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Sokal Nad Bugiem Wbăwietle Mapy Miega Sokal on the Bug in the Light

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Sokal Nad Bugiem Wbăwietle Mapy Miega Sokal on the Bug in the Light NAUKA S CIENCE Dominika KuĂnierz-Krupa* Sokal nad Bugiem w bĂ wietle mapy Miega Sokal on the Bug in the light of Mieg’s Map Sïowa kluczowe: Sokal, mapa Miega, ukïad urbanistyczny Key words: Sokal, Mieg’s Map, urban layout WST}P INTRODUCTION Sokal, dawne miasto powiatowe na Wo ïyniu, po ïoĝone Sokal, an old county town in Volhynia, is currently located jest obecnie na terenie Ukrainy, oko ïo 90 bkm na pó ïnoc od in Ukraine, approximately 90 km towards the north of Lviv. Lwowa. Przed zmian È przebiegu granicy pa ñstwa w b1951 roku Before the change of the borderline in 1951, Sokal belonged Sokal naleĝaï do Polski i bby ï wówczas licz Ècym si Ú o Ărodkiem to Poland and used to be an important municipality in the województwa beïskiego. Belz Voivodeship. Prawa miejskie magdeburskie Sokal otrzyma ï w b1424 roku Sokal was granted its Magdeburg city rights in 1424 from zbrÈk ksi Úcia Ziemowita1. Miasto lokowane by ïo na ziemiach, duke Siemowit1. The town was founded on the lands which które wczeĂniej naleĝaïy do ksi ÈĝÈt ruskich 2, a bwbwieku XIV had previously belonged to the princes of Rus2, and in the odziedziczyli je ksi ÈĝÚ ta mazowieccy. Sokal po ïoĝony by ï 14th century were inherited by the dukes of Mazovia. Sokal wówczas na tzw. czarnym szlaku, prowadz Ècym zbWo ïynia, was then located along the so called ‘black route’ leading from przez Sokal ib¿ óïkiew do Lwowa3. Zapewne w ïaĂnie potrzeba Volhynia, through Sokal and ¿óïkiew to Lviv3. The need to poprawy bezpieczeñstwa mieszkañców tych ziem, nÚkanych improve the safety of the inhabitants of the region harassed by cz Ústymi najazdami Tatarów, a b tak ĝe podró ĝuj Ècych t Údy frequent Tartar raids, as well as merchants travelling that way, kupców sprawi ïa, ĝe zbudowano tutaj mury obronne wraz may have led to building defensive walls with a castle there4. zbzamkiem4. This article is devoted to the issue of spatial development Niniejszy artyku ï po Ăwiecony zosta ï zagadnieniu rozwoju of Sokal during the Old Polish period, and aims at putting przestrzennego Sokala wbokresie staropolskim ibdÈĝ y do zary- forward a research hypothesis concerning its oldest formation sowania hipotezy badawczej o bnajstarszym jego uformowaniu, which was erased as a result of rebuilding and modernisation zatartym podczas XIX-wiecznej akcji przebudowy ibmoderni- of the town in the 19th century. zacji miasta. SOKAL ON MIEG’S MAP SOKAL NA MAPIE MIEGA We know very little about the urban layout of Sokal, Obuk ïadzie urbanistycznym Sokala, szczególnie tym, który particularly the one that gave rise to the town during the me- da ï pocz Ètek miastu w bokresie Ăredniowiecza, wiemy niewiele, dieval period, and historical information is scattered and does abwiadomo Ăci historyczne s È rozproszone i bnie daj È obrazu not provide an image of chartered Sokal. There is also insuf- lokacyjnego oĂrodka. Brakuje takĝe informacji pochodz Ècych fi cient information obtained during archaeological research, zbbadañ archeologicznych, szczególnie dotycz Ècych uformo- particularly concerning pre-chartered formations. Thus the wa ñ przedlokacyjnych. Zatem jedynym ěródïem do zaryso- only source allowing for outlining a hypothesis concerning wania hipotezy obprzeszïoĂci uformowania Ăredniowiecznego the pas formation of the medieval town are urban develop- miasta sÈ plany urbanistyczne pochodz Èce dopiero zbostatniej ment plans dating back to the last quarter of the 18th century Êwierci XVIII wieku oraz wieku XIX ibXX. Szczególnie naj- or the 19th and 20th century. Particularly the oldest revealed starsze, ujawnione ěród ïo kartografi czne – mapa Miega (1779- cartographic source, i.e. the above mentioned Mieg’s Map -1783)5 podaje dotychczas ma ïo znany obraz Sokala. Analiza (1779-1783) 5 shows an image of Sokal little known before. An tego dokumentu przynosi szereg ustale ñ, które podane zosta ïy analysis of that document resulted in several fi ndings which * Dominika Ku Ănierz-Krupa, dr in ĝ. arch., arch. krajobrazu, Instytut * Dominika Ku Ănierz-Krupa, dr in ĝ. arch., landscape arch., Institute of Hi- Historii Architektury i bKonserwacji Zabytków, Wydzia ï Architek- story of Architecture and Monument Conservation, Faculty of Architecture tury Politechniki Krakowskiej at the Cracow University of Technology Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews 86 WiadomoĞci Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 33/2013 Ryc. 1. Sokal na mapie Miega, oryg. [w:] Kriegsarchiv – Archiwum Woj- skowe w Wiedniu, sygn. BIXa.390, arkusze XXII, XXIII, skan kolorowy [w:] Archiwum Katedry HAUiSzP WA PK Fig.1. Sokal on Mieg’s Map, org. [in:] Kriegsarchiv – Military Archive in Vienna, sheets XXII, XXIII, colour scan [in:] Archive of Department HAUiSzP WA PK. Ryc. 3. Klasztor oo. Bernardynów w Sokalu na pocz. XX wieku, widok z lotu ptaka na archiwalnej pocztówce, [w:] archiwum prywatne autorki Fig.3. Monastery of the Bernardine Order in Sokal at the beginning of the 20th century, a bird’s eye view on an archival postcard, [in:] Author’s private archive. Ż Ryc. 2. Sokal – Stare Miasto, fragment planu katastralnego z 1887 roku, oryg. [w:] Archiwum Pa Ĕstwowe we Lwowie, s.v., wersja cyfrowa w archiwum prywatnym Fig.2. Sokal – Old Town, fragment of the cadastral plan from 1887, org. [in:] State Archive in Lviv, s.v., digital version [in:] private archive. WiadomoĞci Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 33/2013 87 zbpewnym uproszczeniem (skala 1:28b800), ale zbuwagi na to, were slightly simplifi ed (scale 1:28 800), but because it was ĝe jest to mapa sporz Èdzona do celów wojskowych, podane abmap made to serve military purposes, the information given tam informacje majÈ charakter ěródïowy. there is of source character. WĂród wstÚpnych wyników analizy przestrzennej miasta, Among the initial results of the spatial analysis of the town, wynikajÈcej zbmapy Miega naleĝy stwierdzi Ê, ĝe miasto roz- on the basis of Mieg’s Map, it should be stated that the town wijaïo si Ú na kierunku pó ïnoc – po ïudnie, wzdïuĝ przep ïywu developed in the north – south direction, along the river Bug rzeki Bug szerok È dolin È oraz wysokiej skarpy, na której zosta ïo fl owing in a wide valley and a tall cliff on which it had been osadzone. founded. Dolina rzeki rozdziela ïa centrum od przedmie Ăcia Zabu ĝe, The river valley separated the town centre from the Zabu ĝe które wb4. Êwierci XVIII wieku by ïo jeszcze ma ïo rozwini Úte. suburb which, in the 4th quarter of the 18th century, was not Sama rzeka meandruj Èc tworzy ïa szereg zakoli oraz wysp very developed. Meandering, the river created several curves, ibwysepek. Dwie spoĂród tych wysp by ïy zabudowane m.in. islands and islets. Two among the islands were built upon, przez zespóï ko Ăcielno-klasztorny oo. Bernardynów (ryc. 3). there was e.g. a church and monastery complex of the Ber- Zasadniczy nurt rzeki prowadzony by ï u bpodnóĝa skarp miej- nardine Order (fi g. 3). The main river current ran at the foot skich. Tutaj za ïoĝonych by ïo kilka m ïynów i bzapewne spichrze. of the town escarpment, where several mills were established Przez rzek Ú przerzucone by ïy mosty znacz Èce najwaĝniejsze and possibly granaries. The river was spanned with bridges po ïÈ czenia komunikacyjne miasta z bzachodnim brzegiem rzeki. marking the essential traffi c links between the town and the Prawobrze ĝny Sokal sk ïadaï si Ú z bczterech zasadniczych west bank of the river. elementów. Na pó ïnocy usytuowany by ï zespó ï zamkowy, Right-bank Sokal consisted of four fundamental elements. na osobnym wzgórzu obronnym, oddzielonym od miasta In the north there was the castle complex on another defensive szerok È fos È nawadnian È wodami potoku wp ïywaj Ècego do hill, separated from the town with a moat fed by water from Bugu od strony wschodniej. Nast Úpnie od strony po ïudniowej a brook fl owing into the Bug on the east side. Then, in the rozpo Ăciera ïo si Ú Stare Miasto, posiadaj Èce w ïasne umocnienia south stretched the Old Town fi tted with its own defensive obronne oraz fosy. Do miasta prowadzi ïy dwie g ïówne bramy fortifi cations and moats. Two main gates and bridges spanning oraz mosty przerzucone przez fosy. the moats led to the town. Dalej na po ïudnie by ïo przedmie Ăcie. Tutaj z b czasem Further south lay the suburb where, with time, the New uksztaïtowaïo si Ú Nowe Miasto z bwïasnym trójkÈtnym ryn- Town grew with its own triangular market. From the south, kiem. Od strony po ïudniowej naturalnÈ granic Ú Sokala stano- the natural limit of Sokal were the two fortifi ed church and wi ïy dwa obronne zespo ïy ko Ăcielno-klasztorne: wspomniany monastery complexes: the already mentioned one of the Ber- ojców Bernardynów zblat 1604-196 oraz sióstr Brygidek z blat nardines (1604-19)6 and the convent of the Bridgettine nuns 1613-197 (ryc. 5). Dalej w bkierunku po ïudniowym ksztaïto- (1613-19) 7. Still further towards the south, along the main wa ïy si Ú wzd ïuĝ traktów osady podmiejskie, tworz Èc struktury routes there grew suburban settlements forming irregular nieregularne (m.in. Babiniec ibdalej Poturzyca). structures (e.g. Babiniec and further Poturzyca). Ca ïy zespó ï posiada ï dwa trakty ïÈ cz Èce pó ïnoc z bpo ïu- The whole complex had two router joining the north with dniem. Pierwszy zbnich bezpoĂrednio ïÈ czyï zespó ï Brygidek the south. The fi rst directly linked the Bridgettine convent ze Starym Miastem oraz zespoïem zamkowym. Drugi zbnich, with the Old Town and the castle complex. The other, lying wytyczony bardziej na wschód od poprzedniego, stanowi ï further south than the fi rst, marked the east borderline of the wschodniÈ granicÚ centrum Sokala ibomijaï je.
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