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THE “D” Detroit in the New Millennium

Contemplating a Post-Post-Modern City

Douglas William Halsey

of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in Architecture

MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana

November 2007 ©Copyright

Douglas William Halsey

2007

APPROVAL

of a thesis submitted by Douglas William Halsey

This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education.

Christopher Livingston, Committee Chair

Approved for the Department of Architecture

Steven Juroszek

Approved for the Division of Graduate Education

Dr. Carl A. Fox iii

STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE

In presenting this thesis inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library.

If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder.

Douglas William Halsey November 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pre-Automotive History______01 The Modern______05 The Post-Modern______13 The Post-Post-Modern______29

Programming______41

Site Analysis Aerotropolis______43

Site Analysis Airport______46

Site Analysis Packard #10______49 Site Analysis : Zoning______53 Neighborhood Analysis______57 Climate Analysis______65 Bibliography______66 Endnotes______70 Image Appendix______75 v

INTRODUCTION “Detroit will resolve into one of the greatest “The Motor City.” industrial is- lands on Earth. “Motown.” With immense supplies of iron “The Automotive Capital of the World.” and copper to the north, coal The connection between Detroit and the American automobile industry is indisput-to the south, able. Perhaps no other city in the world is as connected with a single industry as Detroithe Detroitt. For seventy years Detroit enjoyed the prosperity that the booming auto industry created.River in front Between 1900 and 1950 the Detroit population swelled from 285,700 to nearly two andmillion. canals on either end, the By 2000 that number had fallen to less than a million. city cannot miss.” -E.B. Ward, has created a modern shrinking city. The gradual decline has created a ghost town ofearly sort Detroits, with much of its building stock deserted and awaiting demolition. Crime plagues theindustrialist, city; poverty and illiteracy are common. Civil War era

Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors, the “Big Three,” as they are known, are each facing desperate times. Their future is unclear. What is becoming apparent however is the demise of the production industry itself. The prospect of Detroit as an automobile producer

Motor City is no more. The emerging nickname is the “D.”

What does the future hold for the “D?” PRE-AUTOMOBILE HISTORY

The Great Lakes region of central North America was formed over the millennia by repeated glaciations moving down from the north and then receding. Eleven thousand years ago, the last ice age ended which opened up the great lakes area for human settlement. Nomadic peoples developed villages in what is now southeastern Michigan. Tribes and clans rose and fell leaving traces of their existence along the con- ans saw the area, the Iroquois Tribe was in control. French fur traders moved through the region for forty years before Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac establishes a fort on “le Detroit” or “the strait” of a river linking ment struggled with Indian skirmishes and lack of interest from new set- tlers. French style ribbon farms extend north and south from the river allowing each farmer access to the water. The names of the farmers will someday grace the streets of a modern city; Beubien, St. Aubien, Chene.

The British took control of het fort in 1763 after the Treaty of Paris was signed. For thirty three years they ruled the city, building a new fort but little else.

The United States claimed the city in 1796. In 1805, Detroit burned to the ground. The city motto is written, “Speramus meliora; resurget cineribus” or, “We hope for better days; it shall rise again from its ashes.”1

1 Satellite imagery of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region.

1763 Map of French Settlement and Original Fort 2 Judge Augustus Woodward, inspired by the plan for Washingto n D.C. proposes a radial street plan for the new city. A series o f “circuses” were joined by radiating spokes. Today Woodward, Michigan, Fort, Grand River, Jef- ferson, and Gratiot are part o f the original plan. The hear t of the city is created at their intersection at Campu s Martius and Grand Circus. Woodward’s plan was halted in 1823 when the Ju dge was reappointed to Florida from Michigan “History is more by President James Monroe. 2 Later street developments fo llowed a more or less the bunk. We want to live typical Jeffersonian grid plan compromised by the old layout . Woodward’s plan in the present intended to focus downtown, bu t by the latter half of the tw entieth century the and the only history that is attention had shifted outwards to the suburbs. worth a tinker’s damn is the history we make From 1837 until 1847 Detroitserved as the Capital of the n ewly today.” formed state of Michigan. 3 The University of Michigan w as established at the -Henry Ford same time.4 Soon the capital would move to Lansing, and the University to Ann Chicago Tribune 1916 revolution of 1850 established Detroit as a manufacturing an d shipping area. Its strategic location on the Detr oit River established it as a shipping center. The population of the city surged to over 26,000 making it the 2 3rd largest city in the U.S.5 In the 1890’s a young engineer with the Edison Illumination Company, Henry Ford, began designing fo ur wheeled self-propelled vehi cles he named the “quadricycle.”6 to the formation of the Detroi t Automobile Company. Soon ho wever, disputes within the Board of Directors led Ford to start a new compan y he simply titled the Ford Motor Company. 7

1896 Henry Ford designed “Quadricycle” 3 Judge Augustus Woodward’s Original Plan for Detroit.

The plan as seen at Grand Circus and Campus Martius

4 THE FIRST 50 YEARS OF THE AUTOMOBILE : THE MODERN

Henry Ford realized, that inorder to stand out in the sea of auto makers in Detroit, he would have to reach a mass audience. Taking the to the States modern notion of the machine, Ford enacted a plan to revolutionize the in 1924...two things stagger entire process of manufacturing. Through mass production techniques, my imagination: Buffalo’s grain elevators and bring the automobile to the masses. In 1910 Ford opened the Highland Albert Kahn in Park plant8 designed by Albert Kahn. Kahn had already made a name for Detroit.” himself during the previous decade with The Packard Motor Car Com- -Erich Mendelsohn 9 The increased plant. Ford exploited this system to great effect in Highland Park mak- a larger plant within ten years. The River Rouge plant, also designed by “the most Albert Kahn came to epitomize the modern condition. Here on a one thousand acre site, Ford and Kahn’s vision came to its zenith. Production monument in America” assembly lines were built into massive single story structures enhancing -Vanity Fair describing the River Rouge task of glass manufacturing with raised roofs over the kilns to dissipate Plant 1928 heat. Massive louvered windows carried heat away from the workers. A light steel frame system minimized columns and reduced costs. This movement of Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe. Albert Kahn’s work was referred to by both modern masters.10

1915 Ford Model T 5 Henry Ford and unknown man driving Model N at Highland Park Plant

Highland Park Plant today

6 In the 1920’s Detroit had arrived as the modern industrial city. Henry Ford was revolutionizing production and society. Fordism, as “The belief that an industrial it became known, involves the mass production and consumption of country must goods. Ford envisioned a system in which well paid employees became concentrate its industry is, consumers of their own products, thereby expanding the market. He in my opinion, believed in a decentralizing industry to enhance production by the terms unfounded. That is only an inter- of the market. While Henry Ford was grounded in Dearborn, he had mediate phase farther reaching plans for his company. He built plants overseas and in the development. Industry helped to develop the foreign auto market. He was in many ways a pio- will decentralize neer of modern globalism, the system that ultimately would help lead to itself. If the city were to the demise of Detroit. decline, no one would rebuild it according Henry Ford employed a vertically integrated system at Ford to its present Motor Company; incorporating mills, mines, shipping, rail lines and em- plan. That alone discloses our ployee housing. Henry Ford had complete control over his operations, a own judgement lesson learned while struggling with the Detroit Automobile Company. on our cities.” -Henry Ford 11 Wages were among the best in the nation with Henry Ford’s “$5 a day” system.12 Workers, including in the auto industry.

With the arrival of new immigrants came new culture. Hast- ings Street on the east side between Warren and Gratiot became the heart of the black culture. Named “Black Bottom” for its dark soil, the

1929 Chevrolet 7 River Rouge Plant designed by Albert Kahn, 1917-1941 8 neighborhood housed the majority of black owned businesses. Jazz

Paradise Valley home. Later acts included Duke Ellington, Tommy Flanagan, Billie Holliday, Barry Harris, the Jones Brothers, Cab Callo- way, Paul Chambers, Curtis Fuller and many more.13 Jazz became the soundtrack of the modern era in Detroit. “I’m going to Detroit, Detroit also emerged as a leader in architecture. Between get myself a 1920 and 1930 several skyscrapers were built downtown. Douglas good job, tried to stay Kelbaugh, Dean of the School of Architecture at the University of around here with the starva- tion mob. II high-rises. The Buhl, the Penobscot, the Guardian, General Motors, I’m goin’ to get the Fisher Building, as well as the “city beautiful” cultural center all me a job, up there at Mr. were created during this decade.14 It was Detroit’s decade. Ford’s place, Stop these eat- less days from The rise of Socialism in thedecades before World War II starin’ me in the brought attention to the great city of capitalism. Worker groups face.” were organized and repressed frequently. Some of the actions turned -Blind Blake violent. A labor march during the Depression, reacting against Henry “Detroit Bound Blues” men. The activists responded with rocks and bricks. Ford security

UAW organizers were severely beaten by Ford security forces. Sixty members were treated for injuries and one organizer died from injuries four months later.15

9 “Architecture is 90 percent business and ten percent art.”

- Albert Kahn

Fisher Building designed by Albert Kahn, 1929

10 The struggles of the workersin the heart of American industry “Unless we cleanse our inspired creative efforts from artists around the world. Leftist painter Diego hearts of hate 16 in - racial and religious - this Detroit. The massive mural entitled “Detroit Industry” morphed the idea war will only be of machine and man, celebrating the worker while casting suspicion on the half won. We still have to stand bosses. On it’s unveiling in 1933, “Detroit Industry” was widely criticized as guard against blasphemous, pornographic, and as an attack on capitalism. Critics de- those in our midst who have manded its destruction.17 Today it serves as a reminder of a long gone era of been nurtured Detroit Industrial domination and the rise of the labor unions. on the myths of the superior and inferior races The automobiles produced during the pre-war era were tributes to and who practice discrimination the glory of the machine. Exposed chrome exhausts, long sleek hoods, and against fel- aerodynamically sweeping fenders established the Detroit automobile as the low Americans because of the color of their ward thinking automotive design of the time. skin.” -U.S. Supreme With the start of World War II the modern era ended for Detroit. Court Justice and Detroit Native Automobile production halted as the city retooled for wartime produc- Frank Murphy tion. Detroit, the “Arsenal of America”18 produced war machinery for the Sept. 2, 1945 military. Albert Kahn designed a B-24 bomber plant at Willow Run for the government; Ford Motor Company operated it. It was the largest war plant in the world, at over a thousand yards long. Its single product was the B-24 of which it produced 8,685 during the war.19 No new automobile designs in a new world.

1947 Ford 11 “Detroit Industry” by Diego Rivera, 1933

12 THE SECOND FIFTY YEARS OF THE AUTOMOBILE: THE POST-MODERN

After World War II the nation faced an unprecedented housing boom.20 The return of soldiers and a desire to kick start the economy led to large scale residential developments. The Federal Housin g Administration policies created a new long term, low interest mortgage to empower the Inner ring Detroit suburb ever, the FHA restricted these mortgages only to whites living in the new suburban fringe. Developments in older neighborhoods were refused. In 1950 white people found it easier and cheaper to move to the suburbs than to stay in the city.21 It was the “American Dream.” It was the beginning of Post-Modernism. Blacks were left behind.

The Interstate Highway Act of 1956 accelerated the exodus. 22 De- signed to alleviate the automobile congestion, the highways were intended

built before the Highway Act during World War II. The Detr oit Industrial Freeway served the workers at the B-24 bomber plant west of the city. It established a model for future interstate expressways. Interstate 75 allowed for easier travel from the northern suburbs to the industrial jobs in the city. The beltway of I-94 created an east west corridor north of downtown that allowed for inter-suburban travel without having to enter the city. Perhaps most damaging to Detroit was the destruction of Black Bottom and Paradise Valley. Hastings Street was removed to accommodate the Chrysler Freeway. The black neighborhood was div ided almost perfectly in half.

1959 Cadillac Eldorado 13 Black Bottom became “literally a city within a city,” wrote historian David Katzman. “The variety and breadth of life and institutions within the black community could match that of Detroit itself.”

-Detroit Free Press

14 Then Secretary of State Richard Austin denied popular theories that the route was chosen to minimize impact on white businesses.23 Intention aside, Japanese car was the primary black neighborhood in the city was destroyed. sold in the U.S.A.

the city, often moving into homes vacated by the white exodus to the suburbs. Blacks moving into formerly white neighborhoods created an 24 off,” said Ford increase in racial tensions that has always been present in Detroit. styling executive Robert H. Ma- guire, “and you New architectural development was serving the emerging have a piece of soap with wheel mall. The 1954 opening of Northland Mall in suburban Detroit changed forever the shopping patterns of Americans and the role of downtowns. metal. They give 25 full length to the American retailing could now be controlled by a single developer. car.” The national chains grew at an unprecedented rate while smaller more -Populuxe regional stores and “mom and pops” suffered. Detroit’s main downtown department store, Hudson’s, would soon close its doors forever.26

Postmodernism was also visible in automotive design. The post war era brought a fascination with atomic energy, space exploration, and

monly considered the 1959 Cadillac.27 Completely functionless, the fast, and sexy.

1960 Chrysler 300 15 1959 Cadillac Eldorado

16 Perhaps the best example of an emerging postmodern architec ture and the decentralizing auto in dustry is the GM Technical Cen ter of 1956. Designed by Saarinen, Saarinen , and Associates, the tech cen ter would be the second great campus in the reg ion to bear the Saarinen name. While Cran- brook is primarily a masterpie ce of the elder Eliel Saarinen , GM would make a name for his son Eero Saarinen . From the outset, Eero lookedto create a more futuristic ce lebration of the technical aspects of th e automobile industry. He wor ked with the materials of the automobile, glass , steel, and aluminum. He emp loyed neoprene to secure the windows. Then there is the campus itself, a 155 acre lawn, 60,000

The Design center is housed in an aluminum clad dome spannin g 186 feet. Perhaps the most enduring feature, however, is the use of g lazed brick. Working with the ceramics expe rts at the General Motors AC S park Plug Di- vision, a new glazing compound was invented that would allow bricks to retain their color. Saarinen chose c rimson, orange, yellow, and bl ue to instill a sense Warren was of Michigan’s autumnal foliage . This technique of glazing i s now widespread. the fastest Finally Eero Saarinen chose to highlight the water tower as a design element. growing city in Originally slated for the far edge of the compound, Saarinen placed the tower Michigan during in the middle of the lake and clad it in aluminum. It was i nstantly seen as futur- the 1950’s and 1960’s.

1964 Ford Galaxie 500 17 General Motors Technical Center Warren, Michigan Designer: Eero Saarinen 1956

18 culture was emerging in the birth of Rock and Roll. “I don’t sound like nobody,” a brash Elvis Presley told his record producer.28 What he meant of course, is “I don’t sound like white people.” The repackaging of the blues as white popular music broke ground for a mainstream black music. Motown records ushered in the sixties with a string of hits from “Let white the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Temptations, the Four Tops, S tevie Won- America know that the name 29 der, Martha and the Vandellas, Smokey Robinson, and Aretha Franklin. of the game is Through its music Detroit was seen as a progressive city of racial unity. tit-for-tat, an eye for an eye, a In the streets though, the tension was rising. The tumultuous era of the tooth for a tooth, sixties would have major implications for the city of Detroit. and a life for a life... Motown, if you don’t come On July 23, 1967 just beforedawn, Detroit police raided an after around, we are going to burn 30 hours club on 12th street. Emboldened by the riots in California and you down!” the civil rights movement, black members of the community met the -H. Rap Brown police on the street in front of the club. Bottles and rocks were thrown June 29, 1967 as they began to taunt the police. A week later 43 had died, 467 were injured, 7,231 arrested, and 2,509 stores had been looted or burned.31 It began the public relations nightmare that still haunts the city today. Although not technically a race riot, the aftermath was a greater polar- accelerated and many of the factories also moved out to the suburbs.32

1969 Dodge Challenger 19 20 The post-modern counterculture of the sixties was best represented in Detroit with the radical White Panther Party. The White Pan- thers professed a manifesto of a “total assault on the culture.”33 Rock and Roll was their delivery method and the Motor City 5 was the voice. The MC5 raised hell at the 1968 Democratic Convention. They were the house band at the Grande Ballroom on the city’s Westside. They were a pioneering proto-punk band; political, loud, and snotty. Their son- “It was inevitable to me that I was example of the gritty Detroit sound that included Iggy Pop, Alice Cooper, going to do time or get killed. I Ted Nugent, and the modern day White Stripes. It was in the sixties that didn’t care. I had no idea that I would do 2 1/2 years in prison... ers, rear spoilers and bulging hoods.34 where I was challenged on marijuana laws and they ruled that I was a dan- the Big Three unprepared and unable to adapt.35 Cars of the day were ger to society.

But I would have make waves with consumers who preferred to stay out of the long lines been offended if for gas. What Thomas Friedman calls Globalism 2.036 was shaping as they hadn’t said I was a danger the US auto market opened to Honda, Toyota, Datsun, and Volk swagen. to their society. I Foreign cars suddenly became a real threat. Quality of the domestic cars was determined to be one.” also suffered during this era. Faulty paint jobs, rattling parts, and the in- famous exploding Pintos contributed to falling consumer loyalty. Detroit -White Panther founder John automobiles were becoming a joke. Between 1970 and 1980 Detroit Sinclair lost 208,000 jobs due to the failing industry.37 During the same decade the city lost 300,000 people.38 By the late seventies another oil crisis

1970 Cadillac Fleetwood Eldorado 21 “We were purged from the White Panther Party for coun- terrevolutionary ideals, because we bought sports cars... I got a Jaguar XKE. Yeah, man, it was about the coolest thing I’ve ever had from playing rock and roll. Fred Smith bought a used Corvette. Dennis bought a Cor- vette Stingray - a big 427 muscle The MC5 car. Michael Davis bought a Riviera...”

“Fast cars and drinking beers doesn’t exactly go with brown rice and zen.”

-MC5 members Wayne Kramer and Dennis Thompson on their dismissal from the White Panthers in 1969.

22 had emerged. Chrysler was already struggling after reporting losses in “Are the shrinking cities a the billions of dollars. They soon required a federal loan guarantee in natural product order to survive.39 within the dy- namics of capitalism that shift The seventies were also hardon Detroit’s image. The 1974 urban growth from one city to murder toll of 714 people propelled the city onto newspaper headlines another? Or do around the country; “The Murder Capital of the Country!”40 Ironically shrinking cities imply the failing in the post-modern society this became a point of pride for the suburbs. points of the White teenagers, many of whom never set foot in the city proudly wore capitalist model? Do shrinking cit- t-shirts proclaiming the toughness of the city as if it would rub off on ies give a greater them. The phenomena continues today with the popular, “Welcome to dominance to capitalism world- Detroit, where the weak are killed and eaten” t-shirts. You don’t see wide, or are they those shirts in the city much. the places where post-capitalist economic models In an effort to revitalize downtown, Henry Ford II developed a would form?”

-Kyong Park “Shrinking City

41 Detroit” place.” 2004 little to slow the exodus from the city. There was no “renaissance.” By the nineties the building was suffering from vacancies as jobs continued and the occupation of the center tower by General Motors has helped. Of course GM’s future is uncertain.

1974 Ford Pinto 23 Renaissance Center Designed by John Portman and Associates 1977

24 Musically the late seventiesbrought a unique sound to Detroit. A collection of black college students created a network of European “Artists that can new wave and post-disco nightclub music. The group began to rent out live anywhere in the world but halls and play their own music. A unique fusion of the German band choose to live in Kraftwerk and American funk artist George Clinton created a brand new a city like Detroit are, to me, look- style. Because of limited venues in the now crumbling city, the techno ing far into the future, because to live in Detroit sound continued to evolve as several record companies opened along you can only Gratiot Avenue. Detroit techno music sought to take the city into the think about the future. You can- future. It was mechanical, but also warm. It was as if the machines of the not think about auto industry had come to life. It was industrially emotional. They were the past or you will suffocate in trying to create a soundtrack for a future Detroit.42 Techno was mostly misery.” ignored in the U.S. but was hugely popular in Europe and inspired second -Derrick May generation European Techno bands like Depeche Mode. Today Detroit celebrates its Techno Music with an annual festival on the river. The three Owner of Trans- mat Records and day event drew crowds between 900,000 and 1.5 million in the year original Techno 2000. 43 innovator.

The eighties and most of thenineties saw the fruition of Henry Ford’s decentralization plan. 44 The suburbs now were the obvious leader in the region for economic development and growth in population. The city was essentially dead. Media coverage of the city focused heavily on the annual embarrassment of “Devil’s Night.” In 1983 Detroit had over national news media sent helicopters to capture the anticipated inferno.

1983 Dodge Aries 25 26 tion watched as Detroit’s funeral pyre blazed. The causes were simple “1984 was our worst ‘Devil’s enough; a mischievous holiday, the rise of “crack houses,” abandoned Night’, the worst buildings … all contributed to the problem. While much vandalism was seen since the attributed pranksters, there were also cases of absentee landlords clear- riots of 1967. ing out their problems for insurance money. Community activists also burning where saw this as an opportunity; if the city would not demolish abandoned there were no buildings, they would burn them down. In some ways it represented a available to Do-It-Yourself form of urban renewal. National attention to the event respond...It was also contributed, it was expected. Providing an audience for pyromaniacs the worst thing I’ve seen on a is not advised. Anti-arson efforts in the city have helped in recent years, non-riot basis

-Former Detroit Halloween is less than typical nights. In the eyes of America however, the Fire Chief damage was done. Jon Bozich

Culturally this era was the innaclep of postmodernism. Subur- ban mall culture, MTV, and retroactive automotive design marked the era. Anita Baker, Kid Rock, Insane Clown Posse, Eminem and The White Stripes kept Detroit on the national radar musically. Population contin- 45

2001 Dodge PT Cruiser 27 28 “Where there is no vision, the THE NEXT FIFTY YEARS: THE POST-POST-MODERN (POPOMO) people perish.”

-Proverbs 29:18 Today there is a sense of renewal in the city. A national trend and Indian Village are the primary areas being renovated. These older neighborhoods represent areas where the architectural stylings defy the rest of the city. Corktown is the oldest neighborhood and is where many of the Irish immigrants settled. Brush Park and Indian Village con- in desperate need of repair. Financial incentives are offered to repopu- late these areas.46 Downtown the development of two new stadiums for the Lions and Tigers has brought an increased economy to the area. The theaters by the stadiums have also been restored to their art deco original state.47 Closer to the river high rise luxury residential towers are being developed. In terms of this limited region, Detroit is looking better than it has in a long time. However, without an economic recovery it can only be a short term trend. The 2005 Census estimates the population to be below 900,000.

The auto industry is tanking. Chrysler was bought by German based Daimler in the nineties. Ford and GM are reporting record losses. Once again caught unaware by rising fuel prices, Detroit continues to lose market share to the imports. The big three reported losses of $7.4 48 Toyota will soon be the num-

Fed-Ex Boeing 777 Freighter 29 Compuware Headquarters Designed by Rosetti Architects, 2004

30 ber one producer of automobiles in the world. In the post i ndustrial new economy it makes less sense for the United States to continue to manufac- ture automobiles. Detroit wil l need to once again reinvent itself in the mold of current trends. But what are those?

Thomas Friedman describes inhis book, “The World is Flat,” the ten forces that he believes has le d to a new paradigm in our soc iety. 49 ers” are as follows:

1. The fall of the Berlin Wal l with the coincidence of the rise of the personal c omputer. 2. The World Wide Web

4. Open-sourcing 5. Outsourcing 6. Offshoring (China) 7. Supply chaining (Wall Mart) 8. Insourcing (UPS) 9. In-forming (Google) 10. The steroids(Digital, mobile, personal, an d virtual)

Friedman demonstrates an emerging system utilizing high-spe ed technologies to manage a globalize d manufacturing industry. The horizontal organiza- tion of the new communication technologies reaches out to an yone in the world with access to those communica tion tools. Access to mobile phones and the internet are increasing around the world. New technologies make it easier and more affordable every day. Tr anslation devices and digital presentation tools allow

31 “Can you hear me now?”

-Slogan for Veri- zon Wireless.

“The Steroids” Modern Communications tool the Blackberry 32 for clearer understanding betw een distant collaborative part ners. The current system looks to exploit labor, materials, and new shipping p ractices in an unprecedented global form.

I believe that we are now intransition to a new global cultural identity. The western era of the postmodern is not sustainable in the age of Globalism. Simply put, much o f the world that is now involved with the “new economy” has no knowledge of the postmodern. The world may begin to adapt to some of the west’s PoMo arbitrary conventions, but we too will have to adapt to a new cultural reality. Our consumption pa tterns, denial of science, and sentimental attac hment to the past is hindering our ability to lead in a leaner, forward thinking, proactive economy. The new e conomy is based on “hypercapitalism.” Hyperca pitalism describes the effects of globalization tools described by Thomas Frie dman to accelerate the process of global en- terprise.50 Hypercapitalism can best be described by the phenomenon of the daytrader. Emerging in the la te 90s, these investors bought and sold stocks at an unprecedented rate. The se investors used the internet, new trading software, and cell phones to monitor corporate stock values by the minute. Fortunes are made and lost in a single day.

As the tools of the daytrader expand to a greater global market, others have entered the fray. Mo st striking about hypercapitalism is the inclusion of formerly excluded players; the so called “creative capita lists.”51 The success stories of the last decade are the young corporate start ups that exploit the most current tools the most effectively. Two years ago YouTube didn’t

33 exist.52 Last month it sold for $1.65 billion to Google. Who?53 Their abil-

American Corporate power looks like. Lean, young, smart and con- stantly evolving they are the anti-IBM. They are the anti-General Motors. They are the future of corporate power.

Culturally this new hypercapitalized, globalized world will also music from self-published artists from around the world, delivered to us by high speed internet, satellite radio, and cell phones. The music is often free of Western conventions opening up new collaboration possibilities. Current artists take the Detroit Techno model to new lands and produce Techno Islamic or Techno Indian sounds.54 Art is increasingly delivered digitally with creative commons replacing traditional copyrights,55allowing anyone to continue to build on it. Today anyone with a computer can create, publish and share creative works. In what is being termed Web 2.056 the tools to do so are increasingly common. Most of the photos used in this publication come from Creative Commons copyrights and were found on the website FlickR. Today what is needed is not a tra-

it.57Branding also becomes important in urban development. Neighbor- hoods become known by their branded identity. A character of place is a marketable commodity.

34 The new economy therefore isrepresented by a boundary-less globalized market, interconnected with high speed technologies, and operating 24-7. Information sharing, collaboration, and creative problem solving mark the new success stories of Google, Apple, and Toyota.

The understanding of Global Collaboration leads to the new cultural identity that is post-post-modern, the PoPoMo. It is a transitional shift from the notion of western dominance to the emergence of a west collaborating with the rising third world. It seeks creative solutions to overcome traditional barriers of culture. It seeks hypercapitalism to bring all people under the ban- ner of an economic standard such as the dollar, euro, or yen.

Architecturally these ideas rea represented by the green movements as well as the digital spectacle movement. “When the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao - Frank Gehry’s signature building - went up in the heart of Spains’s turbulent Basque region in 1997, it symbolized three things: the so called globalization of art and architecture, the worldwide boom in museum building, and the priority of culture in the economic life of com- munities.” 58 Bilbao represented the collaborative efforts of architecture and city planners to stimu- late an economy through architectural spectacle. Guggenheim Bilbao Designed by Frank Gehry 35 Colorado Court by Pugh + Scarpa Hypercapitalism ideals are shown as the buildings economic effects radiate through the region.

Additionally green architecture can represent hypercapitalism through environmental creativity and unique collaborations. William McDonough has been developing his “cradle to cradle” for several years. A recent proposal took

has looked at sites up to twenty square kilometers in China. China is in the midst of a huge building era, seeking to house 400 million people in the next 12 years.59 The government is working with regional development agencies to accomplish this goal. William McDonough +Partners use creative entrepreneurship to help sell the idea of a cradle to cradle sustainable city. Cradle to Cradle manufacturing does not ask “Am I doing it the right way?” It asks, “Am I doing the right thing? Then I’ll go about doing it the right way.”60

The Colorado Court Building yb Pugh + Scarpa in Santa Monica, California utilizes green technologies and systems to generate more elec- tricity than the residents consume.61 The resulting rebate from the power company is shared by the residents. Good for the residents, good for the environment, good for the power grid. It’s an example of a win-win-win situation.

36 What does the PoPoMo condition mean for Detroit? One way of looking at the situation is through McDonough’s “Waste=Food” concept.62 A primary idea of cradle to cradle is to effectively exploit your waste as a new commodity. Detroit has a lot of waste. Contaminated or vacant land, decrepit or vacant buildings and an under utilized labor force are just a few examples of waste waiting to be converted to food.

Detroit is roughly 135 square miles in area. It has a density of 10 people per acre. That ratio is more sub-urban than urban.63 This suggests that if a creative effort was made to increase density with out increasing population, some of the “waste” land could become productive “food” land. A density similar to San Francisco’s would open up approximately 50 square miles. A density of New York’s would create 90 square miles.64 The potential of this land has more real value than raw land outside of the city. The existing infrastructure includes buildings, roads, shipping access, train lines, airports, public transit, and institutes of higher education. These elements, though many are in need of improvement, are valuable assets.

Neighborhood in East Detroit, near City Airport 37 “well i’ve said it Detroit’s competitiveness inthe global scheme is available land inside now nothing’s an urban infrastructure. What Post-Post-Modern industry would see this? changed people are burnin for The availability of land suggests a large scale project or connected smaller pocket change projects that would exploit the available land while plugging into the infrastruc- and creative minds are lazy tures that already exist. Detroit offers a variety of shipping channels developed and the big by the automobile industry. Rail lines crisscross the city ending at numerous three killed my baby yeah yeah auto manufacturing plants such as Packard and Chrysler. They provide access to yeah the Canadian border cities of Sarnia and Windsor. They link to the Detroit City and my baby’s my common Airport and to the Interstate highways 75 and 94. They link to the Detroit River sense and the traditional shipping ports which are currently being improved.65 The so don’t feed me planned infrastructure designed to move automobiles from Detroit to the world can also obsolescence reverse and bring products from the world to Detroit and the central United and my baby’s my common States and Canada. Shipping should be a consideration for a future Detroit. sense”

-”The Big Three Global GDP has gained 154% in the last 30 years. World trade has Killed My Baby,” gained 355%. Air cargo is up 1395%. Currently only 1% of t he total weight of all

The White products shipped is air shipped. However, that 1% of weight equals 40% of the Stripes, 2002 overall total value. Additionally one half of that value is U.S. exports valued at $554 billion.66 The new economy of hypercapit alism is air shipped. Electronics, pharmaceuticals, medical technologies, fashion, and sushi are a few examples of new economy products being air shipped. The trend of the Post-Post-Modern is speed. Raw materials are still shipped by slow boats, but the PoPoMo travels by jet. Around the world major airports are emerging as new economy shipping centers, just as railroads once were. These airport centers develop their own

38 by the new term “Aerotropolis.”67 Amsterdam, Dubai, Bangkok, and Hong Kong are the current leaders in Aerotropoli development. India is currently developing several of their own. 68

The rise of the Global supply-chaining69 requires manufacturers and retailers to manage their inventory on a “just in time” basis. It is no surprise then that many distribution and assembly centers are located as close to a major airport as possible. In Amsterdam, rent in the airport region exceeds that of downtown.70 In Dubai a new airport is being built to serve the emerging global economy. When completed it will serve 1.2 million square meters of factory and warehouse space in the inner ring of its development plan. 71 Currently in the United States, Memphis provides the closest example of what a future Aerotrop- olis would look like. As the primary FedEx hub Memphis has been in the Global economy since 1973. They are currently the busiest cargo airport in the nation. FedEx is directly and indirectly responsible for 166,000 jobs and 20 billion dollars “Sorry, momma, 72 in output. I’m grown, ible drop off hours than anywhere else in the nation. I must travel alone Ain’t gon’ follow John Kasarda, Professor at het University of North Carolina Business no footsteps I’m making my own, School is a driving force for the rise of the American aerotropolis. His theory Only way that places the new airports as close to the city center as possible. Bucking the I know how to escape from this current theory of placing it where the environmental impacts are less noticed. 8 mile road.” Kasarda claims that, as seen in Amsterdam, future real estate value, rates and -Eminem 73 commercial types will be determined by the time involved to reach the airport. “8 Mile”, 2002 Most American cities don’t have the luxury however of available land in the city center. Most cities are not like Detroit.

39 Detroit has potentially 90 square miles of available land and an existing airport in the city proper. Detroit city airport is owned by the city of Detroit and is underused. In fact the airport was closed for two years due to budget shortages.74 A revival of this airport as a new economy cargo shipping center would serve the Detroit economy well.

Kasarda points out that few American cities are willing to consider the aerotropolis role. Zoning, NIMBY-ism, and the love of the suburban ideal are too powerful opponents to such a scheme. The ability of the United States to envision the competition of supply chains and networks instead of individual corporations is critical to our future success. The desperation of Detroit and its already decrepit land may make the opposi- tion easier to win over and allow Detroiters to once again see themselves as world leaders.

40 PROGRAMMING The design challenge will beto adapt the current Detroit City Airport region as an air cargo center. This will be demonstrated at three scales of increasing detail.

First the master planning for the Aerotropolis region itself. Care must be taken to apply PoPoMo ideals of creative collaboration between the airport area and the downtown business district. Branding efforts to establish an identity for the area is an example. The aerotropolis region must establish its own branded identity.

The infrastructure servicingthe aerotropolis will be examined and adapted, particularly the linkage of Gratiot Avenue to downtown and to the traditional sea port area. This area of design will remain fairly abstract with a greater importance of con- ceptual linkages being demonstrated over materiality, appearances, and construction methodologies. However, the branding efforts mentioned above would be visible along Gratiot Avenue. Ideas on facilitating and easing trade along this corridor will be ex- plored.

Narrowing from this region will be a site analysis of the Packard Motor Car Company Plant which lies within the region of the aerotropolis. That is to say between the airport and downtown, close to Gratiot Avenue. Demonstrations at this scale will also be in the master plan format. Distances to the airport will be measured in physi- cal scales and time to assess a new economic value for the plant. Potential uses for the various buildings will be analyzed as well as the impact on neighboring areas. Displaced populations will be offered housing within the zone. Economic opportunities for this population will be a major incentive for the success of the project.

Finally a project will be developed for Building #10 within the plant. This building provides an opportunity to demonstrate a win-win-win situation. Adaptive reuse 41 strategies can preserve the historic structure and generate employment for the community; the environment is served by cleaning an industrial site and reusing existing structures; and the client is served by potentially reduced costs of construction in an era of rising material costs. Additionally the city is given an example of how it’s industrial past can still serve them in the post-industrial era.

The strategies applied to Building #10 will be documented in typical style for a building of its size. Plans, elevations, sections and models will be presented in a digital format as well as in printed form for review.

The strategies of a Post-Post-Modern era will be demonstrated at each level of times in terms of architectural and urban design.

Techno Boulevard - Gratiot Avenue 42 AEROTROPOLIS SITE ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS: LOCATION

The current Detroit City Airport encompasses about 1 square mile on the city’s Northeast side. It is bordered by McNichols Rd. to the north, Gratiot and Connor Street to the east, Grinnel street to the south, and Van Dyke to the West. Interstate 94 runs east-west a half mile to the south and has a dedicated exit to the airport on Connor Street. For this thesis the proposed area of study will encompass a triangle focusing on the airport area towards downtown. The western border is Mound Road. The eastern edge is established by Gratiot Avenue. The north boundary is 7 mile road. Once the triangle reaches downtown a link is established along Fort Street to the newly renovated Port of Detroit. In this way the modern economy port is linked to the industrial economy port. Slow boats meet fast planes in Detroit.

43 SITE ANALYSIS : TRANSIT INFRAS TRUCTURE

A rail line runs along the southern border of the airport, terminating at the Daim- ler-Chrysler Jeep Assembly plant two miles to the south. An other line leads to the Histor ic Packard Motor Car Assembly Pla nt, now vacant. Several other automobile plants, active and vacant, lie within a 2 mile radius of the airport.

tiot Avenue, one of the main a rterial highways. Access to t he interstate highway system i s less than one mile from the airport .

44 From downtown the Canadian border is reached by the Ambassa dor Bridge, the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, two ra ilroad tunnels, and a truck fe rry. This is the busiest bord er crossing between the two count ries and has the highest level of trade.

The newly renovated Port of Detroit is an additional four m iles from downtown.

The network of available transit therefore includes rail li nes, local and interstate highways, an international bor der crossing, an international port, and air. The shipping lanes of the auto industry were well developed during the twentiet h century and are potentially

The International Ambassador Bridge45 linking Detroit to Windsor, Canada SITE ANALYSIS : AIRPORT

current airport. Land would have to be acquired by the city for this purpose. It is as- sumed that imminent domain would be used for this purpose. The displaced neighborhoods lie to the southwest of the current airport. They are represented by census tracts 5109,5107,5108, 5045, 5046, 50 47 and 5048. Zoning for this region varies from Residen- tial (R-1, R-2 and R-4), Comme rcial, and Industrial.

The proposed area of expansion represents some of the lowest population density in the city. Only alo ng the northern edge is there an “urban” density ratio. Sou th of the airport the urban fabric dissolves with many blocks completely vacant. An airport expansion into this area would disrupt the least amount of households while effectively moving the airport closer to downtown. 46 The federally appointed Detroit Empowerment Zone engages the southern

businesses. (Research Council of Michigan)

The total acreage of the displaced neighborhoods is approximately 4.6 square miles with a population of 13,600. The population density for the area is 4.69 persons per acre. The population is 7% white, 93% non-white. One thousand two hundred sixty persons are unemployed. 642 of the 3779 households are receiving public as- sistance. The average family household income is approximately $24,000. A little over 10 percent of all homes in the area are vacant. Homeowner and renter rates are about equal. (U.S. Census 2000)

The airport area was annexedby the city between 1915 and 1918. It is com- posed by single family homes, warehouses, an automobile junk yard, a Daimler axle plant (active), and the airport. There are nine schools, and twenty four churches primarily along Van Dyke and Harper Avenues. There are few restaurants or bars in the area. Nearby Hamtramck provides the closest retail district.

47 The current Detroit City Airport

48 SITE ANALYSIS: PACKARD MOTOR C AR COMPANY AND HISTORIC BUILDING #10

The Packard Motor Car Company moved to Detroit from Ohio in 1903 after being bought by a group of investors. Albert Kahn was hired to design their complex on East Grand Boulevard. Kahn would later become known as the architect of

Rohe and is an important chapter in the development of the Modern style. Despite his accomplishments, Albert Kahn remains relatively unknown outside of Detroit.

trial complex in the city. The original complex included ten buildings. Numbers 1 through 9 were built in the traditional heavy timber system of the 19th century.

49 ture. The “Kahn Trussed Bar” and the new system proved economical and strong and became a world standard for factory design.

Kahn’s innovation at Packardrevolutionized the factory. Columns spaced to thirty feet and an expanse of glass walls created a new work environment that emphasized productivity and better conditions for workers. The building accom- modated the notion of mass production in which the machine of man, building, and assembly joined together. The backdrop, though wildly successful, inspired criti- cism for the man as machine from Socialists of the era. Diego Rivera created his

Ford Highland Park Plant designed by Kahn. The work, entitled “Detroit Industry” sheer number of workers at the plants, combined with the socialist fashions of the day combined in bloody battles that ultimately would lead to the formation of the United Auto Workers.

For 57 years the Packard Motor Car Company produced some of the most elegant and expensive cars in the world. Prior to World War 2 the nameplate was considered one of the most prestigious. After the war however the company, facing a shortage of materials, relied on a new “tub” style chassis. Sales were slow as the

Studebaker bought the brand, further cheapening the brand. By 1958 sales were so slow that the brand was retired and its massive manufacturing center shuttered.

The complex was rented out in pieces over the years but eventually found itself vacant and victimized by vandalism. In 1997 the city of Detroit gained the property due to delinquent taxes and began a plan to dismantle the Packard plant. In 1999 demolition started in the northwest section of the plant. A lawsuit in 2000 has halted demolition for now.

Building #10 remains today, acantv and endangered. The Albert Kahn de- the building is feasible with the right economic conditions. 50 The plant sits on 37 acres with a northwesterly orientation. It straddles East Grand Boulevard and is bounded to the north by Interstate 94. The south western boundary is Bellevue Street. To the south-east is Theodore and Frederick streets. The northeast side is bordered by Concord. Building ten is approximately 80,000 square feet on four stories. The entire complex is over one and a half million square feet.

51 Packard Plant

Packard Motor Car Company Campus 52 Original Plant in Orange, Building #10 in Blue SITE ANALYSIS: ZONING

The Aerotropolis region, like much of Detroit has a large percentage of industrial / manufacturing zoning. The airport itself is zoned M-2 while the Packard Plant area is zoned M-4. Gratiot Avenue is zoned business B-4 along the stretch designated with the black arrow on the graphic. The area between the airport and the packard area will be rezoned to accommodate greater industrial/ manufacturing and business for the area.

M2: This district is designed for a wide range of industrial and related uses which can function with a minimum of undesirable effects. Industrial establishments of this type provide a buffer between residential districts and intensive industrial districts. New residential construction is excluded from this district with the exception of loft conversions of existing buildings and of residential uses combined in structures with permitted commercial uses. These requirements are both to protect residences from an undesirable environment and to ensure reservation of adequate areas for industrial development.

M4: This district will permit uses which are usually objectionable and, therefore, the district is rarely, if ever, located adjacent to residential districts. A broad range of uses is permitted in this district. New residences are prohibited with the exception of loft conversions of existing buildings and of residential uses combined in structures with permitted commercial uses. These requirements are to protect residences from an undesirable environment and to ensure reservation of adequate areas for industrial development.

53 54 B4: The B4 General Business District provides for business and commercial uses of a thoroughfare-oriented nature. In addition to these uses, other businesses which may uses which may be successfully blended with permitted by-right uses, are conditional.

R1:This district is designedto protect and preserve quiet, low-density residential areas now primarily developed and those areas which will be developed with single-family detached dwellings and characterized by a high ratio of home ownership. The regulations for this district are designed to stabilize and protect the essential characteristics of the district and to promote and encourage a suitable environment for activities associat- ed with family life. To these ends, development is limited to a relatively low concentration

Packard Plant 55 and uses permitted by right are limited to single-family detached dwellings which provide homes for the residents of the area. Related, additional residential uses such as religious institutions, neighborhood centers, and utility uses necessary to serve the immediate area may be conditional.

R2: The district is designed to protect and enhance those areas developed or likely to develop with single- or two-family dwellings. The district regulations are designed to promote a suitable environment for homes and for activities connected with family life. The only principal uses permitted by right are single- and two-family dwellings. Additional uses are conditional

All zoning information is from the City of Detroit

Packard Plant 56 NEIGHBORHOOD ANALYSIS · CENSUS TRACTS 5045,5046,5047,5048,5107,5108,5109

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 POPULATION DATA : DETROIT

2003 Population: 911,402 (2003 U.S. Census) Percent change from April 2001: -4.2% Percent change 1990-2000: -7.5%

Percent African American: 81.6% Percent White: 12.3% Percent Hispanic: 5.0%

High School graduates, percent over age 25: 69.6% B.A. or higher, percent overage 25: 11.0%

Housing units: 375,096 Homeownership rate: 54.9% Median value of owner occupied units: $63,600

Households: 336,428 Persons per household: 2.77 Median household income: $29,526 Persons below poverty (1999): 26.1%

Persons per square mile: 6556 Persons per acre: 10.28

64 CLIMATE ANALYSIS DATA ; DETROI T

Detroit lies at 41 degrees latitude and enjoys a temperate climate. Aver- age highs in the summer months are in the high 70’s to low 80’s Fahrenheit. Win- ter lows are in the teens. Humidity levels are typically in the 70 percent range making for chilly days in the winter. Annually twelve days reach temperatures above 90 degrees, 133 days annually have lows below freezing

October and November are thecloudiest months with only about a thirty percent chance of sunshine. May through September enjoy percentages in the sixties for possible sunshine. On average there are 75 clear days, 105 partly cloudy, and 185 cloudy.

Yearly precipitation in inches averages 32.6 The wettest month is June with an average of 3.6 inches, the driest is February with an average of 1.7 inches. 40.7 inches of snow falls on the city annually on average. January is the snowiest month but it can snow as late as May or as early as September.

The average windspeed in thecity ranges from 8-12 miles per hour. The windiest months are in the winter.

Annually Detroit requires 6569 heating degree days and 626 cooling degree days with a base of 65 degrees Fahrenheit.

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69 ENDNOTES

1 Moceri, Toni. “Devil’s Night.” in: Shrinking Cities: Detroit. Mende, Doreen and Phillip Oswalt, comp. Berlin: Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany), 2004, 71-84. 2 Hill, E., J. Gallagher, et al. AIA Detroit : The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2003, 1-2. 3 Herron, Jerry. “I Remember Detroit.” in: Shrinking Cities: Detroit. Mende, Doreen and Phillip Oswalt, comp. Berlin: Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany), 2004, 31-32. 4 Herron, 32. 5 US Census of Population and Housing 1850 6 Herron, Jerry. “Chronology: Detroit Sine 1700” Shrinking Cities: Detroit. Mende, Doreen and Phillip Oswalt, comp. Berlin: Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany), 2004, 16. 7 The frustration Ford felt at his lack of control at The Detroit Automobile Company helped lead to his beliefs in vertical integration for Ford Motor Company. 8 Hill, 198. 9 Hill, 172. 10 LeCorbusier included photos of Albert Kahn’s work in “Towards a New Architecture.” 11 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fordism 12 Waldheim, Charles. “Motor City.” in: Shrinking Cities: Detroit. Mende, Doreen and Phillip Oswalt, comp. Berlin: Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany), 2004, 58. 13 Gavrilovich, 107, 382. 14 Hill, 4. 15 Gavrilovich, 176-177. 16 Gavrilovich, 422-423. 17 Gavrilovich, 423. 18Kerr, Joe. “Trouble In Motor City.” in: Shrinking Cities: Detroit. Mende, Doreen and Phillip Oswalt, comp. Berlin: Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany), 2004, 66. 19 Gavrilovich, 170. 70 20 Shrinking Cities: Detroit. Mende, Doreen and Phillip Oswalt, comp. Berlin: Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany), 2004.,19. 21 Fishman, 20. 22 Fishman, 19. 23 Gavrilovich, 110. 24 Headlee, Celeste. “A Brief History of Segregation in Metro Detroit.” in: Shrinking Cities: Detroit. Mende, Doreen and Phillip Oswalt, comp. Berlin: Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany), 2004, 96 25 Fishman, 22 26 Simmons, Zena and John Bebow, comp. “The Growth of Metro Detroit: 1954-2002.” detnews.com 4/30/2006 http://www.detnews.com/specialreports/2002/sprawl/timeline/timeline.htm 27 Elvis Presleys quote is an indicator ot the changes occuring in a society in the decade after World War II. The

It would take another ten years before Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown would address the change in architecture. What indicators are occuring today that might foretell the Post-Post-Modern 28 Sun Records 29 Gavrilovich, 383-388. 30 Headlee, 97. 31 Headlee, 97.

32 is an inverse of what it was one hundred years ago. 84% of the population in Detroit is Black. 33 John Sinclair published the White Panther Manifesto in his book “Guitar Army”. His aeeforts to align himself with the Black Panther Party is demonstrative of todays suburban white youths efforts to align themselves with the “tough” image of the city. 34 Woodward Avenue, the primary north-south avenue has long been the street of choice for cruising and drag racing. Like many strips in many towns it still draws a large crowd of onlookers in the summertime, however Woodward is unique in the sense that occasionally a test car from one of the big three emerges for a sneak peak. In the late eighties I was able to drive what appeared to be a simple Z-24 sedan. Unknown to others was the experimental high output 71 V-6 engine GM was developing. The mundane appearing car reached 60 mph in less than 5 seconds 35 Kerr, 68.

Giroux, 2005, 9. 37 Booza, Jason and Kurt Metzger. “On Some Social-Economic Apsects of Detroit” in: Shrinking Cities: Detroit. Mende, Doreen and Phillip Oswalt, comp. Berlin: Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany), 2004, 47 38 U.S. Census Data 1980 39 Gavrilovich, 218. 40 Kerr, 68. 41 Hill, 26. 42 Sicko, Dan. “Bubble Metropolis” Expanding Detroit’s Identity Through Music. in: Shrinking Cities: Detroit. Mende, Doreen and Phillip Oswalt, comp. Berlin: Kulturstiftung des Bundes (Federal Cultural Foundation, Germany), 2004. 108-114 43 Gavrilovich, 394. 44 Moceri, 71. 45 Importance of under one million 46 Economic incentives 47 Parking garage theater story “one theatre that has not been restored is …” 48 Naughton, Keith. “Putting Detroit in the Shop.” Newsweek Nov. 6, 2006, 44.

Giroux, 2005. 10-11

51 Hypercapitalism ackowledges the notion that there is no power greater than money. All traditional counter forces to capitalism are sucked into hypercapitalism, thereby changing the basic operating notions of the system. When the sixties counterculture was sucked in, the world saw the creation of todays creative corporations like Apple, Google... 52 YouTube is a video sharing outlet on the world wide web. It does for video what Napster did for music. That is basically to violate all kinds of copyright laws. The ability to share all video information around the world attacks the traditional notions of who controls media. While the networks deal with the implications of “embedded reporters” in 72 Iraq, YouTube shows unedited video from the soldiers themselves. Political careers were ended by YouTubes ability to reveal candidates at their worst to the masses. 53 Google that’s who. Those billionaires. What exactly is their product? 54 For an example listen to Thievery Corporations “Satyam Shivam Sundaram” or anything from M.I.A. 55 Share, reuse, and remix — legally. Creative Commons provides free tools for authors, artists, and educators to mark their creative work with the freedoms they want it to carry. Our tools change “All Rights Reserved” into “Some Rights Reserved” — as the creator http://creativecommons.org/ 56 Keen, Andrew. “Web 2.0 Is Reminiscent Of Marx.” cbsnews.com. Feb. 15, 2006. http://www.cbsnews.com/ stories/2006/02/15/opinion/main1320641.shtml 57 Ronald Sukenick. “Avant-PoPoMo Now.” Electronic Book Review. May 8, 2006. http://www.electronicbookreview. com/thread/technocapitalism/polylogic You and your product are becoming the same thing. Product = image + artifact 58 Rexer, Lyle. “Guggenheim Bilbao.” Metropolis April 2006: 184-230 59 Pedersen, Martin C. “Eternal Optimist.” Metropolis Jan 24, 2005. http://www.metropolismag.com/cda/story. php?artid=1130 60 Pedersen

61 leedcasestudies.usgbc.org/process.cfm?ProjectID=188 62 McDonough, William and Dr. Michael Braungart. “Eco-Effectiveness: A New Design Strategy.” in: Sustainable Architecture: White Papers. Ed. D. Brown, M. Fox, M.R. Pelletier. Earth Pledge Foundation, 2000. 1-5 63 Population densities under 10 persons per acre is considered sub-urban in this paper. 64 These cities were chosen as successful cities that have a high desirability for attracting new residents and businesses in the United States. 65 As of 2006 a new Port Operator has signed a contract to improve the 34 acre dock. Manuel Moroun also owns the Ambassador Bridge, and is seeking to gain control over the Detroit side of the Detroit-Windsor tunnel. 66 Lindsay, Greg. “Rise of the Aerotropolis.” Fast Company. Nov 14, 2006. 73 http:/www.fastcompany.com/magazine/107/aerotropolis.html 67 Lindsay. 68 Lindsay.

70 Lindsay. 71 Lindsay. 72 Kasarda, John D. “The Rise of the Aerotropolis.” The Next American City. Issue No. 10/ 2006: 35-37. 73 Lindsay. 74 Gavrilovich, 229-230.