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Creativity and Liberation : a Study of Women Writers and Artists University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1992 Creativity and liberation : a study of women writers and artists. Mary Clare Powell University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Powell, Mary Clare, "Creativity and liberation : a study of women writers and artists." (1992). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 4921. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/4921 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CREATIVITY AND LIBERATION: A STUDY OF WOMEN WRITERS AND ARTISTS A Dissertation Presented by MARY CLARE POWELL Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION February 1992 School of Education (c)Copyright by Mary Clare Powell 1992 All Rights Reserved CREATIVITY AND LIBERATION: A STUDY OF WOMEN WRITERS AND ARTISTS A Dissertation Presented by MARY CLARE POWELL Approved as to style and content by: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A piece of work that builds for three years and then takes another one and a half to create is never solitary. I've done the research and writing, but the other people have contributed in so many ways to the endeavor. I’m grateful. Thank you to the women artists and writers who shared their lives and work with me. I appreciate your openness, generosity, and belief in what I am doing. I offer that back to you in this paper. Thanks to my committee, Doris Shallcross, Lee Edwards and Bailey Jackson, for their good feedback, encouragement and general well wishing. Special thanks to Doris Shallcross, an amazing facilitator, who kept me on track, was always there for support, and opened lots of doors for me. And special thanks to Bett Farber, for careful reading and excellent questions; to Annie Cheatham, for always standing by; to Ron Baer, Teddy Grady, and Sheila Pepe for thoughtfully reading and responding to my draft; and most especially to Violet Walker, for living beside me while I IV went through the whole process—for her time, her good cheer, her belief that this work was worth doing, her advice, her love, And to my mother Ruth Powell, for her financial support and her parental pride and pleasure. v ABSTRACT CREATIVITY AND LIBERATION: A STUDY OF WOMEN WRITERS AND ARTISTS FEBRUARY 1992 MARY CLARE POWELL, B.S. TOWSON STATE UNIVERSITY M.L.A. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY ED.D. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Doris J. Shallcross The dissertation proposes a new model of the artist in society--the artist-educator. This model is explored by investigating the lives and work of ten women artists and writers, who are accomplished and innovative creators as well as facilitators of the creativity of others, especially individuals and groups considered marginal by our society. These artists represent a new model of the artist- educator because of (1) how they view the creative process, (2) their social/political vision, (3) their approaches to teaching, and (4) the force of their impact on others. First, they view the creative process as one which calls for boundary breaking; i.e., taking down distinctions between one's art and one's life, between the uses and functions of various art media, between themselves and other artists, between artists and their audiences. These artists have a social vision: they see themselves as part of a larger whole, a diverse society, and at the vi same time, they see themselves as artists somewhere near the edge of their particular artistic or literary worlds, not in the mainstream. They also see themselves as change agents who use their art as a means of transformation. In their teaching and facilitating work they are committed to cultural diversity and intend to call forth the voices of those not previously heard from. They tend to believe that everyone is creative, and to assume that one's creativity is linked to one's wholeness and development as a person. They facilitate creativity in women in prison, people in nursing homes, persons with AIDS, the old, the homeless, drug and alcohol abusing teenagers, mentally retarded adults, and others. As artists and educators equally, they represent a new paradigm for who the artist in society might be, and they require that we broaden out the definition of creativity beyond a mysterious process which only a few genuises and artists possess. The artist is to be among us, because we are all capable of creating, all able to speak in the voices of our diverse cultural groups. Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.iv ABSTRACT.vi LIST OF FIGURES.xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.1 Purpose of This Study.1 Formative Experiences.3 Reading.6 Formulation of Thesis.8 Work With Women.9 A Continuum.12 Conclusion.14 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE.16 Creativity and the Self.16 Women and Creativity.19 Woman/Artist.2 5 Conditions Facilitating Creativity.29 Creativity and Autonomy.31 3 METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES.37 Definitions.37 Subjects.40 Methods of Research.43 4 THE SUBJECTS.46 Pat Schneider.47 M.C. Richards.49 Margaret Robison.51 Pauline Oliveros.53 Genny Lim.56 Liz Lerman and The Dance Exchange.58 Gloria Anzaldua.61 Deborah Kruger.63 Bonnie Sherk.65 Kathy Jackson and Maryat Lee.68 5 THE NATURE OF THE CREATIVE PROCESS.71 Defining Creativity.72 Art and Life.75 viii Women's Oppression and the Creative Process.... 84 Authenticity and Creativity.92 Artmaking As Creating the Self.99 Breaking Boundaries.104 Media.104 Collaboration.113 Artist and Audience.122 6 THE ARTIST IN SOCIETY.127 The Social Vision of These Artists.127 Part of the Whole.129 From the Periphery.132 The Artist as Change Agent.138 The Artist in Society.146 7 THE ARTIST-EDUCATOR.152 Social Oppression and Creativity.153 Liberation and Creativity.155 Examples of Teaching Work.158 Deborah Kruger-- No Limits for Women Artists.158 Pat Schneider-- Chicopee Writing Workshop.... 160 Liz Lerman and the Dance Exchange.165 Genny Lim-- Multicultural Theater.171 M.C. Richards-- Clay, Community, and Creativity.176 Maryat Lee and Kathy Jackson-- Ecotheater.. 180 Common Threads.184 Characteristics.184 Assumptions.186 Methods.188 Artmaking As Social Change Work.191 8 THE DEVELOPMENT OF VOICE.197 Art and Artmaking.197 Silences.199 The Development of Voice.201 Impact on Others.204 Healing.204 Empowering.207 Giving Access.212 IX Building Community.217 Conclusions.219 9 THE ARTIST AS RAINMAKER.221 The Function of the Artist in Society.221 The Artist in Society: An Alternative.225 The Artist-Educator at Work.226 Creativity Redefined.230 The Artist as Rainmaker.233 APPENDICES A. COPY OF RELEASE FORM SIGNED BY SUBJECTS.236 B. QUESTIONNAIRE USED IN INTERVIEWS.237 BIBLIOGRAPHY.240 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 "Sitting Still I," Performance Art by Bonnie Sherk, 1970.79 2 "Living in the Forest," Performance Art by Bonnie Sherk, 1973.80 3 Variety Article about Maryat Lee's Play "Dope!".83 4 "A Sea of Cabbages," Poem by Gloria Anzaldua. (Borderlands/La Frontera, pg. 132).88 5 "Tribe of Dina," Installation by Deborah Kruger.91 6 "The Only Language She Knows," Poem by Genny Lim. (Winter Place, pg. 52).93 7 "Grandmother," Poem by Genny Lim. (Winter Place , pg . 16).94 8 Kathy Jackson as John Henry in an Ecotheater Production.101 9 Drawing of Pauline Oliveros in Performance by Mary Clare Powell.107 10 "To live in the Borderlands means you," Poem by Gloria Anzaldua. (Borderlands /_ La Frontera, pg. 194.).Ill 11 Dance Exchange Community Programs.112 12 Dance Exchange Description of Solos.114 13 Dance Exchange Description of Dances.115 14 Maryat Lee, Founder of Ecotheater.121 15 M.C. Richards, Potter, Poet, Teacher.133 16 Pauline Oliveros.135 17 Liz Lerman With Dancers of the Third Age.140 xi 18 Description and Sketch of A Living Library (A.L.L.) by Bonnie Sherk 145 19 Article about Deborah Kruger.148 20 M.C. Richards with The Seven I Am's. (Towards MC , pg. 17).150 21 "In a Room in Chicopee Women Write About Their Lives," poem by Pat Schneider. (White River Junction, pg. 14).163 22 Dance Exchange, Community Classes Schedule.168 23 Poets in the Galleries Newsletter. (Genny Lim).17 3 24 Poets in the Galleries Newsletter, Poems by Children. (Genny Lim).174 25 "To Break Silence," Poem by Pat Schneider (White River Junction, pg. 4).194 26 "Nostalgia," Poem by Genny Lim. (Winter Place, pg. 9).202 27 "Here, In This Room In This Prison," Poem by Margaret Robison. (The World Split Open, introduction).206 28 Front Cover of Po-What?, Publication by Margaret Robison.213 29 Poems by Children of Donahue School, Holyoke, MA. (Po-What?, pg. 103).214 30 Photograph of Children With Elder in Nursing Home.(Margaret Robison's Poetry Class in Po-What?, pg. 30).215 xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION What if people are endowed with extraordinary gifts, but all access to them is miseducated out of them? What if it is now the calling of artists—in return for those high flying moments--to draw their fellows into the dance instead of leaving them to sit stuffed on the sidelines in their endless misery with glassy admiring eyes? The sense of connectedness and equality with humankind, we all need and are deeply missing. It once was possible through artists who, perhaps alone, are people who can inspire, enable, stir creativity, pull the 'other' into this real world, give them power, discipline and guide their early clumsy efforts.
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