EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12) 12.001 Introduction to Geology Prereq: None U (Fall) 3-4-5 units. REST Undergraduate Subjects Major minerals and rock types, rock-forming processes, and time scales. Temperatures, pressures, compositions, structure of the Core and General Science Subjects Earth, and measurement techniques. Geologic structures and relationships observable in the eld. Sediment movement and 12.00 Frontiers and Careers in Earth, Planets, Climate, and Life landform development by moving water, wind, and ice. Crustal Prereq: None processes and planetary evolution in terms of global plate tectonics U (Spring) with an emphasis on ductile and brittle processes. Includes 2-0-0 units laboratory exercises on minerals, rocks, mapping, plate tectonics, Provides a broad overview of topics, technologies, and career paths rheology, glaciers. Two one-day eld trips (optional). at the forefront of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. T. Bosak, O. Jagoutz Introduces the complex interplay between physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, and computational methods used to study 12.002 Introduction to Geophysics and Planetary Science processes associated with a changing Earth and climate, distant Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics II (GIR) planets, and life. Sessions guided by faculty members discussing U (Spring) current research problems, and by EAPS alumni describing how their 3-1-8 units. REST careers have evolved. Subject can count toward the 6-unit discovery- Study of the structure, composition, and physical processes focused credit limit for rst year students. governing the terrestrial planets, including their formation and basic T. Herring orbital properties. Topics include plate tectonics, earthquakes, seismic waves, rheology, impact cratering, gravity and magnetic 12.000 Solving Complex Problems elds, heat flux, thermal structure, mantle convection, deep Prereq: None interiors, planetary magnetism, and core dynamics. Suitable for U (Fall) majors and non-majors seeking general background in geophysics 1-2-6 units and planetary structure. Provides an opportunity for entering freshmen to gain rsthand L. H. Royden, B. Weiss experience in integrating the work of small teams to develop eective solutions to complex problems in Earth system science 12.003 Introduction to Atmosphere, Ocean, and Climate and engineering. Each year's class explores a dierent problem in Dynamics detail through the study of complementary case histories and the Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) development of creative solution strategies. Includes exercises in U (Fall) website development, written and oral communication, and team 3-0-9 units. REST building. Subject required for students in the Terrascope freshman Introduces the dynamical processes that govern the atmosphere, program, but participation in Terrascope is not required of all 12.000 oceans, and climate. Topics include Earth's radiation budget, students. Students who pass 12.000 are eligible to participate in the convection and clouds, the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean, Terrascope eld trip the following spring. Limited to freshmen. and climate change. Illustrates underlying mechanisms through D. McGee, A. Epstein laboratory demonstrations with a rotating table, and through analysis of atmospheric and oceanic data. T. Cronin
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 3 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.006[J] Nonlinear Dynamics: Chaos 12.010 Computational Methods of Scientic Programming Same subject as 2.050[J], 18.353[J] Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and (18.03 or 18.032) U (Fall) U (Fall) 4-0-8 units 3-0-9 units Introductory subject exposes students to modern programming Introduction to nonlinear dynamics and chaos in dissipative methods and techniques used in practice by physical scientists systems. Forced and parametric oscillators. Phase space. today. Emphasis on code design, algorithm development/ Periodic, quasiperiodic, and aperiodic flows. Sensitivity to initial verication, and comparative advantages/disadvantages of dierent conditions and strange attractors. Lorenz attractor. Period doubling, languages (including Python, Julia and C/C++) and tools (including intermittency, and quasiperiodicity. Scaling and universality. Jupyter, machine-learning from data or models, cloud and high- Analysis of experimental data: Fourier transforms, Poincare performance computing workflows). Students are introduced to sections, fractal dimension, and Lyapunov exponents. Applications and work with common programming tools, types of problems, to mechanical systems, fluid dynamics, physics, geophysics, and techniques for solving a variety of data analytic and equation and chemistry. See 12.207[J]/18.354[J] for Nonlinear Dynamics: modeling scenarios from real research: examination visualization Continuum Systems. techniques; basic numerical analysis; methods of dissemination R. R. Rosales and verication; practices for reproducible work, version control, documentation, and sharing/publication. No prior programming 12.007 Geobiology: History of Life on Earth experience is required. Prereq: None T. Herring, C. Hill U (Spring) 3-0-9 units 12.011[J] Archaeological Science Same subject as 3.985[J], 5.24[J] Surveys the interactive Earth system: biology in geologic, Prereq: Chemistry (GIR) or Physics I (GIR) environmental and climate change throughout Earth's history. U (Spring) Introduces the concept of "life as a geological agent" and examines 3-1-5 units. HASS-S the interaction between biology and the Earth system during the roughly 4 billion years since life rst appeared. Topics include the See description under subject 3.985[J]. origin of the solar system and the early Earth atmosphere; the origin D. Hosler, H. N. Lechtman and evolution of life and its influence on climate up through and including the modern age and the problem of global warming; the 12.012 MatLab, Statistics, Regression, Signal Processing global carbon cycle; and astrobiology. Subject meets with 12.444 T. Bosak, G. Fournier Prereq: None. Coreq: 18.06 U (Fall) 12.009[J] Nonlinear Dynamics: The Natural Environment 3-0-9 units Same subject as 18.352[J] Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR); Coreq: 18.03 Introduces the basic tools needed for data analysis and Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Spring) interpretation in the Geosciences, as well as other sciences. Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Composed of four modules, targeted at introducing students to the 3-0-9 units basic concepts and applications in each module. MatLab: Principles and practice in its uses, script and function modules, basic Analyzes cooperative processes that shape the natural environment, approaches to solving problems. Statistics: Correlation, means, now and in the geologic past. Emphasizes the development dispersion, precision, accuracy, distributions, central limit theorem, of theoretical models that relate the physical and biological skewness, probability, Chi-Square, Gaussian and other common worlds, the comparison of theory to observational data, and distributions used in hypothesis testing. Regression: Random associated mathematical methods. Topics include carbon cycle and grid search methods, basic least squares and algorithms dynamics; ecosystem structure, stability and complexity; mass applicable to regression, inversion and parameter estimation. Signal extinctions; biosphere-geosphere coevolution; and climate change. Processing: Analog and digital signals, Z-transform, Fourier series, Employs techniques such as stability analysis; scaling; null model fast Fourier transforms, spectral analysis leakage and bias, digital construction; time series and network analysis. ltering. Students taking the graduate version complete dierent D. H. Rothman assignments. F. D. Morgan, T. A. Herring, S. Ravela
4 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.021 Earth Science, Energy, and the Environment 12.086 Modeling Environmental Complexity Prereq: Calculus I (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), and Physics I (GIR) Subject meets with 12.586 U (Fall) Prereq: 18.03 3-1-8 units Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) Provides understanding of the Earth System most relevant to 3-0-9 units production of our planet's natural energy resources, including the physics, chemistry, and biology of conventional and alternative Introduction to mathematical and physical models of environmental energy sources. Includes a broad overview of traditional and processes. Emphasis on the development of macroscopic continuum alternative energy sources: hydrocarbons (conventional and or statistical descriptions of complex microscopic dynamics. unconventional), nuclear, geothermal, hydroelectric, and wind and Problems of interest include: random walks and statistical geometry tides, along with their potentials and limitations. Develops detailed of landscapes; percolation theory and transport in disordered media; knowledge of the formation, concentration, and production of fossil fractals, scaling, and universality; ecological dynamics and the and nuclear fuels, as well as the waste products associated with structure of ecosystems, food webs, and other natural networks; their consumption. An examination of conventional and alternative kinetics of biogeochemical cycles. Appropriate for advanced energy sources includes the environmental issues associated with undergraduates. Beginning graduate students are encouraged to the exploitation of these resources, both regional and global. register for 12.586. Students taking the graduate version complete B. H. Hager dierent assignments. D. H. Rothman 12.031[J] Fundamentals of Ecology Same subject as 1.018[J], 7.30[J] 12.090 Current Topics in Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Prereq: None Sciences U (Fall) Prereq: Permission of instructor 4-0-8 units. REST U (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department See description under subject 1.018[J]. Units arranged M. Follows, D. Des Marais Can be repeated for credit.
12.080 Experiential Learning in EAPS Laboratory or eld work in earth, atmospheric, and planetary Prereq: None sciences. Consult with department Education Oce. U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) EAPS Faculty Units arranged [P/D/F] Can be repeated for credit. 12.091 Current Topics in Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences For Course 12 students participating in o-campus professional Prereq: Permission of instructor experiences related to their course of study. Before registering Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Fall) for this subject, students must have an oer from a company or Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered organization, must identify an EAPS supervisor, and must receive Units arranged [P/D/F] prior approval from their advisor. Upon completion of the experience, Can be repeated for credit. student must submit a letter from the company or organization describing what the student accomplished, along with a substantive Laboratory or eld work in earth, atmospheric, and planetary nal report from the student approved by the EAPS supervisor. sciences. Consult with department Education Oce. Consult departmental academic oce. EAPS Faculty EAPS Faculty
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 5 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.092 Current Topics in Geology and Geochemistry 12.096 Current Topics in Atmospheric Science and Prereq: None Oceanography U (Fall, IAP, Spring) Prereq: Permission of instructor Not oered regularly; consult department U (Fall, IAP, Spring) Units arranged Not oered regularly; consult department Can be repeated for credit. Units arranged Can be repeated for credit. Laboratory or eld work in geology and geochemistry. Consult with department Education Oce. Laboratory or eld work in atmospheric science and oceanography. Sta To be arranged with department faculty. Consult with department Education Oce. 12.093 Current Topics in Geology and Geochemistry EAPS Faculty Prereq: Permission of instructor U (Spring) 12.097 Current Topics in Atmospheric Science and Not oered regularly; consult department Oceanography Units arranged [P/D/F] Prereq: Permission of instructor Can be repeated for credit. U (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Laboratory or eld work in geology and geochemistry. To be arranged Units arranged [P/D/F] with department faculty. Consult with department Education Oce. Can be repeated for credit. EAPS Faculty Laboratory or eld work in atmospheric science and oceanography. 12.094 Current Topics in Geophysics To be arranged with department faculty. Consult with department Prereq: Permission of instructor Education Oce. U (Fall, IAP, Spring) EAPS Faculty Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged 12.098 Current Topics in Planetary Science Can be repeated for credit. Prereq: Permission of instructor U (Fall) Laboratory or eld work in geophysics. Consult with department Not oered regularly; consult department Education Oce. Units arranged EAPS Faculty Can be repeated for credit.
12.095 Current Topics in Geophysics Laboratory or eld work in planetary science. To be arranged with Prereq: Permission of instructor department faculty. Consult with department Education Oce. U (Spring) EAPS Sta Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged [P/D/F] 12.099 Current Topics in Planetary Science Can be repeated for credit. Prereq: Permission of instructor U (Fall) Laboratory or eld work in geophysics. To be arranged with Not oered regularly; consult department department faculty. Consult with department Education Oce. Units arranged [P/D/F] EAPS Faculty Can be repeated for credit.
Laboratory or eld work in planetary science. To be arranged with department faculty. Consult with department Education Oce. EAPS Faculty
6 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
Geology and Geochemistry 12.11 Nature's Sandbox: A Record of Great Moments in Earth History 12.104 Geochemistry of Natural Waters Prereq: None Subject meets with 12.494 U (IAP) Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) Not oered regularly; consult department Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Fall) 2-0-0 units Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-2-7 units Designed for students curious about Earth Systems. Covers how sediments and the sedimentary rock record preserve information Equips students with the fundamental skills to identify major about events in Earth History and ancient climates and oceans. controls on the chemistry of waters on the Earth. Students Serves as an introduction to the subjects 12.110A Sedimentary examine key concepts, theories and practical tools (e.g., Environments and 12.110B Sedimentology in the Field. pH, Eh, alkalinity, surface charge, speciation, and carbonate K. Bergmann equilibrium) and apply them as tools to understand and make predictions for the biogeochemical cycles of the Earth systems. 12.110A Sedimentary Environments Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Subject meets with 12.465A S. Ono Prereq: 12.001 or 12.11 Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 12.108 Structure of Earth Materials Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Spring; rst half of term) Prereq: Chemistry (GIR) 2-1-3 units. Partial Lab Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Fall) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Covers the basic concepts of sedimentation from the properties 3-4-5 units of individual grains to large-scale basin analysis. Lectures cover sediment textures and composition, fluid flow and sediment Provides a comprehensive introduction to crystalline structure, transport, and formation of sedimentary structures. Depositional crystal chemistry, and bonding in rock-forming minerals. Introduces models, for both modern and ancient environments are a the theory relating crystal structure and crystal symmetry to major component and are studied in detail with an eye toward physical properties such as refractive index, elastic modulus, and interpretation of depositional processes and reconstructing seismic velocity. Surveys the distribution of silicate, oxide, and paleoenvironments from the rock record. Satises 6 units of Institute metallic minerals in the interiors and on the surfaces of planets, and Laboratory credit. Students taking graduate version complete discusses the processes that led to their formation. additional assignments. T. L. Grove K. Bergmann
12.109 Petrology Prereq: 12.108 Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) 3-6-6 units
Surveys the distribution, chemical composition, and mineral associations in rocks of the Earth's crust and upper mantle, and establishes its relation to tectonic environment. Emphasis is on the use of chemistry and physics to interpret rock forming processes. Topics include dynamics of crust and mantle melting as preserved in the chemical composition of igneous rocks and minerals, the long- term record of global climate change as preserved in the minerals of sedimentary rocks, and the time-temperature-depth record preserved in minerals of metamorphosed crustal rocks. T. L. Grove
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 7 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.110B Sedimentology in the Field 12.115 Field Geology Subject meets with 12.465B Prereq: 12.113 Prereq: 12.110A Acad Year 2021-2022: U (IAP) U (Spring; second half of term) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Not oered regularly; consult department 0-9-0 units. Partial Lab 2-2-5 units. Partial Lab Can be repeated for credit. Introduction to the methods of modern geological eld study o-campus during an intensive two-week experience. Exercises Examines the fundamentals of sedimentary deposits and geological include geological and geomorphological mapping on topographic reasoning through rst hand eldwork. Students practice methods and photographic base maps of a wide variety of bedrock and of modern geological eld study o-campus during a required surcial rocks. Where feasible, geochemical and geophysical eld trip over spring break making eld observations, measuring measurements are corrrelated with geology. Location is usually stratigraphic sections and making a sedimentological map. Relevant in the western US. Contact department regarding travel fee and topics introduced are map and gure making in ArcGIS and Adobe resources for funding opportunities. Meets with 12.482 when oered Illustrator and sedimentary petrology. Culminates in an oral and concurrently. Satises 9 units of Institute Laboratory credit. written report built around data gathered in the eld. Field sites O. Jagoutz and intervals of geologic time studied rotate annually and include Precambrian, Phanerozoic and Modern depositional environments. 12.116 Analysis of Geologic Data Satises 6 units of Institute Laboratory credit. May be taken Prereq: 12.115 multiple times for credit. Students taking graduate version complete Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Spring) additional assignments. Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered K. Bergmann 0-2-4 units. Partial Lab
12.113 Structural Geology Includes in-depth laboratory analysis of samples, interpretation of Prereq: 12.001 geological data, and where possible, geophysical and geochemical Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Fall) data. Includes the preparation of reports based on the eld studies Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered conducted in 12.115 during January; report generally exceeds 3-3-6 units 30 pages in length and includes one major revision and rewrite. Instruction in writing techniques provided. Contact department Introduces mechanics of rock deformation. Discusses recognition, regarding travel fee and resources for funding opportunities. interpretation, and mechanics of faults, folds, structural features Satises 3 units of Institute Laboratory credit. of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and superposed deformations. O. Jagoutz Introduces regional structural geology and tectonics. Laboratory includes techniques of structural analysis, recognition and interpretation of structures on geologic maps, and construction of interpretive cross sections. M. Pec
8 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.117A Field Geobiology I 12.119 Harnessing Power from Environmental Microbes and Subject meets with 12.487A Chemical Gradients Prereq: None. Coreq: 12.001 or 12.007 Prereq: Biology (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), or 12.007 U (Spring; rst half of term) U (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department 2-2-5 units 2-1-3 units Provides practical instruction on how to make living batteries. Examines basic biological processes that operate in sediments. Lectures cover the basics of marine and freshwater chemistry and Lectures cover biological, physical and chemical processes biogeochemistry (pH, redox potential, organic loading, free energy that influence the formation and stabilization of sediments, for growth, chemical proles, sampling and measurement methods). including biomineralization, weathering, erosion, the formation Students explore sediment biogeochemistry by analyzing mineral of sedimentary structures and interactions with sediments, flow, types and grain sizes, setting up microbial enrichment cultures, and and the cycles of nutrients. Lab covers analytical methods used to sampling and characterizing microbes and environmental chemistry examine microbial processes, bioinformatic methods used to analyze by microscopy, chemical assays of pore fluids, and bioinformatics microbial communities, and techniques used to analyze sediment tools. Subsequent lab activities teach students to develop and use grain sizes and chemistry. Readings and discussions provide electrochemical tools to build microbial batteries that can power preparation for the 12.117B eld trip to a modern sedimentary light sources and instruments. Discussion and reading cover real- environment. Enables students to interpret processes in modern world applications of microbial fuel cells. sedimentary environments, reconstruct similar processes in the T. Bosak, E. Boyle, S. Ono rock record, collect appropriate samples in the eld, and analyze microbiological data. Students taking graduate version complete 12.12 Nature's Sandbox: The History of Ancient Environments, additional assignments. Climate, and Life T. Bosak Prereq: None Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 12.117B Field Geobiology II Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Spring; second half of term) Subject meets with 12.487B 1-1-1 units Prereq: 12.117A U (Spring; second half of term) Series of eld adventures to survey Earth's history and landscape Not oered regularly; consult department through a combination of online and in-person instruction, with 2-2-5 units virtual eld trips to Svalbard, Norway, the Death Valley area Can be repeated for credit. and Northern Minnesota. In these key sites, students explore the interactions between Earth's surface environments and life, Teaches fundamentals of eld observations and reasoning in and critical transitions in each. Includes weekly in-class paper geobiology/sedimentology during a required trip to a modern discussions and experiential exercises. Three optional one-day sedimentary environment over spring break, followed by laboratory eld trips provide opportunity to explore the amazing sedimentary analyses of collected samples. Students make observations, develop record preserved close to MIT. Subject can count toward the 6-unit hypotheses, collect samples required to test their hypotheses and discovery-focused credit limit for rst year students. interact with lecturers and students investigating the sedimentology K. Bergmann of the site. Upon return to MIT, students work on eld samples to characterize the sediments, use the preliminary data to develop an 12.141 Electron Microprobe Analysis understanding of the eld site, and write research reports. Students Prereq: None taking graduate version write proposals that present a research U (IAP) question based on the eld observations and subsequent analyses. 1-1-4 units Meets with 12.110B and 12.465B when those subjects examine modern sedimentary environments. Introduction to the theory of x-ray microanalysis through T. Bosak the electron microprobe including ZAF matrix corrections. Techniques to be discussed are wavelength and energy dispersive spectrometry, scanning backscattered electron, secondary electron, cathodoluminescence, and x-ray imaging. Lab sessions involve use of the electron microprobe. T. Grove, N. Chatterjee
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 9 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.158 Molecular Biogeochemistry 12.170 Essentials of Geology Subject meets with 12.458 Subject meets with 12.470 Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: (Calculus II (GIR) and Physics II (GIR)) or permission of Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Fall) instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered U (Fall) 3-0-6 units Not oered regularly; consult department 4-0-8 units Covers all aspects of molecular biosignatures, such as their pathways of lipid biosynthesis, the distribution patterns of Studies the geology of planetary interiors and surfaces, including lipid biosynthetic pathways with regard to phylogeny and plate tectonics, as a unifying theory of terrestrial geology, surface physiology, isotopic contents, occurrence in modern organisms processes, and the Earth's interior. Covers igneous, metamorphic, and environments, diagenetic pathways, analytical techniques and and sedimentary processes associated with tectonic settings and the occurrence of molecular fossils through the geological record. the typical rock suites created; mineral and rock identication; Students analyze in depth the recent literature on chemical fossils. and causes of compositional dierences on many scales (mineral Lectures provide background on the subject matter. Basic knowledge grains, rocks, regions of the Earth, dierent planets). Also addresses of organic chemistry required. Students taking graduate version conditions required for melting and melting processes; rock complete additional assignments. structure and eld techniques; and Earth history. Treatment of R. Summons these topics includes discussions of the geochemical, petrologic, geochronological, experimental, or eld techniques used to 12.163 Geomorphology investigate them; the limitations of current geological techniques Subject meets with 12.463 and geological controversies; and major geological expeditions, Prereq: (Calculus I (GIR), Physics I (GIR), and 12.001) or permission of experiments, and studies from the past, along with their premises instructor and results. Students taking graduate version complete additional Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Fall) assignments. Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered EAPS Sta 3-3-6 units 12.177 Astrobiology, Origins and Early Evolution of Life Quantitative examination of processes that shape Earth's surface. Subject meets with 12.477 Introduction to fluvial, hillslope, and glacial mechanics. Essentials of Prereq: Biology (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), or permission of instructor weathering, soil formation, runo, erosion, slope stability, sediment Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Fall) transport, and river morphology. Landscape evolution in response Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered to climatic and tectonic forcing. Application of terrestrial theory to 3-0-9 units planetary surfaces. Additional instruction in geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing analysis, eld measurement Provides an understanding of major areas of research into the techniques, and numerical modeling of surface processes. Students problem of the origin of life on the early Earth from an astrobiological taking the graduate version complete dierent assignments. perspective. Topics include the timing, setting and conditions for T. Perron the origin of life on the Hadean Earth; roles of planetary and extra- planetary processes; dening life; prebiotic chemistry; origins of nucleic acids and peptides; evolution of cellularity, replication, metabolism, and translation; establishment of the genetic code; biogenesis vs. ecogenesis; the nature of the last common ancestor of life; conceptualizing the "tree of life;" and the early evolution of the ancestors of bacteria, archaeal, and eukaryal lineages. Students taking graduate version complete an extra project. G. Fournier
10 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.178 The Phylogenomic Planetary Record 12.202 Flow, Deformation, and Fracture in Earth and Other Subject meets with 12.478 Terrestrial Bodies Prereq: None Subject meets with 12.502 Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Fall) 3-0-9 units Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-2-7 units Introduces the tools of sequence-based phylogenetic analysis and molecular evolution in the context of studying events in Earth's Covers fundamentals of deformation and fracture of solids and the deep past that have been preserved by genomes. Topics include flow of viscous fluids. Explores spatial scales from molecular to basic concepts of cladistics, phylogeny and sequence evolution, planetary, and time scales from fractions of a second to millions of construction of phylogenetic trees of genes and microbial lineages, years, to understand how and why natural materials on Earth and molecular clocks, dating, and ancestral sequence reconstruction. other terrestrial bodies respond to applied forces. Fundamental Special attention to the evolutionary history of microbial concepts include the principles of continuum mechanics, tensor metabolisms and their relationship to global biogeochemical cycles representation of physical properties, forces, tractions, stresses, across Earth's history. Students taking graduate version complete strain theory, elasticity, contact problems, fracture and friction, additional assignments. and viscous flow and rheological models (plasticity, viscosity, G. Fournier viscoelasticity, elasto-plasticity). Students gather, analyze and interpret data using existing theoretical models. Includes a Geophysics signicant laboratory component that provides practical experience with experimental measurements and tests students' acquired 12.201 Essentials of Global Geophysics theoretical knowledge. Students taking graduate version complete Subject meets with 12.501 dierent assignments. Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and 18.03 B. Minchew, M. Pec Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) 12.203 Mechanics of Earth 4-0-8 units Subject meets with 12.503 Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Overview of basic topics in solid-earth geophysics, such as the Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Spring) Earth's rotation, gravity and magnetic eld, seismology, and thermal Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered structure. Formulation of physical principles presented in three 3-2-7 units one-hour lectures per week. Current applications discussed in an additional one-hour tutorial each week. Students taking graduate Covers topics in the deformation and fracture of solids and the version complete dierent assignments. flow of viscous fluids. Explores spatial scales from molecular to R. van der Hilst planetary, and time scales from fractions of a second to millions of years, to understand how and why natural materials on Earth and other terrestrial bodies respond to applied forces. Introduces anelasticity, granular mechanics, poroelasticity, rate-and-state friction, transport properties of Earth materials (Darcy's law, Fick's law), brittle-ductile transitions, creep of polycrystalline materials, stored energy and dissipation, and convection. Prepares students to gather, analyze and interpret data using existing theoretical models. Through a signicant laboratory component, students obtain practical experience with experimental measurements and test their acquired theoretical knowledge. Students taking graduate version complete dierent assignments. B. Minchew, M. Pec
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 11 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.207[J] Nonlinear Dynamics: Continuum Systems Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Same subject as 1.062[J], 18.354[J] Subject meets with 18.3541 12.300[J] Global Change Science Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and (18.03 or 18.032) Same subject as 1.071[J] U (Spring) Prereq: 18.03 3-0-9 units Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) See description under subject 18.354[J]. 3-0-9 units O. Kodio See description under subject 1.071[J]. 12.213 Alternate Energy Sources E. A. B. Eltahir Prereq: None U (IAP) 12.301 Climate Science Not oered regularly; consult department Subject meets with 12.842 1-4-1 units Prereq: Chemistry (GIR), 18.03, or permission of instructor Can be repeated for credit. U (Fall) 4-0-8 units Explores a number of alternative energy sources such as geothermal energy (heat from the Earth's interior), wind, natural gas, and solar Introduction to climate studies, including beginnings of the solar energy. Includes a eld trip to visit sites where alternative energy is system, time scales, and climate in human history; methods for being harvested or generated. Content and focus of subject varies detecting climate change, including proxies, ice cores, instrumental from year to year. records, and time series analysis; physical and chemical processes F. D. Morgan in climate, including primordial atmosphere, ozone chemistry, carbon and oxygen cycles, and heat and water budgets; internal 12.214 Essentials of Applied Geophysics feedback mechanisms, including ice, aerosols, water vapor, clouds, Subject meets with 12.507 and ocean circulation; climate forcing, including orbital variations, Prereq: 18.03 volcanism, plate tectonics, and solar variability; climate models U (Fall) and mechanisms of variability, including energy balance, coupled Not oered regularly; consult department models, and global ocean and atmosphere models; and outstanding 3-3-6 units problems. Students taking the graduate version complete dierent assignments. Introduces the application of geophysical methods to all aspects of K. Emanuel, E. Boyle near-surface environmental and engineering geophysics, including the exploration for petroleum, water, and minerals. Topics include 12.306 Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry seismic, electrical, electromagnetic, ground penetrating radar, Subject meets with 10.571[J], 12.806[J] magnetics, gravity, rock physics and chemistry, borehole geophysics Prereq: (18.075 and (5.60 or 5.61)) or permission of instructor and the global positioning system (GPS). Uses a quantitative U (Spring) approach to emphasize basic principles and a physical /chemical 3-0-9 units understanding of each method. Discusses specic illustrative eld examples. Lab work is mainly devoted to local eld work and Introduction to the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere equipment preparation for the IAP Field Geophysics class. Students including experience with computer codes. Aerosols and theories of taking graduate version complete additional assignments. their formation, evolution, and removal. Gas and aerosol transport F. D. Morgan, T. A. Herring, B. H. Hager from urban to continental scales. Coupled models of radiation, transport, and chemistry. Solution of inverse problems to deduce emissions and removal rates. Emissions control technology and costs. Applications to air pollution and climate. Students taking the graduate version complete dierent assignments. R. G. Prinn
12 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.307 Weather and Climate Laboratory 12.318 Introduction to Atmospheric Data and Large-scale Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Dynamics U (Spring) Subject meets with 12.818 1-4-7 units. Institute LAB Prereq: None. Coreq: 12.390 U (Fall) Engages students in projects involving rotating tank laboratory 3-3-6 units experiments, analysis of data on the sphere, and report writing and presentation. Project themes explore fundamentals of climate Provides a general introduction to meteorological data and analysis science and make contact points with major contemporary techniques, and their use in the MIT Synoptic Laboratory to study environmental challenges facing mankind. Examples include heat the phenomenology and dynamics of large-scale atmospheric flow. and moisture transport in the atmosphere; weather and weather Illustrates balance concepts as applied to the dynamics of frontal extremes; aerosols, dust, and atmospheric pollution; ocean and synoptic scales, using real-time upper-air and surface station circulation and transport and plastics in the ocean. Develops skills data and gridded analyzed elds. Uses advanced meteorological for how to deal with noisy, imperfect data. Provides instruction and soware packages to access, manipulate, and graphically display practice in written and oral communication. the data. Students taking graduate version complete dierent L. Illari, J. Marshall assignments. L. Illari 12.310 An Introduction to Weather Forecasting Prereq: Calculus I (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) 12.320A[J] Introduction to Hydrology and Water Resources U (IAP) Same subject as 1.070A[J] 1-1-4 units Prereq: 1.060A; Coreq: 1.061A and 1.106 U (Fall; rst half of term) Basic principles of synoptic meteorology and weather forecasting. 2-0-4 units Analysis of hourly weather data and numerical weather prediction models. Regular preparation of weather forecasts. See description under subject 1.070A[J]. L. Illari D. Entekhabi
12.315 Atmospheric Radiation and Convection 12.320B[J] Introduction to Hydrology Modeling Subject meets with 12.815 Same subject as 1.070B[J] Prereq: 12.390 or permission of instructor Prereq: 1.070A[J] Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered U (Fall; second half of term) Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Spring) 2-0-4 units 3-0-9 units See description under subject 1.070B[J]. Introduction to the physics of atmospheric radiation, remote D. Entekhabi sensing, and convection, including use of computer codes. Radiative transfer equation including emission and scattering, spectroscopy, 12.330[J] Fluid Physics Mie theory, and numerical solutions. Physics of dry and moist Same subject as 8.292[J] convection, including moist thermodynamics. Radiative-convective Prereq: 5.60, 8.044, or permission of instructor equilibrium. Solution of inverse problems in remote sensing U (Spring) of atmospheric temperature and composition. Students taking Not oered regularly; consult department graduate version complete dierent assignments. 3-0-9 units T. Cronin See description under subject 8.292[J]. Sta
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 13 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.335 Experimental Atmospheric Chemistry 12.346[J] Global Environmental Negotiations Subject meets with 12.835 Same subject as IDS.062[J] Prereq: Chemistry (GIR) Subject meets with 12.846[J], IDS.525[J] U (Fall) Prereq: Permission of instructor 2-4-6 units. Institute LAB U (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department Introduces the atmospheric chemistry involved in climate 2-0-4 units change, air pollution, and ozone depletion using a combination of interactive laboratory and eld studies and simple computer See description under subject IDS.062[J]. models. Uses instruments for trace gas and aerosol measurements N. E. Selin and methods for inferring fundamental information from these measurements. Provides instruction and practice in written and oral 12.348[J] Global Climate Change: Economics, Science, and Policy communication. Students taking the graduate version complete Same subject as 15.026[J] dierent assignments. Prereq: (Calculus II (GIR), 5.60, and 14.01) or permission of instructor R. Prinn, S. Ono U (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department 12.336[J] Air Pollution and Atmospheric Chemistry 3-0-6 units Same subject as 1.085[J] Prereq: 18.03 See description under subject 15.026[J]. U (Fall) Sta 3-0-9 units 12.349 Mechanisms and Models of the Global Carbon Cycle See description under subject 1.085[J]. Subject meets with 12.849 C. Heald Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) U (Spring) 12.338 Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics and Chemistry 3-0-9 units Subject meets with 1.842[J], 12.814[J] Prereq: 1.085[J], 12.335, or permission of instructor Addresses changes in the ocean, terrestrial biosphere and rocks U (Spring) modulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide on timescales from Not oered regularly; consult department months to millions of years. Includes feedbacks between carbon 3-0-9 units cycle and climate. Combines hands-on data analysis with the formulation of simple models rooted in basic physical, chemical and Focuses on understanding how aerosol particles form droplets or biological principles. Students create individual "toy" global carbon ice crystals during several atmospheric processes: determining cycle models. Students taking graduate version complete dierent Earth's radiative balance; heterogeneous chemistry and acid assignments. rain; understanding where, when and how much precipitation M. Follows occurs. Provides tools for understanding the physics of aerosol and cloud element motion; the interaction of particles with water vapor, including phase changes and droplet and ice nucleation; the chemical composition of particles and the eect on cloud formation processes; and the eect of cloud processing on aerosol chemistry. Discusses relevant topics of contemporary interest, e.g., geoengineering and weather modication and volcanic eects. Students taking the graduate version complete dierent assignments. D. Cziczo
14 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.372 Elements of Modern Oceanography 12.377 The History of Earth's Climate Subject meets with 12.702 Subject meets with 12.707 Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: Permission of instructor U (Fall) Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 3-0-9 units Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Spring) 3-0-9 units Examines a series of crosscutting topics that exemplify current directions in interdisciplinary oceanography. Focuses on current Studies the climate history of the Earth, from the formation of the themes in oceanography, their interdisciplinary nature, and the role early atmosphere and ocean to the present. Evaluates geochemical, of ocean sciences in society. Introduces core concepts across the sedimentological, and paleontological evidence for changes in ocean disciplines of biological, physical, and chemical oceanography as circulation, global temperatures, and atmospheric carbon dioxide well as marine geology. Emphasizes the interdisciplinary aspects levels. Covers theories and models of Phanerozoic climate change. of these core concepts, the kinds of approaches and modes of Provides a long-term history of the global carbon cycle. Students thinking common to all of the disciplines, and the technological taking graduate version complete dierent assignments. developments underpinning current advances. Students taking D. McGee graduate version complete dierent assignments. G. Lawson, A. Kirincich (WHOI) 12.385 Science, Politics, and Environmental Policy Subject meets with 11.373[J], 12.885[J] 12.373 Field Oceanography Prereq: Permission of instructor Subject meets with 12.777 U (Fall) Prereq: Biology (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), and permission of instructor 3-0-6 units Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Spring) Examines the role of science in US and international environmental 3-7-5 units. Institute LAB policymaking. Surveys the methods by which scientists learn about the natural world; the treatment of science by experts, Provides an introduction to the biogeochemistry of the ocean, and advocates, the media, and the public and the way science is used the eld techniques and methods used in its study. Emphasizes in legislative, administrative and judicial decision making. Through biogeochemistry and the interrelated nature of elemental cycling, lectures, group discussions, and written essays, students develop but also examines physical transport and air-sea gas exchange. a critical understanding of the role of science in environmental Covers multiple aspects related to eld instrumentation and policy. Potential case studies include sheries management, ozone measurements, including nutrients, oxygen, the carbon system, depletion, global warming, smog, and endangered species. Students temperature, and salinity. Presents microbial analyses, such as taking the graduate version complete dierent assignments. metagenomics. Includes a mandatory spring break eld trip aboard a S. Solomon, J. Knox-Hayes research vessel; opportunities for funded travel available. Students work in groups to propose a project over the week-long voyage that 12.386[J] Environment and History utilizes the eld time to collect samples. During the second half of Same subject as 21H.185[J], STS.031[J] the term, students analyze and synthesize the data, and present it in Prereq: None a publication-quality manuscript. Students taking graduate version U (Spring) complete additional assignments. Enrollment limited. 3-0-9 units. HASS-S; CI-H A. R. Babbin See description under subject 21H.185[J]. Enrollment limited. K. Brown, S. Solomon
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 15 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.387[J] People and the Planet: Environmental Governance and 12.402[J] Introduction to Astronomy Science Same subject as 8.282[J] Same subject as 15.874[J], IDS.063[J] Prereq: Physics I (GIR) Prereq: None U (Spring) U (Fall) 3-0-6 units. REST 3-0-6 units See description under subject 8.282[J]. Introduces governance and science aspects of complex M. Tegmark environmental problems and approaches to solutions. Introduces quantitative analyses and methodological tools to analyze 12.409 Hands-On Astronomy: Observing Stars and Planets environmental issues that have human and natural components. Prereq: None Demonstrates concepts through a series of in-depth case studies of U (Spring) environmental governance and science problems. Students develop 1-3-2 units writing, quantitative modeling, and analytical skills in assessing environmental systems problems and developing solutions. Through Background for, and techniques of, visual observation and experiential activities, such as modeling and policy exercises, electronic imaging of the Moon, planets, satellites, stars, and students engage with the challenges and possibilities of governance brighter deep-space objects. Weekly outdoor observing sessions in complex, interacting systems, including biogeophysical processes using 8-inch diameter telescopes when weather permits. Indoor and societal and stakeholder interactions. sessions introduce skills necessary for observation. Introduction N. Selin, S. Solomon, J. Sterman to contemporary observational astronomy including astronomical computing, image and data processing, and how astronomers work. 12.390 Fluid Dynamics of the Atmosphere and Ocean Student must maintain a careful and complete written log which is Subject meets with 12.800 graded. Consumes an entire evening each week; 100% attendance at Prereq: 12.003 observing sessions required to pass. Enrollment limited; priority to U (Fall) rst-year students. 3-0-9 units A. Bosh
Introduction to fluid dynamics. Students acquire an understanding 12.410[J] Observational Techniques of Optical Astronomy of some of the basic concepts of fluid dynamics that are needed Same subject as 8.287[J] as a foundation for advanced coursework in atmospheric science, Prereq: 8.282[J], 12.409, or other introductory astronomy course physical oceanography, ocean engineering, climate science, etc. U (Fall) Emphasizes fluid fundamentals, with an atmosphere/ocean twist. 3-4-8 units. Institute LAB Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. A. Mahadevan, C. Cenedese Fundamental physical and optical principles used for astronomical measurements at visible wavelengths and practical methods of Planetary Science and Astronomy astronomical observations. Topics: astronomical coordinates, time, optics, telescopes, photon counting, signal-to-noise ratios, data 12.400 Our Space Odyssey analysis (including least-squares model tting), limitations imposed Prereq: Physics I (GIR) by the Earth's atmosphere on optical observations, CCD detectors, U (Spring) photometry, spectroscopy, astrometry, and time variability. Project at 3-0-9 units. REST Wallace Astrophysical Observatory. Written and oral project reports. Limited to 18; preference to Course 8 and Course 12 majors and Traces historical and scientic advancement of our understanding minors. of Earth's cosmic context. Introduces basic physical principles by R. Binzel, A. Bosh which planets form and create their associated features of rings, satellites, diverse landscapes, atmospheres, and climates. Includes the physics of asteroids and comets and their orbital characteristics and links to meteorites. Considers one of the most fundamental questions - whether or not we are alone - by detailing the scientic exploration goals to be achieved at the Moon, Mars, and beyond. J. de Wit
16 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.411 Astronomy Field Camp 12.422 Planetary Atmospheres Prereq: 12.410[J] or 12.410[J] Subject meets with 12.622 Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Prereq: 12.003 or permission of instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: U (IAP) Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Fall) 0-6-3 units Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Can be repeated for credit. 3-0-9 units
Individual research projects in planetary science and astrophysics, Provides a basic understanding of the physics and chemistry of involving supervised work at Lowell Observatory in Flagsta, AZ. planetary atmospheres. Explores the formation and evolution of Projects may include observations made using Lowell's telescope atmospheres, their structure and dynamics, and what is known facilities. Project topics and objectives vary from year to year. Written about their chemical composition. Pays particular attention to their and oral reports required. Limited to 6. energy balance. Also presents the current state of understanding of A. Bosh exoplanet atmospheres. Students taking graduate version complete an additional research project. 12.420 Essentials of Planetary Science J. de Wit Subject meets with 12.601 Prereq: 12.002 or permission of instructor 12.425[J] Extrasolar Planets: Physics and Detection Techniques Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Same subject as 8.290[J] Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) Subject meets with 12.625 3-0-9 units Prereq: 8.03 and 18.03 U (Fall) Advanced applications of physical and chemical principles to the 3-0-9 units. REST study of the solar system. Topics include terrestrial and giant planets, meteorites, asteroids, comets, Kuiper belt objects, rings, Presents basic principles of planet atmospheres and interiors impact craters, interiors, surfaces, atmospheres, geomagnetism, applied to the study of extrasolar planets. Focuses on fundamental cosmochemistry, remote sensing, formation and evolution of the physical processes related to observable extrasolar planet solar system. properties. Provides a quantitative overview of detection techniques. J. de Wit Introduction to the feasibility of the search for Earth-like planets, biosignatures and habitable conditions on extrasolar planets. 12.421 Physical Principles of Remote Sensing Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Subject meets with 12.621 S. Seager Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and 6.0001 Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 12.43[J] Space Systems Engineering Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) Same subject as 16.83[J] 3-0-9 units Prereq: Permission of instructor U (Fall) Introduction to the physics of remote sensing with applications to 3-3-6 units the study of the Earth, Moon, planets and other solar system bodies, as well as to emerging elds, such as autonomous navigation. See description under subject 16.83[J]. Includes the principles of optical, thermal, radar and lidar remote K. Cahoy sensing. Covers fundamental properties of electromagnetic waves; principles of electromagnetic scattering from real and idealized 12.431[J] Space Systems Development materials, including various types of surfaces and vegetation; Same subject as 16.831[J] interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the atmosphere; and Prereq: Permission of instructor thermal and microwave emission from various media. Discusses Acad Year 2021-2022: U (Spring) past, present, and future remote sensing platforms along with the Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered fundamentals of orbital mechanics and data processing tools and 2-10-6 units. Institute LAB methods. Assignments require students to write simple computer programs and plot mathematical functions. Students taking graduate See description under subject 16.831[J]. version complete dierent assignments. Sta B. Minchew
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 17 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
Independent Research Subjects 12.THU Undergraduate Thesis Prereq: 12.TIP 12.UR Undergraduate Research U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) Prereq: None Units arranged U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) Can be repeated for credit. Units arranged [P/D/F] Can be repeated for credit. Program of research leading to the writing of a thesis; to be arranged by the student and an appropriate MIT faculty member. Undergraduate research opportunities in Earth, Atmospheric, and EAPS Faculty Planetary Sciences. Consult Department UROP Coordinator Graduate Subjects
12.URG Undergraduate Research 12.44 Practical Experience Prereq: None Prereq: None U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) G (Summer) Units arranged Units arranged Can be repeated for credit. Can be repeated for credit.
Undergraduate research opportunities in Earth, Atmospheric, and For Course 12 students participating in o-campus professional Planetary Sciences. experiences related to their research. Before registering for Consult Department UROP Coordinator this subject, students must have an oer from a company or organization, must identify an EAPS supervisor, and must receive 12.IND Independent Study prior approval from their advisor. Upon completion of the experience, Prereq: 12.TIP student must submit a letter from the company or organization U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) describing the what the student accomplished, along with a Not oered regularly; consult department substantive nal report from the student approved by the EAPS Units arranged supervisor. Consult departmental academic oce. Can be repeated for credit. EAPS Faculty Independent reading, laboratory, or eldwork in Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. To be arranged by student and an 12.444 MatLab, Statistics, Regression, Signal Processing appropriate EAPS faculty member. A written report may be required Subject meets with 12.012 at the discretion of the advisor. Units arranged should reflect the Prereq: 18.06 project requirements. G (Fall) Consult EAPS Education Oce 3-0-9 units Introduces the basic tools needed for data analysis and 12.TIP Thesis Preparation interpretation in the Geosciences, as well as other sciences. Prereq: None Composed of four modules, targeted at introducing students to the U (Fall, Spring) basic concepts and applications in each module. MatLab: Principles 2-0-4 units and practice in its uses, script and function modules, basic Denition of and early-stage work on the thesis project. Students approaches to solving problems. Statistics: Correlation, means, develop a written research proposal and begin writing the dispersion, precision, accuracy, distributions, central limit theorem, supporting text of the thesis concurrent with conducting research skewness, probability, Chi-Square, Gaussian and other common for the thesis project. Supervision of the writing continues into distributions used in hypothesis testing. Regression: Random the spring term which concludes with an oral presentation of the and grid search methods, basic least squares and algorithms research results. applicable to regression, inversion and parameter estimation. Signal J. Abbott Processing: Analog and digital signals, Z-transform, Fourier series, fast Fourier transforms, spectral analysis leakage and bias, digital ltering. Students taking the graduate version complete dierent assignments. F. D. Morgan, T. A. Herring, S. Ravela
18 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.445 Communication in the Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary 12.451 Seminar in Regional Tectonics Sciences Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall, Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-0-6 units 3-0-3 units Can be repeated for credit.
Concentrated instruction and practice in professional writing and Applies techniques of tectonic synthesis to study the roles of presentation. Topics include review of various communication styles particular orogenic belts in global plate tectonics. Treats dierent prevalent in the eld; strategies for tailoring reports, technical applications in dierent terms, so that the subject may be taken papers, and presentations for specic audiences; and mechanics of repeatedly to learn the range of orogenic responses to temporal and organization and style. Weekly assignments in writing or speaking, spatial variations of activity at plate boundaries. with peer and instructor feedback. Limited to 6. B. C. Burchel, L. H. Royden F. D. Morgan 12.456 Seminar in Rock Mechanics 12.446 Teaching Experience in EAPS Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: None G (Spring) G (Fall, Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged [P/D/F] 2-0-4 units Can be repeated for credit. Can be repeated for credit.
Recognizes the educational value derived from satisfactory Discussion of current research or advanced topics in continental performance of assigned duties as a Teaching Assistant. Laboratory, tectonics, rock mechanics, or experimental structural geology. eld, recitation, or classroom teaching under supervision of a faculty EAPS Sta member. Credit for this subject may not be used for any degree granted by Course 12. Total enrollment limited by availability of 12.458 Molecular Biogeochemistry suitable teaching assignments. Subject meets with 12.158 EAPS Sta Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) 12.THG Graduate Thesis Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Prereq: Permission of instructor 3-0-6 units G (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) Units arranged Covers all aspects of molecular biosignatures, such as their Can be repeated for credit. pathways of lipid biosynthesis, the distribution patterns of lipid biosynthetic pathways with regard to phylogeny and Program of research leading to the writing of an SM, PhD, or ScD physiology, isotopic contents, occurrence in modern organisms thesis; to be arranged by the student and an appropriate MIT faculty and environments, diagenetic pathways, analytical techniques and member. the occurrence of molecular fossils through the geological record. Consult Department Headquarters Students analyze in depth the recent literature on chemical fossils. Lectures provide background on the subject matter. Basic knowledge Geology and Geochemistry of organic chemistry required. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. 12.450 Seminar in Geology and Geochemistry R. Summons Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department 2-0-4 units Can be repeated for credit.
Seminar on topics of current interest in geology and geochemistry. Required background preparation for students taking pre-doctoral general examinations in these subjects. Geology and Geochemistry Sta
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 19 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.463 Geomorphology 12.465B Sedimentology in the Field Subject meets with 12.163 Subject meets with 12.110B Prereq: (Calculus I (GIR), Physics I (GIR), and 12.001) or permission of Prereq: 12.456 or permission of instructor instructor G (Spring; second half of term) Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 2-2-5 units 3-3-6 units Can be repeated for credit.
Quantitative examination of processes that shape Earth's surface. Examines the fundamentals of sedimentary deposits and geological Introduction to fluvial, hillslope, and glacial mechanics. Essentials of reasoning through rst hand eldwork. Students practice methods weathering, soil formation, runo, erosion, slope stability, sediment of modern geological eld study o-campus during a required transport, and river morphology. Landscape evolution in response trip over spring break making eld observations, measuring to climatic and tectonic forcing. Application of terrestrial theory to stratigraphic sections and making a sedimentological map. Relevant planetary surfaces. Additional instruction in geographic information topics introduced are map and gure making in ArcGIS and Adobe systems (GIS) and remote sensing analysis, eld measurement Illustrator and sedimentary petrology. Culminates in an oral and techniques, and numerical modeling of surface processes. Students written report built around data gathered in the eld. Field sites taking the graduate version complete dierent assignments. and intervals of geologic time studied rotate annually and include T. Perron Precambrian, Phanerozoic and Modern depositional environments. May be taken multiple times for credit. Students taking graduate 12.465A Sedimentary Environments version complete additional assignments. Subject meets with 12.110A K. Bergmann Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 12.467 Seminar in Geomorphology Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring; rst half of term) Prereq: Permission of instructor 2-1-3 units G (Spring) 2-0-1 units Covers the basic concepts of sedimentation from the properties Can be repeated for credit. of individual grains to large-scale basin analysis. Lectures cover sediment textures and composition, fluid flow and sediment Discussion of current research or advanced topics in landscape transport, and formation of sedimentary structures. Depositional evolution, surface hydrology, mechanics of sediment transport, models, for both modern and ancient environments are a basin analysis, or experimental geomorphology. Advanced major component and are studied in detail with an eye toward instruction in process geomorphology. interpretation of depositional processes and reconstructing Perron, T paleoenvironments from the rock record. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. K. Bergmann
20 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.470 Essentials of Geology 12.473 Paleomagnetism and Planetary Magnetism Subject meets with 12.170 Prereq: (12.002 and 18.03) or permission of instructor Prereq: (Calculus II (GIR) and Physics II (GIR)) or permission of Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) G (Fall) 2-0-4 units Not oered regularly; consult department 4-0-8 units Introduces the study of natural remanent magnetization and the generation of planetary magnetic elds. Topics Geology of planetary interiors and surfaces, including plate include paleomagnetism, rock magnetism, geomagnetism, tectonics, as a unifying theory of terrestrial geology, surface magnetostratigraphy, paleomagnetic measurement techniques, processes, and the Earth's interior. Igneous, metamorphic, and polar wander and continental dri, biomagnetism, dynamo theory, sedimentary processes associated with tectonic settings and the and the history and evolution of magnetic elds on the Earth and typical rock suites created. Mineral and rock identication. Causes planets. of compositional dierences on many scales: mineral grains, rocks, B. P. Weiss regions of the Earth, dierent planets. Conditions required for melting and melting processes. Rock structure and eld techniques. 12.474 Origin and Evolution of the Earth's Crust Earth history. Treatment of these topics includes discussions of Prereq: Permission of instructor the geochemical, petrologic, geochronological, experimental, or G (Spring) eld techniques used to investigate them; the limitations of current Not oered regularly; consult department geological techniques and geological controversies; and great 3-0-6 units geological expeditions, experiments, and studies from the past, their premises, and their results. Students taking graduate version Broad overview of the origin and evolution of Earth's crust and complete additional assignments. mantle with emphasis on the study of the Precambrian rock record. EAPS Sta Topics include: processes of crustal growth, stabilization, and reactivation; evaluation of secular change; and use of radiogenic 12.471 Essentials of Geobiology isotopes in geochronology and as tracers of crust forming processes. Prereq: None O. Jagoutz Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) 12.475 Plate Tectonics and Continental Deformation 3-4-5 units Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Spring) Introduces basic concepts of microbial structure, growth, energetics, Not oered regularly; consult department molecular biology, and biochemistry. Presents examples of microbial 3-0-6 units interactions with environments throughout Earth's history as well as current topics in astrobiology. Includes lectures, discussions of First half covers basic elements of plate tectonics, including literature, and a eld trip. Lab focuses on student-designed projects sea floor spreading, magnetic anomalies, and subduction zone. that involve cultivation, modeling, or sample analyses. Intended Second half covers implications of plate tectonics for continental for students whose background is not in biology, but who want to processes, including continental riing, continental collision, and learn more about the contribution of microbes to geochemistry and mountain building. Emphasis will be on correlating plate tectonic planetary evolution. and continental processes using specic examples from around the T. Bosak world. L. H. Royden
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 21 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.476 Radiogenic Isotope Geology 12.480 Thermodynamics for Geoscientists Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: 3.046 or 5.60 G (Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-3-6 units 3-0-9 units
Applications of the variations in the relative abundance of radiogenic Principles of thermodynamics are used to infer the physical isotopes to problems of petrology, geochemistry, and tectonics. conditions of formation and modication of igneous and Topics: geochronology; isotopic evolution of Earth's crust and metamorphic rocks. Includes phase equilibria of homogeneous mantle; petrogenesis; and analytical techniques. and heterogeneous systems and thermodynamic modelling of non- EAPS Sta ideal crystalline solutions. Surveys the processes that lead to the formation of metamorphic and igneous rocks in the major tectonic 12.477 Astrobiology, Origins and Early Evolution of Life environments in the Earth's crust and mantle. Subject meets with 12.177 T. L. Grove Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) 12.481 Advanced Field Geology I Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Prereq: 12.113 3-0-9 units G (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department Provides an understanding of major areas of research into the 2-2-2 units problem of the origin of life on the early Earth from an astrobiological Can be repeated for credit. perspective. Topics include the timing, setting and conditions for the origin of life on the Hadean Earth; roles of planetary and extra- Introduction to the problems to be investigated in 12.482, as planetary processes; dening life; prebiotic chemistry; origins of well as the regional setting and local geology of the eld area. nucleic acids and peptides; evolution of cellularity, replication, Various special techniques may be introduced and preparatory metabolism, and translation; establishment of the genetic code; investigations may be conducted that are specic to the area to be biogenesis vs. ecogenesis; the nature of the last common ancestor studied in 12.482. of life; conceptualizing the "tree of life;" and the early evolution of O. Jagoutz the ancestors of bacteria, archaeal, and eukaryal lineages. Students taking graduate version complete an extra project. 12.482 Advanced Field Geology II G. Fournier Prereq: 12.481 Acad Year 2021-2022: G (IAP) 12.478 The Phylogenomic Planetary Record Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Subject meets with 12.178 Units arranged Prereq: None Can be repeated for credit. Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) In January, a geological and geomorphological study of a selected 3-0-9 units eld area is conducted during a two-week excursion. Exercises include geological and geomorphological mapping on topographic Introduces the tools of sequence-based phylogenetic analysis and and photographic base maps of a wide variety of bedrock and molecular evolution in the context of studying events in Earth's surcial rocks. Where feasible, geochemical and geophysical eld deep past that have been preserved by genomes. Topics include measurements are correlated with geology. Meets with 12.115 when basic concepts of cladistics, phylogeny and sequence evolution, oered concurrently. construction of phylogenetic trees of genes and microbial lineages, O. E. Jagoutz molecular clocks, dating, and ancestral sequence reconstruction. Special attention to the evolutionary history of microbial metabolisms and their relationship to global biogeochemical cycles across Earth's history. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. G. Fournier
22 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.486 Advanced Igneous Petrology 12.487B Field Geobiology II Prereq: Permission of instructor Subject meets with 12.117B Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) G (Spring; second half of term) 3-2-7 units Not oered regularly; consult department Can be repeated for credit. 2-2-5 units
Comprehensive overview of igneous rocks from the Earth, Moon, Teaches fundamentals of eld observations and reasoning in and meteorite parent bodies. Discusses the compositional diversity geobiology/sedimentology during a required trip to a modern of igneous rocks and how it can be used to elucidate rock forming sedimentary environment over spring break, followed by laboratory processes in the major tectonic provinces on modern Earth, including analyses of collected samples. Students make observations, develop mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, ocean islands, and inter- hypotheses, collect samples required to test their hypotheses and continental riing environments. Also covers magma generation interact with lecturers and students investigating the sedimentology processes in the terrestrial planets prior to 2.6 billion years ago. of the site. Upon return to MIT, students work on eld samples to Laboratory exercises on selected suites of igneous rocks reinforce characterize the sediments, use the preliminary data to develop an readings and classroom discussions. Uses evidence from related understanding of the eld site, and write research reports. Students geo-science disciplines to develop an integrative approach to taking graduate version write proposals that present a research understanding processes that lead to the chemical dierentiation of question based on the eld observations and subsequent analyses. planetary bodies through time. Subject matter may be modied to Meets with 12.110B and 12.465B when those subjects examine reflect the interests of the group. modern sedimentary environments. T. L. Grove T. Bosak
12.487A Field Geobiology I 12.493[J] Microbial Genetics and Evolution Subject meets with 12.117A Same subject as 1.87[J], 7.493[J], 20.446[J] Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: 7.03, 7.05, or permission of instructor G (Spring; rst half of term) G (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department 4-0-8 units 2-1-3 units See description under subject 7.493[J]. Examines basic biological processes that operate in sediments. A. D. Grossman, O. Cordero Lectures cover biological, physical and chemical processes that influence the formation and stabilization of sediments, 12.494 Geochemistry of Natural Waters including biomineralization, weathering, erosion, the formation Subject meets with 12.104 of sedimentary structures and interactions with sediments, flow, Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and the cycles of nutrients. Lab covers analytical methods used to Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) examine microbial processes, bioinformatic methods used to analyze Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered microbial communities, and techniques used to analyze sediment 3-2-7 units grain sizes and chemistry. Readings and discussions provide preparation for the 12.487B eld trip to a modern sedimentary Equips students with the fundamental skills to identify major environment. Enables students to interpret processes in modern controls on the chemistry of waters on the Earth. Students sedimentary environments, reconstruct similar processes in the examine key concepts, theories and practical tools (e.g., rock record, collect appropriate samples in the eld, and analyze pH, Eh, alkalinity, surface charge, speciation, and carbonate microbiological data. Students taking graduate version complete equilibrium) and apply them as tools to understand and make additional assignments. predictions for the biogeochemical cycles of the Earth systems. T. Bosak Graduate students complete additional assignments. S. Ono
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 23 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
Geophysics 12.503 Mechanics of Earth Subject meets with 12.203 12.501 Essentials of Global Geophysics Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Subject meets with 12.201 Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and 18.03 Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 3-2-7 units Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) 4-0-8 units Covers topics in the deformation and fracture of solids and the flow of viscous fluids. Explores spatial scales from molecular to Overview of basic topics in solid-earth geophysics, such as the planetary, and time scales from fractions of a second to millions Earth's rotation, gravity and magnetic eld, seismology, and thermal of years, to understand how and why natural materials on Earth structure. Formulation of physical principles presented in three and other terrestrial bodies respond to applied forces. Introduces one-hour lectures per week. Current applications discussed in an anelasticity, granular mechanics, poroelasticity, rate-and-state additional one-hour tutorial each week. Students taking graduate friction, transport properties of Earth materials (Darcy's law, Fick's version complete dierent assignments. law), brittle-ductile transitions, creep of polycrystalline materials, R. van der Hilst stored energy and dissipation, and convection. Prepares students to gather, analyze and interpret data using existing theoretical 12.502 Flow, Deformation, and Fracture in Earth and Other models. Through a signicant laboratory component, students Terrestrial Bodies obtain practical experience with experimental measurements and Subject meets with 12.202 test their acquired theoretical knowledge. Students taking graduate Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) version complete dierent assignments. Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) B. Minchew, M. Pec Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-2-7 units 12.507 Essentials of Applied Geophysics Subject meets with 12.214 Covers fundamentals of deformation and fracture of solids and the Prereq: 18.03 flow of viscous fluids. Explores spatial scales from molecular to G (Fall) planetary, and time scales from fractions of a second to millions of Not oered regularly; consult department years, to understand how and why natural materials on Earth and 3-3-6 units other terrestrial bodies respond to applied forces. Fundamental concepts include the principles of continuum mechanics, tensor Introduces the application of geophysical methods to all aspects of representation of physical properties, forces, tractions, stresses, near-surface environmental and engineering geophysics, including strain theory, elasticity, contact problems, fracture and friction, the exploration for petroleum, water, and minerals. Topics include and viscous flow and rheological models (plasticity, viscosity, seismic, electrical, electromagnetic, ground penetrating radar, viscoelasticity, elasto-plasticity). Students gather, analyze and magnetics, gravity, rock physics and chemistry, borehole geophysics interpret data using existing theoretical models. Includes a and the global positioning system (GPS). Uses a quantitative signicant laboratory component that provides practical experience approach to emphasize basic principles and a physical /chemical with experimental measurements and tests students' acquired understanding of each method. Discusses specic illustrative theoretical knowledge. Students taking graduate version complete eld examples. Lab work is mainly devoted to local eld work and dierent assignments. equipment preparation for the IAP Field Geophysics class. Students B. Minchew, M. Pec taking graduate version complete additional assignments. F. D. Morgan, T. A. Herring, B. H. Hager
24 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.510 Introduction to Seismology 12.515 Data and Models Prereq: 18.075 or 18.085 Prereq: 18.075 or 18.085 G (Fall) Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 3-1-8 units Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) 3-0-9 units A basic study in seismology and the utilization of seismic waves for the study of Earth's interior. Introduces techniques necessary for Surveys a number of methods of inverting data to obtain model understanding of elastic wave propagation in stratied media and for parameter estimates. Topics include review of matrix theory and calculation of synthetic seismograms (WKBJ and mode summation). statistics, random and grid-search methods, linear and non-linear Ray theory; interpretation of travel times. (e.g., tomography); surface least squares, maximum-likelihood estimation, ridge regression, wave dispersion in layered media; Earth's free oscillations; and stochastic inversion, sequential estimation, singular value seismicity, (earthquake locations, magnitude, moment, and source decomposition, solution of large systems, genetic and simulated properties). annealing inversion, regularization, parameter error estimates, R. van der Hilst, W. Frank and solution uniqueness and resolution. Computer laboratory and algorithm development. 12.511 Field Geophysics F. D. Morgan Prereq: None Acad Year 2021-2022: G (IAP) 12.521 Computational Geophysical Modeling Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Prereq: Permission of instructor 1-4-1 units Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Covers practical methods of modern geophysics, including the 3-0-9 units global positioning system (GPS), gravity, and magnetics. Field work is conducted in western US and includes intensive 10-day Introduces theory, design, and practical methods of computational eld exercise. Focuses on measurement techniques and their modeling in geodynamics and geophysical fluid dynamics. Covers interpretation. Introduces the science of gravity, magnetics, the most eective and widely used numerical modeling approaches and the GPS. Measures crustal structure, fault motions, tectonic (e.g., boundary element, nite dierence, nite element) and deformations, and the local gravity and magnetic elds. Students emphasizes problem-solving skills through illustrative examples perform high-precision measurements and participate in data of heat and mass transfer in the mantle and the ocean. Students analysis. Emphasizes principles of geophysical data collection and acquire experience with various numerical methods through the relevance of these data for tectonic faulting, crustal structure, regularly assigned computational exercises and a term-long and the dynamics of the earthquake cycle. Students taking graduate modeling project of each student's choice. version complete additional assignments. J. Lin, O. Marchal, M. Behn T. A. Herring, B. H. Hager, F. D. Morgan 12.522 Geological Fluid Mechanics 12.512 Field Geophysics Analysis Prereq: 8.03 and (18.075 or 18.085) Prereq: 12.511 G (Fall) Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-0-9 units 2-0-4 units Treats heat transfer and fluid mechanics in the Earth, low Reynolds Focuses on in-depth data analysis and development of skills needed number flows, convection instability, double diusion, Non- to report results both in writing and orally. Students use data Newtonian flows, flow in porous media, and the interaction of flows collected in 12.511 to develop written and oral reports of the results, with accreting and deforming boundaries. Applications include: the with each student focusing on a dierent area. For example, students flow under plates, postglacial rebound, diapirism, magma dynamics, can develop the geophysical modeling or synthesis of the results and the mantle convection problem. into other studies in the area. The nal written and oral reports are J. A. Whitehead (WHOI) combined into a comprehensive report and presentation of the eld camp and its results. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. T. A. Herring, B. H. Hager, F. D. Morgan
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 25 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.525 Mechanisms of Faulting and Earthquakes 12.552 Advanced Seismology: Theory and Applications of Prereq: Permission of instructor Seismic Imaging G (Spring) Prereq: 12.510 Not oered regularly; consult department G (Spring) 3-0-9 units Not oered regularly; consult department 3-0-9 units Explores the fundamental mechanics of faulting and earthquakes from four related perspectives: seismology, geodesy, geodynamics, Introduces fundamental principles of seismic imaging used in and rheology. Topics to be covered include (1) the physical processes both exploration and solid earth applications. Topics include ray that control the rheology of faults, including friction and fracture, theoretical approaches, scattering theory, and seismic waveform (2) how these rheological processes are manifest in faulting and modeling. Through lectures, projects and student-led discussions earthquakes in the earth from a geodynamics perspective, and (3) of journal articles, the class covers the whole process of seismic how the mechanics of faulting and earthquakes are constrained imaging, from data preprocessing to model generation and by seismological and geodetic observations. Both continental and geological interpretation of the results. oceanic examples of faulting and earthquakes will be featured. EAPS Faculty J. McGuire, G. Prieto 12.560-12.561 Advanced Seminar in Exploration Geophysics 12.533 Rock Physics Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall, IAP, Spring) G (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Not oered regularly; consult department 2-0-4 units 3-3-6 units Can be repeated for credit.
Fundamentals of experimental and theoretical rock physics taught at Advanced seminar focusing on areas of current interest in an advanced level. Rocks viewed as complex composite media with exploration geophysics and seismology. 12.560 is letter-graded. behavior dependent both on the physical and chemical properties Geophysics Sta of the constituent phases, and on their geometries. Electrical, fluid transport, and seismic properties covered in detail. Other topics 12.570 Topical Issues in Global Geophysics such as magnetic, mechanical, and thermal responses briefly Prereq: Permission of instructor discussed. Weekly laboratory. G (Spring) F. D. Morgan Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged 12.540 Principles of Global Positioning System Can be repeated for credit. Prereq: Calculus II (GIR), Physics I (GIR), and 18.06 G (Spring) Series of formal lectures and seminars with the specic content 3-0-9 units varying by term to reflect current issues in research. Meets jointly with relevant Harvard course. The principles and applications of the Global Positioning System R. D. van der Hilst (US), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU) and Beidou (China), known as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), along with other 12.571 Seminar in Geophysics space geodetic systems, including very-long-baseline interferometry Prereq: Permission of instructor (VLBI), satellite laser ranging (SLR), and Interferometric Synthetics G (Fall) Aperture Radar (InSAR). Topics covered include CDMA and FDMA Not oered regularly; consult department encoding used by these systems to allow measurements of Units arranged [P/D/F] pseudo-range and carrier phase which allow millimeter accuracy Can be repeated for credit. positioning, models and analysis methods required for millimeter accuracy positioning. Other topics include: satellite orbit modeling, Problems of current interest in geophysics; subject matter varying atmospheric refraction modeling, estimation techniques (including from term to term. Kalman ltering), statistical and spectral analysis of data. Geophysics Sta Application areas include tectonic studies of Earth deformation, meteorology, space weather, and millimeter accuracy tracking of moving objects. T. A. Herring
26 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.586 Modeling Environmental Complexity 12.611 Advanced Planetary Observations Subject meets with 12.086 Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: 18.03 or permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (IAP) Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) 0-6-3 units 3-0-9 units Can be repeated for credit.
Introduction to mathematical and physical models of environmental Individual research projects in planetary science and astrophysics processes. Emphasis on the development of macroscopic continuum involving supervised work at Lowell Observatory in Flagsta, AZ. or statistical descriptions of complex microscopic dynamics. Projects may include observations made using Lowell's telescope Problems of interest include: random walks and statistical geometry facilities. Project topics and objectives vary from year to year. Written of landscapes; percolation theory and transport in disordered media; and oral reports required. Enrollment limited. fractals, scaling, and universality; ecological dynamics and the A. Bosh structure of ecosystems, food webs, and other natural networks; kinetics of biogeochemical cycles. Appropriate for advanced 12.620[J] Classical Mechanics: A Computational Approach undergraduates. Beginning graduate students are encouraged to Same subject as 6.946[J], 8.351[J] register for 12.586. Students taking the graduate version complete Prereq: Physics I (GIR), 18.03, and permission of instructor dierent assignments. Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered D. H. Rothman Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) 3-3-6 units Planetary Science Classical mechanics in a computational framework, Lagrangian 12.601 Essentials of Planetary Science formulation, action, variational principles, and Hamilton's principle. Subject meets with 12.420 Conserved quantities, Hamiltonian formulation, surfaces of section, Prereq: 8.03 and 18.03 chaos, and Liouville's theorem. Poincaré integral invariants, Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Poincaré-Birkho and KAM theorems. Invariant curves and cantori. Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) Nonlinear resonances, resonance overlap and transition to chaos. 3-0-9 units Symplectic integration. Adiabatic invariants. Applications to simple physical systems and solar system dynamics. Extensive use of Reviews fundamental physical concepts pertaining to the study computation to capture methods, for simulation, and for symbolic of the solar system, and highlights recent spacecra results. analysis. Programming experience required. Topics include: meteorites, orbital dynamics, asteroids, impact J. Wisdom, G. J. Sussman craters, surfaces, atmospheres, atmospheric dynamics, interiors, magnetospheres, rings, comets, formation of the solar system. B. P. Weiss
12.603 Solar System Dynamics Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) 3-0-9 units
Studies the dynamics of the solar system and its major subsystems, and the dynamics of exoplanets, with a modern emphasis on the qualitative structure of phase space. Topics may include rotational dynamics, spin-orbit coupling, Cassini states, and orbital dynamics, resonances, and Kozai oscillations, tidal evolution and tidal heating. J. Wisdom
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 27 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.621 Physical Principles of Remote Sensing 12.650 Current Topics in Planetary Science Subject meets with 12.421 Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and 6.0001 Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) 3-0-9 units 3-0-9 units Can be repeated for credit.
Introduction to the physics of remote sensing with applications to In-depth discussion of current and classic literature on selected the study of the Earth, Moon, planets and other solar system bodies, topics in planetary science. Topics vary from year to year. as well as to emerging elds, such as autonomous navigation. J. Wisdom Includes the principles of optical, thermal, radar and lidar remote sensing. Covers fundamental properties of electromagnetic waves; 12.652 Current Topics in Planetary Science principles of electromagnetic scattering from real and idealized Prereq: Permission of instructor materials, including various types of surfaces and vegetation; G (Fall, Spring) interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the atmosphere; and Not oered regularly; consult department thermal and microwave emission from various media. Discusses 3-0-9 units past, present, and future remote sensing platforms along with the Can be repeated for credit. fundamentals of orbital mechanics and data processing tools and methods. Assignments require students to write simple computer In-depth discussion of current and classic literature on selected programs and plot mathematical functions. Students taking graduate topics in the specialty areas of asteroids and the Pluto-Charon version complete dierent assignments. system. Topics vary from year to year. B. Minchew R. P. Binzel
12.622 Planetary Atmospheres Geological, Geophysical, and Chemical Oceanography Subject meets with 12.422 Prereq: Permission of instructor 12.701 Classic Papers in Physical Oceanography Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) Prereq: None Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered G (Spring) 3-0-9 units 3-0-3 units
Provides a basic understanding of the physics and chemistry of Provides a historical perspective on fundamental topics in planetary atmospheres. Explores the formation and evolution of oceanography by considering individual works which, when pieced atmospheres, their structure and dynamics, and what is known together, contribute to the more cohesive description of how the about their chemical composition. Pays particular attention to their ocean works. In class discussions, students consider various energy balance. Also presents the current state of understanding of aspects of the work in question, including motivation, approach, exoplanet atmospheres. Students taking graduate version complete and implications for the broader context. They also synthesize an additional research project. information and make oral presentations. Develops basic analytical J. de Wit and critical skills in paper reading and writing. Y. Kwon (WHOI) 12.625 Extrasolar Planets: Physics and Detection Techniques Subject meets with 8.290[J], 12.425[J] Prereq: 8.03 and 18.03 G (Fall) 3-0-9 units
In-depth study of current topics in exoplanets, such as exoplanet transits, radial velocity curves, current survey missions, the mass- radius relation, and super Earths. Class activities consist of reading the current literature, problem sets, and a term project. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. S. Seager
28 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.702 Elements of Modern Oceanography 12.708 Topics in Paleoceanography Subject meets with 12.372 Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: None G (Fall) G (Fall) Units arranged [P/D/F] 3-0-9 units Can be repeated for credit.
Examines a series of crosscutting topics that exemplify current Seminar focusing on areas of current interest in paleoceanography directions in interdisciplinary oceanography. Focuses on current and paleoclimatology. Includes discussion of current and classic themes in oceanography, their interdisciplinary nature, and the role literature. Topics vary from year to year. of ocean sciences in society. Introduces core concepts across the D. Oppo, O. Marchal (WHOI) disciplines of biological, physical, and chemical oceanography as well as marine geology. Emphasizes the interdisciplinary aspects 12.710 Geological Oceanography of these core concepts, the kinds of approaches and modes of Prereq: Permission of instructor thinking common to all of the disciplines, and the technological G (Fall) developments underpinning current advances. Students taking 3-0-9 units graduate version complete dierent assignments. G. Lawson, A. Kirincich (WHOI) Provides a high level survey of a broad range of active science topics in Geological Oceanography. Presents background material that 12.703 Presenting Scientic Research graduate students are expected to know in the disciplines of solid- Prereq: None earth geophysics, geochemistry, sedimentology and stratigraphy, G (Fall) coastal processes, and climate, including a representative set 3-0-3 units of canonical science papers, and builds on this material to give a sense of the current state of the science in these elds. Broad Presenting scientic research geared toward a scientic audience. topics include the formation of the earth, petrogenesis, volcanism, Each student gives one 30-minute talk, one AGU-style 15-minute plate tectonics, geodynamics, sedimentation in the oceans, talk, and one poster presentation. Students present their ongoing coastal morphodynamics, paleo-oceanography, and climate. The research and use the class as a forum to practice for upcoming talks interconnectedness of and feedbacks between processes discussed in more formal settings. Abstracts are prepared for each presentation under these various topics is emphasized. and discussed in class. Students provide comments, questions, WHOI Sta encouragement, critiques, etc. on their peers' presentations. S. Nielsen, V. Le Roux (WHOI) 12.712 Advanced Marine Seismology Prereq: Permission of instructor 12.707 The History of Earth's Climate Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Subject meets with 12.377 Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) Prereq: Permission of instructor 3-0-6 units Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Can be repeated for credit. Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) 3-0-9 units Focuses on synthetic seismograms, ocean bottom refraction seismology, and multi-channel reflection seismology as applied Studies the climate history of the Earth, from the formation of the to studies of the ocean sediments, crust, and lithosphere. Topics early atmosphere and ocean to the present. Evaluates geochemical, include: the wave equations for elastic/anelastic, isotropic/ sedimentological, and paleontological evidence for changes in ocean anisotropic, homogeneous/heterogeneous and fluid/solid media; circulation, global temperatures, and atmospheric carbon dioxide ray theory and WKBJ approximations; the Sommerfeld/Weyl levels. Covers theories and models of Phanerozoic climate change. integrals, asymptotic analysis, and Lamb's problem for a fluid/solid Provides a long-term history of the global carbon cycle. Students interface; reflectivity and related methods; nite dierence and taking graduate version complete dierent assignments. nite element methods; and special topics of interest to the class. D. McGee Extensive readings of geophysical and seismological literature. R. Stephen (WHOI)
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 29 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.714 Computational Data Analysis 12.717 Coastal Geomorphology Prereq: 18.03 Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) 3-0-9 units 3-0-9 units
An introduction to the theory and practice of analyzing discrete Explores mechanisms behind the formation and reshaping of data such as are normally encountered in geophysics and geology. coastal environments. Focuses on a process-based understanding Emphasizes statistical aspects of data interpretation and the of both the fluid dynamic and sediment transport aspects of coastal nonparametric discrete-time approach to spectral analysis. Topics landforms, and, especially, the importance of feedbacks between include: elements of probability and statistics, statistical inference, the two. Investigates coastal evolution at various scales - from robust and nonparametric statistics, the method of least squares, ripples to coastline formation - with an emphasis on the behavior of univariate and multivariate spectral analysis, digital lters, and coastal environments over integrated timescales of days and years aspects of multidimensional data analysis. to centuries and millennia. Students investigate the eect of storms, A. D. Chave, T. A. Herring sea-level rise, and interactions with biological and anthropogenic influences. Covers a broad array of coastal environments, including 12.715 Environmental Bioinformatics (New) beaches, barrier islands, spits, inlets, tidal flats, deltas, rocky Prereq: None coasts, arctic shores, and carbonate atolls. Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) A. Ashton Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-0-9 units 12.718 Kinetics and Mass Transport Prereq: Permission of instructor An intensive introduction to computational skills and a survey of Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered modern computational theory and approaches for the manipulation Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) and analysis of genomic data in environmental and non-model 3-0-6 units systems. Designed to synthesize theory (both biological and computational) and programming to equip students with the ability Oers a broad overview of various kinetic and transport processes in to understand and carry out hypothesis testing with genomic geology, including volume and grain boundary solid-state diusion, data. Topics include: introduction to programming and biological defects in minerals, rates of mineral reaction and transformation, algorithms; genomic and transcriptomic data; environmental crystal nucleation and growth, advective transport in porous metagenomics; intraspecic diversity; and best practices in data media and partially molten aggregates, and percolation theory. science and reproducibility. Emphasis on processes in crystalline rocks. Covers theoretical, WHOI Sta phenomenological, and experimental constraints, with a consistent application to "real-world" settings and actual case histories. 12.716 Essentials of Oceanic Petrology M. Behn and G. Gaetani (WHOI) Prereq: 12.710 or permission of instructor G (Spring) 12.739 Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry 3-2-4 units Prereq: None Can be repeated for credit. Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Qualitative interpretation and quantitative analysis of melting, 3-0-9 units melt transport, melt-rock reactions, igneous crustal accretion, metamorphism and hydrothermalism at oceanic spreading centers Integrates the elds of microbiology and biogeochemistry, and is and subduction-related arcs applied to understanding the variations centered on elucidating the linkages between microorganisms and in the composition of the Earth's (oceanic) mantle and crust and geochemical processes in the oceans. Divided into modules that accretionalry processes at mid-ocean ridges. Combines theoretical rst lay the theoretical framework to familiarize students of diverse methods with eld, petrographic, geochemical, and computational backgrounds (biologists, chemists, physical oceanographers). Next, techniques. Topics vary from year to year. introduces specic and general linkages between the topics and H. Dick, F. Klein (WHOI) the major tools and techniques that have advanced their integrated study. Concludes with a synthesis module examining the role of microorganisms in the biogeochemical cycles of diverse ocean biomes A. Apprill, S. Sievert (WHOI)
30 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.740 Paleoceanography 12.743 Geochemistry of Marine Sediments Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: Chemistry (GIR) and 5.60 Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) 3-0-9 units 3-0-9 units
Studies the basic principles of techniques for reconstructing the Focuses on processes that control the composition of sediments in history of ocean climate from marine sediment cores, corals, ice coastal, shelf, and deep-sea environments and processes that dene cores, and other paleoclimate archives. Examines this data in the their roles in biogeochemical cycles. Topics include calculating light of proposed climate change mechanisms. Micropaleontological, chemical fluxes across the sediment-water interface; evaluating the isotopic, geochemical, and mineralogical changes are used to infer sources and reactivity of carbonate, silicic, and detrital sediments; changes in seawater composition, atmospheric chemistry, and using pore water gradients to calculate diusion, reaction, and flux climate. Observations are interpreted as consequences of changes rates; sediment dating; estimating accumulation rates; and using in ocean temperature, circulation, and chemistry, and are used to stable isotopes and natural-series radioisotopes. Covers evaluation evaluate theories proposed to account for glacial/interglacial cycles. of the links between sedimentary and water column processes; Focuses on the past two million years, but major processes and the eects of anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., eutrophication, events from the past 100 million years are also included. acidication, warming) on sedimentary processes; and the role of E. A. Boyle sediments in global biogeochemical cycles. Introduces sampling techniques and mathematical modeling of sedimentary processes. 12.741 Marine Bioinorganic Chemistry D. McCorkle, W. Martin, A. Wang, M. Long (WHOI) Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 12.744 Marine Isotope Chemistry Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) Prereq: Permission of instructor 2-0-7 units Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) Provides an overview of trace element biogeochemistry and marine 3-0-9 units bioinorganic chemistry. Topics include controls on oceanic trace metal distributions; co-evolution of biological metal requirements Fundamentals of using isotopes to study processes and timescales and metal availability during early Earth history; chemical speciation for marine chemistry and geochemistry. Provides basic introduction and its influence on microbial bioavailability; applications of to the nature, origins, and reasons for the distributions of isotopes metal isotopes; roles of metalloenzymes and metal proteins in nature, then develops theory and approaches for radioactive in biogeochemical cycles; and biogeochemical applications of dating methods. These are used to constrain the timing and nature metagenomics, metaproteomics, and bioinformatics. of the geochemical evolution of the elements, solar system, earth, M. Saito ocean, and atmosphere. Covers cosmogenic isotopes and their applications. Briefly discusses basics of mass spectrometry, 12.742 Marine Chemistry followed by a closer inspection of the principles and applications of Prereq: Permission of instructor isotope fractionation. Introduces mass independent fractionation G (Fall) and clumped isotope methods. Explores applications of isotope 3-0-9 units methods to a number of water column processes, including particle scavenging, sedimentation, long term element budgets, redox An introduction to chemical oceanography. Reservoir models and processes, and air-sea exchange. Emphasizes quantitative methods residence time. Major ion composition of seawater. Inputs to and and problem-solving. Includes problem sessions with development outputs from the ocean via rivers, the atmosphere, and the sea of problem solutions. floor. Biogeochemical cycling within the oceanic water column WHOI Sta and sediments, emphasizing the roles played by the formation, transport, and alteration of oceanic particles and the eects that these processes have on seawater composition. Cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur. Uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide by the ocean. Material presented through lectures and student-led presentation and discussion of recent papers. B. Van Mooy, E. Kojawinski (WHOI)
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 31 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.746 Marine Organic Geochemistry 12.751-12.759 Seminar in Oceanography at Woods Hole Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) G (Spring) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Units arranged [P/D/F] 3-0-6 units Can be repeated for credit.
Provides an understanding of the distribution of organic carbon (OC) Topics in marine geology and geophysics, physical, dynamical, and in marine sediments from a global and molecular-level perspective. chemical oceanography. Content varies from term to term. 12.754, Surveys the mineralization and preservation of OC in the water 12.755, and 12.756 are letter-graded. column and within anoxic and oxic marine sediments. Topics include: WHOI Sta OC composition, reactivity and budgets within, and fluxes through, major reservoirs; microbial recycling pathways for OC; models 12.760-12.761 Seminar in Marine Geology and Geophysics at for OC degradation and preservation; role of anoxia in OC burial; MIT relationships between dissolved and particulate (sinking and Prereq: Permission of instructor suspended) OC; methods for characterization of sedimentary organic G (Fall, Spring) matter; application of biological markers as tools in oceanography. Not oered regularly; consult department Both structural and isotopic aspects are covered. Units arranged [P/D/F] D. Repeta (WHOI) Can be repeated for credit.
12.747 Modeling, Data Analysis, and Numerical Techniques for Topics in marine geology and geophysics taught at MIT. Content Geochemistry varies from term to term. 12.760 is letter-graded. Prereq: Permission of instructor Marine Geology and Geophysics Sta Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) 12.770-12.771 Seminar in Chemical Oceanography at MIT 3-0-9 units Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall, Spring) Emphasizes the basic skills needed for handling and assimilating Not oered regularly; consult department data as well as the basic tool-set for numerical modeling. Uses Units arranged [P/D/F] MATLAB as its computation engine; begins with an introduction Can be repeated for credit. to MATLAB to ensure familiarity with soware. Topics include: probability distributions, error propagation, least squares and Topics in chemical oceanography taught at MIT. Content varies from regression techniques, principle component and factor analysis, term to term. 12.770 is letter-graded. objective mapping, Fourier and spectral analysis, numerical Chemical Oceanography Sta solutions to ODEs and PDEs, nite dierence techniques, inverse models, and scientic visualization. D. Nicholson (WHOI)
12.749 Solid Earth Geochemistry Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-0-9 units
Integrates methods in mineralogy, petrology (both igneous and metamorphic), and trace element and isotope geochemistry to address scientic issues of the solid earth. Covers processes in the solar nebula, accretion, and early dierentiation of the earth. Discusses topics in three representative geodynamic environments - mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and mantle plumes - with respect to physical framework and petrological/geochemical aspects. N. Shimizu, S. Nielsen, G. Gaetani (WHOI)
32 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.777 Field Oceanography 12.802 Waves, Instability and Turbulence at Small Scales Subject meets with 12.373 Prereq: 12.800 or permission of instructor Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 3-0-9 units Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) 3-7-5 units Covers basic concepts of wave motion, flow instability, and turbulence in rotating and stratied fluids with emphasis on Provides an introduction to the biogeochemistry of the ocean, and small scales. Presents wave properties, including the dispersion the eld techniques and methods used in its study. Emphasizes relation, phase and group velocities, and wave kinematics, and biogeochemistry and the interrelated nature of elemental cycling, uses these concepts to study the dynamics of surface and internal but also examines physical transport and air-sea gas exchange. gravity waves, Poincare waves, Kelvin waves, and topographic Covers multiple aspects related to eld instrumentation and waves. Includes flow instability. Explores general concepts of linear measurements, including nutrients, oxygen, the carbon system, instability in small-scale stratied shear flows (Rayleigh and Kelvin- temperature, and salinity. Presents microbial analyses, such as Helmholtz instabilities); examines non-rotating stratied turbulence metagenomics. Includes a mandatory spring break eld trip aboard a resulting from these instabilities. Also discusses wave-mean flow research vessel; opportunities for funded travel available. Students interaction, hydraulic control, the entrainment assumption, and the work in groups to propose a project over the week-long voyage that interpretation of microstructure observations. utilizes the eld time to collect samples. During the second half of G. Flierl, R. Ferrari the term, students analyze and synthesize the data, and present it in a publication-quality manuscript. Students taking graduate version 12.803 Advanced Geophysical Fluid Dynamics complete additional assignments. Enrollment limited. Prereq: 12.843 A. R. Babbin Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate 2-0-7 units
12.800 Fluid Dynamics of the Atmosphere and Ocean Further development of topics covered in 12.843, with a more Subject meets with 12.390 mathematical treatment. Covers current topics of interest in rotating Prereq: 8.03 and 18.04 stratied flows of oceans and atmospheres. G (Fall) G. Flierl, R. Ferrari 3-0-9 units 12.805 Data Analysis in Physical Oceanography Introduction to fluid dynamics. Students acquire an understanding Prereq: Permission of instructor of some of the basic concepts of fluid dynamics that are needed Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered as a foundation for advanced coursework in atmospheric science, Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) physical oceanography, ocean engineering, climate science, etc. 3-0-9 units Emphasizes fluid fundamentals, with an atmosphere/ocean twist. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Directed at making scientically-sensible inferences from physical A. Mahadevan, C. Cenedese oceanography data (both observations and models). Introduces linear inverse methods, including regression, singular value 12.801 Large-scale Ocean Dynamics decomposition, objective mapping, and data assimilation. Connects Prereq: 12.800 these methods to time series analysis, including Fourier methods, G (Spring) spectra, coherence, and ltering. Focuses on working with data in a 3-0-9 units computer laboratory setting. Emphasizes how statistical information can be used to improve experimental design. Gives some attention to Applies fundamental principles of geophysical fluid dynamics the instruments and algorithms used to acquire the data. to understand the general patterns of the ocean circulation and G. Gebbie, T. Farrar (WHOI) stratication. Includes the mid-latitude wind-driven circulation, the Southern Ocean circulation, and the global overturning circulation. Uses a combination of theory, numerical simulations, and observations to illustrate the concepts. J. Yang (WHOI)
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 33 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.806[J] Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry 12.809 Hydraulic Phenomena in Geophysical Fluid Flows Same subject as 10.571[J] Prereq: Permission of instructor Subject meets with 12.306 Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Prereq: (18.075 and (5.60 or 5.61)) or permission of instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) G (Spring) 3-0-6 units 3-0-9 units Examination of the hydraulics of nonrotating flows (Long's Introduction to the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere experiments, hydraulic control, upstream influence, nonlinear including experience with computer codes. Aerosols and theories of wave steepening, hydraulic jump and bores, application to severe their formation, evolution, and removal. Gas and aerosol transport downslope winds). Other topics may include: nonrotating stratied from urban to continental scales. Coupled models of radiation, flows (two-layer hydraulics, virtual and approach controls, maximal transport, and chemistry. Solution of inverse problems to deduce and submaximal flow, application to the Strait of Gibraltar and the emissions and removal rates. Emissions control technology and Bab al Mandab); and deep ocean straits and sills (steady theories for costs. Applications to air pollution and climate. rotating channel flow, nonlinear Kelvin and frontal waves, rotating R. G. Prinn hydraulic jumps, geostrophic adjustment in a rotating channel, and applications to the Denmark Strait and other deep passages). 12.807[J] Atmospheric Chemistry L. Pratt, K. Helfrich (WHOI) Same subject as 1.84[J], 10.817[J] Prereq: 5.60 12.810 Dynamics of the Atmosphere G (Fall) Prereq: 12.800 3-0-9 units G (Spring) 3-0-9 units See description under subject 1.84[J]. J. H. Kroll Discusses the dynamics of the atmosphere, with emphasis on the large scale. Topics include internal gravity waves in the atmosphere; 12.808 Introduction to Observational Physical Oceanography potential vorticity conservation and Rossby waves; baroclinic Prereq: Permission of instructor instability and extratropical storms; the tropical Hadley and Walker G (Fall) circulations and equatorial waves; and the general circulation, 3-0-9 units annular modes, and the response to climate change. P. O'Gorman Results and techniques of observations of the ocean in the context of its physical properties and dynamical constraints. Emphasis on 12.811 Tropical Meteorology large-scale steady circulation and the time-dependent processes Prereq: 12.810; or Coreq: 12.843 that contribute to it. Includes the physical setting of the ocean, Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered atmospheric forcing, application of conservation laws, description Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) of wind-driven and thermohaline circulation, eddy processes, and 3-0-9 units interpretive techniques. H. Seo, J. Toole (WHOI) A description of the large-scale circulation systems of the tropical atmosphere and analysis of the dynamics of such systems. Topics include: Radiative-convective equilibrium; the Hadley and walker circulation; monsoons; tropical boundary layers; theory of the response of the tropical atmosphere to localized sea-surface temperature anomalies; intraseasonal oscillations; equatorial waves; El Niño/Southern Oscillation; easterly waves; and tropical cyclones. K. A. Emanuel
34 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.812 The General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Climate 12.817[J] Atmospheric Composition and Global Change Change Same subject as 1.841[J] Prereq: 12.810 or permission of instructor Prereq: 1.84[J] Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 2-0-7 units 3-0-9 units
Describes the general circulation of Earth's atmosphere and its See description under subject 1.841[J]. maintenance. Second half of the course explores the response of the C. Heald general circulation to climate change. P. O'Gorman 12.818 Introduction to Atmospheric Data and Large-scale Dynamics 12.814[J] Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics and Chemistry Subject meets with 12.318 Same subject as 1.842[J] Prereq: None. Coreq: 12.800 Subject meets with 12.338 G (Fall) Prereq: Permission of instructor 3-3-6 units G (Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Provides a general introduction to meteorological data and analysis 3-0-9 units techniques, and their use in the MIT Synoptic Laboratory to study the phenomenology and dynamics of large-scale atmospheric flow. Focuses on understanding how aerosol particles form droplets or Illustrates balance concepts as applied to the dynamics of frontal ice crystals during several atmospheric processes: determining and synoptic scales, using real-time upper-air and surface station Earth's radiative balance; heterogeneous chemistry and acid data and gridded analyzed elds. Uses advanced meteorological rain; understanding where, when and how much precipitation soware packages to access, manipulate, and graphically display occurs. Provides tools for understanding the physics of aerosol the data. Students taking graduate version complete dierent and cloud element motion; the interaction of particles with water assignments. vapor, including phase changes and droplet and ice nucleation; L. Illari the chemical composition of particles and the eect on cloud formation processes; and the eect of cloud processing on aerosol 12.820 Turbulence in the Ocean and Atmosphere chemistry. Discusses relevant topics of contemporary interest, Prereq: 12.843 e.g., geoengineering and weather modication and volcanic Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) eects. Students taking the graduate version complete dierent Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered assignments. 3-0-9 units D. Cziczo Covers phenomena, theory and modeling of turbulence in the Earth's 12.815 Atmospheric Radiation and Convection oceans and atmosphere. The scope will range from centimeter- to Subject meets with 12.315 planetary-scale motions. Includes homogeneous isotropic three- and Prereq: 12.800 or permission of instructor two-dimensional turbulence, convection, stratied turbulence, quasi- Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered gesotrophic turbulence, baroclinic turbulence, and macroturbulence Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) in the ocean and atmosphere. 3-0-9 units R. Ferrari, G. Flierl
Introduction to the physics of atmospheric radiation, remote sensing, and convection, including use of computer codes. Radiative transfer equation including emission and scattering, spectroscopy, Mie theory, and numerical solutions. Physics of dry and moist convection, including moist thermodynamics. Radiative-convective equilibrium. Solution of inverse problems in remote sensing of atmospheric temperature and composition. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. T. Cronin
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 35 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.823 Modeling the Biology and Physics of the Ocean 12.834[J] Land-Atmosphere Interactions Prereq: 18.075 or 18.085 Same subject as 1.713[J] Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered 3-0-6 units Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) 2-0-4 units Principles and examples of the construction of physical/ biological models for oceanic systems. Individual-based and continuum See description under subject 1.713[J]. representations. Food webs and structured population models. Fluid D. Entekhabi transport, stirring, and mixing. Eects of rotation and stratication. Advection, diusion, reaction dynamics. Oceanic examples of 12.835 Experimental Atmospheric Chemistry physical-biological dynamics: surface mixed layer, upwelling Subject meets with 12.335 regimes, mesoscale eddies, and oceanic gyres. Prereq: Permission of instructor G. Flierl, D. McGillicuddy G (Fall) 2-4-6 units 12.824 Stability Theory for Oceanic & Atmospheric Flows Prereq: 12.802 or permission of instructor Introduces the atmospheric chemistry involved in climate Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) change, air pollution, and ozone depletion using a combination Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered of interactive laboratory and eld studies and simple computer 3-0-9 units models. Uses instruments for trace gas and aerosol measurements and methods for inferring fundamental information from these Basic theory of hydrodynamic instability with special application measurements. Students taking the graduate version complete to flows of interest in oceanography and meteorology. Topics dierent assignments. covered include general formulation of stability theory; concept of R. Prinn, S. Ono, D. Cziczo normal modes and linearization; fundamental stability theorems; baroclinic instability: Charney model, Eady model and the Phillips 12.842 Climate Science two-layer model; energy transformations; initial value theory and Subject meets with 12.301 non-modal instability; barotropic instability for jets and shear layers; Prereq: Chemistry (GIR), 18.03, or permission of instructor radiating instabilities; initial value problems applied to the concepts G (Fall) of convective, absolute and spatial instabilities; nite amplitude 4-0-8 units theory; stability of non-parallel flows. G. Flierl Introduction to climate studies, including beginnings of the solar system, time scales, and climate in human history; methods for 12.830 Topics in Waves and Instability detecting climate change, including proxies, ice cores, instrumental Prereq: 12.843 records, and time series analysis; physical and chemical processes G (Fall) in climate, including primordial atmosphere, ozone chemistry, Not oered regularly; consult department carbon and oxygen cycles, and heat and water budgets; internal 3-0-9 units feedback mechanisms, including ice, aerosols, water vapor, clouds, and ocean circulation; climate forcing, including orbital variations, A detailed presentation of selected advanced topics in waves and volcanism, plate tectonics, and solar variability; climate models instability in the atmosphere. The precise selection varies from and mechanisms of variability, including energy balance, coupled year to year. Topics have included wave-mean flow interaction, the models, and global ocean and atmosphere models; and outstanding quasi-biennial oscillation, sudden warmings, critical-level behavior, problems. Students taking the graduate version complete dierent wave overreflection, nonlinear equilibration, wave breaking, tropical assignments. waves, and stationary waves. K. Emanuel, E. Boyle EAPS Sta
36 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.843 Large-scale Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics 12.849 Mechanisms and Models of the Global Carbon Cycle Prereq: 12.801, 12.810, or permission of instructor Subject meets with 12.349 G (Fall) Prereq: Permission of instructor 2-4-9 units G (Spring) 3-0-9 units Project-based with lectures covering the relevant theory. Students work in groups on four projects. Each of these comprises a Addresses changes in the ocean, terrestrial biosphere and rocks numerical part, to illuminate and illustrate the theory, and a data modulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide on timescales from part (drawn from laboratory tank experiments, atmospheric, or months to millions of years. Includes feedbacks between carbon ocean observations), to illustrate the phenomena. Topics include: cycle and climate. Combines hands-on data analysis with the barotropic vorticity dynamics including inversion and evolution, formulation of simple models rooted in basic physical, chemical and geostrophic and higher order balance, baroclinic dynamics and biological principles. Students create individual "toy" global carbon the evolution of balanced flows, and stability with emphasis cycle models. Students taking graduate version complete dierent on the mutual interaction of disturbances. Projects include a assignments. verbal presentation and writeup covering both the numerical and M. Follows geophysical parts plus additional derivations as needed. G. Flierl, L. Illari 12.850 Computational Ocean Modeling Prereq: None 12.845[J] Sustainability Science and Engineering Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) Same subject as IDS.526[J] Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered Prereq: None 3-0-9 units G (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department Numerical modeling in oceanography and environmental fluid 3-0-6 units mechanics. Focuses on the building of computational models that describe processes such as transport (advection, diusion), See description under subject IDS.526[J]. reaction (ecosystems), and boundary forcing, of relevance in the N. E. Selin ocean. Models are developed in a hierarchical manner, starting from the simple (zero-dimensional in space), and incrementally 12.846[J] Global Environmental Negotiations advancing toward more complex, time-evolving systems in one-, Same subject as IDS.525[J] two- (shallow water) and three-dimensions (Primitive equations). Subject meets with 12.346[J], IDS.062[J] Students build their own models using the nite volume approach Prereq: None with an appreciation and understanding of the working of general G (Fall) circulation models Not oered regularly; consult department A. Mahadevan (WHOI), W. Zhang (WHOI) 2-0-4 units 12.853 Advanced geophysical fluid dynamics See description under subject IDS.525[J]. Prereq: 12.843 or permission of instructor N. Selin G (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department 2-0-7 units
Follow-on to 12.843, with a more mathematical treatment and extension of material to current topics of interest involving rotating, stratied flows of oceans and atmospheres. G. Flierl
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 37 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.860 Climate Variability and Diagnostics 12.866 Theory of the General Circulation of the Ocean Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: 12.800, 12.801, and 12.802 G (Fall) Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Spring) 3-0-9 units Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered 3-0-9 units Explores climate variability and change, focusing on the atmosphere and ocean, while building experience applying diagnostic analyses A review of wind-driven circulation, and the development of the to a range of modern observations and models. Provides practical baroclinic theory of the wind-driven circulation. Potential vorticity insight, from regional to global scale, with applications to past and homohenization and the ventilated thermocline. Wind-driven future climates. Emphasizes salient features of the mean climate circulation with continuous stratication, subduction/obduction. system and modes of natural variability, as well as observed and Equatorial thermocline and its relation to ENSO. Decadal climate projected manifestations of anthropogenic climate change. Students variability. Thermohaline circulation and variability. Abyssal gain experience accessing, analyzing, and visualizing a wide range circulation. Mixing and energetics of the oceanic general circulation. of gridded observational-based datasets, as well as output from R. X. Huang (WHOI) global climate model simulations. Develops the tools necessary to apply climate diagnostic analysis to one's own research, as well 12.870 Air-Sea Interaction: Boundary Layers as the interdisciplinary edge to critically assess and interpret the Prereq: Graduate-level fluid mechanics and a subject on waves or observational and model results underpinning the Fih Assessment permission of instructor Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered C. Uhmmenhofer Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) 3-0-9 units 12.862 Coastal Physical Oceanography Prereq: 12.800 Addresses the interaction of the atmosphere and ocean on temporal Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered scales from seconds to days and spatial scales from centimeters to Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) kilometers. Topics include the generation, propagation, and decay of 3-0-9 units surface waves; the processes by which mass, heat, momentum, and energy are transported vertically within the coupled atmospheric and Introduction to the dynamics of flow over the continental oceanic boundary layers and across the air-sea interface; and the shelf, nearshore, and estuaries, emphasizing both theory and statistical tools, mathematical models, and observational methods observations. Content varies somewhat according to student and that are used to quantify these processes. sta interests. Possible topics include fronts, buoyant plumes, R. Todd, D. Ralston (WHOI) surface and bottom boundary layers, wind-driven upwelling, coastal- trapped waves, internal waves, quasi-steady flows, high-latitude 12.884[J] Dimensions of Geoengineering shelf processes, tides, and shelf-open ocean interactions. Same subject as 1.850[J], 5.000[J], 10.600[J], 11.388[J], 15.036[J], R. Todd, D. Ralston (WHOI) 16.645[J] Prereq: None 12.863 Advanced Topics in Coastal Physical Oceanography Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Prereq: 12.862 or permission of instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall; rst half of term) G (Spring) 2-0-4 units Not oered regularly; consult department 3-0-6 units See description under subject 5.000[J]. Limited to 100. J. Deutch, M. Zuber More specialized topics in the dynamics of flow over the continental shelf, including coastal-trapped waves, wind-driving, and mean flows. Emphasis on the relationship between theory and observations. Instrumentation and the application of statistical techniques also covered. Woods Hole Sta
38 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.885[J] Science, Politics, and Environmental Policy 12.910 Communicating Ocean Science Same subject as 11.373[J] Prereq: None Subject meets with 12.385 Acad Year 2021-2022: G (Fall) Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: Not oered G (Fall) 3-0-6 units 3-0-6 units For students interested in improving their ability to teach science, Examines the role of science in US and international environmental the focus is on inquiry-based instructional methods and application policymaking. Surveys the methods by which scientists learn to various audiences. Includes an opportunity to teach in a about the natural world; the treatment of science by experts, course at a local state university and in a supervised elementary advocates, the media, and the public and the way science is used school classroom. Class meets twice a week for 11 sessions, and in legislative, administrative and judicial decision making. Through episodically thereaer. The undergraduate lesson is arranged in lectures, group discussions, and written essays, students develop consultation with Bridgewater State University faculty. Outreach in a critical understanding of the role of science in environmental local school classrooms involves one session observing and three policy. Potential case studies include sheries management, ozone sessions teaching. depletion, global warming, smog, and endangered species. Students L. Mullineaux (WHOI), A. Michel (WHOI) taking the graduate version complete dierent assignments. S. Solomon, J. Knox-Hayes 12.950, 12.951 Seminar in Physical Oceanography at MIT Prereq: Permission of instructor 12.900 EAPS First Year Graduate Seminar G (Fall, Spring) Prereq: None Not oered regularly; consult department G (Fall) Units arranged [P/D/F] 4-0-2 units Can be repeated for credit.
Provides a shared experience for rst-year graduate students in Topics in physical and dynamical oceanography. Content varying EAPS and the MIT/ WHOI Joint Program. Facilitates opportunities to from term to term. 12.950 is letter-graded. interact with senior graduate students and to meet a wide range of Physical Oceanography Sta faculty. Familiarizes students with departmental research within the themes of Earth, planets, climate, and life. Discusses resources, 12.970, 12.971 Current Research in Earth, Atmospheric and graduate life at MIT, and the path to PhD. Planetary Sciences K. Bergmann, T. Cronin, J. de Wit, M. Pec Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall, Spring, Summer) 12.901 Proposals, Papers and Pathways (New) Units arranged [P/D/F] Prereq: None Can be repeated for credit. Acad Year 2021-2022: Not oered Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) Original investigations, laboratory work, or eld work on Earth, 2-0-3 units atmospheric, or planetary issues. 12.970 is letter-graded. EAPS Faculty This seminar builds skills for writing scientic proposals and papers, and facilitates investigation of career pathways. Topics covered 12.980, 12.981 Current Research in Joint Program at MIT include scientic writing and graphics, peer review, proposal writing Prereq: Permission of instructor for grants and fellowships, and exploration of academic and non- G (Fall, Spring, Summer) academic careers. Units arranged [P/D/F] P. O'Gorman Can be repeated for credit.
Original investigations on problems in oceanography. 12.980 is letter-graded. EAPS Sta
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 39 EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.982, 12.983 Current Research in Joint Program at WHOI 12.S591 Special Seminar in Geophysics Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall, Spring, Summer) G (Fall) Units arranged [P/D/F] Units arranged [P/D/F] Can be repeated for credit. Can be repeated for credit.
Original investigations, laboratory work, or eldwork in Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of geophysics oceanography. 12.982 is letter-graded. not normally covered in regularly scheduled subjects. 12.S590 is WHOI Faculty letter-graded. Consult EAPS Education Oce 12.S488, 12.S489 Special Seminar in Structural Geology Prereq: Permission of instructor 12.S592 Special Seminar in Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary G (Spring) Sciences Units arranged [P/D/F] Prereq: Permission of instructor Can be repeated for credit. G (Fall, Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of structural Units arranged geology not normally covered in regularly scheduled subjects. Can be repeated for credit. 12.488 is letter-graded. EAPS Sta Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of the earth sciences, planetary sciences, or astronomy not normally covered in 12.S490, 12.S491 Special Seminar in Geology and Geochemistry regularly scheduled subjects. Prereq: Permission of instructor EAPS Sta G (Spring) Units arranged [P/D/F] 12.S593 Special Seminar in Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Can be repeated for credit. Sciences Prereq: Permission of instructor Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of geology or G (Fall) geochemistry not normally covered in regularly scheduled subjects. Units arranged [P/D/F] 12.490 is letter-graded. Can be repeated for credit. Geology and Geochemistry Sta Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of the earth 12.S492, 12.S493 Special Seminar in Geobiology sciences, planetary sciences, or astronomy not normally covered in Prereq: Permission of instructor regularly scheduled subjects. 12.592 is letter-graded. G (Spring) EAPS Sta Units arranged [P/D/F] Can be repeated for credit. 12.S595 Special Seminar in Geophysics Prereq: None Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of geobiology G (Fall) not normally covered in regularly scheduled subjects. 12.492 is Units arranged [P/D/F] letter-graded. Can be repeated for credit. Geobiology Sta Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of geophysics 12.S590 Special Seminar in Geophysics not normally covered in regularly scheduled subjects. 12.S590 is Prereq: Permission of instructor letter-graded. G (Fall, IAP, Spring) EAPS Faculty Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged Can be repeated for credit.
Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of geophysics not normally covered in regularly scheduled subjects. T. Herring and V. Pankratius
40 | Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES (COURSE 12)
12.S597 Special Seminar in Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall) Units arranged [P/D/F] Can be repeated for credit.
Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of the earth sciences, planetary sciences, or astronomy not normally covered in regularly scheduled subjects. 12.592 is letter-graded. EAPS Sta
12.S680, 12.S681 Special Seminar in Planetary Science Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall, IAP, Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged [P/D/F] Can be repeated for credit.
Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of planetary science not normally covered in regularly scheduled subjects. 12.S680 is letter-graded. Planetary Science Sta
12.S990, 12.S991 Special Subject in Atmospheric Science Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall, IAP, Spring) Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged [P/D/F] Can be repeated for credit.
Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of atmospheric science not normally covered in regularly scheduled subjects. 12.S990 is letter-graded. PAOC Sta
12.S992, 12.S993 Special Subject in Climate Science Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department Units arranged [P/D/F] Can be repeated for credit.
Organized lecture or laboratory subject on an aspect of climate not normally covered in the regularly scheduled subjects. 12.S992 is letter-graded. PAOC Sta
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course 12) | 41