 Entomology-Zoology Department. A Foundation Seed ftock Division~ The Water Quality Laboratory, a joint ef total of 552 insect specimens sent into 1968-69 production was from: fort of the Water Resources Institute, the department were identifi~d. Coun~y Corn-67Yz. acres (15 isolations, 15 Agriculutral Engineering Department, Extension offices have contamers avail inbred, 25 single crosses). and the Agriculutral Experiment Sta able for shipping insects as well as sug Small grain-370 acres (24 varieties). tion. The lab centralizes the facilities gestions for shipping specime~s to Soy beans-111 acres ( 6 varieties). for research in water quality related SDSU laboratories. For further mfor Sorghum-4 Yz acres (3 isolations). projects as well as providing analytical mation contact: Entomology-Zoology Alfalfa-22 acres ( 1 variety, 2 isola- services to the general public. Samples Department, South Dakota State Uni tions). tested for livestock and irrigation pur- versity, Brookings, S. D. 57006 . Grass-3 acres ( 2 varieties). . poses totaled 364 during the year. De Flax-72 acres ( 5 varieties). tailed information on water sampling Soil Testing Laboratory. A plant R ye-11 acres ( 1 variety). and testing may be obtained from: W a analysis program was started for South Winter wheat- 20 acres (2 vane ter Quality Laboratory, Room 204A, · Dakota farmers this year. More than ties). South Dakota State University, ·Brook 100 samples were analyzed for farmers, Spring wheat-50 Yz acres (5 vane- ings, S. 0 ., 57006. mainly for nine plant nutrients. Nearly ties). 400 samples were analyzed from soil Millet-3 acres ( 1 variety). Statewide Services Laboratory, Dairy fertility research plots. Oa ts-59 acres ( 7 varieties). Science Department. Samples submit Barley-14 acres ( 1 variety). Fertilizer recommendations were ted by dairy farmers and processors are Additional information may be ob- made on 7,262 soil samples from farm analyzed to provide assistance in main tained from: Fcmndation Seed .Stock ers. This was about half of · those taining necessary quality standards. De Division, Plant Science Department, processed the previous year. The low tailed information on sampling and South Dakota State University, Brook number was due to the wet fall and testing available from: Statewide Serv ings, S. D. 57006 ices Laboratory, Dairy Science Depart extreme snow cover. ment, South Dakota State University, Number of samples by month: Variety Testing. Performance trials Brookings, S. D. 57006. Work by the were conducted at seven locations with ~~~ust______--_-_: ::::::--_:_::~~:::_:::~:-:::: Laboratory during the year ended June ~1 ~ small grains; eight with hybrid corn, September ______921 30, 1969: one irrigated; and seven with commer October ______1,187 Total plate count ______149 cial grain sorghum hybrids, one irrigat Babcock (fat) ______l 4 3 November ___ ------·· ______799 ed. Total number of crops: Total solids ______.369 December ______869 Barley ------·______8 Coliform ______------· ____ . ____ l 06 Flax ------13 Direct microscopic count ______12 Oats ------30 Fat test (mg) ______28 ~}::lr _::::::•::::_··:;::::::::::::::::: !~! Rye ______------16 Other ------24 Durum wheat ------·------3 TOTAL ______831 ~;t ... .. :. ::::::::::::::::::::::I,~!~ Spring wheat ------14 Winter wheat ___ __-----·------16 Total ______7,262 Plant disease service type ac_tivities in Hybrid corn ______134 cluded: 197 e~bryo smut tests for bai About 1,400 soil samples were tested Hybrid grain sorghum ·______49 ley growers to determine percent of from soil fertility research plots. loose smut in seed to be used for plant Fertilizer experiments at outlying lo Seed Tes•ting Laboratory. Agricultur ing; 815 diagnosis and control recom cations in the state were established to al and vegetable seeds are tested for mendations for p!ant disease specimens determine soi 1-test-plan t-anal ysis-fert purity, germination and noxious weed processed through the plant disease ilizer-response relationships to various seeds. Also a few samples of flower and clinic and thrnugh farm and home vis- crops on major soil areas. Soil tests are tree seeds were tested for germination. 40 A total of. 5,672 seed samples were re Seed Certification Service. Applica Barley . ------·------2,665 ceived from these sources: tions received for certification were for Flax ____ ------______-4,068 3,730 service samples sent in by farm 30,435 acres with 29,013 acres inspected Millet ______------··---- 672 ers, county agents, elevators, seed which included 1,037 fields and 504 Alfalfa ____ . ------263 dealers and others. The lab is the only producers. Wheatgrass ______231 place in the state where these samples Switch grass ______. ______22 can be tested. Certified inspected acres: 1,142 certification samples that must Corn ______360 Side-oats grama ____ _-- --·------32 Green needlegrass ______5 pass a laboratory inspection before the Sorghum (hybrid) ______52 seed can be designated as certified seed. Meadow foxtail ___ _·· ------26 Sorghum ( open pollinated) . 296 Kentucky bluegrass ______J,694 350 official control· samples taken by Soybeans .. ______J ,094 Trees ______5 Department of Agriculture representa HRW Wheat ______2,496 tives in enforcing · the South Dakota HRS Wheat ______------··· ___ -3,570 Production inspected acres Seed Law.' (corn) ______3,017 Last spring a drill box survey was Durum wheat __ _: ______466 conducted and 450 samples of the Rye ------··-- ______325 Rejected acres ------,------______l ,066 spring grains and flax were tested. Oats ______------· 6,588 Cancelled acres ______l,4 22 Horse research in this age of the machine? See page 28. Plant analysis (top, right), a new service. Water quality lab (right). 41 Projects •,n Progre~ S-183 Surveying of Soils in South Da kota. ( Fred C. Westin). S-256 Cultural Practices for Improving the Efficiency and Stability of Crop Pro duction in South Dakota. ( Fred E. Shu beck.) S-303 Breeding and Testing of Barley for South Dakota and Upper Midwest Conditions. ( Phil B. Price. ) This list of projects by department is for the per S-322 The Physiology and Biochemistry iod July 1, 1968 through June 30, 1969. Project of Winter Injury and Survival in Field Crops. ( Donald G. Kenefick.) number is given first, name of project . leader S-346 Soil Moisture Evaporation and Its last. · Control. ( Maurice L. Horton.) S-367 Physiological Investigations in Flax ( C. Dean Dybing. ) S-378 Influence of Soil Structure on Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Diffusion }!1 Soils. ( Maurice L. Horton. ) S-387 Competition Between Wild Buck wheat and Small Grain. (John G. Dos- land.) . S-401 Foundation Seed Stock Division. ( J. Duane Colbi.im.) S-402 Seed Certification. (J. Duane Colburn.) AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING S-403 Seed Testing. ( Raymond C. Runoff and Erosion Characterization of Kinch.) H-291 Weather Information for Agri Poinsett Soils of Eastern South Dakota. S-404 Crop Performance Testing. (Jo- culture (NC-26). (William F. Lytle.) Cooperating with ARS No. SWC-cMor-11. seph J. Bonnemann. ) · · H-388 Drainage of Proposed Irrigated ( Charles Onstad. ) · S-409 Characterization of Range Soil Soils in Oahe Unit. ( Walter D. Lembke). Hydrologic Framework for Mathemat · Groups Used in Range Site Classification. S-339 Effect of the Climate and Micro ical Similation of Soil Erosion by Water. ( Everett M. White.) climate of South Dakota· on Agriculture. Cooperating wit'h ARS No. SWC Wl3- S-410 Improved Handling of the Mar ( William F. Lytle.) cMor-l 1. ( Charles Onstad.) keting of Grain Sorghum Seeds. ( Ray S-340 Application and J?evelopm~nt ?f Long Span Fence Research. Joint study mond C. Kinch. ) Equipment for Conservation Farmmg m by Plant Science and Agricultural Engi S-415 Drought Injury and Resistance in South Dakota. ( Henry Waelti. ) ( Closed neering Departments. Plant Science De Plants. ( Durwood W. Beatty.) out end of year. ) partment Project 423. ( R. A. Moore and S-417 Range Improvement. H-395 Design and Organization of the H. G. Young.) S-418 Irrigated Grass Investigations. Farm Feed Handling Center and the (James T. Nichols.) Testing and Selection of Various Com S-423 Pasture Investigations-Efficien ponents. ( Henry H. DaLong.) AGRONOMY cy of Beef Cattle Production. ( Raymond S-34 7 Analysis of Complete Livestock A. Moore.) Production Systems. ( Harvey G. Young. ) S-4 Soil and Crop Management Sys· S-427 Laboratory Methods for Forage ( Closed out end of year.) terns for Improved S!)il Productivity. Quality. (James G: Ross.) . · S-448 Development of Principles and ( Dwight Hovland.) S-452 Soil and Vegetation of Grasslands Equipment for More Efficient Harvesting S-25 Breeding and Testing of Oats, Invaded by Ponderosa Pine in the Black of Grain Sorghum and Com. ( Paul K. Flax and Rye for South Dakota Condi Hills. ( James T. Nichols.) Turnquist. ) . tions. ( Rulon S. Albrechtsen.) S-455 Improving the Market Quality of H-474 Livestock, Poultry and Human S-32 Weeds and Weed Control. (J. F. Wheat. ( Raymond C. Kinch.) Environmental Studies. ( Harvey Young, Stritzke. ) . . S-970 Northeast Resea'rch Farm. ( Quen Dennis L. Moe, and Phil Plumart, Animal S-61 Breeding and Testing Forage and tin S. Kingsley.) Science, ·cooperating. ) Grain Sorghums and Sudan Grass. ( Allyn ' ' S-971 South Central Research Farm. Effects of Marginal Quality Irrigation 0. Lunden.) ( Harry A. Geise. ) Water on the Accumulation of Salts and S-66 The Breeding of Superior Field S-979 Agronomy Farm. ( Herbert Alkali in South Dakota Soils. ( L. 0. Fine Corn Hybrids. (D. Boyd Shank) Lund.) and John Madden.) WRI-011-SDAK. S-74 Breeding and Testing of Forage ( Closed out end of year ) . Legumes. ( Melvin D. Rumbaugh.) Understanding and Improving the Soil Hydrology of Small Drainage Basins S-148 Breeding and Testing of Soy Plant Environment for More Efficient for Developing Hydraulic Design Criteria. beans, Sunflower; Safflower, and Castor Utilization of Water. WRI-018-SDAK. WRI-012-SDAK. ( William F. Lytle and Beans for South Dakota. ( Allyn 0. Lun ( Maurice L. Horton. ) Shu Tung Chu.) ( Closed out end of year.) den. ) Salinity Above a Water Table as Affect Evaluation and Functional Operation S-172 The Development of Soil Testing ed by Rainfall and Irrigation. WRI-004- of Irrigation Systems. WRI-017-SDAK. Procedures and a Soil Testing Program. SDAK. ( Maurice L. Horton.) ( Delvin Brosz and Jo'hn Wiersma.) ( Paul L. Carson.) Pollution Potential of Runoff from S-173 The Investigations of Soil Prob . ANIMAL SCIENCE Livestock Feeding Operations. WRI-025- lems in Relation to Irrigation in Subhumid SDAK. (John Madden; James Dombush Areas. ( Paul D. Evenson.) H-124 Inbreeding, Linecrossing and Se and John Anderson.) S-181 Breeding and Testing Wheat. lection Within the Hampshire, Duroc and Water Storage Capacity of Various ( DarreJI G. WeJls. ) Yorkshire Breeds. (J. Walters McCarty.) Surface Conditions and Geometric Shapes. S-182 Breeding and Testing of Superior H-167 The Improvement of Beef Cattle Cooperating with ARS No. SWC W7- Grasses Adapted to South Dakota. (James Through Breeding. (NC-I.) ( Christian cMor-10. ( Charles Onstad. ) G. Ross.) A. Dinkel.) 42 S-212 Nutritional Requirements for H-494 Nature and Utilization of Genet S-442 Development and Evaluation of Sows. ( Richard C. Wahlstrom. ) ic Variation Influencing Economic Traits New Spread-Type Dairy Products. (Ken S-216 Winter Supplementation and in the Fowl. (NC-89.) (Walter C. Mor neth R. Spurgeon. ) Summer Intensity of Grazing Studies. gan.) S-458 Chemical Quality of Urea Treat (James K. Lewis.) ( Closed at end of S-495 Influence of Mating and Manage ed Corn Silage. ( Neal A. Jorgensen). year.) ment Systems on the Performance of Beef S-461 Mineral Forage Relationships in Cows and Calves. ( F. W. Whetzal). Nutrition of Dairy Cattle. ( Howard H. S-218 Mineral Requirements and Sup S-423 Efficiency of Beef Cattle Produc Voelker.) plements for Cattle and Sheep. ( Lawrence S-457 Efficiency of Nutrient Utilization B. Embry,) ( Closed at end of year.) tion in South Dakota with Various Meth ods of Land Use and Cattle Management. of Dairy Calves. ( Neal A. Jorgensen.) S-244 Grub· ·Investigations. ( Paul H. ( L. B. Embry and R. A. Moore). Cooper Kohler.) ( Closed at end of year.) ative with Agronomy. ECONOMICS H-251 Protein and Amino Acid Studies H-427 Development and Improvement with Growing-Finishing Swine. ( Richard of Laboratory Methods for Determining · C. Wahlstrom'. ) Forage. (L. D. Kamstra and J. G. Ross.) S-157 Agricultural Economic Trends in H-261 Improving Acceptability, Sta Cooperative with Agronomy. South Dakota, 1900-1950. ( Allyn Lock ner.) bility and Utilization of Poultry Products. S-467 Affatoxins. ( C. Wendell Carlson. ) S-357 Dairy Market Adjustment Prob ( NCM-40.) ( C. Wendell Carlson.) .. Cooperative with Plant Pathology. S-268 Ration Ingredients and Feeding lems in the North Central Region. ( Robert H-4 7 4 Poultry Housing. ( P. Plumart.) L. Beck.) · Swine. ( Richard C. Wahlstrom ) . ( CJosed Cooperative with · Agricultural Engineer at end of year.) S-371 Alternative Tenure Arrange ing. ments. ( Russell Berry.) H-324 Corn and Sorghum Harvesting S-372 Coordinated Egg Production and and Storage. ( William C. McCone.) BACTERIOLOGY Marketing PrDgrams. ( Wm. Kohlmeyer.) ( Closed at end of year. ) . S-393 Livestock Production in Eastern S-325 Protein and Energy Require South Dakota. ( John T. Sanderson.) ments for Beef Cattle. ( Lawrence B. Em S-376 Mechanism of Biological Nitro S-423 Efficiency of Beef Cattle Produc bry). ( Closed at end ~f year.) gen Fixation. ( R. M. Pengra. ) tion in South Dakota with Various Meth H-380 The Carbohydrate Composition S-411 Farm Animal Waste Disposal. ods of Land Use and Cattle Management. and In Vitro Digestibility of Prairie Grass ( P. R. Middaugh.) ( Herbert R. Allen and Rex D. Helfin es. ( Leslie D. Kamstr,!l,) ( Closed at end S-412 Study of the Epizootic Hemorr stine.) of year.) hagic Diseases of White-Tailed Deer. S-435 Financial Management in Eco H-381 Amino Acid Requirements of ( G. C. Parikh. ) nomic Development. (Howard A. Gil bert.) Turkeys. ( C. Wendell Carlson. ) H-428 Significance of Non-Symbiotic S-446 Livestock Market Organization. ,Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria in Soil. ( R. M. H-382 Feed Additives for Poultrv. ( Ed- ( Mark J. Powers.) mund Guenthner.) · Pengra.) S-462 Supply Response and Adjust H-383 Amino Acid Requirements of S-436 Identification of Actinomyces Sp. ments in Wheat, Feed Grain, and Live Laying Hens. ( C. Wendell Carlson.) from Normal and Infected Cattle. ( Ter stock Production. (John T. Sanderson. ) S-388 Influence of Carcass Maturity minated.) S-480 South Dakota Agricultural OH and Marbling on Phy~i.cal and Chemical S-445 Market Quality of Convenience Farm Occupational Opportunities and • Characteristics of Beef. (William J. Cos Foods. (P.R. Middaugh.) Training Needs. ( Hilding Gadda.') tello. ) ( Closed at end of year. ) S-4~1 Quality of Prepared Human S-488 Analysis of Grain Marketing and S-418 Irrigated Grass Investigations on F~ods with Respect to Public Health Farm Supply Merchandising in Farm the Belle Fourche Project. (J. T. Nichols.) Hazards from M ycotoxin Contamination. Centers of South Dakota. ( Arthur B. H-419 Pork Carcass Quantity and Qual (Terminated.) Sogn.) ity. ( William J. Costello.) ( Closed at end S-493 To Determine Effects of Eastern S-489 Economic Analysis of Irrigation of year.) and Western Encephalitis Viruses on Systems Applicable to the Northern Pheasants. ( G. C. Parikh. ) Plains. WRI-009-SDAK. ( Gordon D. S-421 Range Management and Range Rose.) Nutrition Studies with Sheep. (James K. Bacteriological Water Quality Analyses S-490 Agricultural and Public Policy Lewis. ) ( Closed at end of year. ) of Methods for Detecting Fecal Pollution. Implications of Transition of South Da S-432 The Antirachitic Factor( s) in WRI-019-SDAK. (P. R. Middaugh.) kota Farmers to Non-Farm Employment. Soybeans and Other Feedstuffs. ( 0. Wen ( Howard A. Gilbert. ) dell Carlson.) ( Closed at end of year.) BOTANY-BIOLOGY S-491 Economics of Irrigation Water H-441 Characteristics of the Diet on Ru Management Techniques. ( Arthur J. Mat men Microbial Activity and · Performance soµ.) of Cattle and Sheep. ( Richard M. Lu S-426 Study of Somatic Cells of Higher ther.) ( Closed at end of year.) Plants by Means of Tissue Culture. (D. J. Holden.) ENTOMOLOGY-ZOOLOGY H-459 Predicting and Improving the Fertility of Male Farm Animals. ( Donald R. Shelby.) DAIRY SCIENCE S-288 Investigations of the Alfalfa In S,460 Confinement Rearing of Sheep. sect Situation on South Dakota. ( Robert J. ( Leon F. Bush.) S-153 Growth Studies of Calves and Walstrom.) S-484 Mare's Milk Composition and Its Growing Heifers. ( Emery Bartle. ) S-37 4 Insecticidal Residues. ( Robert J. Possible Relationship to "Foal Heat" S-272 Consumer Preferences, Demand Walstrom.) Scours. ( Paul H. Kohler.) ( Closed at end and Potential Supply for Butter. ( Roscoe S-406 Survey Entomologist. ( Philip A. of year.) J. Baker.) Jones.) S-434 Corn Rootworms. ( Philip A. H-485 Growing a.nd Finishing Beef Cat S-184 Improvement of Dairy .Cattle Jones.) tle on Pasture. ( Lawrence B. Embry.) Through Breeding. ·( Howard H. Voelker.) S-444 Pesticide Residues and Parasites H-486 Growing and Finishing Feedlot S-405 Analysis of Dairy Products. ( Ros in Big Game Animals. ( Ernest J. Hug Heifers. ( Lawrence B. Embry.) coe J. Baker.) ghins.) H-487 Estrus Control and Induced S-414 Study of Milk Gels as Related to S-447 The Absorption, Utilization and Twinning of Beef Cattle. ( Donald R. Manufacture of Cheese. ( John G. Par Excretion of Lipids by Parasitic Hel • Shelby.) sons.) minths. ( Algirdas Greichus. ) 43 S-453 Fly Control on Livestock. Edward and E. J. Bicknell). ( Closed ·at end of year). . U. Balsbaugh, Jr.) PLANT PATHOLOGY S-456 Absorption, Placental Transfer H-803 Enteric Diseases of Young Ani mals. ( W. E. Bailie and E. J. Bicknell). and Utilization of Iron Compounds by I Swine. ( Robert N. Swanson.) S-185 Disease Resistance in Maize. ( C. H-804 Pathogenesis of Bovine Mastitis. S-469 A Study of the Parasites of Grass M. Nagel). ( C. A. Kirkbride). ·- es of South Dakota. ( Burruss McDaniel. ) S-230 Incidence, Development and H-805 Reproductive Diseases of Live S-473 Body Tissue D istribution of Am Control of Alfalfa Diseases. ( George itock. ( C. A. Kirkbride and E. J. Bicknell ) . monia Loads and Embryonic Mortality. Semeniuk). H-806 Diseases in South Daokta Chick ( Michael Roller.) S-250 Interrelationships Between Fun en Layer Flocks. (E. J. Bicknell. Cooper gi and Nematodes Parasitizing the Grim ative with Animal Science, Poultry Unit). ineae. ( Cleon J. Mankin ) . Botulism in Pheasants. ( Hazel J. HOME ECONOMICS S-276 Epiphytology of Flax, Oats and Shave). . Barley Diseases. ( V. D. Pederson ) . Mycotoxins. (Gerald S. Harshfield). S-292 Control of Diseases Affecting S-319 Blanket Qualities. ( Lillian 0. Shelterbelt, Forest and Shade Trees in Lund.) South Dakota. ( C. M. Nagel and Hugh WILDLIFE S-337 Carpeting Qualities. . ( Lillian O. Randall). Lund.) S-296 Fungitoxicity and Phytotoxicity S-368 Care, Preparation, and Cooking of Plant Disease Control Chemicals. ( C. S-477 Management of Farm Ponds in South Dakota for Fish Production. (John of South Dakota Game. ( Rena Wills.) M. Nagel). S-416 Mechanisms of Fabric Stress Ab S-352 Interaction of Plants, Pathogens G. Nickum). sorption and Performance. ( Lillian 0. and Pesticides in Soil. ( George Semen- S-463 Movement, Behavior and Activi Lund). it,lk ). . ties of the Ringnecked Pheasant. ( Donald S-429 Fabrics and Water Problems. S-353 Biology and Control of Wheat R. Progulske). ( Lillian 0. Lund). Pathogens. ( George W. Buchenau); H-438 Relationship of Insecticides to S-439 Fat and Fatty Acid Consumption S-375 Nematode Diseases of Plants and Pheasants in Sout'h Dakota,.. ( Keith E. and Blood Lipid Levels of Young Adults. Their Control. ( Gerald Thorne and R. B. Severson). · ( Louise Guild ) . Malek). S-914 Fisheries Unit. ( Richard L. Ap S-464 Clothing Buying Practices of S-386 Control of Scab and Bacterial plegate, Assistant Unit Leader). Young Adult Women. (Lillian 0. Lund). Ring Rot of Potao. ( C. J. Mankin). S-913 Wildlife Research Unit. ( Ray S-465 Yield, Processing and Preparative S-389 Virus Diseases of Cereals and mond L. Linder, Leader; Robert B. Dahl Methods of Carp. ( Kenneth Schneider). Legumes. ( Wayne S. Gardner). gren, Assistant Unit Leader) . S-468 End-Use Performance of Sheet· S~390 Fungus Diseases in the Lodging A Food Habits Study of White-tail Deer in the Southern Black Hills. Funded ings. ( Lillian 0. Lund and Cora Sivers). of Sorghum. ( Cleon J. Mankin). South Dakota Cooperative Wildlife Re S-479 Use . of Pheasants in Promoting S-425 Mechanisms of Root-Infecting · · Tourism, . Economic Diversification in Fungi in Soil. ( George Semeniuk). search Unit. ( R. L. Linder) South Dakota. ( Frances M. Hettler and S-467 Mycotoxins in Livestock Feeds. Population Dynamics of Mourning Kenneth Schneider) . ( George Semeniuk). · Doves in South Dakota. Funded through S-482 Case Studies of Young Families South Dakota Co,operative Wildlife Re in Southeast South Dakota. ( Barbara J. search Unit by Bureau of Sport Fisheries McCandless) . RURAL SOCIOLOGY md Wildlife ( R. L. Linder a,id R. B. Dahl- gren). . Aspen and Pine Communities as Relat- . HORTICULTURE-FORESTRY S-222 Impact of Population Changes ed to Deer Usage. Funded by South Da Upon Rural Communities. (Marvin P. kota Department of Game, Fish and Parks Riley). . and South Dakota Cooperative Wildlife S-049 Production and Breeding of Ear- S-279 Concepts, Attitudes and Plans Research Unit ( R. L. Linder) . 1y Tomatoes. ( Paul Frasher). for Retirement. ( Howard M. Sauer). Life History and Ecology Qf the Black S-142 Selection of Adapted Trees and S-449 Changing Communities in South footed Ferret in the Wild. Funded Shrubs for South Dakota Farms. ( Paul E Dakota. ( Robert M. Dimit). through South Dakota Cooperative Wild Collins). S-454 Occupational and Educational life Research Unit and United States Na S-174 Collecting, Preserving, Catalog Choices of ·Rural Youth. (Robert M. tional Park Service. ( R. L. Linder). ing, etc. of Fruit Plants. ( Ronald Peter Dimit) . Importance of Type I Wetland Com son). munities to Waterfowl ·Production. Fund S-239 Spacing, Survival, Growth of ed through South Dakota Cooperative Windbreaks and Shelterbelts. ( Paul Col ST A TION BIOCHEMISTRY Wildlife Research Unit. ( R. L. Linder). lins ). Pheasant Use of State-Owned and Man S-252 Breeding Small Fruits for South aged Areas. Funded through Sout'h Da Dakota. ( Ronald Peterson) . S-407 Analytical Services. ( George F. kota Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. S-354 Breeding Improved Varieties of Gastler ). ( R. L. Linder). S-424 Urinary Calculi of Cattle and Tree Fruit. ( Ronald Peterson ). Dieldrin Effects on Pheasant Reproduc Sheep. ( Royce Emerick ). S-420 Establishment of Tree Plantings J. tion and Behavior. Funded through South S-431 Selenium Metabolism and Its Nu to Enhance Recreational Potential of Se Dakota Cooperative Wildlife Research tritional l~plications. ( A. W. Halverson ). lected Sites. ( Paul Collins ). Unit. ( R. B. Dahlgren). S-471 Survey of Chemical Biocides in S-450 Vegetable Breeding and Cultural The Physiological Relationships of Di the Lake Poinsett Ecosystem. ( Yvonne Practices. ( Paul Prashar). Greichus ). eldrin Residues in Tissues, Eggs and Feces S-470 Biochemical Promotion of Stem of the Ring-Necked Pheasant. ( R. L. Lind Ligni6cation in Ornamentals. (David G. er cooperatively with Station Biochemis Adams). · VETERINARY SCIENCE try ). ( Completed March, 1969). S-472 Biocolor Grandiffora Petunias as Evaluation of the Ovulated Follicle Potted Plants. ( David G. Adams ). Technique as a Means of Determining S-475 Selection and Propagation of H-801 Sporadic Bovine Encephalitis. Pheasant Production. ( K. E. Severson) . I Woody Plants for t'he Northern Plains. ( Gerald S. Harshfield ). ( Closed at end of ( Completed May, 1969). j ( Dale E. Herman). year). Chemical, Physical, and Biological S-476 Campus Landscape Design. ( Le H-802 Mucosal Disease Virus Diarrhea Dynamics of Northern Prairie Lakes. roy C. Johnson ) . Complex of Cattle. (John McAdaragh WRI-002-SDAK. (J. G. Nickum) . 44 Publications AGRONOMY Albrechtsen, R. S. Hybrid Flax. S. D. Cert. Seed News, 4( 1): 2, Oct. 1968. --. Kota-A New South Dakota Oat. Bull. 554, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1969. ' --. A New Oat: Kota. South Dakota Farm & Home Re search, Winter 1969. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING --. Contribution to Oat News Letter, 18:47-48, 1968. --. Quantitative Inheritance of Agronomic and Quality Brakensiek, D. L. and C. A. Onstad. The Synthesis of Dis Charncteristics in Flax. Proc. 38th An. Flax Inst. of U. tributed Inputs for Hydrograph Predictions. Water S., p. 11-13, 1969. Resources Research 4( 1) :79-86, 1968. --, J. J. Bonnemann, P. B. Price, D. G. Wells, G. W . England, C. B. and C. A. Onstad.. Isolation and Character Buchenau and C. L. Lay. New Varieties of Small Grain. ization of Hydrologic Response Units within Agricul South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Winter 1969. tural Watersheds. Water Resources Research 4( 1) :73- Bonnemann, J. J. 1968 Small Grain Variety Trails. Circ. 194, 78, 1968. Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1969. . Jamieson, D. G. and C. A. Onstad. Comments on paper, --. 1968 Corn Performance Trials. Circ. 195, Ag. Exp. Sta., "Linear Analysis of Hydrographs." Water Resources SDSU, 1969. Research 4( 4) :844-845, 1968. Lembke, W. D . and D. A. Bucks. A Laboratory Study of --. 1968 Grain Sorghum Performance Trials. Circ. 196? Gravel Envelope Performance in a Coarse Silt-Base Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1969. Material. ASAE Paper 68-213, Purdue University, La Carson, P. L. Small Grain Research. Abst. 19th An. Fert. and fayette, Ind., June 1969. Soil Mgt. Shortcourse, 1969, pp. 36-37. Onstad, C. -A. and D. L. Brakensiek. Watershed Simulation . Dybing, C. D. Contribution of Endosperm and Embryo to the by Stream Path Analogy. Water Resources Research Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Develop 4(5) :966-972, 1968. ing Flaxseeds. Crop Sci. 8:313-316, 1968. Onstad, C. A. and D. G. Jamieson. Subsurface Flow Regimes --.Some Gross Characteristics of Two Fatty Acids Synthe of a Hydrologic Watershed Model.. Proc. 2nd Seepage sizing Systems in Immature Flaxseeds. Con£. Genl. Symp. ARS 41-147, 1969. Coll. NC Agr. Exp. Sta. of Nut. Util. Res. and Dev. Reeves, J. L. A Time-Lapse Photography Study 9£ Free Stall Div., USDA, Peoria, Ill., March 1967. Housing for Dairy Calves. MS Thesis, 1969. -- and B. M. Craig. In vitro Studies of Fatty Acid Forma Ryland, D. W. and P. K. Turnquist. The Measurement, tion in Embryo and Endosperm Tissues of Immature Analysis and Redu_c_tion of Noise Produced by the Agri~ Flaxseeds. 42nd An. Mtg. Am. Oil Chem . .Soc. New cultural Tractor. ASAE Paper 68-640, Chicago, Ill., York, October 1968. Dec. 1968. -- and--. Studies of Flax and Radioactive Tracers. II Spuhler, Walter S. Winter and Spring of 1968-69 Set New Lipid Class and Fatty Acid Labeling in Embryo and Records. South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Spring Endosperm Tissues. 38th An. Flax Inst. of U. S. Nov 1969. ember 1968. --, D. L. Moe and W. F. Lytle. Climatological Summaries. Geise, H. A. and D. G. Wells. Winter Wheat Variey Per (No. 14-Cottonwood; No. 15-Camp Crook; No. 16 formance Trials South Central Research Farm. Dept. -Dupree). Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU. Mimeo, August 1968. Stangl, G. A. and P. K. Turnquist. Distribution Analysis of Johnson, J. R. and J. T. Nichols. Crude Protein Content of Two Granular Pesticide Applicators. Paper 1969 SW 11 Grasses as Affected by Yearly Variation, Legume Regl. Mtg. ASAE, Tyler,' Tex., March 1969. Association, and Fertilization. Agron J 61 :65-68. Turnquist, P. K. Dangerous Tractor Noise-Maybe It's on -- and G. F. Payne. Sagebrush Reinvasion as Affected by the Way Out. South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Some Environmental Influences. J. Rng. Mgt. 21 :209. Winter 1969. Kinch, R. C. and R. A. Pence. Physical Quality of South Da Waelti, Henry. South Dakota Pasture lnterseeder for Legume kota Wheat. Bull. 558, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1969. Seed. Dept. Puhl. -- and - -. Wheat Quality and Yield-Spring vs. Win --. South Dakota Pasture lnterseeder. South Dakota Farm ter. Bull. 559, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1969. & Home Research, Spring 1969. Kingsley, Q. S. Extending the Winter Wheat Belt. South Da -- and W. F. Buchele. Factors Affecting. Corn Kernel kota Farm & Home Rese arch, Summer 1968. Damage in Combine Cylinder. Trans. ASAE 12( 1) :55- Moore, R. A. Grazing Systems for a Cow-Calf Operation. 59, 1969. Invi tational paper, ASAS, Stillwater, Okla., J An. Sci. Wiersma, J. L. and W. D. Lembke. Sprinkler Irrigation Sys abstracts. tem Plus Fertilizer Equals Fertigation. South Dakota ---'-. lnterseeding. Proc. NCR 31, Urbma, Ill., February Farm & Home Research, Winter 1969. 1968. Young, H. C. Cool Calves on Candid Camera. South Dakota --. lnterseeding Native Grasslands. Paper ASA, New Or Farm & Home Research, Spring 1969. leans, La., Agron Abstrs. Solar Radiation and Sunshine Duration Relationships in the -- and G. B. Haiwick. Establishing Pasture and Forage North Central Region and Alaska. NC-26 Committee. Crops. South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Spring NC Res. Puhl. 195, 1969. 1969. They're Trying Long Span. South Dakota Farm & Home -- and H . G. Young. Suspension Fences. Agr. Engr. Research, Summer 1968. Abstrs. 1968. 45 --, H. G. Young, M. E. Larson and G. B. Haiwick. Long White, E. M. Nature of Panspots and Their Imp~ovement in Span Fences. Bull. 546, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, June Range. FS 456, Coop. Ext. Serv., SDSU, June 1969. 1968 and revise. -- and A. F. Agnew. Contemporary Formation of Pat Nichols, J. T. Range Improvement Practices on Deteriorated terned Ground by Soils in ·South Dakota. Geol. Soc. of ... '( Dense Clay Wheatgrass Range in Western South Da Am. Bull. 79:941-944. 1968. kota. Bull. 552, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU. Annual Progress Report, Northeast Research Farm. Agron. and W. E. McMurphy. Range Recovery and Production Pam. 88, 1967. as Influenced by Nitrogen and 2, 4-D Treatments. J. Annual Progress Report, South Central Research Farm. Rge. Mgt. 22(2):116-119, 1969. Agron. Pam. 92, 1968. Eighth Annual Progress Report for Southeastern South Da Price, P. B. A New, Better Barley: Primus II. South Dakota kota Experiment Farm. December 1968. Farm & Home Research, Winter 1969. Growers Like Primus Barley. South Dakota Farm & Home --.Primus II Barley. Bull. 551, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1968. Research, Winter 1969. --. Research Aim: A Barley with High Lysine Factor. . Long Span Fencing at Norbeck. South Dakota Farm & Home South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Spring 1969. Research, Summer 1969. Ross, J. G. Buiday Verimini Nasil Artirabiliriz. Ataturk Uni versitiessi Yayim Servisi, Ciftci Brosurien Serisi No. 5, ANIMAL SCIENCE 1969. . --. Repaying a Dept to Turkey with Interest. South Da Anderson, L. M. and R. C. Wahlstrom. Ultrasonic Prediction kota Farm & Home Research; Spring 1969. of Swine Carcass Composition. J An. Sci. 28(5) :593, -- and Ahmet Akyurek. Evolution of the "Tir" or Deep 1969. · - Furrow Seeding of Dryland Winter Wheats in Eastern Carlson, C. W. and E. Guenthner. Response of Laying Hens Turkey. Agron. Abstr. 1968:50. Fed Typical Corn-Soy Diets to Supplements of Meth Rumbaugh, M. D. Variation of Foam Production by Plants ionine and Lysine. Poul. Sd.·48(1):137, 1969. of Vernal Alfalfa. Agron. J 60:331-332. --, - - and 0. E. Olson. Reproductive Performance of -- et al. Correlation of Alfalfa Characters Related to Seed Chickens Over a Life Cycle on Purified Diets with Production. Rept. 11th Cent. Alf. Con£. 1969. Selenium and Arsenic Additions. Poul. Fed. Proc. Salami, A. U. and D. G. Kenefick. Zinc Requirements of 28:809, 1969. Tryptophan Synthesis in Plant Growth, Proc. Flax Costello, W. J. and D. E. Schafer. Evaluation of Beef Matur Inst., 1968. ity and Its Effect on Palatability. An. Sci. Series 68-9. Shubeck, F. E. and ·B. E. Lawrensen. Crop Management Dinkel, C. A. All .Bull and No Cow. An. Sci. Series 68-10. Decisions from Southeastern South Dakota Research. --, D. A. Buih, D. E. Schafer, H.J. Tuma, J. A. Minyard South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Spring 1969. and W. J. Costello. Changes in Composition of Beef Stritzke, J. F. and C. E. Stymiest. 1968 Herbicide Perform Carcasses with Increasing Animal Weight. J. An. Sci. ance in Soybeans in South Dakota. N. Cent. Weed · 28( 3) :316, 1969. Cont. Res. Rept. 1968:123-124. Embry, L. B. and L. B. Dye. Forage and Grain Crop for -- and --. The Response of Eight Broadleaf Weeds to Growing and Finishing Beef Cattle. An. Sci. Series . . 15 Postemergence Herbicide Treatments. N. Cent. 68-22. Weed Con£. Res. Rept. 1968:18-19. -- and --. Urea as a Protein Supplement with Corn -- and --. The Response of Three Flax Varieties to Silage and High-Concentrate Rations. An. Sci. Series Various Herbicides. N. Cent. Weed Cont. Con£. Res. 68-23. · Rept. 1968:91-92. -- and J. F. Fredrikson. Corn Silage and High-Moisture · -- and--. Wild Buckwheat Control in Wheat, Oats and Ear · Corn Rations for Growing and Finishing Beef Barley. N. Cent. Weed Cont. Con£. Res. Rept. 1968:88- Cattle. An. Sci. Series 68-25. 90. -- and C. R. Graber. Resorcylinc Acid Lactone (RAL) Torkelson, R. A. and F. C. Westin. Soils of the Prairie~Tim Implants for Beef Cattle. An. Sci. Series 68-24. ber Transition Area in Southeastern South Dakota. --, R. M. Luther and L. B. Dye. Sodium Bicarbonate, Cal ASA Ntl. Mtg., New Orleans, La., November 1968 . . cium Hydroxide and Calcium Carbonate Additions to Ward, R. C. New for South Dakota: Plant Analysis, a Nu Corn Silage and Sorghum Silage. An. Sci. Series 68-20. trient Need Indicator. South Dakota Farm & Home --, R. E. Revef(, R. M. Luther and C. R. Graber. Chlorte Research, Spring 1969. tracycline and Sulfamethazine Supplementation of --. Small Grain Reactions to Fertilizer. Abstr. 18th An. Calves During Feedlot Adaptation. An. Sci. Series 68-1. Fert. and Soil Mgt. Shortcourse, 1968. --, H. G. Young, L. B. Dye and J. F. Fredikson. Shelter - - . Soil Nitrogen Levels and Nitrogen Response. Abstr. for Growing and Finishing Beef Cattle. An. Sci. Series 19th An. Fert. and Soil Mgt. Shortcourse, 1968. 68-19. --, L. 0. Fine, E. J. Deibert, E. J. Langin and P. L. Carson. German, C. S. Dried Whey, Fish Solubles and Distillers Dri Progress Report-Secondary and Micronutrient Ferti ed Grains with Solubles in Growing-Finishing Swine lizer Experiments 1966, 1697, 1968. Agron. Dept. Series Rations and Effects of Distillers Dried Grains with 93, 1969. Solubles on Ration Digestibility. MS Th.:'.sis, 1968. Wells, D . G., C. L. Lay, J. J. Bonnemann and G. W. Buch Guenthur, E., C. W. Carlson and 0. E. Olson. Egg Yolk enau. Winoka-A New Hard Red Winter Wheat. Bull. Pigmentation with Alfalfa and Corn Gluten Meals. 557, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1969. Proc. 57th An. Mtg. Poult. Sci. Assn. p. 27, 1968. --, --, -- and --. Winoka, A N ew High Quality Johnson, R. Mare's Milk Composition as Related to Foal Heat Hard Red Winter Wheat. South Dakota Farm & Home Scours. MS Thesis. 1969. Research, Spring 1969. Kamstra, L. D., J. K. Lewis and M. J. Wurster. Characteriza Westin, F. C. et al. Characteristics of Some Venezuelan Soils. tion of Range Grasses at Cottonwood Range Field Sta Soil Sci.105:2, 1968. tion. An. Sci. Series 68-2. 46 --, M. J. Wurster and J. K. Lewis. / n vitro Characteristics -- and Marc Callebaut. A Simplified Technique for Study of Range Grasses. J An. Sci. (Abstr) 27:1182, 1968. ing Response to Mutagens in vitro. Genen e'n Phaenen --, D. L. Schentzel, J. K. Lewis and R. L. Elderkin. Matur 12:121, 1968. ity Studies with Western Wheatgrasses. J Rng. Mgt. -- and C. W. Carlson. Science Youth Encouragement by 21( 4) :235. Poultry Scientists. Poul. Sci. 47:1698. Kohler, P. H. Cattle Grub Control. An. Sci. Series 68-13. Nichols, J. T. Range Improvement Practices on Deteriorated Kuhlman, A. R. Range Site Sources for Livestock Water. Dense Clay Wheatgrass Range in Western South Da South pakota Farm & Home Research, Winter 1969. kota. Bull. 552, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1968. Larson, W. M., L. B. Embry and R. M. Luther. Feedlot Per -- and W. E. McMurphy. Range Recovery and Production formance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Cattle Fed as Influenced by Nitrogen and 2,4-D Treatments. J Rng. Rations with Oyster Shells or Various Levels of Rough Mgt. 22(2) :116-119. age. An. Sci. Series 68-8. --, J. R. Johnson, F. W. Whetzal and C. J. Erickson. Beef --, - · - a:nd --. Feedlot Performance, Carcass Character Production from Irrigated Pastures. South Dakota istics and Rumen Fermentation of Beef Cattle Fed Farm & Home Research, Fall 1968. Diets with Oyster Shells or Various Levels of Rough Norder, N. Evaluation of the Yield and Organoleptic Quality age. (Abstr.) J An. Sci. 27:1168, 1968. of Split and Whole Country-Style Cured Hams. MS - · -, R. M. Luther and L. B. Embry. Digestibility and Ru Thesis, 1969. men Fermentation in Beef Cattle Fed Oyster Shells or Ridgway, D. C. Melengestrol Acetate and Diethylstilbestrol Various Levels of Roughage. ( Abs tr.) J An. Sci. 27: for Feedlot Heifers. MS Thesis, 1969. 1167, 1968. --, and L. B. Embry. Response of Feedlot Heifers to Mel engestrol Acetate (MGA) and Diethylstilbestrol --, L. B. Embry, R. J. Emerick and R. M. Luther. Per (DES). An. Sci. Series 68-21. formance of Lambs Fed Diets with Oyster Shells or -- and --. Various ~vels of Bacitracin in High Corn Various Levels of Roughage. ( Abstr.) J An. Sci. Silage Rations for Feedlot Heifers. An. Sci. Series 68-17. 27:1770, 1968: Shelby, D. R. Estrus Synchronization and Artificial Insemi Lewis, J. K. Future Environments of North America. J Rng. nation of Swine. An. Sci. Series 68-33. Mgt. 21 :56, 1968. ·-- and R.H. Anderson. Effect of AI and Aimax on Litter -~. An Outdoor Lab for Comparing Your Range. South Size and Conception. J An. Sci. (Abstr.) 27:1759, 1968. Dakota Farm & Home Research, Summer 1968. -- and W. L. Singleton. Effect of Boars on Conception --. Range Management Viewed in an Ecosystem Fr~me~ Rate and Litter Size. (Abstr.) J An. Sci. 27:1759, 1968. work. Proc. 21st An. Mtg. Am. Soc. Rng. Mgt, Albu T1ylor, A. R. Effects of Supplemental Lysine in the Drinking querque, N. Mex., 1968. Water· of Growing and F_inishing Swine: MS Thesis, -- and B. B. Beer. Effect of Level of Winter. Supplementa 1969. tion of Steer .Calves Grazing Winter Range. An. Sci. Ternus, G. S. Urea Supplementation of High Roughage Ra Series 68-18. tions for Wintering Calves. MS Thesis 1969. · --, J. Nesvold ;n·d B. · B. Beer. The Effect of Intensity of --, R. M. Luther, L. B. Embry, B. B. Beer and F. Holmes. Summer Grazing on Steer Gains on Native Range. An. Additions to a Corn-Urea Supplement Fed with Prairie Sci. Series 68-26. · Hay for Wintering Beef Calves. An. Sci. Series. 68-6. Luther, R. M. and J. L. Perkins. Effects of Defaunation and --, --,--, -- and--. Factors Affecting Urea Util Nitrogen Source on Ration Utilization in Sheep. ization with Prairie Hay. An. Sci. Series 68-7. (Abstr.) J An. Sci. 27:1169, 1968. Thompson, 0. J. Characteristics of the Rachitogenic Activity McCarty, J. W. and A. E. Dittman. What Weight for Market in Isolated Soybean Protein. Ph.D. Thesis, 1968. Hogs? An. Sci. Series 68-39. --, C. W. Carlson and I. S. Palmer. Optimum Destruction --, R. C. Wahlstrom and A. E. Dittman. Combining Barley of Rachitogenic Activity of C-1 Protein. Proc. 57th An. and Oats for Growing-Finishing Gilts. An. Sci. Series Mtg. Poul. Sci; Assn. p. 77, 1968. 68-34. Wahlstrom, R. C. Spectinomycin-A New Antibiotic. An. McCone, W . C. Corn Silage arid Sorghum-Sudan Silage for Sci. Series 68-29. Fattening Yearling Steers. An. Sci. Series 68-14. --. Spectinomycin in Rations for Early-Weaned and Morgan, W. C. Advantages and Disadvantagse of Topless Growing-Finishing Pigs. ( Abstr.) J An. Sci. 27: 1780. Beak in Chickens. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. 47:156, 1968. -- and L. DeGoey. Calcium and Phosphorus Levels in --. Embryonic Age and Traumatic Stress Interaction Dur Rations for Growing-Finishing Swine. An. Sci. Series ing Differentiation. 6th Intl. Cong. Embr., Paris, 1968. 68-32. --. A Genetic Theory Enabling the Hatching of Only Pul -- and J. F. Fredrikson. Effect of a Controlled Environ let Chicks in the Commercial Hatchery. Proc. 12th Int. ment on the Performance of (I) Heavy and Light _ Gen. Cong., Tokyo, 1968. Weight Pigs, and (2) Barrows and Gilts. An. Sci. --. Male Monovular Avian Twins. J Her. 59(6):346, 1968. Series 68-28. - . _-. Methyl-Green Pyronin Stain Diflerentiation of Irradi- -- and C. S. German. A Study of Distillers By-Products in ated and Non-Irradiated Semen. Proc. 6th Conf. Fed. Growing-Finishing Swine Rations. An. Sci. Series 68- Europ. Biochem. Soc., Madrid, 1969. 27. --. A Proposed International Performance Efficiency Meas -- and D. G. Mordhorst. Rations for Early Weaned Pigs. urement. Proc. 1st Europ. Conf. Poul. Breed. and An~ Sci. Series 68-31. Rand. Spl. Tstg., Netherlands, 1968. -- and A. R. Taylor. Effect of Supplemental Lysine on --. Sperm Irradiation as a Tool for Increasing Genetic Performance and Blood Composition of Early-Weaned Diversity. Proc. 2nd Wld. Con£. An. Prod., Washing Pigs. (Abstr) J An. Sci. 27:1781, 1968. ton, 1968. -- and--. Supplemental Lysine in Feed or Water for -. -. Topless-A Phenodeviate. Proc. 57th Mtg, Poul. Sci. Early Weaned Pigs. An. Sci. Series 68-30. Assn. 47:48, 1968. --, C. S. German and 0. E. Olson. Effect of Distillers 47 Dried Grains with Solubles on Ration Digestibility and Within the Rumen, Crop Area and Rectal Area When Growth of Swine. (Abstr.) J An. Sci. 27:1780. Liquid of Various Temperatures is Fed to Calves. J Da. Whetzal, F. W. and J. A. Minyard. Effects of Sorghum Silage Sci. 51 :1787, 1968. and Limited Grain on Wintering Gain of Calves and Jorgenson, L. J. Indoor vs. Outdoor Calf Rearing at Three ' ( Subsequent Performance on Pasture and Drylot Finish Weaning Ages. MS Thesis, 1969. ing. An. Sci. Series 68-11. --, N. A. Jorgensen, D. J. Schingoethe and M. J. Owens. -- and--. Worming Beef Calves. An. Sci. Series 68-12. Indoor vs. Outdoor Calf Rearing at Three Weaning Wilson, L. L. and C. A. Dinkel. Blood Composition of Here Ages. ( Abstr.) J Da. Sci. 52 :932, 1969. ford Steers. I. Levels of Certain Constituents at Wean Jorgensen, N. A., M. J. Owens, H. G. Young and H. H. ing and Slaughter Ages. J An. Sci. 27:1085, 1968. Voelker. Adding Antibiotics to Milk for Dairy Calves -- and--. Blood Composition of Hereford Steers. II. Ef Raised in Outdoor Hutches-Effect on Growth Rate fects of Ranch and Sire. J An. Sci. 27:1092, 1968. and Health. South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Wurster, M. J. and L.· D. Kamstra. Comparison of Forage Summer 1968. Varieties Within Species. (Abstr.) J An. Sci. 27:1186. · Mohanty, G. P. The Eff~cts of Moldy Alfalfa Hay Feeding -- and--. Evaluation of Plant Fractions of Bromegrass', on Rumen Activity, Rumen Protozoa and Dairy Steer Intermediate and Crested Wheatgrass. An. Sci. Series Performance, and Analy·ses of Toxic Substance( s) 68-5. . Associated with Molding. Ph.D. Thesis, 1968. -- and--. Effect of Soil Moisture on Chemical Compo --, N. A. Jorgensen, R. M. Luther and H. H. Voelker. sition and in vitro Digestibility of Grasses. An. Sci. Ser Effect of Molded Alfalfa Hay on Rumen Activity,-Per ies 68-4. formance and Digestibility in Dairy Steers. J Da. Sci. --,--, J. G. Ross and S.S. Bullis. Comparison of Forage 52:79, .1969. Varieties Within Species. An. Sci. Series 68-3. --, C. W. Carlson, H. H. Voelker and N. A. Jorgensen. --, -- and --. Evaluation of Plant Fractions of Brome Extraction of Possible Toxi~ Substances from Molded grass, Intermediate Wheatgrass and Crested Wheat Alfa1fa Hay. Proc. S. D. Aca.d. Sci. 47:97, -1968. grass. (Abstr.) J An. Sci. 27:187, 1968. Owens, M. L., N. A. Jorgensen and H. H. Voelker. Feeding --, J. K. Lewis, L. D. Kamstra and W. K. Bjorklund. Fac Value of High Dry Matter Corn Silage for Dairy tors Affecting the Chemical Composition and in vitro Cattle. J Da. Sci. 51 :1942, 1968. Digestibility of Western Wheatgrass. ( Abstr.) J An. Rennich, R. L. A Comparison of Cheese Yields Produced Sci. 27:1784, 1968. from Normal and Abnormal Milk. MS Thesis, 1969. --, --, --and--. Studies on the Chemical Compo --, R. J. Baker and J. 0. Young. Effect of Mastitis on sition and in vitro Digestibility of Western Wheatgrass. Cheese Yields. (Abstr.) J Da. Sci. 52:879, 1969. An. Sci. Series 68-15. Voelker, H. H. and K. Huston. Intercalary Mammary Glands in Inbred Holstein-Friesian Cows. Proc. S. D. Acad. BACTERIOLOGY Sci. 47:103, 1968. --, N. A. Jorgensen and M. J. Owens. Sudan Hybrids as Pengra, R. M., M. A. Cole and M. Alexander. Cell Walls Supplemental Forage. South Dakota Farm & Home and Lysis of Mortierella parvispora Hyphae. J Bact. pp. Research, Summer 1968. . , 1056-1061, March 1969. --, --, G. P. Mohanty and M. J. Owens. Effects of Zinc ' · Stark, R. L. and P. R. Middaugh. Immuriofluorescent Detec Supplementation to Dairy Cattle Rations. (Abstr.) J tion of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Foods. Bact. J!a. Sci. 52 :929, 1968. Proc. p. 80, 1969. ECONOMICS BOT ANY-BIOLOGY Alexander, E. B. Minimum Resources Required to Earn Holden, D. J. and V. J. Masteller. Growth and Behavior of Specified Incomes on Northeast South Dakota Farms Callus Tissue from Sorghum. ( Abstr.) Proc. S. D. with Dairy Potential Considered. MS Thesis, 1968. Acad. Sci. 48:1969. . Allen, H. R. A Budgeting Procedure for Farm Planning. Masteller, V. J. Production and Behavior of Callus Tissue Farm Accounting Work Problem. Mimeo, semester from Sorghum vulgare. MS Thesis, 1969. revision, Sept. 1968. . · McMullen, C. R. A Study of the Relationship Between --. Pasture Improvement-A Rancher Survey. South Da Ceratocystii ulmi an.9 Elm Callus in vitro. MS Thesis, kota Farm & Home Research, Spring 1969. 1969. -- and R. D. Helfinstine. An Economic Analysis of Ranch · Morgan, W. C. and D. J. Holden. Biology Saturday Seminars Organization in Central South Dakota. Tech. Bull. 33, for Outstanding High School Students. Proc. S. D. Ag. Exp. _Sta., SDSU, 1969. Acad. Sci. 47:1968. -- and --. Pasture Improvement-An Analysis of Roster, R., D. J. Holden and J. Martin. A Substance in Elm Rancher Attributes in Central South Dakota. Tech. Wood that Induces the Production of Asexual Fruiting Bull. 34, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1969. Bodies in the Dutch Elm Fungus. ( Abstr.) Proc. S. D. Beck, R. L. The Role of Cooperatives in Marketing South Acad. Sci. 48:1969. Dakota Milk. South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Rous, K., J. Martin and R. Roster. Tissue Culture of Hap Summer, 1968. plopappus graclis. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. 48: 1969. - - and D. K. Bendt. Cost of Marketing Livestock Sanderson, R. Some Field Observations of Morchella. MS Through Auctions. South Dakota Farin & Home Thesis, 1969. Research, Winter 1969. Wallner, S. J. Agricus campestris and Sporocarp Initiation. Berry, R. L. Can Factory-Type Farms Succeed in South Da MS Thesis, 1969. kota? A Lesson from the Hutter,ites. The Farmer, Oct. DAIRY SCIENCE 5, 1968. --. ~ome Corporations that Own Farm and Ranch Land in Dracy, A. E. ,and A. J. Kurtenbach. Temperature Change South Dakota. Econ. Series 130, January 1969. 48 --. Using Land Contracts to Climb Agricultural Ladder. cified Average Income Levels with Minimum Low The Farmer, Sept. 7, 1968. Crop Yield Income Requirements, North Central South --. What's the Nature of Corporation Farms in South Da Dakota. MS Thesis, 1969 . kota? The Farmer, March 2, 1968. Ullrich, E. CJ., Jr., J. T. Sanderson and W. G. Aanderud. --. Will Incorporation Destroy Family Farms? The Farm Machinery Costs on Typical Wheat Farms in . . . . er, March 17, 1968. South Dakota. Series Ag. Exp. Sta. Circ.: 186--Buffalo, Bierman, L. G. and R. L. Beck. Inter-Grade Price Differ Hyde, Hand counties; 187-Sully, Hughes; 188-Ly • entials of Beef and Consumer Preference. South Da man, Tripp; 189-Aurora, Brule, Charles Mix, Greg kota Farm & Home Research, Spring 1969. ory, Jerauld; 190-Beadle, Clark, Codington, Day, Borgers, R. · L. A Study of Resource Allocation on Farms Marshall, Roberts; 191-Faulk, Potter; 192-Brown, Engaged in Swine Production in Southeastern South Spink; 193-Campbell, Edmunds, McPherson, Wal Dakota. MS Thesis, 1968. worth. Christensen, T. and A. J. Matson. Impact of Irrigation Devel Umberger, D. E. and R. D. Helfinstine. Resources Required opment on Jncome and Trade in Eastern and Central for Different Levels of Income on Faulk County South Dakota. Bull. 550, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1969. Farms and Ranches. I;3ull. 547, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, DuBois, E. D. Optimal Organizations for Southeastern South 1968. Dakota Livestock Farms: Land Acquisition and Mini . mum Resource Models. MS Thesis, 1968. ENTOMOLOGY-ZOOLOGY Heier, V. Optimum Movement of Feeder Calves and Feed Grains Within South Dakota with Implications for Balsbaugh, E. U., Jr. Research in ULV Aerial Spraying for Slaughter Plant Location. MS Thesis, 1968. Range Fly Control, South Dakota Farm & Home Re- Krause, K. R. Farm Financial Management. South Dakota search, Spring 1969. · Farm & Home Research, Summer 1968. --. Pseudolampsis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticinae): Lockner, A. 0. Governmental Organization-An Obstruc Distribution and Synonymy. Coleop. Bull. 23: 16-18, tiori Facing Comprehensive Planning in South Dakota. 1969. Proc. Ag-Bus.' Day, SDSU, 1968. Boddicker, M. L. Parasites of the Black-Footed Ferret. Proc. Matson, A. J. Economic Effect of Using Substandard Qual S. D. Acad. Sci. 47:141-148, 1968. ity Water in Webster and Other Communities in South -. - and D. R. Progulske. Helminth Parasites of Raccoon in Dakota. Rept. to Off. Saline Water, June 1968. South Dakota. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. 47:161-166, 1968. - . - and T. Christensen. From Irrigation ... $97 Million Hugghins, E. J. Some Parasites of Fishes and Fish-eating Annual Impact on Retail and Service Trade . . South Birds at Lake Ayapel, Colombia, South America. J. Dakota Farm & Home Research, W.inter 1969. Parasitol. 55(.3):539. Micheel, C. C. Selected Characteristics of Representative --. Spirurid and Oxyurid Nematodes from a Red Howler Irrigated and Dryland Farms and Ranches in the Belle Monkey in Colombia. J. Parasitol. 55(3):680. Fourche Area. Bull. 556, Ag. Exp. Sta., SbSU, 1969. Kosztarab, M. and B. McDaniel. A New Species of Antonia --, J. T. Nichols,' J. R. Johnson, F. W. Whetzal and C. J. from South Dakota with New Records on A. boute Erickson. Returns from Beef on Irrigated Pastures vs . louea Parrott. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1 (1): 111-114, 1969. • Returns with Other Crops. South Dakota Farm & McDaniel, B. The Armoured Scale Insects of Texas (Hom Home Research, Winetr 1969. optera: Coccoides: Diaspididae). Part I. The South Powers, M. J. The Effects of Changing Producer Marketing western Nat. 13(2) :201-241. Patterns for Slaughter Livestock on Terminal and Auc --. The Armoured Scale Insects of Texas (Homoptera: tion Markets. NCR-61 paper, November 1968. Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Part II. The Southwestern --. Livestock Marketing in the Upper Missouri River Nat. 14( 1): 89-113,1969. Basin. Part II. The Sioux City Stockyards-Facilities --. The Genus Chirodiscus Trouessart and Newmann with and Costs of Operation. (North Central Bull. 188). Lectotype Designation of C. amplexans Trouessart and Bull. 548, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, December 1968. Newmann. Acar. 10(4):33-38, 1968. --. Livestock Marketing in the Upper Missouri River --. The Superfamily Listrophoroidea and the Establish Basin. Part III. Cost-Volume Relationships of Commis ment of Some New Families (Listrophoroides: Acar sion Firms at the Sioux City Stockyards. (North Cen ina). Acar. 10(3) :477-482. tral Bull. 189). Bull. 549, Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1968. -- and G. C. Parikh. A New Species of Epidermoptes -- and V. M. Heier. · Optimum Shipment Patterns of from a South Dakota Pheasant ( Acarina epidermo Feeder Cattle in South Dakota and Their Implications. ptidae). J Ks. Ent. Soc. 4 2 ( 1) : 34-38, 1969. Circular 669, Cooperative Extension Service, SDSU. Moore, G. L., Y. A. Greichus and E. J. Hugghins. Insecticide Schwab, G. R. An Economic Model for Communities Con Residues in Pronghorn Antelope of South Dakota. sidering the Sale of Their Municipal Electric ·systems. Bull. Envir. Contam. and Toxic. 3(5) :269-273. MS Thesis, 1969. Morrill, W. L. Parasitism of Nabis alternatus (Hemiptera: Sogn, A. B. Five Ways to Make Grain Futures Pay Off. The Nabidae) by Leucostoma simplex (Diptera : Tachi Farmer, Mar. 15, 1969. nidae) in Eastern South Dakota. J. Econ. Ent. 62 ( 1): --. Hedging for Grain Merchandizers. Teaching Manual 240, 1969. for Federal Extension Service and Chicago Board of Raney, J. A. and G. A. Thibodeau. A Histo!ogical Study of Trade, Section VIIB. the Gastrointestinal Tract of Domestic Sheep. Proc. Thompson, J. E. Some Alternatives for Improving the Effec S. D. Acad. Sci, 47:137-140, 1968. tiveness of Research and Extension Programs in Re Thibodeau, G. A., J. Felker and R. N. Swanson. Hyperlipem source Economic Development in the Great Plains. i1 Following Allopurinal Administration. Report of a Proc. Res. Econ. Dev. Sem. Denver, April, 1968. Case and Preliminary Animal Study. s·. D. J Med. 22: t - -. The Dimensions of Farm Policy Problems. Proc. Tri 21-23, 1969. State Rur. Bkg. Sch., Morris, Minn., July 1968. South Dakota Insect Newsletter. Dept. Contr., March-No Torgerson, G. A. Minimum Resources Necessary for Spe- vember 1968. 49 Klug, H. G. Selected Factors Associated with MelT\bers Atti HOME ECONOMICS tudes Toward Their Churches in the Aberdeen Area of South Dakota. MS Thesis, 1968. Loya, A. L. South Dakota Farm Boys Planning Farm and Clifford, Linda Petrich. Clothing Buying Practices of Junior Non-Farm Occupations: A Comparative Analysis. Girls in South Dakota High Schools and Colleges in MS Thesis, 1969. Relation to Size of Institution. MS Thesis, 1969. Martin, D. Protestant Church Members' Attitudes Toward Gailbraith, Ruth, Margaret Boyle, Esther Cormany, Suzanne Community in Seven South Dakota Counties. MS Davison, Adella Ginter, June Ericson, Mary Lapitsky, Thesis, 1969. Lillian 0. Lund and Margaret Cooper. Changes in Wessman, W. D. The Impact of Community Structure and Cotton and Nylon Fabrics Caused by Increments of Growth Status on the Developing Concept of Self Accelerator, Schiefer, and Stoll Abrasion. Text. Res. J Among Youth in Selected South Dakota Communities. 39( 4) :329-388, 1969. Ph.D. Dissertation, 1969. Lund, L. 0., Suzanne Davison and Cora R. Sivers. Effect of Laundering on Blankets of Different Constructions. J. Home Ee 61(1):22-25, 1969. STATION BIOCHEMISTRY Sivers, Cora R., and Lillian 0. Lund. Your Best Blanket Buy -Blends, Weaves, Tufteds, Thermals. The Dakota Abu-Erreish, G. M., E. I. Whitehead and 0. E. Olson. Evo Farmer, May 3, 1969. lution of Volatile Selenium from Soils. Soil Sci. 106: 415-420, 1968. .. HORT IC UL TURE-FORESTRY Bushman, D. H., L.. B. Embry, R. M. Luther and R. J. Emer ick. Performance and Carcass-Fat Characteristics of Adams, D. G. and A. N. Roberts. Time of Flower Initiation Cattle Fed on All-Concentrate Diets Varying in Cal in Rhododendron Roseum elegans as Related to Shoot cium and Phosphorus Contents. J An. Sci. 27:1682- and Leaf Elongation. Hort. Sci. 3( 4) :278-279. 1689, 1968. Jensen, G. L. Drought Resistance of Ponderosa Pine and Emerick, R. J. Causes and Methods of Prevention of Phos Eastern Redcedar on Central South Dakota Soils. MS phatic Urinary Calculi in Feedlot Lambs. Minn. Nutr. Thesis, 1968. Con£. Proc. pp. 52-64, 1968. -- and P. E. Collins. Irrigated Trees Planted Near the --. Urinary Calculi: Its Nature, Causes and Prevention. Big Bend Dam. South Dakota Farm & Home Re Feedlot, July 19.68. search, Summer 1~68. -- and L. B. Embry. Phosphatic Urinary Calculi. South Peterson, R. M. and D. M. Martin. Pruning Fruit Trees. FS Dakota Fann & Home Research, Winter 1969. · 407, .Coop. Ext. Serv ., SDSU. Greichus, Y. A., A. Greichus and D. Reider. Insecticide Resi Plains Talk, Dept. Pub!. Vol. X and Vol. XI, July 1968-June dues in Grouse and Pheasants in South Dakota. Pest. 1969. Monit. J 2:90-92, 1968. --, M. R. Hannon and R. L. Applegate. Survey of Pesticide PLANT PATHOLOGY Residues in the Lake Poinsett Ecosystem. ( Abs tr.) 30th An. Midw. Fish and Wild!. Conf. Proc. December ' 1968. Fung. and Nern. Test Res. 1968, 24:81. --, D. W. Lamb and C. Garrett. Efficiency of Extraction of Gardner, Wayne S. Ultrastructure of Zea maize Leaf Cells Metabolically Incorporated HEOD (Carbon-14) from Infected with Johnson Grass Strain of Sugarcane Mo Pheasant Tissues, Eggs and Faeces. Analyst 93 :323-325, saic Virus. (Abstr.) Phytop. 58:1050-1051, 1968. 1968. . . Malek, R. B. Population Fluctuations and Observations on ·--, M. R. Hannon, A. C. Fox and R. L. Appl'egate. Sur the Life · Cycle of Xiphinema americanum Associat~d vey of Pesticide Residues in the Lake Poinsett Ecosys with Cottonwood ( Populus deltoid es) in South Da tem. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. 48.:1969. kota. Pl. Dis. Rptr. 52: 10, 795-798, 1968. Hoar, D. W., L. B. Embry and R. J. Emerick. Nitrate and Nagel, C. M., H. Randall and L. M. Wood. Dutch Elm Dis Vitamin A Interrelationships in Sheep. J An. Sci. 27: ease Found in South Dakota. Pl. Dis. Rptr. 52 ( 5) :349. 1727-1733, 1968. --., J. Tunac and G. B. Orlob. Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus - - , I·t J. Emerick,~nd L.B. Embry. Factors Contributing to an·d Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Transmission with Uvine Phosphatic Urolithiasis. ( Absit:r.) J An. Sci. Dent Corn. Corn Viruses in the U. S. and Canada, 27:1 165. ARS-USDA 33-118:64-66. King. H. R., L. B. Embry, R. J. Emerick and D. W. Hoar. Semeniuk, G. Pythium Root Rot Severity in Wheat and Corn Influence of Ration Calcium and Phosphorus Varia at Different Temperatures. (Abstr.) Proc. S. D. Acad. tions on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Sci. 47:346, 1968. Cattle Fed All-Concentrate Rations. An. Sci. Series --, G . S. Harshfield, C. W. Carlson, C. W. Hesseltine and 68-16. W. F. Kwolek. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Aspergil L·~mb, D. W. Pharmacodynamics of Dieldrin-C-14 in Pheas lus, U. S.-Japan Con£. on Toxin Micro, Honolulu, 1969. ants. Ph.D. Thesis, 1969. Thorne, G. and R. B. Malek. Nematodes of the Northern Larson, W. M., L. B. Embry, R. J. Emerick and R. M. Lu Great Plains. Part I-Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernen ther. Performance of Lambs Fed Diets with Oyster tea.) Tech. Bull. 31, Ag.· Exp. . Sta., SDSU, 1968. Shells or Various Levels of Roughage. ( Abs tr.) J An. Sci. 27:1780, 1968. RURAL SOCIOLOGY Novacek, E. J. and C. W. Carlson. Amino Acids vs. Protein in Low Protein Cage-Layer Diets. Proc. 57th An. Mtg. I .. Gadda, H. W. W. ;ind J. Pollman. South Dakota Agricul Poul. Sci. Assn. pp. 52-53, 1968. 7-'i tural Off-Farm Occupational Opportunities. Bull. 553, -- and - -. Amino Acids and Isonitrogenous Turkey Ag. Exp. Sta., SDSU, 1969. Starter Diets. (Abstr.) 47:1708, 1968. so Olson, 0. E. Report of Selenium in Plants. J Assn. Off. Ag. --, W. C. Rainwater and R. L. Applegate. Food of Rain Chem. 52:627-634, 1969. bow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii) Taken in the Sport --. Selenium as a Toxic Factor in Animal Nutrition. Proc . Fishery of Bull Shoals Reservoir. Misc. Lab. Rpt. No. Georgia Nutri. Con£. pp. 68-78, 1969. 1, S. C. Res. Inv., Bur. Spt. Fish. and Wildl., Fayette Palmer, I. S., D. D. Fischer, A. W. Halverson and 0. E. ville, Ark. 8 pp. 1968. Olson. Identification of a Major Selenium Excretory Progulske, D. R. Pheasant Research Range May Give Over • Product in Rat Urine. Bio. et Biop. Acta 177:336-342, wintering and Other Needed Data. South Dakota Farm 196,9. & Home Research, Winter 1969. Sauder, D. W. An Evaluation of the Roadside Technique for Analytical Services of Station Biochemistry Department. Censusing Breeding Waterfowl. MS Thesis, 1968. Dept. Puhl. · -- and R. L. Linder. Optimum Periods for Censusing Forage· Nitrate Poisoning. FS 420, Coop. Ext. Serv., SDSU, Three Species of Breeding Waterfowl in Brookings 1968. County, S. D. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. 48:1969. Vitamin A and Carotene in Livestock-Interpreting Data Schneeweis, J. C. A Food Habits Study 01'White-Tailed from Blood and Liver Analyses. Dept. Puhl., 1969. Deer in the Northern . Black Hills. MS Thesis, 1968. --. Food Habits of White-Tailed Deer in the Northern Black Hills. (Abstr.) 13th Midw. Fish. and Wildl. WILDLIFE Con£. p. 44-45, 1968. --. Variations in Vegetation Associated with Aspen in the Northern Black Hills. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. ( Abstr.) Allen, C. D. Evaluation of the Ovulated Follicle Technique 48:1969 as a Means of Determining Pheasant Production. MS Severson, K. E. and F. R. Gartner. A Permanent Plot for Thesis, 1969. Measurement of Vegetation Change. J Rng. Mgt. Applegate, R. L., A. C. Fox and. V. J. Starostka. A Water 21 ( 2) : 111-112, 1968. Core· Plankton Sampler. J Fish Res. Bd. Canada, 25(8): --, M. May and W. Hepworth. Food Preferences, Carry 1741-1742, 1968. ing Capacities and Forage Competition Between Ante Baxter, W. L., R. L. Linder and R. B. Dahlgren. Dieldrin lope and Domestic Sheep in Wyoming's Red Desert. Effects cin Two Generations of Penned Hen Pheasants. U of Wyo. Ag. Exp. Sta. Sci. Mono. No. 10, 51 pp, 1968. J Wildl. Mgt. 33(1):96-102, 1969. Sheets, R. G. and R. L. Linder. Food Habits of the Black Clifford, T. J. An Estimate of the Standing Crop and Angler Footed Ferret, Mustela nigripes, in South Dakota. Proc. · Harvest of the Walleye Sport Fishery of Lake Poinsett, S. D. Acad. Sci. 48:1969 S. D. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. 48:1969. . . Starostka, V. J. Food Selectivity of the Bigmouth Buffalo --. Movements of Bigmouth Buffalo in Lake Poinsett, ( I ctiobus cyprinellus) in Lake Poinsett. MS Thesis, S. D. MS Thesis, 1969. . 1969. Dahlgren, R. B. Tl:i~ Pheasant from an Economic-Political Thill, R. E. Effects of Aldrin on Young Pheasants Under Ecological Aspect. ( Abstr.) 13th Trans. An. Sum. · Semi-Natural Conditions. MS Thesis, 1969. Con£. Cent. Mrns. and Pl. Sec. Wildl. Soc. p. 5, 1968. Thorn, W. C. Fish Populations of Two Small Impoundments • --. Weather and Other Factors. Panel on factors affecting in Northeastern South Dakota. MS Thesis, 1969. pheasant populations. Proc. Pheasant Sem. S. D. Chap -- and V. J. Starostka. The Yellow Bullhead in Two Small ter Wildl. Soc. publ. by South Dakota Cooperative Impoundments in Northeastern South Dakota. Proc. Wildlife Research Unit, Brookings, S. D. (mimeo) p. S. D. Acad. Sci. 48:1969. 13-16. 1968. Van Ray, L. C. Aeration of Stockade Lake, S. D. MS Thesis, --. Relationships of Pheasant Mortality and Production to 1969. Equine Encephalitis in South Dakota. Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. (Abstr.) 48:1969. Gloss, S. P. Water Quality Changes Under Ice Cover in GENERAL Northern Prairie Lakes. MS Thesis, 1969. Hammer, D. A. Snapping Turtle Life History on LaCreek Acker, D. C. Cooperators Provide Many Facilities for State Refuge, S. D. (Abstr.) 13th Midw. Fish and Wildl. wide Agricultural Research. South Dakota Farm & Soc. p. 57-58, 1968. Home Research, Winter 1969. Hannon, M. R. Survey of Chemical Biocide Levels in the --. New Look in Station Research. South Dakota Farm Lake Poinsett Ecosystem. MS Thesis, 1969. & Home Research, Fall 1968. Henderson, F. R., P. F. Springer and R. Adrian. The Black --. Research on Display. South Dakota Farm & Home Footed Ferret in South Dakota. Bull. S. D. Dept. GFP, Research, Summer 1968. Pierre, 37 pp. 1969. Brage, Burton L. A Two-Way Street: SDSU College of Higgins, K. F. and L. J. Schoonover. Aging Small Canada Agriculture and Biological Sciences Grad Program. · Geese by Neck Plumage. J Wild!. Mgt. 33(1):212-214, South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Spring 1969. 1969. Don't Start from Scratch: Prepare for Lengthy Mosquito Kuck, T. L. Movements and Behavior of Hen Pheasants Battle. South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Spring During Nesting Season. ( Abs tr.) 13th Trans. An. Sum. '1969. Con£. Wildl. Soc. p. 14, 1968. · In Town or Country, Ag Chemicals are Dangerous. South Mullan, J. W. and R. L. Applegate. Centrarchid Food Habits Dakota Farm & Home Research, Spring 1969. in a New and Old Reservoir During and Following Myers, V. I. Remote Sensing in South Dakota. South Dakota Bass Spawning. Proc. 21st An. Con£. S.E. Assn. Game Farm & Home Research, Winter 1969. · and Fish Comm. pp. 332-342, 1969. Research Activities at a Glance 1967-68. (Chart). South Da t -- and--. Use of an Echo Sounder in Measuring Dis kota Farm & Home Research, Fall 1968. tribution of Reservoir Fishes. Bur. Spt. Fish. and Wildl. Three New Institutes. South Dakota Farm & Home Re Tech. Papers No. 19, p. 16, 1969. search, Fall 1968. 51 C. L. Lay, B.S. ______Assistant in Agronomy ECONOMICS A. 0. Lunden, Ph.D . . ______Associate Professor J. E. Thompson, Ph.D. ___ Professor and Head Staff R. A. Moore, Ph.D. ______Professor H. R. Allen, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor J. T. Nichols, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor R. L. Beck, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor Agricultural Experiment Station, T. C. Olson, Ph.D. (USDA) ------·------R. L. Berry, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor July 1, 1968-June 30, 1969. ------______Associate Professor R. O. Gaarder, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor P. B. Price, Ph.D. (USDA) Associate Professor H. A. Gilbert, Ph.D. . __ _ Assistant Professor REGENTS OF EDUCATION J. G. Ross, Ph.D. ______Professor Loyd Glover, Ph.D. __ ------Professor M. D. Rumbaugh, Ph.D. Associate Professor H. J. Kim, M;S. ______Assistant Professor Hon. Richard H. Hattey, president ___ Redfield D. B. Shank, Ph.D. ______Professor Hon. Harry Witt, vice president ______Butler William Kohlmeyer, M.S. ______Professor F. E. Shubeck, Ph.D . . ______Professor Hon. Kenneth L. Arthur, secretary ______A. 0. Lockner, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor J. F. Stritzke, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor A. J. Matson, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor ------·------· Belle Fourche C. E. Stymiest, B.S. ___ Assistant in Agronomy C. C. Micheel, M.S. (USDA) ______Hon. John Larson ______Kennebec J. R. Thysell, M.S. (USDA) ______Hon. James I. Deam ______Yankton ·------· ____ _ Assistant Professor ______Assistant Professor Hon. Charles H. Burke ______Pierre Max Myers, Ph.D. ------~------·Professor R. C. Ward, M.S. ______Instructor Hon. Lauren Lewis ______Sioux Falls M. J. Powers, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor J. B. Weber, B.S. ___ -.--- ______Instructor G. D, Rose, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor Hon. Richard D. Gibb, D. G. Wells, Ph.D. , ______Professor Commissioner of Higher Education _ Pierre John S:mderson, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor F. C. Westin, Ph.D. ______Professor K. 0. Scofield, B.S. ______Technical Assistant Hon. Jerry Fischer, E. M. White, Ph.D. ______Professor Budget and Finance Officer ____ : ______Pierre A. B. Sogn, M.S. ______Assistant Professor ANIMAL SCIENCE E. 0. Ullrich, M.S. (USDA) ______EXECUTIVE C. J. Lewis, Ph.D. ______Professor and Head __ ------______Assistant Professor H. M. Briggs, Ph.D. ______President C. S. Menzies, Ph.D. ______Professor and Head D. C. Acker, Ph.D. ______Dean and Director Walter Bjorklund, M.S. ------ENTOMOLOGY..:ZOOLOGY .. A. L. Musson, Ph.D. ______Associate Director Assistant in Animal Science R. J. Walstrom, Ph.D. ___ __ Professor and Head B. L. Brage, Ph.D. ______Associate Dean L. F. Bush, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor E. U. Balsbaugh, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor W. A. Bugg, B.S.A. . _____ Director of Finance C: W. C3rlson, Ph.D. ______Professor T. F. Branson, M.S. (USDA) ______Instructor R. M. Howard, M.S. ______Director of W. J. Costello, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor C. 0. Calkins, M.S. (USDA) ______Instructor Institute of Biological Sciences C. A. Dinkel, Ph.D. ______Professor Algirdas Greichus, Ph.D. __Associate Professor L. B. Embry, Ph.D. ______Professor Ralph Gustin, M;S. (USDA) ______· ______Instructor STATiON STATISTICIAN CecJ Graber, B.S. Assistant in Animal Science E. W. Hamilton, Ph.D. (USDA) ______W. L. Tucker, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor Edmund Guenthner, M.S. ______Instructor ___ .. ______Associate Professor Marshall Haferkamp, M.S. ______E. J. Hugghins, Ph.D. ______Professor AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ______--·-- _____ Assistant in Animal Science P. A. Jones, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor D. L. Moe, M.S. ______Professor and Head C. E. Holmquist, B.S. ------R. W. Kieckhefer, Ph.D. (USDA) ______D. D. Brosz, M.S. ______Research Assistant -- ______Assistant in Animal Science ______Associate Professor S. T. Chu, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor I. B. Johnson, M.Agr. __ .... Professor Emeritus · V. M. Kirk, Ph.D. (USDA) ______Professor H. H. DeLong, M.S. ------.------Professor L. D. Kamstra, Ph.D. ______Professor J. L. Krysan, Ph.D. (USDA) ______E. A. Dowding, M.S. ___ ·------·---- Instructor Wallace Koester, B.S. __ ------______Assistant Professor -C. L. Hanson, M.S. (USDA) ______------Assistant in Animal Science Burruss McDaniel, Ph.D. ___ Associate Professor ______~------Assistant Professor P. H. Kohler, Ph.D. ______:------·---- Professor E. E. Ortman, Ph.D. (USDA) ______C. L. Hanson, M.S. (USDA) ______J. K. Lewis, M.S. ______Associate Professor ______Associate Professor ______Assistant Professor G. W. Libal, M.S. ______------,--- Instructor M. H. Roller, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor J. R. Hoover, M.S. (USDA) ______Instructor R. M. Luther, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor W. N. Stoner, Ph.D. (USDA) ______Professor T. M. Klosterman, B.S. ·------~------J. W. McCarty, M.S. _ ___ _ Associate Professor G. R. Sutter, Ph.D. (USDA) Assisant Professor -- ______Research Farm Superintendent W. C. McCone, M.S. ______Associate Professor R. N. Swanson, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor M . E. Larson, M.S. ______Associate Professoi: . D. G. Mordhorst, B.S. ------G. A. Thibodeau, M.S. ------Instructor W. D. Lembke, Ph.D. ______Professor ------______Assistant in Animal Science W. F. Lytle, M.S. ______Associate Professor W. C. Morgan, Ph.D. ______Professor HOME ECONOMICS J. M. Madden, M.S. __ _ Laboratory Technician N. W. Norder, B.S. ------Frances M. Hettler, Ph.D. ------C. A. Onstad, M.S. (USDA) ______Instructor ___ .. ______Assistant in Animal Science ·------·----- ___ Professor and Head Walter Spuhler, M.S. (USDA) ______R. R. Ost, B.S. __ Assistant in Animal Science Dorothy Deethardt, M.S. ------______Assistant Professor W.R. Parker, M.S. Assistant in Animal Science -- ______Assistant in Home Economics R. J. Svec, B.S. ___ . Assistant in Mechanized Ag P. E. Plumart, M.S. _ . ______Assistant Professor Louise Guild, M.S. ______Assistant Professor P. K. Turnquist, Ph.D. ___ __ Associate Professor D. R. Shelby, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor Adaline Hsia, M.S. ______Professor Henry Waelti, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor Herbert Sorbel, M.S. ------·---· ------Lillian 0. Lund, M.S. ------· Professor P. N. Wheeldon, B.S. ------Draftsman -- _ Assistant in Animal Science Barbara McCandless, M.S. Associate Professor J. L. Wiersma, M.S. ______------·------Professor R. C. Wahlstrom, Ph.D. ______Professor Kenneth Schneider, Ph.D. __ Associate Professor H. G. Young, M.S. ______Assistant Professor F. W. Whetzal, M.S. ______Assistant Professor Cora R. Sivers, M.S. ---~----- Assistant Professor Rena Wills, M.S. ______Associate Professor AGRONOMY BACTERIOLOGY L. 0. Fine, Ph.D. ______Professor and Head G. W . Robertstad, Ph.D. __ Professor and Head HORTICULTURE-FORE'STRY R. M. Pengra, Ph.D. ______Professor and Head R. M. Peterson, Ph.D. ______Professor and Head R. S. Albrechtsen, Ph.D. __ Associate P.-ofessor Catherine Evanson, B.S. __ Laboratory Assistant D. W. Beatty, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor D. G. Adams, Ph.D.·------Assistant Professor P.R. Middaugh, Ph.D. ------Professor J. J. Bonnemann, M.S. ___ Assistant Agronomist G. C. Parikh, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor H. G. Cady, B.S. ______Assistant in Forestry P. L. Carson, M.S. ______Associate Professor P. E. Collins, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor G. J. Prochazka, Ph.D. ____ _ Associate Professor_ J. D. Colburn, M.S . . ______Associate Professor E. E. Scheetz, B.S. ______Research Assistant N. P. Evers, B.S. ______Assistant in Horticulture E. J. Deibert, M.S. ______Assistant in Agronomy J. A. Turner, B.S. ______Research Assistant D. E. Herman, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor J. G. Dosland, M.S. ------Instructor G. L. Jensen, B.S. ______Assistant in Forestry C. D. Dybing, Ph.D. (USDA) ______BOT ANY-BIOLOGY L. C. Johnson, M.S. ______Associate Professor ______.---·------Associate Professor G. A. Myers, Ph.D. ______Professor and Head D. P. Prashar, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor G. W. Erion, M.S. ______Assistant Professor D. J. Holden, Ph.D. ______, __ Professor W. A. Urdahl, B.S. ___ Assistant in Horticulture P. D. Evenson, M.S. ______Assistant Professor DAIRY SCIENCE J. R. Waples, B.S. ______Assistant in Horticulture C. J. Franzke, B.S. ______Professor Emeritus J. Orvi!le Young, Ph.D. __ Professor and Head C. J. Frazee, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor R. J. Baker, Ph.D. ______------·· Professor PLANT PATHOLOGY H. A. Geise, M.S. ______: Instructor Emery Bartle, M.S. _ . ___ Associate Professor C. M. Nagel- Ph.D. ______Professor and Head Eldean Gerloff, Ph.D. (USDA) ______Instructor N. A. Jorgensen, Ph.D. Assistant Professor George Buchenau, Ph.D. __ Associate Professor M. L. Horton, Ph.D. --· ·---- Associate Professor M. J. Owens, M.S. Assistant in Dairy Science W. S. Gardner, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor D. R. Hovland, Ph.D. ·--·---- Associate Professor J. G. Parsons, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor S. G. Jensen, Ph.D. (USDA) ______R. Johnson, M.S. ______J. D. J. Schingoethe, Ph.D. __ Asistant Professor ______------Assistant Professor t ______Assistant in Range Management S. W. Seas, M.S. ____ Assistant Professor C. J. Mankin, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor l D. G. Kenefick, Ph.D. ______Associate Professor K. R. Spurgeon, Ph.D. ____ Associate Professor Hugh Randall, M.S. ------R. C. Kinch, M.S. ______----- ·------Professor Paul St1ke, B.S. Assistant in Dairy Science --- - ______Assistant in Plant Pathology Q. S. Kingsley, M .S. ______Assistant Professor Howard H. Voelker, Ph.D. ______Professor George Semeniuk, Ph.D. ______Professor 52 PUBLICATIONS Frank Holmes.______Superintendent, G. D. Rose, Associate Professor ______7 /1/68 E . .W. Metcalf, M.S ..______Agricultural Editor Central Substation, Highmore K. 0. Scofield, Technical Assistant ______l0/1/ 68 F. J. Shideler, M.S. Experiment Station Editor B. B. Beer, B.S. ______Superintendent, Editorial Lee Jorgensen, B.S. ------Range Field Station, Cottonwood Lee Jorgensen, ------Assistant Agricultural Editor Carl Erickson, M.S. (USDA) ____ Superintendent, Assistant Agricultural Editor ______7 /1/68 RURAL SOCIOLOGY U. S. Irrigation and Dryland Entomology-Zoology H. M. Sauer, M.A. ______Professor and Head Field Station, Newell W. R. Trevillyan, B.S. ______Superintendent, J. L. Krysan, Assistant Professor ______.9/1/ 6i R. M. Dimit, Ph.D. ------Professor Antelope Range Field Station, Buffalo Home Economics • D. R. Field, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor Adaline Hsia, Professor ______7 /1/ 68 J. F. Fredrikson, B.S. ______Superintendent, M. P. Riley, Ph.D,. ------Professor Rena Wills, Associate Professor ______7/ 1 / 68 STATION BIOCHEMISTRY Southeast South Dakota Experiment Farm, Beresford Horticulture-Forestry O. E. Olson, Ph.D. ______, ____ Professor and Head . R. J. Emerick, Ph.D. ______Professor B. E. Lawrensen, B.S. ------ H. G. Cady, Assistant in Forestry ______6/2 / 69 ------·Assistant Superintendent, G. F. Gastler, M.S. ______. Associate Professor Rural Sociology Southeast South Dakota Experiment D. R. Field, Assistant Professor______7 / 1/68 Yvonne A. Greichus, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Farm, Beresford P. L. Guss, Ph.D. (USDA) Assistant Professor L. B. Dye ------______Superintendent, Veterinary Science H. R. King, B.S. ------Assistant in Biochemistry Irrigation Research Substation, Redfield W. E. Bailie, Associate Professor______ll/1/ 68 A. W. Halverson, Ph.D. ______Professor R. J. Bury, Instructor ______7 /1/ 68 I. S. Palmer, Ph.D. ------Associate Professor MISCELLANEOUS Carol Ann Larson, Assistant in E. I. Whitehead, M.S. ______Professor Veterinary Science ______9 / 15 / 68 A. E. Dracy, Ph.D. ____ ------Professor VETERINARY SCIENCE (Electrical Engineering) K. D. Weide, D.V.M., Ph.D. ______RESIGNATIONS ______, ______Professor and Head APPOINTMENTS Agricultural Engineering W. E. Bailie, D.V.M., Ph.D. ______Executive W. D. Lembke, Professor ______9 / 30/68 ______·------Associate Professor R. M. Howard, M.S. 7/15 / 68 ______Director, Agronomy E. J. Bicknell, D.V.M., Ph.D. ______Institute of Biological Sciences D. W. Beatty, Associate Professor ______8/31/ 68 ______------Associate Professor Agricultural Engineering E. J. Deibert, Assistant in Agronomy ____ 8/31/ 68 R. J. Bury, D.V.M. ______lqstructor E. A. Dowding, Instructor------·3 /9 / 69 J. T. Nichols, Associate Professor ______6/ 30/69 G. S. Harshfield, D.V.M., M.S. ______Professor J. R. Hoover, Instructor (USDA) ______-2/ 1/69 C. A. Kirkbride, D.V.M ..: ______Instructor Animal Science Agronomy Walter Bjorklund, W. U. Knudtson, M.S .._ :______Instructor Assistant in Animal Science ______8/31 / 68 Carol Ann Larson, B.S. ______C. J. Frazee, Assistant Professor ______l/1 / 69 ______Assistant in Veterinary Science Animal Science C. J. Lewis,. Professor and Head ______8/ 31/68 D. G. Mordhorst, J. P. McAdaragli, M.S. ______Assistant Professor Marshall H aferkamp, Assistant in Hazel J. Shave, B.S. ______Animal Science ______9 / 1 / 68 Assistant in Animal Science ______ll/7 / 68 ______Assistant in Veterinary Science G. W. Libal, Instructor ______12/1 / 68 N. W. Norder, Assistant in Animal Science ______} /31/69 J. .B. Taylor, D.V.M. --- --~-- Professor Emeritus C. S. Menzies, Professor and Head _____ 2/ 1/69 R. R. Ost, Assistant in Animal -Science 2/1/ 69 R.R. Ost, WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES SCIENCES Assistant in Animal Science ______6/30/ 69 . W. R. Parker, - D. R. Progulske, Ph.D. ______Bacteriology · ______Associate Professor and Head Assistant in Animal Science ______7 /24/ 68 Bacteriology G. W. Roberts,ad, R. L. Applegate, M.A. (USDI) ______Professor and Head ______8/31/ 68 Catherine Evanson, ------"------Assistant Professor E. E. Scheetz, Research Assistant ______9/12/68 R. B. Dahlgren, M.S. fTJSDI) ______Instructor Laboratory Assistant ______9 / 1/ 68 R. L. Linder, Ph.D. (USDI) ______G. J. Prochazka, Associate Professor._ __9/24 / 68 Dairy Science ------"------~---'-' --Ass.uciate Professor J. A. Turner, Research Assistant______9 / 12/68 N. A. Jorgensen, Assistant Professor._ __8 / 31 / 68 • J. G. Nickum, Ph.D. ------Assistant Professor Dairy Science Horticulture-Forestry · K. E. Severson, Ph.D. ______Assistant Professor Paul Stake, Assistant in Dairy Science ___7 /1/ 68 G. L. Jensen, Assistant in Forestry ______8/10/ 68 SUBSTATIONS J. G. Parsons, Assistant Professor ______7 /1/ 68 Deceased Albert Dittman, B. S. ______Superintendent, D. J. Schingoethe, Assistant Professor_ ___ l/1/ 69 M. E. Larson, Associate Professor, · North Central Substation, Eureka Economics Agricultural Engineering ______s / 22/69 Gary Haiwick, M.S. ______Superintendent, R. 0. Gaarder, Associate Professor ______l/1/ 69 Kenneth Schneider, Associate Professor, Pasture Research Center, Norbeck Max Myers, Professor ______7 /1/ 68 Home Economics ______-3 /16 / 69 SOUTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Statement ofDisbursements by Source of Funds for Year Ended June 30, 1969 Expenditures Source of Funds . 6-30-68 6-30-69 1. State Appropriations (General Fund) ______$1,863,165.80 $1,940,709.95 2. Continuing Federal Appropriations (State Treasurer)------~------674,080.90 712,575.73 3. Continuing Federal Appropriations (Local)______34,351.81 34, l 01.62 4. Federal Grants and Contracts (USDA) ______90,733.23 96,246.77 5. Federal Grants and Contracts (not USDA) ______185,543.65 168,177.49 6, State Agencies Grants ______------42,581 .52 57,305.22 7. Private Grants and Contracts ______.:______.:. ______.:_ 121,344. l 0 144,082.16 8. Intern a I and Statewide Services·------_____ 271,293.80 305,914.82 9. Ind us try Services ______------·------___ __ 59,238. 92 53,788.55 l 0. Replacement Livestock Purchases ______150, l 01.33 190,743.51 TOT AL ______------·_-______$3 ,492, 935.06 $3,703,645.82 I Sales Income to General Fund ______------296,753.11 303,158.71 Net Support from Genera I Fund ______------______$1 ,566, 912.69 $1,637,551.24 53 Agricultural Advisorv Groups College of Agriculture Range Field Station John Qui I la n ______Kennebec Cottonwood Walter Stolte ______Chamberlain lngebert Fauske, Chairman ____ Quinn Otto Prokop·------______Kadoka South East South Dakota Stan Morrill, Secretary ____ Sioux Falls Keith Crew ______Interior Laurence Bentz ______Newell Experiment Farm Francis Gu pti II ______Interior Centerville Louis Bober__ ------· Rapid City Or~ille KeiL. ______Cottonwood Alan Bogue ______B ·eresford Ercil Bowles ______c_ Centerville lngebert Fauske ______Quinn Ercil Bowles ______Centerville President Clifford Fees ___ _ _ •______Cottonwood Bi 11 DeJ on g ______V,o Ii n Ohmer Cook ______Cottonwood 0 Merle Temple ______Cottonwood Carl Cronin ______Gettysburg Vice-President Oh mar Cook ______Cottonwood Bern a rd Uthe ______Canton Leona rd Dailey ______------~ Jefferson Lawrence Gropper ______long Valley Robert Dailey, Jr. ______Flandreau Secretary John Sherburne ______Wamblee Lawrence Swanson ______Canton Mrs. Harlen Digerness ______Letcher Dale Volburg ______Okaton Bob Duxbury ______Wessington Treasurer David Brost ______Murdo Clarence Dybvig ______Baltic Eric Thormodsgard ______Hudson John Elsing ______, ______Mansfield Tony Krebs·------______Qu i.n n LI oyd Overgaard ______Ce ntervi I le · R~uben Deutscher ______Wall Lay le M. Evans ______v erdon Leon Jorgenson ______Freeman Joe Hlavka ______Plainview Wesley Larsen ______Beresford George Fluharty ______,Fort Pierre Lee Jacobs ______-- ~- ______Allen Leona rd Da Hey ______~_ Jefferson John Glaus ______Chamberlain Ervin Cle la nd ______Verm i II ion Merton Glover ______Porcupine North Central Substation William Griffith ______Huron Eureka Carl Wright ------~------______Volin · Carl Ham ______Caputa Bob Kohlhoff, Chairman ______Leola Earl Ram es ·------Menno Eric Hermanson ______Garretson Alvin Abeln ______Groton Lawrence Holzbaurer ______Wagner Art Hibbison ______Mille ,r Wilbert Blumhardt ______Bowdle . Whetstone Valley Research Farm Fred Holscher ______'Faulkton Herbert Brandner ______Herreid Milbank Don Jorgenson ______-______Ideal Lois Caswell. ______Timber Lake One-year term- -Hagen K_elsey ______fedora Lyle Cutler ______Claremont · Da le Nigg ______Sisseton Wesley Larson ______Beresford Mike Mitzel ______·______Bowdle Max Gonzenbach ______Milbank Frank Lingo ______Sioux Falls Orville Stangl. ______Java DeWayne Benedict ______Wilmot Harry Martens ______Wessington John Vojta ______Mound City Vern L. Beare ______Milbank Harold Millett ______Reva U. S. Irrigation and Dryland Vic Joachim ______Corona Donald McMurchie ______Centerville Field Station Two-year ter-m- Ted Arnold ______Twin Brooks Dona Id Neddy------,--___ B·ritton Newell Arne Ne I son ______Volga Laurence Bentz ______Newell Jim Rc1be ______-c-- Big Stone City Merle Pommer______Castlewood Louis Bober______Rapid City Gordon Ziemer ______Browns Valley John Quillin ______Kennebec Rodney Larson ______Fruitdale Bob Osborne ______Millbank John Sutton ______Agar James Oliver ______Albion, Montana Haro Id Ba rl u n d __ . ______Mi Iba n k E. C. Thomsen ______Pierre E. H. Renecke ____ Beulah, Wyoming Three-year term:_ Les Zeller·-----~- ______Verm i 11 ion Norman Vansickle ______Opal Wilford Anderson ______LaBolt North East Research Farm Ge ra Id Oe h,I er ______Mi Iba n k Arvid Stengel ______Milbank Antelope Range Watertown-Garden City Ray Mueller ______~ __ Big Stone City Field Station Walter H. Schwanke _____ Watertown Chairman John Anderson ______: ______Wilmot Buffalo Fred Morris ______Watertown , , Roy Carlson ______Milbank Bi 11 Clanton ______Buffa lo Secretary Veterinary Science Paul Garr ______Isabel Harold Hurlbut ______Raymond Oscar Nygaard ______Watertown Harold MiUett ------Reva William Peterson ______Lily Dr. R. C. Bryan ______Mitchell Ole Drageset ______lsabel Alfred Skovly ______Astoria Dr. James T. Brown ______Huron Henry Meyer. ______Timber Lake Lyle Kriesel______Summit Roy Car Ison ______Mi Iba n k Ray Meyer______Sorum Oliver Heitsmeyer ______Estelline Dr. E. M. Joneschild, ANH Donald Neddy ______· ______Britton Div., ARS, USDA ______Pierre Central Substation Elmer Greseth ______Sisseton Dr. M. D. Mitchell, Grant Kellogg ______Watertown Highmore Livestock Sanitary Board ___ _Pierre South Central Research Farm John Popowski, Chief, Game Pierre Barnes ______Blunt Presho Management, Department Fred Holscher ______Faulkton Ed Bailey______Lucas of Game, Fish and Parks ___ Pierre Henry Hertel, Jr. ______Onida Jerry Bruning ______Wood Ward Van Horn ------· Bufflafo Art Hibbison ______Miller John Fernen ______Mission Les Zeller______Vermillion Keith Kleppin ____ Wessington Springs Lyle Headman ______Hayes Rodney Larson ______.; f ru itda le I - Francis Martens ______Wessington Don Jorgenson ______Ideal Dr. Wayne Sletten ______Faith ~ 0. K. Peterson ______Holabird Fred Lucas ------Platte Dr. Ralph Palmer ______Parkston C. B. SloaL ______Hoven Lyn l yma n ______Murdo Leonard E. Shafer______Sioux Falls 54 • First hand information of latest research results is available through field days held at various experimental sites each year during the summer. This high school vo-ag class (above) listens to livestock research results from an Agricultural Experiment Station staff member. One group (left, center) of several on a field day "tour" of experimental corn plots. Something new at Centerville in 1969 was a "clinic" where SDSU perso~ were available to answer farmer's questions (bottom, left). The noon meal is an important event at the annual field day at the Southeast South Dakota Experiment Farm near Centerville. These are just a few of the · pies (bottom, right) being readied in ·a converted • machine shed for the noon meal prepared by a nearby church group. • 55 Agricultura: Experiment Station SOUTH DAKOTA ST ATE UNIVERSITY Brookings, South Dakota 57006 Duane Acker, Director Publication Postage Paid U. S. Department of Agriculture to; ttvR ·~v eouaJ:>s 1em1uv QOUJ SJAV...t.t