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RIQUELDI STRAUB LISE.Pdf RIQUELDI STRAUB LISE CERCEAMENTOS, COERÇÕES E ESPORTIVIDADE NO ULTIMATE FIGHTING CHAMPIONSHIP (UFC) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ SETOR DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA CURITIBA 2018 RIQUELDI STRAUB LISE CERCEAMENTOS, COERÇÕES E ESPORTIVIDADE NO ULTIMATE FIGHTING CHAMPIONSHIP (UFC) Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Educação Física do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, do Setor de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Orientador: Dr. André Mendes Capraro. CURITIBA 2018 8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR3DUDQi6LVWHPDGH%LEOLRWHFDV %LEOLRWHFDGH&LrQFLDV%LROyJLFDV 7HOPD7HUH]LQKD6WUHVVHUGH$VVLV±&5% /LVH5LTXHOGL6WUDXE &HUFHDPHQWRVFRHUo}HVHHVSRUWLYLGDGHQR8OWLPDWH)LJKWLQJ &KDPSLRQVKLS 8)& 5LTXHOGL6WUDXE/LVH±&XULWLED SLOFP 2ULHQWDGRU$QGUp0HQGHV&DSUDUR 7HVH 'RXWRUDGR ±8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR3DUDQi6HWRUGH&LrQFLDV %LROyJLFDV3URJUDPDGH3yV*UDGXDomRHP(GXFDomR)tVLFD $UWHVPDUFLDLV9LROrQFLD7tWXOR,,&DSUDUR$QGUp0HQGHV,,, 8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR3DUDQi6HWRUGH&LrQFLDV%LROyJLFDV3URJUDPDGH 3yV*UDGXDomRHP(GXFDomR)tVLFD &'' HG RESUMO Após 25 anos da primeira edição do Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), foi possível perceber que este evento promotor de lutas de Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) obteve notória visibilidade, a qual pode ser comparada atualmente com a de outros esportes considerados mais tradicionais. No entanto, desde as primeiras edições, caracterizadas como confrontos intermodalidades, até o reconhecimento oficial enquanto modalidade esportiva, a organização deste evento sempre este às voltas com críticas que consideravam tais disputas como prática brutal, selvagem e descivilizadora. Assim esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar para, na sequência, analisar o que se pode entender por violência no âmbito circunscrito às disputas Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Com a pretensão de efetivar o objetivo proposto nesta tese, propõe-se uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho histórico/sociológico. Para tanto, são necessárias a identificação, a descrição, a análise e a contextualização dos fatos e das relações de poder que influenciaram e determinaram o percurso da modalidade, considerando a violência com temática principal. Esta pesquisa está balizada pela hipótese de que o MMA apresenta tipos específicos de violência, as quais extrapolam aquelas do tipo interpessoal direta. E ainda que as atuais discussões midiáticas e boa parte dos trabalhos acadêmicos estão majoritariamente centradas nas regulamentações e no contato físico permitido pelas regras, muitas vezes entendido como uma forma de violência interpessoal direta. Com sentido de contemplar este objetivo optou-se por uma ampla seleção de fontes, cuja finalidade está assentada na compreensão diversificada do fenômeno. Foram utilizadas fontes impressas, tais como jornais, revistas especializadas ou não; fontes audiovisuais, tais como transmissões das lutas, filmes, documentários, programas televisivos, entrevistas, matérias em sites da internet; fontes documentais, tais como projetos, regulamentações, protocolos e também fontes imagéticas. Optar por uma abordagem metodológica pautada em um único referencial teórico ou em algum modelo explicativo específico talvez fosse fator limitante para a compreensão de algumas formas de violência que se manifestam (ou não) nessas disputas. Dada a multiplicidade de significados relacionados à noção de violência, optou-se por uma articulação entre diferentes áreas de conhecimento, com objetivo de ampliar as possibilidades de análise e espraiar a compreensão acerca das noções de violência, percebidas nas disputas do UFC. Dessa maneira a pesquisa foi dividida em oito capítulos, os quais cada um deles corresponde a um objetivo específico. Além da introdução e considerações finais são eles: Reflexões pautadas nas noções de violência; Mas que disse que isto é esporte? Os discursos que permeiam uma modalidade em constituição; O processo de regulamentação e do UFC: motivações e finalidades; A luta antes da luta: discussão acerca dos processos de perda de peso em atletas do UFC; Doping no UFC: uma violência velada, mas não invisível; O monopólio do UFC e suas formas de coerções. Pôde-se perceber que diversas formas de violência se manifestam no âmbito do UFC, entre elas as coerções por meio de contratos unilaterais, os quais tendem a prejudicar os atletas, o uso de doping por parcela dos lutadores, as relações obscuras entre o UFC e as Comissões Atléticas (CAs) com sentido de preservar os atletas com maior expressão na organização, entre outras. Foi possível notar também que boa parte da produção acadêmica acerca do MMA e do UFC não costumam abordar estes tipos de violência que extrapolam aquelas do tipo interpessoal direta. Palavras-chave: Mixed Martial Arts. Ultimate Fighting Championship. Violência. Esporte de combate. Confronto intermodalidade. ABSTRACT After 25 years of the first edition of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), it was possible to perceive that this Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) promoting event has gained noticeable visibility, which can now be compared to other traditional sports. However, since the first editions, still characterized as intermodality combats and not as a sporting modality, the organization of this event had always faced criticism that considered such disputes as a brutal, savage and descivilizing practice. Thus, this research aims to identify and to analyze what can be understood by violence within the scope of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). With the pretension of accomplishing the objective proposed in this thesis, a qualitative research of a historical/sociological nature is proposed. For that, it is necessary to identify, describe, analyze and contextualize the facts and power relations that influenced and determined the course of the modality, considering the violence as the main theme. This research is based on the hypothesis that MMA presents specific types of violence, which surpass those of the direct interpersonal type. In addition, although the current media discussions and much of the scholarly work are mostly centered on the regulations and the physical contact allowed by the rules, often understood as a form of direct interpersonal violence. In order to contemplate this objective we opted for a wide selection of sources, whose purpose is based on the diversified understanding of the phenomenon. Printed sources were used, such as newspapers, specialized magazines or not; audiovisual sources, such as broadcasting of fights, films, documentaries, television programs, interviews, web site materials; documentary sources, such as projects, regulations, protocols and also imagery sources. Opting for a methodological approach based on a single theoretical framework or on some specific explanatory model might be a limiting factor for understanding some forms of violence that manifest themselves (or not) in these disputes. Given the multiplicity of meanings related to the notion of violence, it was decided to articulate different areas of knowledge, with the aim of broadening the possibilities of analysis and spreading understanding of the notions of violence perceived in UFC disputes. In this way the research was divided into eight chapters, each of which corresponds to a specific objective. Besides the introduction and final considerations are: Reflections based on notions of violence; But who says this is sport? The discourses that permeate a modality in constitution; The regulatory process and the UFC: motivations and purposes; The fight before the fight: discussion about the processes of weight loss in UFC athletes; Doping in the UFC: veiled but not invisible violence; The UFC monopoly and its forms of coercion. It can be seen that various forms of violence manifest themselves within the UFC, including coercion through unilateral contracts, which tend to harm athletes, the use of doping by fighters, obscure relations between the UFC and the Athletic Commissions (CAs) with a sense of preserving the athletes with greater expression in the organization, among others. It was also possible to notice that much of the academic production about MMA and the UFC does not usually address these types of violence that extrapolate those of the direct interpersonal type. Keywords: Mixed Martial Arts. Ultimate Fighting Championship. Violence. Combat sport. Combat intermodality. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Imagem da luta entre Fábio Piemonte e Kunta Kinte .......................................... 10 Figura 2. Vaso grego intitulado Cena de Pancrácio ........................................................... 40 Figura 3. Primeiro projeto da área de lutas do UFC ............................................................ 62 Figura 4. Segundo projeto da área de lutas do UFC ............................................................ 63 Figura 5. Projeto da área de lutas do UFC denominado The Cage of Death ...................... 64 Figura 6. Cena do Filme The Octagon ................................................................................ 65 Figura 7. Projeto definitivo da área de lutas do UFC .......................................................... 65 Figura 8. Pôster de divulgação do primeiro evento do UFC ............................................... 67 Figura 9. Capa e contracapa do DVD da primeira edição do UFC ..................................... 69 Figura 10. Capa e contracapa do DVD da segunda edição do UFC .................................... 71 Figura 11. Steve Jennum VS Melton Bowen, UFC 4 .........................................................
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