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An Essay on the Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine, Including an Introductory

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An Essay on the Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine, Including an Introductory V. ^ 1 \v I ' & ": k ^t^ •tfr Oj y,s.;/////y //,7 ',' SJ?s /j/v: TRANSFERRED TO YALE MEDICAL LIBRARY HISTORICAL LIBRARY AN ESSAY ANTIQUITY OF HINDOO MEDICINE, INCLUDING AN INTRODUCTORY LECTURE TO THE COURSE OF MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, DELIVERED AT KING'S COLLEGE. J. F. ROYLE, M.D., F.R. & L.S., Sec. G.S., LATE OF THE MEDICAL STAFF OF THE BENGAL ARMT, MEMBER OF THE ASIATIC, THE MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL SOCIETIES OF CALCUTTA, OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, AND OF THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; &C. PROFESSOR OP MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS, KING'S COLLEGEj LONDON. LONDON: Wm. H. ALLEN & Co., 7, Leadenhall Street ; and J. CHURCHILL, Princes Street. 1837. A \ f, a o -•? Wis*. Printed by J. L. Cox and Sons, 75, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn lieldt.. DEDICATED UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH, AS A MARK HIGH RESPECT AND GRATEFUL FEELING THE AUTHOR. ADVERTISEMENT. As some incongruity is obvious between the title and the commencement of the present publication, it is advisable to state how it has originated. The Author, on entering on the course of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in King's College, having been requested by his colleagues, as well as some distinguished members of the Profession, to print his Introductory Address, and by others to give proofs of his opinions more in detail ; determined, in complying with the former, to attend as much as possible to the latter request. From the pressure of other occupations, it was not until the greater part of the Lecture was in print that the additions (with a few exceptions, those from p. 40 to 192) were made, and at a time, when a publication to the extent it has now reached was never contemplated. The object, in some of these additions, having been to show the probability of the antiquity of Hindoo Medicine in connection with Indian commerce, independent of the proofs afterwards adduced, some repeti- tion will perhaps appear to have been unnecessarily introduced ; this was in some measure inseparable from the cumulative nature of the argument adopted, in proceeding from com- paratively modern to more ancient times ; but partly caused by the interruptions, amidst which this essay has been written. These circumstances are mentioned in hopes of obtaining the reader's consideration, as well as to account for the imperfec- tions of the work, in connection with its title. This has been adopted in conformity to the suggestion of valued friends, that the object of the publication should occupy a more pro- minent position than its occasion. 62, Berners Street, 1st January 1838. By the same Author : ILLUSTRATIONS of ttie Botany and other Branches of the Natural History of the HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS, and of the Flora of Cashmere. Parts I. to IX., imp. Ito., 20s. each, with Coloured Plates. — Part X. \vill be published shortly. ; CONTENTS. Objects of the Course. Medicines supplied by Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms. Sciences connected with Materia Medica and Therapeutics, p. I.. Botany, 2. Connexion between Structure and Properties of Plants, 5. Geography of Plants in connexion with Climate, 11. Zoology, 17. Mineralogy, 19. Natural Philosophy, 19. Chemistry, 20. Physiological Action, 21, and Therapeutical Uses of Medicines, 22. Countries whence Drugs are obtained, 23. Means adopted for acquiring a knowledge of Asiatic Materia Medica, 25. History of Materia Medica. Persian, 26. Arabian, 27. Greek, 29. Indian, 31. Indian Drugs known to Greeks, 32. Arabs indebted to Hindoos for some of their knowledge of Materia Me- dica, 34. Reference to Hindoo Authors byname, 37. Quotation from Charaka, a Sanscrit Author, by Avicenna, 38. Probability of Arabs having derived a knowledge of Chemistry from Hindoos, 39. Chemical Arts of the latter, 46. Contents of Hindoo Medical Works, 47. Surgery, 49. Distinction between a Theoretical, a Practical, and a properly-educated Physician, 49. Diagnosis, 50. Prognosis, 50. Character of a Physician, 51. Materia Medica, 53. Pharmacy, 54. Abstract of the Contents of the Ayur Veda and of the Susruta, Sanscrit Medical Works, by Professor H. H. Wilson, 56. Hindoo Medicine, probably original, 62. Age of Hindoo Authors, 63. Presence of Hindoo Physicians at the Court of Harun-al-Rashid, proved by Professor Dietz, 64. Translations from Sanscrit into Tamul, 65; Cingalese, 66 ; Tibetan Lan- guage, 66. Chinese Medicine, and connexion between India and China, 67 ; between India and Persia, 68. Commerce of Indian Drugs, 69. Connexion of Greeks with Persia, 70; with India, 71. Greek, Bactrian, and Indo-Scythic Coins, from the time of the Seleucidte to the fourth or fifth century after Christ, discovered in Punjab, or Northern India. Argument for Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine, from knowledge of Indian Tropical Products in Northern Climates, 73. Indian Drugs noticed by Arab Authors, 75 ; by Greeks previous to Arabs, as Paulus iEgineta, 76 iEtius, 77 ; Oribasius, 78 ; Galen, 79 ; Pliny, 79. Dioscorides, 80. Indian Vegetable Products, 82 and 33. Oriental Pro- ducts known to Greeks, 92. Vegetable Products of Indian Tropical Islands not known to Greeks, 93. Animal Products mentioned by Dioscorides, 94. Indian Mineral Products, showing that the Hindoos possessed such substances as are mentioned by ancient Authors, 95. Knowledge of Indian Products previous to the time of Dioscorides, as in Theophrastus, 105. Hippocrates, 109. IV CONTENTS. Hippocrates subsequent to times when Grecian Philosophers travelled in Eastern Countries, 113. Greeks derived Arts and Sciences in the first instance from Egypt, 115. Egypt early a highly-civilized Country, 116. Commercial Intercourse between Egypt and India, 1 1 7. Course of Ancient Commerce by the North with Caubul, Persia, and Babylon, and up the Euphrates, or across Arabia to Syria, Palestine, and Lower Egypt- Communications of Phoenicians and Arabs by Sea with India, 120. Commercial Products obtained in N. India and Bactria, 123; Persia, 124; Babylon, 125; and Phoenician Colonies, 125. Communication by the South, or by Egypt and Arabia, with India, 126. Products of Arabia, 1 27. Products of Egypt, 128. Indian Products in Ancient Egypt, 1.30. Simi- larity between Indians and Ancient Egyptians in Arts, 130. Archi- tecture, 131. Sciences, 132. Physiognomy, Dress. Manners, 133. Communication between Ancient Egypt and India, 134. Egyptian Chronology, 135. India, Products of, 135. Agricultural, 136. Commercial, 137. Other Indian Products in Egypt, 137.. Antiquity of Indian Commerce proved by Indian Products mentioned in the Bible, 138. Chronology of Indian Astronomy, and of some Literary Works, 148; also of Indian Medicine, 150. Cultivation, in addition to Medicine, of other Sciences, of Literature, and of Philosophy by Hindoos, 150. The Vedas, 154. Grammar, Lexicography, Puranas, Poetry, 156. Phi- losophy, 156. Logic, 158. Law, 158. Hindoo Science, Mathematics, 159. Arithmetic, 160. Algebra, 161. Geometry, 163. Division of Circle and Trigonometry, 163. Astro- nomy, 165. Division of Time, 167. Days of the Week, Zodiacs, Settlement of Time, 169. Other Astronomical Determinations, 171. Dates of Hindoo Astronomers, 173. Mention of Greek by Hindoo Astronomers, 174. Coincidences in Astronomy of Eastern Nations, 175. Absence of the same Sciences among the Hindoos as among the Ancient Greeks, 175. Hindoo Medicine and Materia Medica; Mineral. Vegetable, and Animal, 177. Fine Arts among Hindoos, 178. Useful Arts, 179. Comparison of some points in the Science of the most ancient Grecian Philosophers, and what we now find contained in Sanscrit Books of great antiquity, 181. Probability of the former having acquired their knowledge in Eastern Countries, 187. Hindoo Chronology, Literary, Scientific, and Political, 187. Continuation of Lecture. Means and Mode of teaching, 192. Division of Course into two portions. 1. Natural and Historical Characters of articles of Materia Medica. 2. Physiological Action and Therapeutical Uses of Medicines, 194. Donation of a Collection of Materia Medica by the Society of Apothecaries, 195. Conclusion, 195. In commencing a course of lectures, it is usual to give some account of the origin and history, the objects and uses of the subject to be entered upon, by teacher and student. The practice has its advantages, in many respects, for all ought to be acquainted both with the object and the use of any study they are about to commence; but few can be interested about the history of a subject with which they are supposed to be totally unacquainted. Though a lec- turer may usually choose any part of his subject for his introductory discourse, there are occasions when he feels it expedient to give his own views on the subject to be studied. As I consider that to be my case, I shall enter at once into a consideration of the objects of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and the sciences with which they are connected, and without which they cannot be understood ; adding a short survey of the history of the science, and concluding with some observations on the modes and means of teaching. Materia Medica treats of the nature in general of medi- cines, and Therapeutics of their application in the treatment of disease. * All substances which are applied to diseased organs, with a view to cure or relieve, and which possess this virtue, independent of their nutritive qualities, are medi- cines.' They are obtained from both the Organic and Inorganic kingdoms, i.e. from the Vegetable and Animal, as well as from the Mineral kingdom. It is necessary, therefore, B to be acquainted with the sciences which treat of these as objects of Natural history. Vegetables and their products appear so naturally con- nected with the healing art, that one of the gods of the East is represented (having assumed the character of a chief physician), as delivering his instructions on the doctrines of medicine, in a forest of medical plants, in the presence of gods, sages, and a large train of both orthodox and heretical hearers.
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