Telomere-Based Crisis: Functional Differences Between Telomerase Activation and ALT in Tumor Progression
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Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery: the Need for More Cell Culture Based
Kura et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2014, 8:46 http://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/8/1/46 MINI REVIEW Open Access Nanotechnology in drug delivery: the need for more cell culture based studies in screening Aminu Umar Kura1, Sharida Fakurazi1,2*, Mohd Zobir Hussein3 and Palanisamy Arulselvan1 Abstract Advances in biomedical science are leading to upsurge synthesis of nanodelivery systems for drug delivery. The systems were characterized by controlled, targeted and sustained drug delivery ability. Humans are the target of these systems, hence, animals whose systems resembles humans were used to predict outcome. Thus, increasing costs in money and time, plus ethical concerns over animal usage. However, with consideration and planning in experimental conditions, in vitro pharmacological studies of the nanodelivery can mimic the in vivo system. This can function as a simple method to investigate the effect of such materials without endangering animals especially at screening phase. Keywords: In vitro, Animal studies, Nanodelivery system, Toxicity and bio distribution Introduction However, with changes and improvement in drug de- Nanodelivery system (NDS) is a branch of Nanomedicine livery via NDS comes a price (possible toxic effect), the characterized by controlled, targeted and sustained drug evaluation of which is important before any biological delivery ability, a limitation and drawback that is currently application can be introduce. In 2004, the term nanotoxi- limiting conventional drug delivery system especially city was coined; referring to the study of the potential in drug delivery to tight areas like the brain [1]. NDS, toxic impacts of nanoparticles on biological and ecological due to their small sizes usually below 100 nm and systems [5]. -
Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 1
Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 1 U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF FOODS AND VETERINARY MEDICINE CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY & APPLIED NUTRITION FDA Public Meeting: Foods Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology Docket No. FDA-2018-N-2155 Harvey W. Wiley Federal Building - Auditorium 5001 Campus Drive College Park, MD 20740 Thursday, July 12, 2018 Reported by: Natalia Thomas, Capital Reporting Company Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 2 A P P E A R A N C E S Jessica Almy The Good Food Institute Kari Barrett Advisor for Strategic Communications and Public Engagement, Office of Food and Veterinary Medicine, FDA Danielle Beck National Cattlemen's Beef Association Dustin Boler, PhD American Meat Science Association Benjamina Bollag Higher Steaks Beth Briczinski, PhD National Milk Producers Federation Lou Cooperhouse BlueNalu Isha Datar Executive Director, New Harvest Jeremiah Fasano Consumer Safety Officer, Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review, Office of Food Additive Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 3 A P P E A R A N C E S Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA Scott Gottlieb, MD Commissioner, FDA Michael Hansen, PhD Consumers Union Gregory Jaffe Director, Project on Biotechnology, Center for Science in the Public Interest William Jones, PhD Acting Director, Office of Food Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA Kate Krueger, PhD New Harvest Tiffany Lee, DVM North American Meat Institute Peter Licari Chief Technology Officer, JUST Susan Mayne, PhD Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA Food Produced Using Animal Cell Culture Technology (07/12/2018) Page 4 A P P E A R A N C E S Paul McCright, PhD Biotrack Diagnostics, Inc. -
Use of Cell Culture in Virology for Developing Countries in the South-East Asia Region © World Health Organization 2017
USE OF CELL C USE OF CELL U LT U RE IN VIROLOGY FOR DE RE IN VIROLOGY V ELOPING C O U NTRIES IN THE NTRIES IN S O U TH- E AST USE OF CELL CULTURE A SIA IN VIROLOGY FOR R EGION ISBN: 978-92-9022-600-0 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION World Health House Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110002, India Website: www.searo.who.int USE OF CELL CULTURE IN VIROLOGY FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION © World Health Organization 2017 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition.” Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. -
68 Appendix A. Viral Isolation Protocol (For Cell Culture)
Appendix A. Viral Isolation Protocol (for Cell Culture) Introduction The optimal method for determining specific etiology of an arbovirus infection requires isolation of the virus from a specimen obtained from the patient during the acute stage of the disease and the demonstration of a rise in titer of an antibody to the isolate during convalescence. For a number of reasons successful isolation of most arboviruses from specimens from patients is the exception, reasons being that the specimen to be examined is not collected soon enough, is not properly handled, or is not expeditiously transmitted to the virus laboratory for inoculation. The viremia for many arbovirus infections in humans, if detectable at any stage, ceases by the time of or soon after onset of symptoms-- a stage when antibody is often demonstrable. Because some circulating virus may be recoverable and the antibody may be absent, or present in low titer, the acute-phase blood specimen should be collected immediately upon suspicion of a viral etiology. Delay of an hour or so can compromise the chance of virus isolation; the allowable time depends upon the type of viruses involved. Certain arboviruses produce a viremia of sufficient magnitude and duration that the viruses can be isolated from blood during the acute phase of illness, e.g., 0 to 5 days after onset. Examples of these viruses include the agents of yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and sandfly, Ross River, and Oropouche fevers. The viremia in Colorado tick fever is unique because it can extend for weeks or months, and infection has been transmitted by transfusions. -
Telomere Length Shortening in Microglia: Implication for Accelerated Senescence and Neurocognitive Deficits in HIV
Article Telomere Length Shortening in Microglia: Implication for Accelerated Senescence and Neurocognitive Deficits in HIV Chiu-Bin Hsiao 1, Harneet Bedi 2, Raquel Gomez 2, Ayesha Khan 2, Taylor Meciszewski 2, Ravikumar Aalinkeel 2, Ting Chean Khoo 3, Anna V. Sharikova 3, Alexander Khmaladze 3 and Supriya D. Mahajan 2,* 1 Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Drexel University, Positive Health Clinic, Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, University at Buffalo’s Clinical Translational Research Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; [email protected] (H.B.); [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (T.M.); [email protected] (R.A.) 3 Department of Physics, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA; [email protected] (T.C.K.); [email protected] (A.V.S.); [email protected] (A.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-1-716-888-4776 Abstract: The widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led to the accelerated aging of the HIV-infected population, and these patients continue to have a range of mild to moderate HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Infection results in altered mitochondrial function. The HIV-1 viral protein Tat significantly alters mtDNA content and enhances oxidative stress in immune cells. Microglia are the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that exhibit Citation: Hsiao, C.-B.; Bedi, H.; a significant mitotic potential and are thus susceptible to telomere shortening. HIV disrupts the Gomez, R.; Khan, A.; Meciszewski, T.; normal interplay between microglia and neurons, thereby inducing neurodegeneration. -
Fructose Causes Liver Damage, Polyploidy, and Dysplasia in the Setting of Short Telomeres and P53 Loss
H OH metabolites OH Article Fructose Causes Liver Damage, Polyploidy, and Dysplasia in the Setting of Short Telomeres and p53 Loss Christopher Chronowski 1, Viktor Akhanov 1, Doug Chan 2, Andre Catic 1,2 , Milton Finegold 3 and Ergün Sahin 1,4,* 1 Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (V.A.); [email protected] (A.C.) 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; fi[email protected] 4 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-713-798-6685; Fax: +1-713-798-4146 Abstract: Studies in humans and model systems have established an important role of short telomeres in predisposing to liver fibrosis through pathways that are incompletely understood. Recent studies have shown that telomere dysfunction impairs cellular metabolism, but whether and how these metabolic alterations contribute to liver fibrosis is not well understood. Here, we investigated whether short telomeres change the hepatic response to metabolic stress induced by fructose, a sugar that is highly implicated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We find that telomere shortening in telomerase knockout mice (TKO) imparts a pronounced susceptibility to fructose as reflected in the activation of p53, increased apoptosis, and senescence, despite lower hepatic fat accumulation in TKO mice compared to wild type mice with long telomeres. The decreased fat accumulation in TKO Citation: Chronowski, C.; Akhanov, is mediated by p53 and deletion of p53 normalizes hepatic fat content but also causes polyploidy, V.; Chan, D.; Catic, A.; Finegold, M.; Sahin, E. -
Chapter 11: Virology
CHAPTER 11 Virology Ken Peters USFWS – Bozeman Fish Health Center Bozeman, Montana NWFHS Laboratory Procedures Manual - Second Edition, June 2004 Chapter 11 - Page 1 I. Introduction Detection of aquatic animal viruses historically has been by growth and isolation on living cell cultures appropriately researched and chosen for the propagation of target viruses and species of host. Viral detection can also include immunological and nucleotide testing procedures. The determination of a testing procedure is a complex decision involving factors of cost, timeliness, sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and available host tissues and technology. For the purposes of the Wild Fish Health Survey, the USFWS has chosen the use of cell culture for initial screening and corroboration of test results using appropriate nucleotide primers of specific viral pathogens in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Other corroborative tests may also be utilized, including serum neutralization, indirect fluorescent antibody techniques, biotinylated DNA probes, and immuno-dot blot tests (see Chapter 12 - Corroborative Testing of Viral Isolates). The following sections describe the procedures and methods for virology using standard cell culture techniques. Definitions: Several terms are used routinely in virology and throughout this section. A full Glossary of terms can be found in Appendix A. Media Formulations: See Appendix B: Media Used in Tissue Culture and Virology. II. Selection of Appropriate Cell Lines All viral testing will utilize cell lines traceable to cell lines from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) when available. At the minimum, cell lines will be tested annually for viral sensitivity and mycoplasma infection: see section VI. Quality Control in Tissue Culture, in Chapter 10 -Tissue Culture of Fish Cell Lines. -
Telomere-To-Telomere Assembly of a Complete Human X Chromosome W
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2547-7 Accelerated Article Preview Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a W complete human X chromosome E VI Received: 30 July 2019 Karen H. Miga, Sergey Koren, Arang Rhie, Mitchell R. Vollger, Ariel Gershman, Andrey Bzikadze, Shelise Brooks, Edmund Howe, David Porubsky, GlennisE A. Logsdon, Accepted: 29 May 2020 Valerie A. Schneider, Tamara Potapova, Jonathan Wood, William Chow, Joel Armstrong, Accelerated Article Preview Published Jeanne Fredrickson, Evgenia Pak, Kristof Tigyi, Milinn Kremitzki,R Christopher Markovic, online 14 July 2020 Valerie Maduro, Amalia Dutra, Gerard G. Bouffard, Alexander M. Chang, Nancy F. Hansen, Amy B. Wilfert, Françoise Thibaud-Nissen, Anthony D. Schmitt,P Jon-Matthew Belton, Cite this article as: Miga, K. H. et al. Siddarth Selvaraj, Megan Y. Dennis, Daniela C. Soto, Ruta Sahasrabudhe, Gulhan Kaya, Telomere-to-telomere assembly of a com- Josh Quick, Nicholas J. Loman, Nadine Holmes, Matthew Loose, Urvashi Surti, plete human X chromosome. Nature Rosa ana Risques, Tina A. Graves Lindsay, RobertE Fulton, Ira Hall, Benedict Paten, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2547-7 Kerstin Howe, Winston Timp, Alice Young, James C. Mullikin, Pavel A. Pevzner, (2020). Jennifer L. Gerton, Beth A. Sullivan, EvanL E. Eichler & Adam M. Phillippy C This is a PDF fle of a peer-reviewedI paper that has been accepted for publication. Although unedited, the Tcontent has been subjected to preliminary formatting. Nature is providing this early version of the typeset paper as a service to our authors and readers. The text andR fgures will undergo copyediting and a proof review before the paper is published in its fnal form. -
Introduction to Mammalian Cell Culture
Workshop Training Series Biomedical and Obesity Research Core Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases through Dietary Molecules Introduction to Mammalian Cell Culture April 9, 2019 Yongjun Wang Ph.D. Director of Biomedical and Obesity Research Core Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases through Dietary Molecules What Is Cell Culture Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown in controlled conditions outside of their native environment. Timeline: key milestone in cell cultures History of Cell Culture http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66905 Primary vs Cell line Primary cells Cell lines Lifespan and division capacity Limited Indefinite Isolated in the lab or bought from Source Bought from commercial provider commercial provider Care and maintenance Complex and difficult Easy to maintain or proliferate Chromosomal aberration Minimal Several Retention of functional markers and Yes Not always signaling pathways Functional study, diagnosis, Drug development, vaccine and protein Application Gene therapy, et al. production, et al. Three Types of Cells Epithelial-like cells Fibroblast-like cells Lymphoblast-like cells Cell differentiation 3T3L1 cells C212 cells Cell Culture Vessels • Most adherent cells require attachment to proliferate • Polystyrene are treated to become hydrophilic and negatively charged once medium is added • Coating with basic synthetic polymers • Poly-L-lysine • Coating with matrix proteins • Collagen, laminin, gelatin, fibronectin Class II Biological Safety Cabinet The Class II Biological Safety -
BIOTECH Basics of Each Chromosome Are Repeating Sequences of DNA Known As Telomeres
What You Need to Know n DNA is organized into small structures known as chromosomes. At the ends BIOTECH Basics of each chromosome are repeating sequences of DNA known as telomeres. n Every time the cell divides and copies its DNA, the very end of the telomere is unable to be copied and the total telomere length is shortened. n Telomeres act as a buffer to protect the genes near the ends of the chro- mosome from being degraded by the Telomeres shortening process. the aglets of the genomic world n When the telomeres become too short, the cell stops dividing. This is called senescence and is associated hink about your fa- times. Telomere length varies between with aging. Tvorite pair of lace- individuals and across cell type but there up shoes. Focus on the may be as many as 15,000 nucleotides at n An enzyme known as telomerase is active in a small number of cells to keep shoelaces from those shoes, specifically the tip of a chromosome. telomeres long. Most adult cells have on the tips where the small plastic or met- When a cell divides, the chromosomes no telomerase present. al coverings wrap around the lace. Those are copied by specific enzymes and pro- coverings, known as aglets, protect the vide each daughter cell with a complete n There seems to be a link between long telomeres and longevity. Possibly ends from damage and keep the fibers set of genetic information. Unfortunately, those individuals who live long lives are of the lace from unraveling. If the aglet the copying enzymes are unable to com- producing a very low level of telom- wears away, the end becomes frayed and pletely reproduce the very end of each erase in their adult cells. -
Guide to Biotechnology 2008
guide to biotechnology 2008 research & development health bioethics innovate industrial & environmental food & agriculture biodefense Biotechnology Industry Organization 1201 Maryland Avenue, SW imagine Suite 900 Washington, DC 20024 intellectual property 202.962.9200 (phone) 202.488.6301 (fax) bio.org inform bio.org The Guide to Biotechnology is compiled by the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) Editors Roxanna Guilford-Blake Debbie Strickland Contributors BIO Staff table of Contents Biotechnology: A Collection of Technologies 1 Regenerative Medicine ................................................. 36 What Is Biotechnology? .................................................. 1 Vaccines ....................................................................... 37 Cells and Biological Molecules ........................................ 1 Plant-Made Pharmaceuticals ........................................ 37 Therapeutic Development Overview .............................. 38 Biotechnology Industry Facts 2 Market Capitalization, 1994–2006 .................................. 3 Agricultural Production Applications 41 U.S. Biotech Industry Statistics: 1995–2006 ................... 3 Crop Biotechnology ...................................................... 41 U.S. Public Companies by Region, 2006 ........................ 4 Forest Biotechnology .................................................... 44 Total Financing, 1998–2007 (in billions of U.S. dollars) .... 4 Animal Biotechnology ................................................... 45 Biotech -
What Is Cell Culture? Cell Culture Refers to the Removal of Cells from an Animal Or Plant and Their Subsequent Growth in a Favorable Artificial Environment
What is Cell Culture? Cell culture refers to the removal of cells from an animal or plant and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment. The cells may be removed from the tissue directly and disaggregated by enzymatic or mechanical means before cultivation, or they may be derived from a cell line or cell strain that has already been established. It is widely used for growing viruses. Tissues are dissociated into the component cells by the action of enzyme and mechanical shaking. The cells are washed ,counted and suspended in a growth medium. The growth medium conists of essential amino acids,glucose,vitamins , salts and a buffer.Antibiotics are added to prevent bacterial contamination . the cell suspension is put into bottles , tubes and pertidishes. The cell adhere to the glass or plastics surface , divide and form a confluent monplayer sheet within a week . Cell culture is further classified on the basis of origin,chromosomal characters and the number of generations through which they can be maintained . It is of three types- primary cell culture,diploid cell strain and continuous cell lines. 1. Primary cell culture 2. Diploid cell strain 3. Continuous cell culture Primary cell culture 1. They are normal cells freshly taken from the body and cultured. They are capable of only limited growth in culture. They cannot be maintained in serial culture example :- monkey kidney, human embryo kidnry and chick embryo cell culture . 2. Primary Cultures Primary cultures are derived directly from excised, normal animal tissue and cultures either as an explant culture or following dissociation into a single cell suspension by enzyme digestion.