Panigan Tamugan and Talomo -Lipadas Watersheds Resource and Socio -Economic Assessment (RSEA) Final Technical Report (2012)
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Panigan Tamugan and Talomo-Lipadas Watersheds Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment (RSEA) Final Technical Report (2012)
DISCLAIMER
This research was made possible through the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the researchers, and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States government, or the Foundation for the Philippine Environment.
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With funding support from:
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Philippines Annex 2 Building U.S. Embassy, 1201 Roxas Boulevard 1000 Ermita, Manila, Philippines │ Fax: (02) 301 6213
and
Foundation for the Philippine Environment (FPE) 77 Matahimik Street, Teachers’ Village, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines Telephone: (02) 927 2186/ 926 9629/ 927 9403 │ Fax: (02) 9223022
Prepared by:
Philippine Eagle Foundation Philippine Eagle Center, Malagos, Baguio District, Davao City Tel. No. +63 82 271 2337 │ E-mail: [email protected] │ www.philippineeagle.org
Research Team: Jayson Ibañez Research Director Philippine Eagle Foundation Mobile: +63 82 271 2337 Email: [email protected] , [email protected] , www.philippineeagle.org
Giovanne Tampos, Project Leader Philippine Eagle Foundation Philippine Eagle Center, Malagos, Baguio District, Davao City Mobile: +63 917 7035219
Pamela Maglinte Project Assistant Philippine Eagle Foundation
Mailyn Reazonda Community Organizer Philippine Eagle Foundation
University of the Philippines in Mindanao Mintal, Tugbok District, Davao City 8000
Allan Villanueva and Arve Bañes University of the Philippines Mindanao Mintal, Tugbok District, Davao City 8000 Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 3
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Mobile:. (+63-905) 556 5629, (+63-908) 356 0191 E-mail: [email protected]
Reviewed by: RUTH U. GAMBOA Associate Professor 2 University of the Philippines Mindanao (UPMin) Member: FPE Experts Pool Mobile: 0917 700 1803, +63-82-293-0886 (Home) Email: [email protected]
JESSIE B. MANUTA, PhD Research Fellow, Tropical Institute for Climate Studies Ateneo de Davao University, Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines Tel: +63.82.221.24.11 local 8342 Mobile: +63.82.917-708-1961 E-mail: [email protected]
Jeffrey Follett Wildlife Biologist Ecosure Pty Ltd, Qld, Australia Member, The Wildlife Society Wildcare Australia, Inc. Mobile: 0415 269 030 E-mail: [email protected]
Philippine Copyright ISBN xxxxxxx
SUGGESTED CITATION: Ibañez J,G. Tampos, P. Maglinte, M. Reazonda, A. Villanueva,and A. Bañes (2012). Talomo-Lipadasand Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds: Resource and Socio-Economic Profile . Philippine Eagle Foundation, Interface Development Interventions, Inc.,and Foundation for the Philippine Environment. Davao City, Philippines.
Layout: Jayson Ibañez and Giovanne Tampos
Cover photos: Lowlands and uplands of the Talomo-Lipadas Watersheds (K Nigge), Philippine eagle solo (K Nigge), Philippine forest mouse (A Duya), Medinilla pendula (G Opiso/PEF), Mindanao ground babbler (J Ibañez/PEF), lady lumad and Philippine trogon Harpactes ardens (PEF).
November 2012
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We acknowledge data access provided by the City Government of Davao and its various offices: City Planning and Development Office (CPDO); Business Bureau; City Agriculture Office (CAO); IntegratedGender and Development Division (IGDD); Watershed Management Council Office (WMCO); Association of Barangay Captains (ABC); City Health Office; Population Division; and the District Health Offices in Baguio, Calinan, Toril, and Talomo South. We specifically thank the following heads of offices for their generosity: Roberto Alabado, Atty. Tristan Dwight Domingo, Leo Avila, and Councilor Paolo Duterte.
We also thank DENR Region XI, particularly the Protected Areas, Wildlife, and Coastal Zone Management Services (PAWCZMS) for the Gratuitous Permit for the biodiversity assessment at Mt Talomo, the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) for all the pertinent environmental data, and the Mines and Geosciences Bureau(MGB) for copies of the terrain classification and analysis of Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan watersheds. We also thank the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) for the marine data, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) for the weather and climatic data, the National Statistics Office(NSO) for the population and demographic data, the National Commission on Indigenous People(NCIP) for data on indigenous groups, the Department of Tourism (DOT), and the Land Transportation Office (LTO) for the list and number of vehicles in Davao City. We specifically thank the following heads of offices: Emmanuel Isip, Ruth N. Tawan-tawan, Edilberto Arreza, Chris Ingay, and Arturo Boncato.
We wish to thank Executive Director Miriam Colon of People Collaborating for Environmental and Economic Management ( PCEEM) for the reports and GIS maps, Datu Luis Lambac for the Obu-Manuvu cultural profile, and all the barangay captains within the TLW and PTW who lent their respective Barangay Development Plans. We also acknowledge the support extended by Punong Barangay Gregorio Canada of Tamayong to the biodiversity assessment at Mt Talomo. Special thanks as well to Apo Ernesto Sicao, the elders and leaders, and the whole Bagobo-Klata community for hosting the biodiversity assessment.The biodiversity assessment would not have been successful without the expertise of the following biologists: Medel Silvosa, Rai Gomez, Maita Verdote, Elsa Delima-Baron, Roselyn Quidlat,Jennifer Opiso, Joshua Donato, and of Forester Guiller Opiso. Likewise, we thank Beatriz Colmo for her assistance during consultation meetings with the Bagobo-Klata. We are also thankful to a number of volunteers and enumerators who assisted in data gathering.
We are grateful to our Executive Director, Dennis Salvador, for his invaluable advice and for giving us the opportunity to do this one-of-a-kind project.
We wish to thank Cameron Wheetman and to the reviewers: Dr. Ruth Gamboa, Dr. Jesse Manuta and Jeffery Follet. This assessment is supported by the Interface Development Interventions, Inc. (IDIS) and the Foundation for the Philippine Environment (FPE) through the “Up-scaling Forest Restoration” Project that is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
With the support of the Interface Development Interventions, Inc. (IDIS), Foundation for the Philippine Environment (FPE), and United States Agency for International Development(USAID), this Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment (RSEA) of the Talomo- Lipadas Watersheds (TLW) and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds (PTW) within Davao City was conducted from February to August 2012 to gather data and identify possible tools for planning of more sustainable measures for watershed management. This RSEA features the biological, physical, socio-demographic, cultural, economic and geo-political profiles of the watersheds. Data were obtained through biodiversity assessment, focus-group discussions, interviews, and reviews of related literature obtained from the different offices of the City Government of Davao, barangay councils, NSO, NCIP, PCEEM, EMB, MGB, BFAR, PAGASA, DOT, LTO, other agencies, previous researches and the Internet.
The watersheds, particularly the dipterocarp forests, host substantial diversity and endemicity of flora and fauna. A number of threatened species that include:
• plants o Shorea polysperma, o Cinnamomum mercadoi, and o Medinilla pendula ; • birds o Philippine Eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi , o Tarictic hornbill Penelopides Panini, o Silvery kingfisher Alcedo argentata, and o Mindanao scops owl Otus gurneyi ; • mammals o Philippine deer Rusa Marianna, o Philippine warty pig Sus philippensis , o Mindanao fruit bat Megaerops wetmorei, o Philippine flying lemur Cynocephalus volans (locally threatened), o Philippine pygmy squirrel Exilisciurus concinnus (locally threatened); and the o Mindanao fanged frog Limnonectes magnus with five other species of herps, were found in the watersheds.
This remarkable assembly of wildlife reflects the importance of the watersheds for conservation, and the demand for further protection from the threats of hunting, deforestation, and pollution from chemical-intensive agricultural activities in the adjacent ecosystem.
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The coastal regions, especially the coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangrove areas associated with the watersheds, used to teem with abundant marine flora and fauna, some of which have now become globally or locally threatened,such as the following:
• Flora o Aegiceras floridum, and o Avicennia lanata; • Fauna o Dugong Dugong dugon; o turtles Eretmochelys imbricata , Lepidochelys olivacea , Chelonia mydas , Caretta caretta, and Dermochelys coriacea ; and the • Whale shark Rhincodon typus .
Marine habitats continue to be threatened because of heavy siltation, rampant blast fishing, and habitat alterations for fishponds and settlements.
The watersheds consist of flat lowlands, steep slopes, and land formations mostly of volcanic origin. Some regions and particular sites have been described as susceptible to erosion, landslide, liquefaction, and flooding; but on a positive note, there have also been areas known to have considerable groundwater recharge potential. The decline in the amount of rainfall in the watersheds from 2006 to 2011 and the rise in temperature during the preceding years (followed by fluctuation and climax in 2011) seem to manifest the effects of climate change. The waters of Talomo and Lipadas Rivers are generally of fair quality but some water samples were found to be polluted. This could be attributed to the discharge of residential, industrial, agricultural, and agro-industrial wastes into the rivers.
Learning from the outcomes of habitat conservation programs, it appears that the biggest challenge to current efforts is still population explosion. Population in the watersheds as of 2010 is already close to half a million. The respective populations of TLW and PTW have increased at disturbing rates of 260% and 173% by 2010. Moreover, poverty has been the primary concern of the majority in the watersheds considering the substantial percentage of the population who are unemployed. This extensive population growth amidst poverty in the watersheds potentially cascades into a myriad of other problems that may include unsustainable resource use, coveted access to social services, and improper waste disposal. Despite national laws on proper waste disposal, a significant percentage of the households still burn their wastes, if not, throw them anywhere.
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The expansion of banana plantations has been a serious concern in the watersheds. It may not only cause extensive loss of habitats and wildlife due to haphazard land conversion but also bring hazards to public health because of pollution from pesticides. Another concern is the impending depletion of ground water reserves of the watersheds because of the increasing water usage by the expanding industry sector.
Issues on barangay boundaries, land use and classification, tenurial arrangements, and land ownership have also become a concern of the government, watershed managers, and the inhabitants of the watersheds. Portions of the watersheds that have been classified as alienable and disposable appear to be way bigger than those classified for watershed management.
But above all these concerns and issues, there is reason to be hopeful. The Comprehensive Development Plan of Davao City for 2013-2022 has adopted the Watershed Code which includes the declaration of Environmentally-Critical Areas (ECAs) in the watersheds. There is now a growing interest in watershed conservation by different stakeholders both from government and private sectors. Three indigenous groups inhabit the watersheds: the Bagobo-Tagabawa , Bagobo-Klata,and Obu-Manuvu . Along with the primary and secondary data obtained by this RSEA, their indigenous knowledge systems and practices,especially those related to resource management and monitoring, protection of species and habitats,and integrated farming, could be used in formulating guidelines and policies for a more sustainable and proactivewatershed management.
May this RSEA provide relevant information for development planning and watershed conservation purposes.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 ACRONYMS 11 LIST OF FIGURES 13 LIST OF TABLES 17 LIST OF PLATES 19 LIST OF APPENDICES 20 INTRODUCTION 22 GENERAL PROFILE 24 Conservation Importance 25 WATERSHED PROFILE 31 I. Biological Profile Terrestrial Biodiversity 31 Habitats 31 Flora 33 Fauna 38 Marine Biodiversity Habitats 43 Fish and Other Marine Species 47 Fisheries Profile 48 Marine Protected Areas 49 II. Physical Profile Topography 50 Terrain Analysis 51 Climate 59 Temperature 59
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Humidity 59 Geomorphology, Rocks, and Soils 59 Water Quality 63 Air Quality 65 III. Socio-Demographic Profile Population and Demographics 68 Household Characteristics 72 Health and Sanitation 73 Social Institutions 75 IV. Cultural Profile Ethnic Groups 76 Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices 71 Structure and Dynamics of Institution 81 Mechanisms for Cultural Internalization 82 World View and Cultural Values 83 V. Economic Profile Livelihood 84 Development and Interventions 88 VI. Geo-Political Conditions Administrative and Political Boundaries 92 Land Use and Classification 95 Tenurial Arrangements and Land Ownership 101 Policies and Legislation 109 Stakeholder Mapping 109 CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 110 REFERENCES 116 PLATES 125 APPENDICES 131
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ACRONYMS
A&D - Alienable and disposable FLMA- Forest Land Management Agreement ABC - Association of Barangay Captains FRMP - Fish Resources Management Program ANT - Agro non-tillage areas GC - Good condition Agr - Cultivated area (banana plantation) GIS - Geographic Information System BDP- Barangay Development Plan GMR - Greater Mindanao Region BNS- Barangay Nutrition Scholar HH- Household BRW - Bunawan River Watershed IDIS - Interface Development Interventions BWMC - Barangay Watershed Management IEK - Indigenous Ecological Knowledge Council IFMA - Integrated Forest Management Agreement CADC - Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim IK - Indigenous knowledge CADT -Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title IKSP - Indigenous Knowledge Systems and CAO - City Agriculturist Office Practices CBFMA-Community-Based Forest Management IPRA - Indigenous People’s Rights Act Agreement ISF- Integrated Social Forestry CENRO- City Environment and Natural Resources ITPLA - Industrial Tree Plantation Lease Office Agreement CIDA - Canadian International Development IUCN - International Union for the Conservation of Agency Nature CLOA - Certificate of Land Ownership Award IWRM - Integrated Water Resources Management CMVS - Central Mindanao Volcanic Sector KBA - Key Biodiversity Area CPDO - City Planning and Development Office LaRW - Lasang River Cr - Critically endangered LC -Least concern CRS- Catholic Relief Services LGU -Local Government Unit CSC - Certificate of Stewardship Contract LMF - Lower montane forest DA - Department of Agriculture LMSF - Lower mossy forest DAO - Department Administrative Order LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas DAR - Department of Agrarian Reform LRW - Lipadas River DAVCO - Davao Fruits Corporation MANP - Mount Apo Natural Park DBH - Diameter at breast height MGB - Mines and Geosciences Bureau DCWD - Davao City Water District MPA - Marine Protected Area DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources MRW - Matina River Watersheds DF - Dipterocarp forest MTBKA-Mt Tipolog Bantay Kinaiyahan Association DRW - Davao River watersheds NAAQ- National Ambient Air Quality Standard E- Endangered NAMRIA-National Mapping and Resource ECA - Environmentally Critical Area Information Authority ECC - Environmental Compliance Certificate NCIP - National Commission on Indigenous People EcoGov - Environmental Governance NEDA - National Economic Development Authority EGIP - Euro Generics International Philippines NIPAS - National Integrated Protected Areas System EMB - Environmental Management Bureau NO2 - Nitrogen dioxide FC -Fair condition NPK - Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
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NRM - National Resources Management SIFMA - Socialized Industrial Management NSO - National Statistics Office Agreement NT- Near threatened SIV- Species Importance Value NTA - Non-tillage area SO2- Sulfur dioxide O3- Ozone gas SR - Species richness OTS - Other threatened species SRW - Sirawan River PACMA - Protected Area Community-Based TaRW - Talomo River Management Agreements TLW - Talomo-Lipadas Watershed PAWS- Protected Areas and Wildlife Services TRW- Tuganay River PC - Poor condition TSP - Total suspended particulates PCEEM - People Collaborating for Environmental UMF - Upper montane forest and Economic Management UMSF - Upper mossy forest PD - Presidential Decree UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator PEF - Philippine Eagle Foundation V –Vulnerable PTW - Panigan-Tamugan Watershed VOCs-Volatile compounds RA - Republic Act WMC- Watershed Management Council RSEA - Resource and socio-economic assessment WMMT - Watershed Multipartite Monitoring Team SAPA - Special Agreement for Protected Area WWF - World Wildlife Fund SID - Simpson's Index of Diversity
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. Contour map of Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds with 24 their indicative boundaries, and the location of the study areas for biodiversity assessments.
Figure 2. Watersheds in Davao City (Hearne, 2011). 25
Figure 3. The extent of islands during Late Pleistocene (Ice Ages). Extensions 27 during the most recent Ice Age(light green) correspond to the limits of Philippine faunal regions (Heaney, et al., 2010).
Figure 4. The Apo Myna Basilornis mirandus . Photo © Dan Jones. 27
Figure 5. Proportion of trees, shrubs, and herbs identified during vegetation 33 sampling at Mt. Talomo, Sitio Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong, Calinan District, Davao City.
Figure 6. Transect map of tree communities showing dominant species along a 36 habitat and altitudinal gradient from 1000-2200 masl at Mt. Talomo in Sitio Sicao, Barangay Tamayong, Calinan District, Davao City.
Figure 7 Medinilla pendula was found in the forest of Sicao. 37
Figure 8. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Indexes of birds in Sitio Sicao, Brgy. 38 Tamayong: Banana plantations (Agri), Dipterocarp (DF), Montane Forest (MF), and Mossy Forest (MF).
Figure 9. The Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi was observed in the 39 watersheds. Photo ©TCAbaño.
Figure 10. The Mindanao montane forest mouse Apomys insignis inhabits the forest 41 floor of montane forests. Photo © MDuya.
Figure 11. The IUCN “vulnerable” Mindanao fruit bat was captured in the 42 dipterocarp forest of Sicao.
Figure 12. Coastal barangays of the Talomo-Lipadas Watersheds. 44
Figure 13. Porites corals form some of the largest of all coral colonies. They grow 45 very slowly at a rate of a few millimetres a year.
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Figure 14. The Piapi or Avicennia lantana (also known as A. rumphiana ) is endemic 47 to Southeast Asia and is among the largest of Avicennia species.
Figure 15. The Whale Shark is an IUCN “vulnerable” species seen several times in 48 Davao Gulf.
Figure 16. Topography of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds. 50
Figure 17. Terrain classification of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan 53 Watersheds as included in the entirety of Davao City (MGB, 2012).
Figure 18. Susceptibility of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds 54 to erosion (MGB, 2012).
Figure 19. Susceptibility of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds 55 to landslide (MGB, 2012).
Figure 20. Susceptibility of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds 56 to liquefaction (MGB, 2012).
Figure 21 Susceptibility of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds 57 to flooding (MGB, 2012).
Figure 22 Groundwaterrecharge potential of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan- 58 Tamugan Watersheds (MGB, 2012).
Figure 23. Annual rainfall total (mm) from 2001 to 2011 at the PAGASA weather 59 station in Bago Oshiro, Davao City.
Figure 24. Monthly rainfall averages for a 10-year (2001-2010) rainfall data taken 59 from a PAGASA weather station at Brgy. Bago Oshiro, Davao City.
Figure 25. Maximum (Max), Minimum (Min), and Average (Ave) mean 60 temperatures for a 10-year (2001-2010) ambient temperature data recorded from a PAGASA weather station at Brgy. Bago Oshiro, Davao City.
Figure 26. Mean averages for monthly humidity during a 10-year period (2001- 61 2011).
Figure 27. Soil fertility analysis in farms in Toril, Calinan, and Baguio Districts. 63
Figure 28. Population size of barangays within the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan- 69 Tamugan Watersheds.
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Figure 29. Annual population growth rate ofbarangays within the Talomo-Lipadas 70 and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
Figure 30. Average household sizes in barangays within the Talomo-Lipadas and 71 Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
Figure 31. Nature of occupancy of houses in Talomo-Lipadas Watershed based on a 72 review of BDPs of 17 barangays.
Figure 32. Nature of housing materials in Davao City based on the 2007 NSO 72 census.
Figure 33. Causes of 457 deaths in 9 barangays of the Talomo-Lipadas Watershed, 73 summarized from the Barangay Development Plans.
Figure 34. Waste disposal practices of households within the Talomo-Lipadas 74 Watershed according to the Barangay Development Plans of the communities in the watershed.
Figure 35. Traditional elders (leaders) of the Bagobo Klata (left to right) Datu 76 Ilando, Bae Ging-ging Sicao, Bae Tega, and Apo Ernesto Sicao with Tamayong Brgy.Captain Gregorio Canada (center) after a traditional wedding ceremony in April 2012.
Figure 36. The surrounding habitats of Mt. Apo peak are traditionally revered by the 78 Bagobos as abode of malignant spirits called Buso.
Figure 37. Bagobo Tagabawa couples in traditional clothes during a public wedding 79 in April 2012. Traditional weddings administered by village elders are being revived to rejuvenate indigenous cultures.
Figure 38. Elders Datus Andacao Attawom (L) and Paulino Landim (R, back) of 81 Carmen are respected for their detailed knowledge of Obu-Manuvu IKSP. Unfortunately, Datu Andacao passed away in early 2012 and, along with him, his rich indigenous wisdom.
Figure 39. Point locations of banana plantations across the Talomo-Lipadas and 86 Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
Figure 40. Locations of poultry and hog farms within the Talomo-Lipadas 87 Watersheds.
Figure 41. Volume of extracted groundwater of DCWD in cubic meters (DCWD, 88
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2012).
Figure 42. Proportion of jobs in the communities within the watersheds. 88
Figure 43. Location of tourism businesses within the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan- 91 Tamugan Watersheds.
Figure 44. The Philippine Eagle Center, a 7-ha research and education facility at 92 Malagos, Davao City managed by the Philippine Eagle Foundation, is home to 33 Philippine Eagles and other native species of wildlife. About 100,000 tourists on the average visit the center each year.
Figure 45. Davao City barangays covered by the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan- 94 Tamugan Watersheds.
Figure 46. Schematic map of the CADT coverages within the Talomo-Lipadas and 102 Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
Figure 47. Cancelled ITPLA Area of Carmen Hills & vicinities, including the 104 SIFMA area applied for by the Baywood Plantation Association, Inc.
Figure 48. Schematic map of MTBKA’s CBFMA coverage int Tawan- 104 tawan,Baguio District, Davao City.
Figure 49. Proposed co-management areas within the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan- 106 Tamugan Watersheds.
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Summary of conservation initiatives within the Talomo-Lipadas 29 (TLW) and Panigan-Tamugan (PTW) Watersheds from the 1990s to 2011.
Table 2 . Importance values of the 5 most important species and families. 34 Percentage of species importance values in relation to the total are given in parenthesis.
Table 3. Summary of species richness (SR) and Simpson’s Index of 37 Diversity (SID) for trees, shrubs, and herb species in the forest habitats of Mt. Talomo at Sitio Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong: Dipterocarp Forest (DF), Lower Montane Forest (LMF), Upper Montane Forest (UMF), Lower Mossy Forest (LMSF), and Upper Mossy Forest (UMSF).
Table 4. Tree DBH and height measurements. 37
Table 5. Threatened species of birds in Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan- 40 Tamugan Watersheds (status based on IUCN 2012 and DAO 2004-15).
Table 6. Comparison of bat species richness and relative abundance (in 43 parentheses) captured using mist nets in different habitat types of Mt. Talomo in Sitio Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong. (*- endemic; ^ - possible new species).
Table 7. Status of coral reef areas of 7 coastal barangays of the Talomo- 45 Lipadas Watersheds during 2002 and 2005 surveys.
Table 8. Percentage covers of biotic (live, soft, dead corals, other 45 organisms)and abioticcategories during a transect line for the reef area of Vales, Toril, Davao City.
Table 9. Extent of mangrove areas of 7 coastal barangays of the Talomo- 46 Lipadas Watershed during 2005 surveys.
Table 10. Mangrove species of trees and palms identified along the coastal 46 areas of Davao City.
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Table 11. Number of fisher folks and fishing banca per barangay in 2005 in 49 the coastal areas of Talomo-Lipadas Watershed.
Table 12. Rock formations in PTW, its estimated time of origin, and 61 description (Villamor &Angeles, 2004).
Table 13. Results of the water quality assessment of Talomo River (EMB, 64 2012).
Table 14. Results of the water quality assessment of Lipadas River (EMB, 66 2012).
Table 15. Spatial average of TSP pollutants (µg/NCM) detected in the air 66 quality monitoring stations of EMB in Talomo-Toril Districts in 2010, 2011, and the first quarter of 2012.
Table 16. Spatial averages of SO 2, NO 2,and O 3 pollutants (µg/NCM) 67 detected in the air quality monitoring stations of EMB in Talomo- Toril Districts in 2010, 2011, and the first quarter of 2012.
Table 17. Talomo-Lipadas Watershed forest and other land cover figures 95 and percentage.
Table 18. Talomo-Lipadas Watershed land use vis-a-vis Davao City land 96 uses.
Table 19. Talomo-Lipadas Watershed land use cover. 96
Table 20. Conversion of agricultural lands into other uses. 98
Table 21. Forest coverage (hectares) comparison for the Talomo-Lipadas 99 Watershed between 1987 and 2004.
Table 22. Vegetative cover of PTW. 100
Table 23. Barangays/administrative districts intersecting CADT Areas. 102
Table 24. Distribution of Certificate of Stewardship Contracts (CSCs) 105 issued by DENR.
Table 25. Threats and opportunities. 112
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LIST OF PLATES Page
Plate 1. Ecologically important and endemic plant species 121
Plate 2. Threatened Birds 123
Plate 3. Threatened Mammals 125
Plate 4. Threatened Amphibians 126
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1. Trees found in Mt. Talomo Range, Davao City. 127
Appendix 2. Shrubs found in Mt. Talomo Range, Davao City. 132
Appendix 3. Herbs found in Mt. Talomo Range, Davao City. 134
Appendix 4. Birds observed in Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan 135 Watersheds and their respective residency status and occurrence in the watersheds.
Appendix 5. Mammals found in Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan 143 Watersheds and their respective residency status and ocurrence in the watersheds.
Appendix 6. Herpetofauna found in Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan 145 Watersheds and their respective residency status and occurrence in the watershed.
Appendix 7. Population of Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds 147 from 1970 to 2010 (NSO, 2007).
Appendix 8. Number of household and average household size in TLW and PTW. 149
Appendix 9. Age group and sex ratio of population in Talomo-Lipadas and 151 Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
Appendix 10. Age dependency ratio of the population in Talomo-Lipadas and 153 Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
Appendix 11. Number of occupied housing units per barangay in TLW and PTW 155 (NSO, 2007).
Appendix 12 Percentage of houses with their corresponding building materials per 157 barangay in TLW.
Appendix 13. Percentage of houses owned, rented, or shared (including informal 158 settlers) per barangay in TLW.
Appendix 14. Percentage of sanitary and unsanitary toilets in Talomo-Lipadas 159 Watershed.
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Appendix 15. Percentage of sanitary and unsanitary toilets in Panigan-Tamugan 160 Watershed.
Appendix 16. Waste disposal practices of some barangays in TLW according to 161 Toril District Health.
Appendix 17. Waste disposal practices in Baguio District based on Environmental 162 Sanitation Report in 2011.
Appendix 18. Types of water systems in Talomo-Lipadas Watershed. 163
Appendix 19. List of agricultural establishments and plantations based on 164 Industrial Environmental Compliance Permit of EMB-RXI in 2011.
Appendix 20. List of hog-raising and poultry industries in Panigan-Tamugan and 165 Talomo-Lipadas Watersheds based on Industrial Environmental Compliance Permit of EMB-RXI in 2011.
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
INTRODUCTION
economic services of the watersheds. The The Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan ordinance specifically aims to: Watershedscover 57,330 hectares of mainly agricultural, swamp, brush, and forest lands • Develop directions for stakeholder between the three major rivers of Talomo, dialogues, multi-sector participation, Lipadas,and Tamugan (Figure 1). Through transparent leadership, and the Integrated Water Resource Management collaborative management in which (IWRM) approach and with the assistance of everyone is equally accountable; other government agencies and stakeholders, the City Government of Davao manages the • Institutionalize mechanisms in the watersheds. watershed for economic sustainability without jeopardizing Watershed Code ecosystem, public health, and welfare; The watersheds are key components of the Davao City Watershed Areas whose • Declare and delineate prime protection, conservation, and management agricultural areas for household and are upheld by the Watershed Code (City commercial purposes, subject to Ordinance No. 0310-07). The ordinance is environmental laws; based on the following principles: • Delineate conservation, agroforestry, • Healthy watersheds are crucial to a agricultural non-tillage as balanced ecosystem. ‘Environmentally Critical Areas’ (ECA), and identify prohibited acts • Watersheds are sources of life-giving therein; water vital to public health and welfare, economic growth, and • Gather and collate laws and development. regulations on environmental protection; • Water, though abundant, is not an infinite resource and thus, must be • Conduct studies on watershed protected, conserved, and managed. conservation, protection, and management; It is a response to deteriorating conditions brought about by unsustainable resource use • Create centralized bodies to craft in the midst of rising demands for farm policies, guidelines, and strategies lands and water supply in many parts within for ensuring the health and and around the watersheds. The ordinance sustainability of the watersheds. generally aims to sustain the ecological and
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Scope of the RSEA RSEAdescribes the social context that may be driving biodiversity The overall goal of the Resource and Socio- threats. These assessments also Economic Assessment (RSEA) is to provide intend to identify other external technical informationas tools for the factors (e.g., institutions) that may identification and planning of the most cost- help sustainconservation outcomes. effective interventions for watershed management (FPE, undated). The specific Methods objectives of the RSEA involve: Using FPE RSEA guidelines, we used • Baseline inventory –provide baseline “mixed methods” (qualitative and data on biodiversity, demographic, quantitative data) to describe current socio-economic, and ecological knowledge about the watersheds. The indicators which could later serve as research process involved the following: benchmarks for monitoring and evaluating success. Floral and faunal surveys at Mt. Talomo,2supplemented by secondary • Habitat and species assessments – information from previous studies in TLW gather information on the status of and PTW. A fieldwork was undertaken in species and ecosystems that could be May 2012 to characterize sample plots of an used by watershed managers to agricultural area (banana plantation) and evaluate the overall health of habitats extant forest habitats at TLW. Although a and wildlife. This is valuable inthe complete habitat inventory is ideal, it is not selection ofconservation units and possible at this time because of resource certain wildlife species as constraints. We sampled at Mt. Talomo, conservation flagships or surrogates. particularly within the ancestral domain of the Bagobo Klata tribe at Sitio Sicao in • Change assessment – in cases where Barangay Tamayong, Calinan District. Apart time-series data (e.g., physical and from security reasons, the indigenous demographic indicators)were territory at Sicao was selected because it has available, this RSEA describes how ample habitat types and altitudinal coverage, patterns have changed and allowing us to sample range of habitats and determines how these patterns might altitudes along a single gradient. The influenceconservation targets.
• Assessments of socio-cultural, of their relationships with one another and with economic and geo-political factors – those in other systems rather than in isolation. through a “systems approach,” 1this 2Mt Talomo is within the TLW; but since both watersheds have similar bio-geographic histories, results for Talomo (TLW) hold for PTW 1 Framework in which the components of as well. a systemcan be best understood in the context Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 23
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
indigenous domain holders were also very • Reviews of “white,”“gray,” and web- supportive and gave their consent willingly. based literature for secondary data on Lastly, it is also reasonably accessible. physical, social, and other attributes;
• Reviews of the latest Barangay • Focusgroup discussions and key Development Plans(BDPs) and pertinent informant interviews; and, documents from the Population Division • of the Davao City Health Office, District GIS-based mapping of key attributes Health Offices, and National Statistics using primary and secondary sources. Office (NSO); GENERAL PROFILE
Figure 1. Contour map of Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds with their indicative boundaries, and the location of the study areas for biodiversity assessments.
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
The Talomo-Lipadas Watershed (TLW) involve: (i) water resource management; (ii) consists of adjacent catchment basins of the forest management; and (iii) wildlife almost parallel Talomo and Lipadas Rivers conservation. (Figure 1). Both rivers originate from the eastern-most slopes of the Mount Apo The Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275) is Range and empty into the Davao Gulf. The the most essential legislation for water Panigan-Tamugan Watershed (PTW) covers resource management in the country. It aims the upper catchment basin of the Panigan to safeguard the quality of fresh (in-land), River and the larger Tamugan River brackish (inter-tidal), and marinewaters downstream into which Panigan, and mainly through pollution control. another tributary called Kidale, drain. These The Forestry Reform Code of 1975 (PD rivers were named by pre-historic 705) is the national policy for forest indigenous settlers that included the Obu management inwatershedsand public lands. Manuvu , Bagobo Klata, and Bagobo It stipulates that riparian forests along river Tagabawa . banks, near water springs, as well as those in ridgetops or plateaus where headwaters emanate, should be preserved. The watersheds represent three of the 8 distinct water basins of Davao City (Figure 2). Talomo and Lipadas river basins are distinguished as separate basins whereas Panigan-Tamugan is lumped with two more watersheds that comprise the Davao River water basin—the largest of the 8 watershed TRW areas. Although TLW covers only 12% of DRW La RW the city’s land area, it is currently the most DRW important water source for Davao City with its aquifers serving 99% of the city’s BRW demand for water.
Davao City Watersheds Ta RW MRW Conservation Importance SRW Sirawan River LRW LRW Lipadas River TaRW Talomo River The national mandate for public and private DRW Davao River SRW MRW Matina River sectors to implement sustainable watershed LaRW Lasang River BRW Bunawan River management is based on Article II, Section TRW Tuganay River 16 of the 1996 Philippine Constitution which states that the “State shall protect and Figure 2. Watersheds in Davao City (Hearne, 2011). advance the people’s right to a balanced and The Wildlife Resources Conservation and healthy ecology.” National laws and policies Protection Act of 2001 (RA 9147) protects pertinent to watershed conservationbroadly Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 25
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds wildlife from trade, hunting, and violations and intrusions into persecution. It also prohibits destruction of conservation areas; and critical breeding sites, foraging grounds, and • habitats of wildlife. The Barangay Watershed Monitoring Council (BWMC) which monitors Local governments also play a vital role in agricultural activities and delineates environmental management and watershed areas covered by the Watershed Code. conservation as the Local Government Code of 1991(RA 7160), delegatescertain DENR The watersheds also play important roles in functions to municipal and city government sustaining wildlife populations and units. These functions include the providing ecological services. The formulation and implementation of local catchments host a diversity of flora and ordinances or resolutions for environmental fauna shared by Mt. Apo range and the protection and watershed management. Greater Mindanao Region (GMR)—a bio- geographic region formed by Leyte, Samar, In response to the Local Government Code, Mindanao, Bohol, and nearby islands which the City Government of Davao enacted three were all connected during the Ice Ages key ordinances. First of these ordinances (Pleistocene) when sea level dropped to as was the Water Code of 2001 (City low as 120 meters below the present (Figure Ordinance No. 0117-01). The purpose of 3). Such bio-physical connection among the this ordinance is to identify recharge zones, GMR islands allowed animal and plant aquifers, and conservation areas that need exchanges and resulted in a high protection. Years later, the same government biodiversity similarity ratio among the unit implemented another—the Marine islands. Protected Areas Ordinance of 2007 (City Ordinance 0375-07) which prescribes how Some species in the watersheds thoughare coastal, marine, and fishery resources should found only in a few mountains. For be utilized, managed, developed, and example, the Apo Myna Basilornis conserved within designated “protected mirandus is found only in Mounts Apo, areas.”Then in February 2007, the City Malindang, and a few mountains in Misamis Government of Davao enacted the Oriental. Other bird species found in the Watershed Code,which was detailed earlier watersheds, but are of limited geographic in this document. The Code is being distribution,include the Mindanao lorikeet implemented by three governing bodies: Trichoglossus johnstoniae , Bagobo babbler Leonardina woodi , and the Cinnamon Ibon • The Watershed Management Council Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus . These (WMC) which formulates policies and is species which are restricted-range or chaired by the Mayor; endemic (i.e., species could be found only in a certain region or island) add to the rich • The Watershed Multipartite Monitoring species composition of the watersheds. Council (WMMC) which monitors Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 26
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
This high level of endemicity in the watershed could be attributed to: (i) its affiliation with the Greater Mindanao Region during the Pleistocene; (ii) multiple species colonizations from Borneo, Sulawesi, and other Pleistocene islands; and,(iii) substantial speciation (i.e., formation of new species) within Mindanao following colonization of preceding species. Furthermore, Mt. Apo is at the southern end of the Central Mindanao Volcanic Sector (CMVS) whose violent eruptions ~ 3 million years ago gave rise to the mountain chains of Kitanglad, Malindang, Ampiro, and Kalatungan which are also species-rich.
Figure 3. The extent of islands during Late Pleistocene (Ice Ages). Extensions during the most recent Ice Age (light green) correspond to the limits of Philippine faunal regions (Heaney, et al., 2010).
The bio-geographic histories of Mindanao and Mt. Apo account for the patterns of wildlife diversity and distribution in the watersheds. Even though Luzon is bigger than Mindanao, the latter still has the highest number of “single island endemics”(i.e.,bird Figure 4. The Apo Myna Basilornis mirandus . Photo © Dan Jones. species found only in Mindanao) and “single Pleistoceneisland endemics” (i.e., species The designation of the watersheds as restricted only to islands of each Ice-Age essential conservation sites are expressed at faunal region). three levels. At the local level, the Watershed Code has designated over 30,000
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds ha of “Environmentally Critical Areas”3 predominantly “bottom-up” process. NGOs, (ECAs) within the watersheds, either as a research institutions, civil society and “Conservation Area” or an “Agro- government partnerships became forestry/Non-tillage Area.” Land and indispensable in many of these endeavours. resource use therein are highly regulated. Formally launched in 1998, the Philippine- At the national level, the upper reaches of Canadian Environmental and Economic the watersheds cover at least 14,238 ha Management or PCEEM Project made the (26% of the total land area) of the Mt. Apo first systematic study and conservation of Natural Park which is included in the the TLW. It pioneered an evidence-based country’s integrated protected area system. watershed management practice in Public lands within the watersheds that collaboration with government and satisfy the Reformed Forestry Code’s academic experts, and had undertaken the criteria for forest purposes are also following technical studies: preserved. • Biological water quality assessment At the international level, the watersheds are • recognized as part of the Mt. Apo Key Coastal and marine environment Biodiversity Area (KBA) which is one of 30 monitoring and conservation global conservation priority sites in • Protocol development and testing for Mindanao. KBAs are habitats of wildlife pesticide monitoring populations that are either: (i) globally threatened; (ii) restricted only to a small • Aquifer characterization and modelling global range; (iii) congregating at particular sites during a stage in their life cycle; or (iv) • Terrain classification and analyses confined only in a particular habitat or • Physicochemical and coliform analyses biome. • Clarification of barangay zoning Participatory approaches in watershed ordinances management gained substantial ground during the 1990s through multi-sectoral • Bird communities as a measure of involvement in decision-making(Table 1). ecosystem health Holistic and integrated sustainable development goals also accompanied a • IP community and cultural mapping
These studies gave rise to a few more, as 3 Areas declared by law as national parks, watershed exemplified by the expansion of the TLW reserves, wildlife preserves and sanctuaries, and all terrain analyses to all of the city’s water other areas identified as such by Presidential Proclamation 2146 specifically in items B. 1-11. basins, and became the key bases for policies and actions.
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Table 1. Summary of conservation initiatives within the Talomo-Lipadas (TLW) and Panigan-Tamugan (PTW) Watersheds from the 1990s to 2011.
Proponent/s Initiatives Location Description
DCWD Watershed TLW: Brgys Daliaon Fund raising to rehabilitate at least 1 ha of rehabilitation: Adopt-a- Plantation, Tungkalan, and degraded lands inside the watershed. Sixty donors site Project Manuel Guianga adopted 100 ha as of 2011. On-going.
Education, health and TLW: Brgys Daliaon Basic school supplies provided to ~ 3,700 kids as of wellness assistance Plantation, Tungkalan, and 2011 and awareness sessions on environment and Manuel Guianga. PT child rights. Free medical and dental clinic for at Watershed: Tambobong least 6,000 residents in 2010. On-going
DENR and Philippines-Canada TLW 5-year bilateral project in 1998 that tested CIDA Environmental and watersheds as a unit of environmental Economic Management governance. Actions included research, advocacy, and community-based restoration. Completed.
PCEEM Managing ECA Project TLW: Brgys Tagurano and IWRM project funded by JICA thru NEDA. Eden Completed.
Community Based TLW: Brgys Tungkalan, Community education, advocacy and capacity Disaster Management Tamayong, Carmen and building on disaster planning and management, Project in ECAs Daliaon Plantation climate change adaptation, and vulnerability and risk assessment. Completed.
CRS Stakeholder workshops Across the 8 Davao City Consensus for HELP Network to integrate various in 2005 to localize water basins water management initiatives in Davao City and IWRM approach draft an Integrated Water Management Framework for its 8 water basins. Completed Davao City 2001-05 Davao City Across the 8 Davao City Geological and topographic studies of the terrain Government, watersheds terrain water basins of the TL watershed, which was scaled up to cover DENR,IDIS analyses the entire City. Completed
Davao City 2005 ordinance Across Davao City Banned the aerial application of pesticides in all Council banning aerial spraying agricultural lands, including those within the watersheds. Continuing.
IDIS 2006 youth-based PTW: Panigan River Periodic monitoring by students of river water quality parameters (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, monitoring etc.) Continuing.
Davao City 2007 Watershed Code Across the 8 Davao City Ordinance identified recharge zones, aquifers, and Council water basins conservation areas using the terrain analysis results.
PEF and EGIP 2011 Forest PTW: Brgy Carmen Five year forest management plan completed with Management Planning the Indigenous Obu Manuvu of Sitio Macatabo in with Carmen Obu Carmen. Completed. Manuvu
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
For instance, the city-wide terrain analyses provided the scientific underpinnings of the Watershed Code and recently, the Revised Zoning Ordinance. A stakeholder network for water basin conservation began in 2004. Called the HELP Davao Network, it became the venue for dialogues pertaining to the wise use of water by everyone. In 2011, HELP initiatives peaked with the publication of customized guidelines for IWRM which sought to determine the process for collective analyses and decision- making.Simultaneously, sustainable development initiatives had been pursued in earnest (thoughuncoordinated). Projects included public education, advocacy, capacity- building, water quality monitoring, site rehabilitation, sustainable agriculture, climate change adaptation and disaster management. A number of organizations such as CRS, IDIS, DCWD, Kasilak Foundation, and PCEEM, have been involved, to name a few (Table 1). In 2011, EGIP, PEF, and PCEEM collaborated with NCIP and DENR for a forest management and livelihoods program with Indigenous Obu Manuvus of the PTW. As of this report, IDIS and the City Government are collaborating on the implementation of the Watershed Code provisions, such asprofiling of the watersheds, drafting of their respective management plans, deputation of forest guards,and delineation and demarcation on the ground of the environmentally critical areas identified in the Code. The last two activities are in partnership with DENR and DCWD.
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
WATERSHED PROFILE Box 1. Forest classification based on canopy I. Biological Profile density
Sitio Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong, Talomo- Closed canopy – type of forest formation Lipadas Watersheds where trees at various levels, including the undergrowth, cover more than 40% of the Terrestrial Biodiversity ground and with the ground having no continuously dense grass layer. Habitats Open canopy – forest formation with Fieldwork was conducted in May 2012 to discontinuous tree layer having coverage of between 10 - 40%. characterize sample plots of an agricultural area (banana plantation) and extant forest habitats in TLWwithin the ancestral domain Forests. The transition from brush lands to of the Bagobo Klata tribe at Sitio Sicao in forests begins at ~1,000 masl at Sicao. From Barangay Tamayong, Calinan District. This this altitude to the summit of Mt. Talomo, area was selected because of its various three forest sub-types were recognized: (i) habitat types and wide altitudinal range. dipterocarp forests;(ii) montane forests;and, There were four broad habitat types (iii) mossy forests. Owing to a noticeable describedin TLW: (i) cultivated areas;(ii) difference in tree assemblages, both the forests;(iii) shrub lands; and, (iv) grasslands. montane and the mossy forests were further Through GIS mapping in 2004, forest cover categorized into “lower” and “upper.” of TLW was estimated to be 6,093 ha. Dipterocarp forest (DF). This forest type is Detailed analyses of satellite imageries show situated in thenarrow altitudinal range of that 2,593 ha (42%) of the total forest 1000-1205 masl at Sicao. Once the coverare closed canopy whereas3,500 ha country’s most common forest type, (58%) are open canopy. Total land area of dipterocarp forests have been greatly shrublands is 3,099 ha whereas that of decimated by massive deforestation in the grasslands is approximately 1,462 ha. past. At Sicao, what remained of this Cultivated or agricultural areas cover 23,722 vegetation are either residual forests 4 in deep ha. ravines or secondary growths in abandoned Cultivated area (Agr). The sampling plot fallows. Tree heights range from 10-45 m for the banana plantation near Sicao covers a while tree diameter at breast heights (DBH) total land area of 281.4 ha and is situated at are mostly no more than half a meter (i.e., an altitude between 1000 – 1500 masl. No 12-55 cm). Within this forest are small other trees or woody vegetation is within the
plantation, except at shallow gullies near the 4 Residual forests arepart of the old-growth forest peripheries. that had been logged and with tree canopy cover of less than 40%. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 31
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds kaingin patches, particularly in areas close 1500 masl. Numerous species of mosses, to trails and former logging roads. lichens, and epiphytes were noted. Trees here were between 13-45 m tall and their The common trees and two endangered dbh were from 15-100 cm. Tree species, shrubs, and herbaceous plants communities were found to be dominated by Acer laurinum, identified are listed in . Trees Agathis philippinensis , Dacrycarpus Clethra sp., Calophyllum sp., Mastixia sp., cumingii, Adinandra sp., Cinnamomum Shorea spp., Macaranga bicolor, mercadoi, Lithocarpus sp., Mastixia sp, Lithocarpus sp., Cinnamomum mercadoi, Medinilla spp., Melastoma sp., Ardisia sp., Astronia sp., Syzygium sp., Tremma and Lasianthus sp., and Urophyllum sp. orientalis . are common Shrubs like Cyrtandra and Hedyotis are the common Cyrtandra sp., Melastoma sp., Ardisia sp., herbaceous flora. Trees are 13-45 m tall and and Lasianthus sp. and herbaceous plants their DBHare 15-100 cm. Impatiens montalbanica, Sarcandra glabra and Hedyotis sp. were also observed. At least Upper montane forest (UMF). This forest two IUCN “critically endangered”—White type is situated in the altitudinal range of miranti Shorea assamica and Tanguile 1500-1800 masl. Mosses, lichens, and Shorea polysperma —were confirmed. epiphytes are equally, if not, more abundant. Acorn-bearing oak trees Lithocarpus and Montane forest (MF). The dipterocarp cone-bearing conifer Dacrycarpus cumingii forest grades into the montane type at 1200 are equally dominant. Another conifer masl in Sicao and continues until about 1800 Phyllocladus hypophyllus was also noted. masl. In general, montane trees are less tall, Other tree species sampled were Macaranga of smaller girth size, and they rarely have bicolor and the yet unidentified species of large buttresses typical of dipterocarps. They the genera Syzygium , Cyrtandra , Fagraea, host more epiphytic plants though, including Medinilla, Melastoma, Ardisia, Psychotria, a number of vines, pitcher plants, Rubus and Urophyllum. Herbs such as bromeliads, orchids, and ferns. Tree trunks Impatiensmontalbanica , Sarcandra glabra , are profusely covered with mosses. Rainfall and species of the genera Arisaema , levels 2-3 times higher than in the lowlands Polygala , Elatostema and Hedyotis were also seem to account for abundance of epiphytes collected. Tree heights are at 12-40 m (ave. and mosses in this forest type. 21) and DBHare at 12-55 cm.
At the opposite ends of the montane transect Mossy forest (MF). The montane forests line at Sicao, slight differences in tree gradually give way to the mossy forests heights and tree assemblages were observed. beyond 1800 masl. Mosses profusely grow This observation was used as basis (though in this forest, coating not only tree trunks subjectively) for at least two sub-categories. and branches but almost all surfaces. Rain Lower montane forest (LMF) .This forest levels are very high (~5 times greater than type lies in the altitudinal range of1200- lowland rainfalls), and temperatures are Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 32
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds quite cool (daytime high average of 18°C). The 10 sampling plots by itself (2 plots per Trees are often stunted partly because of habitat type) accounted for a total of 65 harsh slope and ambient conditions. species in 45 genera and 33 families. Of these, 34 are trees (24 genera and 17 Lower mossy forest (LMSF) . Habitats at families), 20 are shrubs, (13 genera and 8 altitudes 1800-2000 masl along the transect families), and 11 are herbs (8 genera and 7 line are o f this forest type. Oak trees families). The rest of the plant species (94 Lithocarpus are common and conifers species: 63 trees, 19 shrubs, and 12 herbs) Dacrycarpus cumingii Phyllocladus , were found along the 4-km transect, which hypophyllus are dominant in this forest type . with the exception of the shrubs (48 %), Leptospermum sp. growths have started to detected more than half of the total plants appear as well . Maximum tree height was species (59%), trees (65%), and herbs found to be at 35 m while the shortest is at (52%). This means that if the inventory was 10 m. Tree DBHranges from 10 -45 cm. done usi ng the plots alone more than 50 % of Upper mossy forest (UMSF) . This forest plant species would have been missed. type is situated above 2000 m asl all the way to the summit. Mosses have become more profuse and carpeted most of the forest floor. Dacrycarpus cumingii is dominant as well as shrubs of the genus Leptospermum, Mastixia, Eleagnus and Decaspermum. Stunted trees with a few gnarled ones are becoming common. Trees that are 10 -20 m tall are common although a few reach 40 m. Tree DBH are at 10-40 cm.
Flora Figure 5 . Proportion of trees, shrubs , and herbs Based on combined results of vegetation identified during vegetation sampling at Mt . analyses in ten 20 x 20 m vegetation plots Talomo, Sitio Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong, Calinan and a 4-km line transect, t here were 159 District, Davao City. species of plants representing 82 genera and 58 families identified at Mount Talomo. Out Trees. A total of 143 individual t rees with a 2 of this number, 97 (62%) are tree species combined basal area of 511.47 m and under 57 genera and 39 families; 39 (24%) belonging to 17 families, 24 genera , and 35 2 are shrub species under 17 genera and 12 species were measured in the 4,000 m families; and 23 (15%) are herbaceous inventory plots. There are 5 species of trees species under 8 genera and 7 families that are most important (Table 2) based on a (Figure 5).
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Table 2. Importance values of the 5 most important species and families. Percentage of species importance values in relation to the total are given in parenthesis.
Species Local Name Family SIV % Agathis philippinensis Almasiga Araucariaceae 60.79 (20) Lithocarpus sp2 Owayan pula Fagaceae 47.45 (16) Dacrycarpus cumingii White cedar Podocarpaceae 27.12 (9) Leptospermum flavescens Tinikaran Myrtaceae 22.66 (8) Mastixia sp Magutado Cornaceae 16.96 (6) Total 174.96 (58)
Families Fagaceae total 61.72 (21) Araucariaceae total 60.79 (20) Myrtaceae total 37.87 (13) Podocarpaceae 36.86 (12) Dipterocarpaceae 18.24 (6) Total 214.68 (72) combination of its occurrence per unit area (relative density), proportion in relation to dinosaur age. These ancient trees remain the total no. of trees (relative frequency), quite common at high elevation in Talomo. and the proportion of its basal area relative Based on the results of the transect survey to the total (relative dominance). Together, along the slopes of Talomo, tree niches the 5 species make up for than 50% of the appear to be distinct (Figure 6). Trees of the total species importance values (SIV). genus Shorea areabundant at 1000- 1200masl. From 1200-1500 masl, Similarly, the 5 most important families Cinnamomum mercadoi and Agathis included species that comprise nearly three- philippinensis were found to be common but quarters of the combined SIV (Table 2). appeared to be replaced by Lithocarpus oak Oaks of the family Fagaceaeand the cone- trees up to 1800 masl. Beyond and until bearing gymnosperms of the families 2200 masl, the oak trees give way to Auracariaceae and Podocarpaceae are the Dacrycarpus cumingii , Mastixia sp. and most dominant trees. The gymnosperms, Leptospermumflavescen . which are differentiated from the angiosperms because of the “naked” seeds Based on the results of the inventory plots, (i.e., no seed cover) and the lack of flowers the number of species varied between in the former, once flourished during the habitat types. DF (15) has the highest number of species followed by LMSF (14), Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 34
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
UMF (11), UMSF (9), and LMF (6) (Table The relatively high diversity measures for 3). A nearly similar order of species DF (species richness and the SID) conforms diversity emerges from the data when to patterns for Philippine forest types where measured through Simpson’s Index of tree species diversity decreases with altitude. Diversity 5 (SID) (Table 3): DF (0.947) with However, trees at the two plots have smaller the highest diversity, followed by LMSF diameters and heights than old growth (0.936) UMSF (0.847), UMF (0.808) and dipterocarps at the same altitude. At the LMF (0.721). plots, the dipterocarps are apparently young and residual; average DBH is barely half of Species Richness (SR) and Simpson Index that at LMF and is almost the same as that at of Diversity (SID ). Species richness is a LMSF (Table 4). In old growth forests, simple count of species. The number of tree dipterocarps are typically larger than those species varied between the forest habitat at montane and mossy forests. Dipterocarps types (Table 3). DF had the highest species are the most economically important tree with 15 while LMF had the lowest with 6. species, making it vulnerable to human The Simpson's Diversity Index is often used exploitation. Similarly, it is the most to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat. It exploited and is facing the greatest threat at takes into account the number of species Talomo. present, as well as the abundance of each. The SID in Mt. Talomo gave a nearly A large proportion of the 97 kinds of trees similar order of species diversity with DF accounted for in this survey have yet to be having the highest at 0.947 and LMF the identified at the species level so that they lowest at 0.721. have tentatively been given an “unknown” conservation status in this report. But among No tree species was found common in all those that were identified, two species habitats but a few species were found in (Shorea polysperma and Cinnamomum more than one habitat. One important tree mercadoi )havea “vulnerable” status. Five Dacrycarpus cumingii species was listed in species are unique only to the Philippines Mastixia sp. all except at DF. , the last of the (endemic), while 21 species are ecologically was 5 importantspecies, also found in four important based on the national listing. habitats except the UMF. The oak Lithocarpus sp2was common at LMF,UMF, and LMSF, while Leptospermum flavescens J. Sm. and Polyosma sp1 could be found at UMF, LMSF, and UMSF.
5 Simpson's Diversity Index is often used to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat. It takes into account the number of species present, as well as the abundance of each.
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Figure 6. Transect map of tree communities showing dominant species along a habitat and altitudinal gradient from 1000-2200 masl at Mt. Talomo in Sitio Sicao, Barangay Tamayong, Calinan District, Davao City.
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Table 3. Summary of species richness (SR) and Simpson’s Index of Diversity (SID) for trees, shrubs, and herb species in the forest habitats of Mt. Talomo at Sitio Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong: Dipterocarp Forest (DF), Lower Montane Forest (LMF), Upper Montane Forest (UMF), Lower Mossy Forest (LMSF), and Upper Mossy Forest (UMSF).
Plant DF LMF UMF LMSF UMSF group SR SID SR SID SR SID SR SID SR SID
Trees 15 0.947 6 0.721 11 0.808 14 0.936 9 0.847
Shrubs 4 0.752 7 0.849 12 0.899 7 0.832 5 0.815
Herbs 3 0.610 2 0.517 7 0.724 4 0.709 4 0.762
Table 4. Tree DBH in Mount Talomo and height measurements in Sitio Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong
Forest type DBH Height (cm) (m) DF 23.89 22.36 LMF 56.4 30.35 UMF 25.11 21.6 LMSF 23.21 18.3 DMSF 19.55 16.48
Shrubs and herbs. A total of 323 individuals of shrubs belonging to 12 families, 17 genera, and 24 species were found through surveys of plots and transect lines. Most species belong to genera Melastoma , Lasianthus, Rhododendron, Medinella, and Ardisia which altogether cover almost 70% of the total individuals. An inventory of herbs on the other hand Figure 7. Medinilla pendula was found in the forest recorded 253 individuals belonging to 7 of Sitio .Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong families, 7 genera, and 23 species. The Based on the results for plot inventories dominant herbs are Hedyotis sp , Impatiens alone, shrub species diversity (Table 3) montalbanica, and Sarcandra sp. which seemed to be highest at the montane forest comprise over 60% of the individuals. types (LMF = 0.85, UMF = 0.90) than at the Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 37
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds mossy forests (LMSF = 0.83, UMSF = Philippine endemic, equivalent to 40% 0.81). Interestingly, DF (0.75) has the least (169)of the country's total for endemic birds. shrub diversity. However, if we only considerMindanao’s share of Philippine endemic species (94), the Habitats above 1500 masl have substantial watersheds host an impressive 70% of these. herb diversity than those below this altitude, Also, over half (24) of the 45 Mindanao with the UMSF (0.76) being the most endemic species are living in the diverse. Forest herb diversity increases with watersheds. decreasing canopy closure: the more open the canopy, the more herbs thrive in the Variation in species diversity between the forest floor. The vegetation with the least four habitats types was observed during the value is LMF(H=0.483); the closest and the 2012 line transect surveys inMt. Talomo in most accessed forest type at Sicao. Sicao. If we consider species richness alone based on the individuals seen and heard Many of the shrubs and herbs were during transect counts, DF (35)had the most identified only at the genus level so it number of species, followed by MF (31) and isdifficult to determine their conservation MSF (24). The lowest number of species (9) status. There is one species though that is considered globally “endangered”: 3.03 Medinilla pendula locally called the 2.92 2.89 alwaan .This species is endemic typically in the mossy forests at 1000-2000m in Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Cebu, and Mindanao islands of the Philippines. However, in 1.70 Sicao, this species was found in both the montane and mossy forests.
Fauna The watersheds host a substantial fraction of the country’s forest vertebrates. At least171 species (i.e., birds, mammals, frogs, and Agr DF MF MSF reptiles) were observed in the watershed. Out of these, a little over half (89 species) Figure 8. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Indexes of birds in Sitio Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong: Banana plantations are found only in the country (Philippine (Agri), Dipterocarp (DF), Montane Forest (MF), and endemic). Mossy Forest (MF). Birds. Based on the results of bird point counts and mist nettingsin Mt. Talomo and Panigan from 1997-2012, the watersheds have at least 124 species of birds. Fifty percent (66 species) of these birds are
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds was recorded in Agr. When Shannon- Philippine eagle has territories in the Weiner Index 6 is used, a similar pattern watersheds. In 1995, the PEF released one seems to emerge. Values for forest habitats bird in PTW. This bird crash-landed close to are not so different and reflecting high the Cugan Watershed in Calinan, Davao diversity, with the highest and least values City and was rehabilitated prior to its garnered by MF and Agr, respectively release. (Figure 8). The Tarictic hornbill Penelopides panini is There seems to be a relationship between the the second most threatened bird in the state of habitats at Talomo and its species watersheds, with the resident populations diversity. Its montane and mossy forests are still under threat by hunting for food and relatively intact and generally experience illegal pet trade. Four species are minimal disturbance. Although there are “vulnerable,” including the Silvery human activities in dipterocarp forests, kingfisher Alcedo argentata , an inhabitant of substantial vegetation still exists in the area. clean and forested streams, and the The plantation, however, is a modified and Mindanao scops owl Otus gurneyi , a forest controlled landscape dominated by a single owl found only in Mindanao. Some of the crop: banana. The above results therefore “near-threatened” species are the rare look consistent with diversity trends Mindanao montane racquet tale Prioniturus whereby more disturbed and less stable waterstradti , the noisy rufous hornbill environments have lower species diversity. Buceros hydrocorax,and the whiskered flowerpecker Dicaeum propium . Six birds are considered globally “threatened”by IUCN while 11 species are “near-threatened.”
On top of the list, the “critically endangered” Philippine Eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi was observed in the watersheds (Table 5). It is a highly forest dependent raptor that is one of the largest and rarest eaglesin the world. Numerous sightings have been reported by indigenous settlers in the watersheds. One bird was recorded during a survey in Mt Tipolog in 2011. The
6Measures species diversity by considering both the Figure 9. The Philippine eagle Pithecophaga number of species (species richness) and the relative jefferyi was observed in the watersheds. Photo abundance of each species. Values may range from ©TCAbaño 0 (only one species present) to about 4.5 (many species that are relatively evenly distributed).
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Table 5. Threatened species of birds in Talomo -Lipadas and Panigan -Tamugan Watersheds (status based
IUCN 2012 and DAO 2004-15).
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Population decline among these birds inside The mossy forest, on the other hand, appears the watersheds are generally caused by two to be the stronghold of the Mindanao factors: gymnure Podogymnura truei , a diminutive rodent-like animal whose staple food are • First is the continuing loss of earthworms. The Mindanao mossy forest foraging and breeding areas because mouse Apomys hylocoetes replacesA. of deforestation and habitat insignis in the mossy forest. However, the alteration. gymnures outnumber the mossy forest • Wildlife collection through hunting, mouse as they constitute half of the total particularly of large birds, such as small mammals sampled at this habitat. hornbills, eagles, and owls, also Two mammals—the Philippine deer Rusa exists together with illegal pet trade marianna and the Philippine warty pig Sus ofparrots, hornbills, and other philippensis have become “vulnerable” charismatic species. because of habitat loss and hunting, while Mammals. The mammalian diversity of the two species (the Philippine flying lemur Cynocephalus volans watersheds is grouped into two: the non- and the Philippine Exilisciurus concinnus flying group (arboreal species, rodents, and pygmy squirrel ) are other land mammals) and the flying mammals (bats). There are at least 17 species of non-flying mammals in the watersheds, distributed in 14 genera and 10 families. Of these, 53% (9 species) are Mindanao endemic and 30% (5) are Philippine endemic, for a combined endemism of 82% (14). In simple terms, this means that in every 10 non-flying mammals that one finds in the watersheds, 8 would be unique only to the country, with 5 of these found only in Mindanao and nearby islands.
Rodents (rats and squirrels) appear to be the most distinctive mammals in the watersheds. Six out of the 9 Mindanao endemic mammals in Sicao are rodents (Order Rodentia). The Mindanao montane forest mouse Apomys insignis is the most common rat species (78% relative abundance) in the Figure 10. The Mindanao montane forest mouse montane forest, comprising 18 out of the 23 Apomys insignis inhabits the forest floor of montane individuals of non-flying mammals sampled. forests. Photo ©MDuya. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 41
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds designated as “other threatened species”by dipterocarp forest than in the montane and the DENR. mossy forests, despite more netting efforts made at these high elevations. Such For bats, a total of 8 species in 2 families— outcomes follow the known pattern of fruit Pteropodidae (fruit-eating bats) and the bat species diversity where richness and Rhinolopidae (insect-eating bats)—and 7 relative abundance decline with increasing genera were documented (Table 6). Six altitude. species are fruit-bats and 2 are insect bats. All except one are Philippine endemic, with Frogs and reptiles. There are two sources a single species restricted only to Mindanao. of data for the herptiles (frogs and The Mindanao fruit bat Megaerops reptiles):(i) study in Baracatan, Toril side of wetmorei is found only in primary or Mt. Talomo in 1982; and, (ii) the latest slightly disturbed forests at altitudes below herpetofaunal survey at Sitio Sicao from 1200 masl. It is the most common species (6 May – June 2012. individuals) captured in nets in dipterocarp forest next to the short-nosed fruit bat Combining the results of the two surveys, at Cynopterus brachyotis (8). It is the only least 22 species of herptiles are known for IUCN “threatened” bat species nettedin the watersheds. In the latest study, at least Sicao. It is classified under the “vulnerable” 20 species were identified out of 130 category mainly because its preferred individuals collected. The total consisted of habitat(the dipterocarp forest throughout the 16 frogs (6 families), 4 lizards (2 families), range of the species) is already disappearing. and 2 snakes (2 families). The study in 1982 found two species of skinks not collected during the latest survey.
Endemism turned out to be high (15 species) considering that almost three fourths of them are restricted to the Philippine archipelago, with 9 species confined only to Mindanao Island. Also, five of the species accounted in this study is currently listed by IUCN as “vulnerable” while one species, Limnonectes magnus , is classified by the Global Amphibian Assessment as “near threatened.”
Figure 11. The IUCN “vulnerable” Mindanao fruit bat was captured in the dipterocarp forest of Sicao.
Inventory results show that there are more species and individuals of bats in the
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Table 6 . Comparison of bat species richness and relative abundance (in parentheses) captured using mist nets in different habitat types of Mt. Talomo in Sitio Sicao, Brgy. Tamayong. (*- endemic; ^ - possible new species).
Species Plantation Dipterocarp Montane Mossy
Fruit bats (Pteropodidae) Cynopterus brachyotis 6 (0.67) 8 (0.36) - - Haplonycteris fischeri* 3 (0.33) 1 (0.04) 2 (0.67) - Harpyonycteris whiteheadi* - 1 (0.04) 1 (0.33) - Macroglossus minimus - 6 (0.27) - - Megaerops wetmorei - 6 (0.27) - - Insect bats (Rhinolophidae) - - - - Rhinolophus subrufus* - - - 11 (0.79) Rhinolophus sp.^ - - - 3 (0.21) Total species 2 5 2 2 Total individuals captured 9 22 3 14 Net hrs (total nets x total hours it 60 154 396 237 was opened) published the“Coastal Zone Management Situation and Recommendations.” We used Marine Biodiversity these two documents and highlighted any available information from the 7 coastal Habitats barangays of the watersheds (Figure 12). Davao, Talomo, and Lipadas Rivers are Three habitat types, namely, corals, three of the 33 rivers that drain into the seagrasses, and mangroves are described Davao Gulf. Their state definitely affects the below. quality of the gulf, considered one of the most diverse marine ecosystems by the Corals. The area covered by corals in WWF. The gulf has a total surface area of Davao City was estimated to be 130 ha in 3,087 km 2 shared by four (4) provinces, five 2000. In 2002, a ground assessment (5) cities, and eighteen (18) municipalities. indicated that 5 of the 7 coastal barangays of Davao City contributes 60.1 km 2 of the TLW had reefs that are in bad shape shoreline to the gulf. (Table 7). Five sites were reassessed in 2005 and surveys showed that the biggest A “Resource and Social Assessment of remaining coral formations (30.6 ha) Davao Gulf” was made by the FRMP in remained at Daliao, Sirawan, and Lizada; all 2001 and the study assessed its flora and along the coasts of the TLW. However, the fauna, water quality, climatology, and reefs at these sites seem to have remained in oceanography. In 2006, Davao City dismal state. In fact, conditions appeared to Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 43
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Figure 12. Coastal barangays of the Talomo-Lipadas Watersheds.
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds have even deteriorated as exemplified by Daliao whose reef conditions have changed from “good” (51-75 % live coral cover) in 2002 to “poor” (0-25 % cover) in just 3 years (Table 7).
Figure 13. Porites corals form some of the largest of all coral colonies. They grow very slowly at a rate of a few millimetres a year.
Results of the assessment in one part of Daliao best exemplify the dismal state of reefs in most coastal areas of Davao City. At Vales, the FMRP team found a devastated reef formation in 2001. Only 14% of the total cover at 3-m depth is live corals, with 11.10% being “hard” corals while 2.48% are soft corals. Live corals were o f the genera Porites , Astreopora, Galaxea and Merulina . At 10-m depth, hard and soft corals coverage have increased to 21.2% and 3.3%, More than three quarters (77.2%) of the respectively; and dead corals decreased to surface are dead corals at this depth.Further nearly half of that found close to the shore off-shore, reef conditions are slightly better. (Table 8). C oral groups at this depth
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds consisted of Porites, Montipora, Platygyra, Favites , and Astreopora .The rest of the sea bed was covered with silt and rubbles (abiotic), which littered wider surface s at 10-m depth. Heavy silt loads from land erosions are known to kill corals.
Siltation, rampant blast fishing in the past , and continuous wave actions have devastated Daliao’s corals, which according to the MSU which monitored the area from 1995-2001, is one of the worst in the Davao Gulf. Estimates say that 70% of the country’s reefs are in a poor state (CNFIDP , 2008).
Mangroves. Davao Gulf has an estimated mangrove cover of 529 ha based on 2001 ocular surveys; and out of these , only 51 ha (~10%) are withi n Davao City. Historically, Davao City has a total mangrove cover of 154 ha based on aerial photos taken by the NAMRIA from 1953 to 19 56. Nearly 70 % of mangrove cover was gone after five decades mainly due to clearing for fishponds and settlements.
Ground surveys in 2005 showed the hig hest mangrove area at Lizada (~ 9 ha) among the three TLW coastal barangays that had data (Table 9). During the same year, Lizada had the 3 rd highest formation after Lasang (12 ha) and Bunawan (9.12 ha). The species composition of mangroves in the 7 TLW coastal barangays was not provided by either report.
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However, species richness for nearby refuge for the critically endangered Dugong Matina Aplaya and Bunawan was Dugong dugon (FRMP, 2001). described.At least 11 species of trees were identified within a total survey area of 2,900 About 190 ha of sea grasses were estimated m2 at one site in Matina Aplaya and two for Davao City in 2000. Field surveys in sites in Bunawan (Table 10). Two species 2005 found substantial coverage in were in the IUCN Red list: the “Near- Bunawan (26 ha) and Lasang (69 ha), but theatened”Aegiceras floridum or Tiduk- only small patches in Daliao (2 ha) and tidukan and the “Vulnerable”Avicennia Lizada (0.4 ha). Overall, sea bed status lanata or Piapi. Efforts are being undertaken along the coast of Davao City is said to be recently by a number of peoples’ poor. organizations and schools to restore FRMP results for a sea grass bed assessment mangrove areas particularly at Matina at Matina Aplaya describes what water Aplaya, Lasang, andBucana by way of conditions and sea grass species we might planting seedlings of Rhizopora, Sonneratia , expect along the coast of the TLW. Sea and Avicennia spp. grass substrate at Matina Aplaya was muddy Seagrass beds. Seagrasses are important to sandy and the water was turbid with a parts of a marine ecosystem as it serves as salinity of 34 PPT and a temperature of spawning, nursery, and feeding areas for 32.8 ⁰C. Six sea grass species were listed out avariety of marine species. In the Davao of 10 species in the entire Davao Gulf. The 3 Gulf, sea grasses are foraging grounds and most common species are the Smooth ribbon sea grass Cymodocea rotundata, Sickle sea grass Thalassia hemprichii , and the Needle sea grass Halodule pinifolia . Some less common species include the Serrated ribbon sea grass Cymodocea serrulata, and the broad-blade sea grass Enhalus acoroides.
Fish and other marine species
Our best source of information on the possible fish species and other marine species at the coastal areas of the TLW is the baseline assessment conducted by the City Agriculturist Office (CAO) of Davao in 2010 for the proposed Mariculture Park in Figure 14. The Piapi or Avicennia lantana (also Matina. known as A. rumphiana ) is endemic to Southeast Asia and is among the largest of Avicennia species. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 47
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
In this project, at least 23 fishes, 4 Talomo (183) have the second and fourth crustaceans, 3 cephalopods, and 2 mollusks largest population of fishermen across the were identified (Appendix 1). IUCN city, respectively. Out of the 1,552 bancas “threatened” sea turtles or Pawikan was also registered with CAO, about 28% (430) are listed and may include all 5 species that are from the TLW coastal barangays with 263 found in the Davao Gulf: Hawksbill motorized and 177 not motorized (Table Eretmochelys imbricata , Oliver Ridley 11).On the average, motorized bancas land an average of 3-5 kilos of fish per fishing trip while non-motorized bancas produce 2- 3 kilos per trip.
Typical fishing gears used by Davao fishermen are the “hook and line” referred to locally as either pasal , palangre , undak- undak or sagiwsiw ; gill nets ( palaran, panamban, pante ) and fish traps (bentol,bubo, bunsod ). Fish trips averaged 6 hours with a catch per unit effort of 3-5 kilos per trip. Fishing areas extend beyond barangay territories and collection of Figure 15. The Whale Shark is an IUCN “vulnerable” seashells also accompanies fishing trips. species seen several times in Davao Gulf. The estimated total capture fishery Lepidochelys olivacea , Green Sea Turtle production in Davao City in 2005 was 6,600 Chelonia mydas , Loggerhead Caretta metric tons (MT) and this amounted to about caretta , and the Leatherback Dermochelys P488 million. Of this, 2,157 MT came from coriacea . The Whale shark Rhincodon typus , municipal fishing. Through a simple locally identified as “Butanding,” an calculation, each of the 2,559 fisherfolks in endangered shark species, was also listed. Davao City contributed about 843 kg of fish Fisheries Profile to the total production in 2005. If this is the case, the TLW fisherfolks were responsible The Davao City’s fisheries sector consists of for a substantial amount of the municipal capture (municipal and commercial) and fish capture production (i.e., about 34% or aquaculture ventures. However, fishery- 731 MT) for the same year. related industries also provide opportunities for livelihood. The physico-chemical characteristics of the TLW coasts is described using the 2010 Out of the 2,559 fisherfolks registered in assessment of the Mariculture Park along 2005, about 34% (867) live along the coast of the TLW (Table 11). Daliao (205) and
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Talomo Bay. Based on an analysis by the Marine Protected Areas City Agriculture Office, the acidity (pH) value of the water ranges from 8.09 -8.15, Marine protected areas or MPAs are “places while salinity levels ranged from 38.3 -39.2 in the sea designed to protect the marine ppt. Dissolved oxygen, on the other hand, environment from the growing tide of were between 5.03-7.38 ppm while surf ace human impact” (Gravestock , et al., 2008). temperature was within 27.6 -29.7 ⁰C. MPAs in Davao City are intended to: (i) Accordingly, these values are within normal protect a nd rehabilitate marine habitats;(ii) levels and indicate the area’s suitability for increase fish productivity; (iii) enhance fish culture enterprise. But in a latest report, biodiversity; and, (iv) promote ecotourism. the same waters were found to be infected MPAs are strictly“no take ” zones where all heavily with the disease-causing Escheria fishing and related activities , other than for coli . Fish cage operators closed operations at research and monitoring, are prohibited . Punta Dumalag in 2012 as the waters are no longer safe for fish propagation. Three MPAs were enacted in 2007 through City Ordinance No. 0375-07 but they were
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds all outside the TLW coasts. These MPAs are II. Physical Profile the: (i) Agdao MPA (21 ha); (ii) Matina Aplaya MPA (Punta Dumalag, 37 ha) where Topography endangered turtles are nesting; and,(iii) Lasang-Bunawan MPA (415 ha) where The watersheds are part of a complex whale sharks are regularly sighted. An system of hills and mountains of the Mt. additional MPA was proposed between Km ApoRange with altitudes that vary from as 11 and 12 at Sasa covering 7.8 ha by the low as 50meters along the narrow coastlines City Council Environment Committee in of Davao City and gradually ascending to 2010 but whether this proposal got approved maximum of 2,674 masl at the peak of the is yet to be known. now extinct volcano of Mt. Talomo. Its topography resulted from the actions of the
Figure 16 .Topography of the Talomo -Lipadas and Panigan -Tamugan Watersheds.
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds largest volcanic field in the Philippines, the thewatersheds (arcuate ridges) close to the Central Mindanao Volcanic Sector, whose peak of Talomo are also extremely steep. massive magmatism within the last 3-5 MY Similarly, the volcanic terrains of the PTW formed what is now mainland Mindanao. have the above 3 features. Broad and gentle slopes characterize the eastern portion where The watersheds are predominantly lowland most of the settlements are found. However, with 74% of its land area located between 0- some areas, like those between Lacson and 1,000 masl altitudes (Figure 16). Uplands Gumalang and some portions of Tamugan, (i.e., 1,000-2,000 masl altitude) account for have isolated hilly areas. Areas between 24% of the total area, while the remaining Carmen and Tambobong have moderate 1% comprise the steep mountain terrains topography with slopes of >30%, beyond 2,000 masl altitude. althoughsome top ridges are relatively not Volcanic rock formations at TLW begin as steep, with slopes ranging from 8-18%. flat terrains along coastal areas which The rest of the watershed that hold most of gradually change to gently rolling slopes of the extant forests have rugged terrain or ˂ 18% at the base of the mountain. Majority topography with inclination of >50 %. The of the settlements and plantations are within highest point of the PTW is at 1889 masl this terrain. From the mountain base, terrain altitudewithin the headwaters of Laling steepness suddenly increases from moderate creek. The peak of the more prominent to extremely steep at slopes of >50%, Mount Tipolog is at an altitude of 1,340 particularly towards the peaks of Talomo masl. and Lipadas. The cone areas of The watersheds are traversed by a number of with a terrain analysis. Map regarding the rivers, streams, and tributaries, with Talomo groundwater recharge potential of PTW and and Lipadas Rivers being the largest, and TLW was also obtained from MGB (2012). Panigan and Tamugan Rivers as the second largest. All of these rivers are fed by rains The western region of the TLW is and springs from the cloud forests above. characterized by denudational hills and Specific topographic features of the TLW slopes in andesite and dacitic rocks (Figure and PTW are described below. 17). Based on the evaluation of MGB (2012), it appears that majority of this region has “high” susceptibility to erosion (Figure Terrain Analysis 18). More notably, there are certain areas in Topographic maps,as well as those this region that are of “very high” predicting the susceptibility of the susceptibility to erosion; whereas the central watersheds to erosion, landslide, regionof TLW consisting of upper volcanic liquefaction and flooding, were obtained foot slopes is moderately susceptible to from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau erosion. Some moderately-deep incised (MGB) and were consolidated to come up valleys in the eastern region of TLW are also of high susceptibility to erosion. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 51
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Half of the western region of PTW sediment, or soil that yields water) (Figure characterized by denudational hills and 22). The lesser eastern region has low slopes in Tipolog volcanic rocks are mostly recharge for deep and shallow aquifer. of “very high” susceptibility to erosion, while some areas are just highly susceptible. Particularly, the central area from north to south and extending eastward has very high The western region of TLW characterized recharge potential for deep to very deep by steep slopes has“moderate” to aquifer. “high”susceptibility to landslide (Figure 19). Some portions consisting of steep slopes Less than 50% of TLW in the western towards the eastern region have “very high” region has very low recharge potential for susceptibility to landslide. On the other deep and shallow aquifer. The rest eastward hand, majority of the western region of PTW are mostly of low recharge potential for are also of very high susceptibility to deep and shallow aquifer, except in the landslide. coastal areas southeast of the watershed which has high recharge potential for Very few and narrow areas from the center shallow aquifer. Some areas beginning at the to east of PTW appear to be prone to soil center of TLW and running eastward have liquefaction (i.e., a geological process by very high recharge potential for deep to very which water-saturated, loose sediments are deep aquifer. Also, specific areas east of transformed into a substance that acts like a Lipadas Watershed have very high recharge liquid often during an earthquake, thereby potential for deep to very deep aquifer. causing more serious damage). More and wider areas east to southeast especially in the coastal areas of TLW are prone to liquefaction. The rest of the watersheds have low susceptibility to the said disaster (Figure 20).
Areas in the eastern to southeastern boundaries of TLW characterized by undulating topography with low hills and valleys at lower elevation facing Davao Gulf are mostly of moderate susceptibility to flooding (Figure 21). Also, a few areas in this region are of high susceptibility to flooding.
Majority of PTW in the west have moderate recharge potential for very deep aquifer (i.e., an underground bed of permeable rock, Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 52
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Figure 17.Terrain classification of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds as included in the entirety of Davao City (MGB, 2012).
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Figure 18.Susceptibility of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds to erosion (MGB, 2012).
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Figure 19.Susceptibility of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds to landslide (MGB, 2012). Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 55
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Figure 20.Susceptibility of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds to liquefaction (MGB, 2012).
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Figure 21.Susceptibility of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds to flooding (MGB, 2012).
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Figure 22.Groundwater recharge potential of the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds (MGB, 2012).
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Climate Average monthly rainfall for the same period was also highest between the months of May Climate in the watersheds falls under the and October (wet season), with rains at its Type IV classification in which rainfall is maximum during July (average = 300 mm, more or less evenly distributed throughout Figure 24). The least rainfall was recorded the year. The watersheds do not experience between February (115 mm) and April (153 any typhoon as it is well outside the country’s mm), which comprise the s ummer season in typhoon belt. Davao. According to PAGASA (2011), f or the past ten years (2001- 2011 ), the watersheds had an annual average rainfall of 2,628 mm. The highest total rains were recorded in 2003 (3,028 mm) while the lowest was i n 2005 (2,312 mm, Figure 23). Oddly , there seem s to be a steady, though shallow, decline in the amount of rainfall beginning 2006, with total annual rains dropping by 12.6% between 2006 and 2011 (or -2.6% annual mean Figure 24.Monthly rainfall averages for a 10 -year decline). We still don’t know what accounts (2001-20 10) rainfall data taken from a PAGASA for such a drop but interestingly, models of weather station at Brgy. Bago Oshiro, Davao City. climate change impacts predict rainfall declines in easternand no rthern Mindanao All of the foregoing trends though were from a dataset collected from a single PAGASA with increasing atmospheric CO 2. weather station at the lowlands. Thus, it excludes precipitation patterns in the mountains where rains can be 5 -10 times greater than at lower altitudes .
Temperature
Based on PAGASA data (2011), t he average temperature during the past decade (2001 - 2011) was 27.27°C (mean max = 31.37° C, mean min = 23.18°C). A rise in mean Figure 23.Annual rainfall total (mm) from 2001 to temperature was observed between 2004 and 2011 at the PAGASA weather station in Bago Oshiro, 2005 predominantly for the max -min Davao City. average, which was then followed by a slow decline in the succeeding fou r years (Figure 25 ). However, a rising trend beg an again in 2009; and the trend was particularly Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 59
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
ambient temperature: relative humidity increases with increasing temperature. Since the Philippines is right abov e the equator, a high relative humidity is expected for the country. In the watersheds, the annual mean for relative humidity du ring the past 10 years was 82.4 %, with the lowest recorded in 2002 (70.9) and the highest in 2006 and 2007 (86.8). As tomonthly averages, humidity seemed to increase from July -October (Figure 26), overlapping with the period of heavy Figure 25.Maximum (Max), Minimum (Min) , and rainfall (May-October). The lowest and Average (Ave) mean temperatures for a 10 -year second lowest average monthly humidity was (2001-20 10) ambient temperature data recorded recorded in the months of November (75.8) from a PAGASA weather station at Brgy . Bago Oshiro, Davao City. and June (77.1), respectively (PAGASA, 2011). prominent in the maximum temperature records. In 2011, an average max of 32.54°C Geomorphology, Rocks , and Soils was recorded (one ° C higher than in 2010) ; Three major geomorphological processes are and this is so far the hottest average max responsible for land formation in the temperature ever documented for the watersheds: (i) fluvial; (ii) volcanic ; and, (iii) watersheds in the last 10 years. The highest denudational. A fluvial landformation is temperature was recorded during the summer caused by flooding, r iverbank erosion , and months of 2011 where readings reached an deposition. Volcanic landforms (as implied all-time high of 33.88°C, specifically in by the name) are products of volcanic March and May. According to PAGASA eruptions that deposit lava and pyroclastic (2011), a temperature increase has been materials at varying amounts and shapes over recorded in the country for the past 50 years . the land. A denudational landform ation is the Globally, the temperature has increased by result of rock weathering, erosion, and 0.74 °C during the last 150 years. Such accumulation of the resultant sedimentary temperature trends in the watersheds are debris (Villamor &Angeles, 2004) . seemingly consi stent with actual and predicted rises in national and global Fluvial land forms at the TLW dominate the te mperature due to climate change . Talomo-Lipadas river valleys and the coastal alluvial plains; whereas those at the PTW are Humidity formed by the river systems of Panigan, Tamugan, and Davao River , as well as the Humidity measures the moisture content of smaller streams of Gumalang, Malagos , and the atmosphere and is directly proportional to Cugan. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 60
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The TLW also has sedimentary rocks, such as the hematized mudstone at Banlod area, 87.0 which was formed probably between Late 85.0 Pleistocene and Early Quarternary periods. 83.0 The alluvial plains of the coasts of Toril and 81.0 Talomo Districts, on the other hand, are 79.0 mainly made up of the Quaternary alluvium.
77.0 Four rock formations were identified in PTW 75.0 (Table 12). Tipolog Volcanic (igneous),
Jul which was estimated to have existed before Jan Oct Apr Feb Dec Aug Nov Mar Sep Sep May June the Pleistocene period (~3-5 million years Figure 26.Mean averages f or monthly humidity ago), is the oldest. These igneous rocks during a 10-year period (2001-2011). comprise most of the PTW and particularly of the areas at higher altitudes. The “Mandog At least 80% of TLW’s landscape is made up Formation,” made up primarily of inter- of volcanic landform. Exemplary structures bedded (sedimentary) sandstone, is the that collapsed because of intense weathering dominant substrate along Panigan River. The and erosion are the geological formationsin Apo Volcanic, the same rock type dominant Sitio Banod. Landforms around Mt. Tipolog at the PTW, is also found at the lower in the PTW are largely denudational. altitudes of PTW. Although the mountain itself has an apparent The three rock formations previously volcanic origin, the erosion of this ancient mentioned also exist in combination, highland (believed to be older than Mt. Apo) and the resulting mass movement of rocks Table 12. Rock formations in PTW, its estimated and soils are largely responsible for its time of origin, and description (Villamor present form. &Angeles, 2004).
Rocks in the TLW are predominantly igneous Rock Formation Description and of volcanic origin, with 90% of the Tipolog Volcanic Oldest (Pre-Pleistocene, 3-5 watershed made up of Apo volcanic and MYA), composed of andesitic pyroclastic rock types. These rocks are flows with intercalated mostly intercalated and compacted volcanic pyroclastic breccia and tuff breccias, tuff breccias, tuff, and ash with breccia lenses of andesitic lava flows particularly Mandog Formation Early Pleistocene, composed near the volcanic cone areas. Beneath the of interbedded sandstone. nested cone (old eruption center), large Apo Volcanic Late Pleistocene (?), hornblende andesite porphyry are common. composed of intercalated pyroclastics and volcanic flows
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Alluvium Quaternary (Late Holocene), predominant type in agricultural areas. Unconsolidated alluvial sand Sandy loam and loam, on the other hand, and gravel deposits characterize the soil types in closed and open canopy, along volcanic cones. Only a small portion of Toril District, particularly along coastal areas, has silty loam soil. particularly upstream of the Panigan- Tamugan river junction where Tipolog Soils in PTW have been classified into two Volcanics areoverlaidwith Mandog types: Hapludults- Dystropepts- Eutropepts Formation, which in turn are capped by Apo Association; and,the Typic Hydraquents Volcanics. Lastly, the alluvium type is found (Villamor &Angeles, 2004). The Department along the Panigan, Tamugan, and Davao of Agriculture (DA) distinguished soils of the Rivers. hills and valleys as the “Tugbok Clay”as thesoils of the mountain. The MGB found no evident geologic structures in TLW. However, geologists do In the Tamugan-Cugan section of the PTW, not discount the possible existence of older moderate and severe erosion has been faults or lineaments beneath the thick observed by the MGB. It was noted that the volcanic deposits as there are indirect area had gone intensive cultivation for 40 evidences found within the watershed. The years, which together withlack of proactive abrupt change in the direction of the Talomo soil management, has contributed to massive River at Calinan, for example, bespeaks erosion. possible lithological processes associated with fault activities underneath. At least three Our main source for soil fertility information prominent faults were identified in TLW: (i) is the study conducted by the Davao City north trending fault parallel to lower Panigan Agriculturist Office in 2011 (Figure 27). A river which swings northwest towards Sitio total of 615 farms in Baguio, Calinan, and Tuboran; (ii) northwest trending fault passing Toril were evaluated for acidity as well as for along Mt.Tipolog; and,(iii) northwest nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) trending fault along upper Panigan River in concentration. The CAO found acidic soil Carmen. Based on the geologic setting, rock (pH of 1-5) in 18% of the farms and basic types, and structures, the presence of floats soil (pH = 7.9-10) in 6%. Remarkably, 76% and of banded chalcedonic quartz at of the sampled areas have normal soil pH Tamugan river, the watersheds possibly host (5.1-7). gold and copper minerals as well. The MGB data indicate predominantly acidic In TLW, the BSWM regional soil map soils specifically in TLW. However, slightly identified the soil type as “Tugbok clay.”The basic soil samples (pH 7.2-7.6) were recorded MGB analyses found clay in more than 70% at fluvial landforms near rivers and coastal of the area, with the rest having sandy loam, areas. Tracking soil pH is important as high silty loam, and loam soils. Clay is the soil acidity is known to have negative effects Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 62
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds on fertility, biological activity, and plant Water Quality productivity. Spe cifically, it leaches out soil nutrients vital for plant structure and The Environmental Management Bureau function, such as po tassium, calcium, and (EMB) of DENR-Region XI obtained water magnesium. samples from different sampling stations along TalomoRiver and Lipadas River in In terms of soil fertility, the close and open TLW from 2010-2012.The Talomo River
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Low Low Low Low High High High High Normal Normal Normal Normal
Acidity Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium
Figure 27. Soil f ertility analysis in farms in Toril, Calinan , and Baguio Districts (City Agriculture Office, 2011 ). canopy areas of TLW, which constitute the runs over a semi-rough topography that mid- and high-elevation areas of the ranges from gradually steep to very steep watershed, are categorized by the MGB as slopes. There are areas upstream towards having moderate to high fertility. The rest of Mintal area that consist of b ig boulders. The the areas outside the forests (agriculture river flows in east-southerly direc tion areas) have low to moderate fertility . receiving water from tributaries that include Tagakpan Creek in Barangay Tagakpan, CAO sampling of nitrogen, phosphorous , and Wangan Creek at Barangay Wangan , and the potassium (NPK) content showed low content creeks at Barangays Baguio and Malagos, all in almost all farms for N and P. On the other in Davao City. The riverbed hand, over half of the farms have high soil K , downstream,part icularly from Mintal towards 20% have normal K, wh ile 28% are low Ulas and Bangkal,mainly consistsof in this macronutrient. NPK are soil sand;whereas the estuarine bed further macronutrients that are vital for plant survival downstream as the river drains into Talomo and productivity. Bay consists of muddy soil. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 63
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Based on the parameters used by the EMB On the other hand, the Lipadas River is (2012), the water in Talomo River is joined by its main tributary,the Lubogan classified as Class B (Table 13). All water River, with sources coming from the samples passedthe water quality criteria for upstream tributaries, such as the Tagluno color, temperature, pH, and dissolved River, KilateRiver, and Bato River. The river oxygen. However, there was an exceedance continues to meander further downstream and found in the BOD of water samplesfrom two joined by another tributary, the Marapangi stations. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Creek in Brgy. Lizada,then finally emptying is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by into Davao Gulf. aerobic organisms to break down organic materials present underwater. According to the EMB (2012), the water in Lipadas River has multiple classifications. The relatively high BOD values could be The uppermost segment upstream from attributed to discharges from residential, National Park to Brgy. Baracayo is classified as Class AA water. The lower segment industrial, agro-industrial, and commercial upstream from Brgys. Baracayo to Bangkas is establishments. The river is also diverted classified as Class A water. The midstream through a diversion canal and used to service segment from Brgys. Bangkas to Alambre is the hydropower plant of Hedcor, Inc.in Brgy. classified as Class B water. Downstream Mintal (EMB, 2012). segment from Brgy. Alambre to confluence of Davao Gulf is classified as Class C water.
Table 13. Results of the water quality assessment of Talomo River (EMB, 2012).
Parameter Min Max Ave Water quality criteria (Class B) Color 10 70 26 No abnormal discoloration Temperature 25 30 27 Max of 3°C rise pH 7.4 8.0 7.7 6.5 -8.5 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 5.3 7.9 7.1 5.0 BOD (5 -day) mg/L 0.6 7.0 2.4 5 Total suspended solids, mg/L 18 178 55 Not more than 30% increase All water samples passed the water quality from households, industries, agro- criteria for color, temperature, and pH of industrial,and agricultural facilities, Class C water (Table 14). There were particularly piggeries near the river. The river exceedances in dissolved oxygen of the water has also been used for domestic purposes, samples from three stations and in the BOD such as bathing and washing of clothes, and of water samples from four stations for agricultural purposes, such as bathing downstream. These exceedances could be and drinking of domesticated animals, and attributed to the ongoing discharge of wastes irrigation. Activities like sand and gravel Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 64
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds extraction have also been observed nearthe Air Quality river. The EMB tracks air pollutants on a quarterly In 2008, the Interface Development basis. However, most of the monitoring Interventions, Inc. (IDIS), in partnership with stations are in well inhabited areas so that the the Ateneo de Davao University (ADDU) and measures cited here reflect readings only at other non-government organizations (NGOs), populated zones and do not reflect air quality surveyed the level of pesticide contaminants all throughout the watershed. in Panigan-Tamugan and Talomo-Lipadas rivers. They found out that pesticides used in Four monitoring stations are closest to the crops within the watershed areas reach the watersheds, all within residential and waters and sediments.Specifically, they have commercial centres of the Talomo-Toril detected 13 pesticides in water and Districts. Four air pollutants are being sediments, including the banned monitored: (i) TSP; (ii) SO 2;(iii) NO 2;and, organochlorines, such as 4,4 DDT, endrin (iv) O3. ketone, dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor,and Total suspended particulates gamma chlordane. Furthermore, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, the most commonly detected Total suspended particulates (TSP) are small pesticides in water, were detected at higher solid or liquid particles suspended in the air level than the United States Environment from diesel vehicles, coal-burning power Protection Agency (US-EPA) regulatory limit plants, and dusts from unpaved roads and for freshwater.These pesticides contaminate constructions. The Clean Air Act sets the safe surface and ground water and put the health level of TSP at 90 µg/Nm 3 per year average. of human population in danger. The leaching Beyond this threshold indicates danger to does not affect humans only but also most of human health. the wildlife. For instance, the massive decline of population of some raptors in the United Among the tracking sites, Station 14 States was caused by chlorinated consistently recorded high values of TSP hydrocarbon (CH) insecticides, such as DDT, from 2010-2012 (Table 15). Station 14 was dieldrin, heptachlor, and chlordane. Peregrine set in the busy part of the Toril business falcons (Falco peregrinus) were eliminated district. In contrast, the TSP readings in the from the eastern US in 1964 primarily due to other three stations turned out to be at safe DDT and other CH’s. The population started levels. The only exception is at Station 12 to recover only following the ban in 1972 on with mean readings (in 2010) that were a widespread use of DDT (Henny &Elliott, little over the threshold. 2007).
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Table 14. Results of the water quality assessment of Lipadas River (EMB, 2012).
Parameter Min Max Ave Water quality criteria (Class C) Color 1 30 12 No abnormal discoloration Temperature 24 28 26 Max of 3°C rise pH 6.7 8.3 7.7 6.5 -8.5 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 0 8.5 6.8 5.0 BOD (5 -day) mg/L 0.5 48.0 5.8 5 Total suspended solids, mg/L 2 126 18 Not more than 30% increase
Table 15 .Spatial average of TSP pollutants ( µg/NCM )detected in the air quality m onitoring stations of EMB in Talomo-Toril Districtsin 2010, 2011, and the first quarter of 2012.
Judging from the situations around the and human densities are much lower than in stations, it seems reasonable to say that TSP downtown Davao. concentration declines with decreasing vehicular and human density. With this, it SO 2, NO 2,and O 3 seems logical as well to believe that TSP levels are generally safe in the watersheds, Readings from the Talomo-Toril stations particularly in the interiors where vehicular indicate healthy levels of sulfur dioxide
(SO 2) , nitrogen oxide (NO 2), and ozone or
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds Table 16. Spatial averages of SO 2, NO 2,and O 3 pollutants ( µg/NCM )detected in the air quality monitoring stations of EMB in Talomo -Toril Districtsin 2010, 2011, and the first quarter of 2012.
trioxygen (O 3) around the stations (Table 1 6). a major component of acid rains . NO 2,on the For SO 2, all four stations showed readings other hand,is produced when air is subjected that are substantially below the NAAQ to extreme heat; diesel-powered vehicles are guideline value of 60µg/Nm 3 for 1-year the worst sources . This gas can alter lung average. Values for the first quarter of 2012 structure and function with long exposures. were also lower than the mean readings in 2010 and 2011. O3 is produced when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air
NO 2 levels in the air are even fa r lower than react with the UV rays from the sun. VOCs the NAAQ value of 150 µg/Nm 3 per 24-hr are emitted by motor vehicles, chemical average time. The highest reading (4.14 plants, refineries, and other factories. When 3 µg/Nm ) which was tak en from Station 12 O3 is produced, it bec omes the main was barely 3 % of the threshold. O3 levels component of smog. across all stations are also way below the NAAQ limit of 60µg/Nm3 per 8 -hr average.
SO 2, NO 2, and O 3 are all respiratory irritants , which at high concentrations can cause illnesses. SO 2 re sults from burning of fuel containing sulphur . Power generation , such as coal and oil-fired power plants and vehicles,are the major sources in the country. Excess of this gas may affect breathing, especially among asthmatic children who are active outdoors. Along with NO 2, SO 2 is also
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III. Socio-demographic Profile an average annual growth rate of 3.25%. This means an increase in human density from 2 Population and Demographics persons/ha in 1970 to 7 persons/ha in 2010. Population growth had swelled in recent In 2010, the total population of the years as the average rate went up to 5.48 watersheds was 439,998 (NSO, 2010) with a between 2007 and 2010, or more than twice sex ratio of 980 females per 1,000 males. the annual average rate of 2.4% recorded in This figure represented 30% of the total 2010 for the Philippine archipelago. population of the city for the same year. Population increase has been quite substantial Work participation rate at the PTW was 33% at the TLW than at the PTW. In 1970, the in 2007, which also means that 67% were total population at PTW was at 18,631. This dependents. At TLW, dependents (ages 0-14 figure then grew to 173% (50,940) in 2010 at ≥ and 65) comprised an average of 61% an annual average of 2.55%. In other words, across barangays based on 2010 NSO data. from a density of 1 person/ha in 1970, this Though measured differently, both figures increased to only 3 persons/ha in 2010. On indicate a high dependent population across the other hand, the 1970 population of TLW the watersheds. Population size appears to was at 100,218, which grew to 276% decrease with increasing altitude and distance (376,868) in 2010 at an annual rate of 3.37%. from the city’s central business district Density-wise, from 2 person/ha in 1970, this (Figure 28). Communities with large had swelled to 10 persons/ha in 2010. Rate at populations are within the lowlands (0-500 m TLW exceeds the Davao City and national altitude), and all, except Calinan,are situated averages (2.7 and 2.12, respectively). along the coast and close to downtown Davao When we calculatedthe average growth rates City.Barangay Talomo has the largest for each of the 53 barangays during the past population (58,414), followed by Calinan four decades (Figure 29), 22 (42%) have (22,979), Catalunan Pequeño (19,996), and experienced very rapid growth, 13 (25%) Daliao (19,993); while Camansi (1,172) and moderately rapid, and the rest (28%) 7 slower Tagurano (1,150) are the least growth. All of the communities that have the populated.Upland communities are among highest growth rates are again close to the the least peopled. Except for Tamayong coast and to thecentral business district. In andTambobong, all of the barangays close to the uplands, five communities close to the theforests have populations below 5,000. forests are also growing quite rapidly. Such The average rates by which population is barangays are Eden, Daliao Plantation, increasing indicate that human occupancy of Tamayong, Carmen,and Tambobong. the watersheds is growing rapidly. Based onNSO data, the number of people living 7 inside the watersheds had increased to nearly Except for 3 barangays whose growth rates were not three folds (260%) from 1970 to 2010, with calculated for lack of data for 1970 and 1980. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 68
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Figu re 28 . Population size of barangays within the Talomo -Lipadas and Panigan -Tamugan Watersheds .
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Figure 29. Annual population growth rate for barangays within the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
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Figure 30. Average householdsizes in barangays within the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Figure 31.Nature of occupancy of houses in Talomo- Figure 32. Na ture of housing mater ials in Davao City Lipadas Watershed based on a review of BDPs of 17 based on the 2007 NSO census.] barangays. 31).No relevant data were found for the Household C haracteristics PTW.
A total of 88,603 households (HH) are within The NSO did not provide any data on house the watersheds, with a mean value of materials per barangay, but gave summarized 1,554 HH (56 barangays, NSO , 2010 8). data for the whole city, which can be used Tagurano has the least HH (230) , while todeduce the nature of houses within the Talomo had the largest (12,035). Many watersheds (Figure 32). Generally, 78% of all barangays with HH>1,000 are at the lowlands houses are made of durable materials: (0-500 m, Figure 30 ), mostly beside with galvanized roofing and either wood or highways. Those close to the coast and the concrete wall. Traditional houses made of CBD have HH>3,000. Cadalian has the plant materials, like bamboo, cogon, or nipa smallest (3.2), while Bago Oshiro has the constitute only 2%. Our observations sugge st biggest (7.2). that such ratio is likely the case as well across the watersheds. Across TLW, NSO (2007) has listed a total of 87,484 housing units. With respect to house The BDPs of 22 barangays at TLW show that ownership, the late st BDP data from 17 majority of households are fully energized. barangays at TLW showed that 75% are On the average, 9 out of 10 houses have owned, while 23 % are rented. Only a minor commercially-sourced electricity (50-100% 2% are regarded as informal settlers (Figure households). Not surprisingly, many of the fully-electrified barangays are at the lowlands. About 9% are still reliant on 8 2011 census results were used for barangays with no kerosene for lighting, and this is mostly data in 2010. among a number of barangays in the uplands
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(e.g., Balingaeng, Bayabas, Wangan, and (BNS), 4 midwife, and 204 volunteer and Mulig). Other source s of ele ctricity barangay health workers. In PTW, at least 11 includebattery and solar power . Allof 45 centers were accounted for, with 119 health barangays in TLW, ex cept one workers and 7 BNS. (Manambulan),have good mobile network coverage. In 19 BDPs at TLW , the number of kids believed to be malnourished in 2011 was Across 8 barangays a t the PTW, 8 out of 10 1,250. Only 6 BDPs showed data for homes have access to commercial electricity . immunized kids and these totalled 3,232. At Tambobong with only 30 % of its households PTW, only 69 kids were identified as having commercial electricity ha s the least malnourished in the early part of 2012. access to power lines; a substantial 70% still Overall, the lack of health data in many rely on kerosene for lighting. Kerosene is barangays suggests not only poor archiving also used in a fair number of homes in but also the general lack of access to health. Tawan-tawan (20%), Lacson (20%), Wines (17%), Gumalang (17%), and Dacuda o The causes of human death s varyacross the (17%). TLW,but the so-called “lifestyle diseases ” appear to be the major causes among adults Out of four major fuel sources in TLW, (Figure 33) . In a sample of 4 57 deaths in 9 majority (71.5%) of homes still rely on barangays in TLW,for example, 30% (136) of firewood for their cooking needs. In Camansi deaths resulted from hypertension (highblood and Catigan, for example, 100% and pressure) and other related diseases , such as 97%,respectively,of the said households use stroke and antherosclorosis (hardening of firewood. LPG is the next most important fuel considering that 30-40% of homes in Bangkas Heights, Calinan, Bayabas, Daliao , and Toril largely dependon it. Other fuel s used include electric stove (3.6%) and kerosene (2.7%). PTW households are also very dependent on firewood (average of 90%for 6 baran gays). Only 9% of homes in PTW use LPG.
Health and Sanitation
Health centers and workers are the immediate sources of medical care for residents in many Figure 33.Causes of 457 deaths in 9 barangays of the barangays. In TLW, at least 28 cent ers were Talomo-Lipadas Watershed, summarized from the noted in 45 BDPs with only oneresident Barangay Development Plans. doctor, 17 B arangay Nutrition Scholars
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds blood arteries). The second leading cause is unsanitary toilets (open pit, pail) , or none at cardiac-related (e.g., heart attack [congestive all are Kilate, Baracatan, Camansi, Tagluno, heart failure], cardio pulmonary failure, and Sirib, Catigan, Lubogan, Tagurano,Wangan , acute myocardial infarction ), which and Alambre. All surveyed households at accounted for 26% (121) of deaths. Bangkas Heightsand more than 90% at Pneumonia ranked third at 14% (64). Talomo, Toril, Daliao, Calinan , and Similarly, the 2012 District Health Office Bayabashave sanitary toilets. data for 51 deaths in 9 barangays at PTW showed cardiac arrest (17), and hypertension In PTW, the BDPs of 9 barangays show that and stroke (11) as the leading causes . Still 72.6% of homes on the average have sanitary birth accounted for 9 infant deaths. toilets. Tambobong showed the best prop ortion as only 7% of homes ha s Sources of safe water var y among unsanitary toilets. In contrast, almost half households. At TLW, about 44% on the (42%) of households at Lacson and Tawan - average rely on either rainwater catchments, tawan practice unsafe toilet sanitation. communal faucets, or reservoir ( level 2 sources). Barangays thatwholly depend on The latest BDPs of 26 barangays in TLW level 2 sources are Manuel Guinga, Kilate, show that on the average, 39% of the Sirib, and Balingaeng. An average of 34% households practice burying as their chief source water from the DCWD pipes ,whereas means of waste disposal. Other means of 22% rely on level 1 sources (balons, deepor disposal are th rough government collection artesian wells). The potable water for more (29%) and composting (19 %). A little over than 80% of households at remote Wangan, 1% puts their waste in a common dump , Subasta, and Lizada are from Level 1 while a small number of households either sources. Some communities, such as in Tungkalan, Tagluno,and Sirawan , use springs (free flowing)as an extra water source .
Three quarters of PTW homes on the average rely on lev el 2 sources. Only Malagos (100%) and Dacudao (60 %) have access to piped water from the DCWD (level 3). A fair number of households in Tawan -tawan (21 %), Dacudao (20%), Wines (13 %), and Gumalang (10%) still rely on level 1 sources.
A review of the BDPs of 30 barangays in Figure 34.Waste disposal practices of households TLW shows that on the average , 6 out of 10 within the Talomo-Lipadas Watershed according to households have sanitary toilets ( water sealed the Barangay Development Plans of the sewer, septic tank, and closed pit). The top 10 communities in the watershed. barangays with half of its households having Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 74
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds recycle them (0.07%), or just throw them 2.5%. Non-catholic and non-protestant anywhere (0.04%). Interestingly, despite christians (Baptists, Church of Jesus Christ of national prohibitions against burning Latter-day Saints, Seventh Day Adventists, municipal wastes, 11% of homes still burn Jehovah’s Witnesses) comprise the 4.2%. their garbage (Figure 34). In 7 barangays in About 3% practice Islam, while a very minor PTW, burning is the main method of getting portionadhere to other non-christian faith, rid of wastes in 6 out of 10 homes. Two (2) such as Buddhism,animism (some out of 10 homes pile their wastes in open indigenousLumad populations), and others. dumps. Demographic information for the watersheds did not disagregate religious affiliations, but Social Institutions the above relative proportions for Davao City might also be true for the whole watersheds. Education Mass media Based on BDPs and City Planning data, there are at least 365 institutions inside the At least 69 mass media companies are based watersheds that provide education (day-care, in Davao City. There are 22 print media pre-schools, madrassah, primary, secondary, outfits with Mindanao Daily Mirror, Sun Star and tertiary). Out of these, there are at least Davao, and Mindanao Times having the 98 schools that provide formal standard widest readership (i.e. >15,000 copies/day). education (pre-school, primary-tertiary For the broadcast media, the latest listing levels); 43 of which are private and 55 include 16 AM radio stations, 23 FM radio government funded. These are further broken stations, and 8 TV stations. AM stations feed down to 51 pre- and primary schools (27 fresh news, commentaries, and education private and 24 public), 41 high schools (13 outreach, while FM stations provide mostly private and 28 public), and 6 entertainment and also current affairs. Bombo colleges/universities (4 private and 2 public). Radyo Philippines, Radio Mindanao The 2 government subsidized universities are Network, and Eagle Broadcasting UP Mindanao and USEP, which are both in Corporations are the most popular AM Mintal. stations in the rural and sub-urban areas.
Religion Light and water services
The dominant religion in Davao City is The watersheds are part of the franchise of Roman Catholic as 81% of its total the Davao Light and Power Company population practice this faith (NCSB, 2004). (DLPC), the 3rd largest private electric utility A fair proportion (8%) belong to Protestant in the country and the sole electric energy churches,most of which are Evangelicals, provider in the city. About 20-40% of remote Methodists, and Pentecostals;while members households in upland barangays though (e.g., of Philippine-born churches (Iglesia Ni Balingaeng, Catigan, Bayabas, Wangan, Cristo , Aglipayan, and PBMA) account for Tambobong, Lacson, and Tawan-Tawan) are Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 75
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds not yet getting any service from DLPC. But Three indigenous (ethnic) groups inhabit the this situation will most likely change once uplands of the watersheds: (i) Bagobo- these areas become more accessible in the Tagabawa ; (ii) Bagobo Klata ; and, (iii) Obu- near future. Manuvu . Because of language similarity, the NCAA (2012) treats these groups as Commercial piped water is likewise provided belonging to the Bagobo sub-group of the by only one facility—the Davao City Water larger Manobo(or Manuvu) linguistic family. District (DCWD). The DCWD is a A few authors though contend that the term government owned and controlled Bagobo is of recent introduction and is an corporation whose raw water is drawn from inclusive outsider term for these groups who ground (98%) and surface (2%) sources. The represent an acculturated population of the TLW aquifer supplies 95% of the distribution originally pagan and pre-colonial Manobos capacity of the water district, which supplies of the Davao coasts (Manuel, 1973; 70% of the city’s water needs (Oledan, 2005). Anthrowatch, 2008). Recently, the distinction In TLW, a sample of 44 barangays showed between these groups was legitimized when that only half, mostly from the lowlands, the NCIPrecognized ownership of their own have access to DCWD services. In PTW, ancestral territories. only 2 (Malagos and Dacudao) out of 11 barangays get piped water from the DCWD. The southern end of the TLW (Barangays In areas outside the water district’s reach, Catigan, Eden, Tagurano, Tagluno, barangay local governments provide water Tungkalan, and Daliaon) is covered by the services through communally managed wells ancestral domain of the Bagobo-Tagabawa . or reservoirs. The boundaries of the domain have yet to be
Markets and transports
There are 3 major wet markets in Davao City and the closest to the watersheds are the Bangkerohan (Talomo Watershed and PTW)and the Toril (Lipadas Watershed) markets. The major modes of public transports across the watersheds are jeepneys (long distance) and tricycles (short distance).
IV. Cultural Profile Figure 35. Traditional elders (leaders) of the Bagobo Klata (left to right) Datu Ilando, Bae Ging-ging Sicao, Ethnic Groups Bae Tega, and Apo Ernesto Sicao with Tamayong Brgy.Captain Gregorio Canada (center) after a traditional wedding ceremony in April 2012. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 76
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds surveyed but the NCIP estimates a territory of knowhow and practices that ensure the steady no less than 11,811 ha for the Tagabawa . flow of resources upon which indigenous Perhaps as a result of migration and inter- livelihoods and culture have relied. marriages, indigenous Tagabawas also reside in Barangays Alambre, Bato, Catigan, The practical benefits of IEK in NRM are Camansi, Daliao, Daliaon Plantation, Mulig, adequately discussed in various literatures Lubogan, Sibulan, Sirawan, Sudaco, Tagluno, (e.g., see Folke,et al., 1998; Berkes, 2008). Eden, and Kilate. With the strong global appreciation of the role indigenous peoples can play in the care The Bagobo Klata (Figure 35), on the other of watersheds, IEK would hopefully find its hand, occupies the northern boundaries of the way into management plans as tools that Talomo watershed, particularly within complement scientific techniques in NRM. Barangays Manuel Guinga, Sirib, and Tamayong. A CADC has been awarded to Sub-sections of this review follow IEK them covering over 6,800 ha of land located categories by Berkes,et al.(2000).Folke,et within the watershed. al.(1998)referred to thesecategories as “social-ecological linkages” in a system of Obu-Manuvu communities dominate the adaptations that are based on “ecological indigenous population within the PTW. In understanding, and generated through a trial- fact, 80% of the indigenous peoples of and-error learning process.” Using data from Baguio District (8 barangays) are Obu- ethnographies, reports, and fieldwork, some Manuvus. A unified ancestral domain claim of Bagobo IEKs are described below. (CADC 94) covers a little over 35,295 ha of land with about 10% (3,662 ha) located Monitoring resource abundance inside the PTW in Barangays Carmen, The knowledge and skills indiscerning the Suawan, and Cadalian. Obu-Manuvu families state of resources are second nature to are also found in the Barangays of Tawan- indigenous peoples (Berkes, 2008). In tawan, Tambobong, and Wines. hunting game, for example, acuity to track indicators of presence and abundance is Indigenous Knowledge Systems and invaluable. Among the Bagobo Tagabawas, Practices clues to game presence and numbers are the essential prompt. Hunting may happen when The knowledge systems of indigenous signs of wild pig or deer presence are noted peoples are rich and diverse but a such as hoof trails, wallowing areas, sleeping comprehensive description is beyond the dens, or when game food, such as fruits and scope of this section. Instead, we will focus acorns are abundant. on a subset of indigenous knowledge (IK) that has valuable applications for NRM. Called indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK), this component covers environmental
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Box 2. Definitions: IK and IEK
Indigenous knowledge(IK) is a cumulative body of information, know-how, practices, representations, values and beliefs instrumental in the long-term adaptation of Indigenous peoples with their biophysical environment, underpinned by their worldviews and handed down across generations. These sophisticated sets of understandings, interpretations and meanings are part of a historical, social, and ecological complex that is critical to Figure 36. The surrounding habitats of Mt. Apo peak maintaining and asserting Indigenous are traditionally revered by the Bagobos as abode of culture, identity and self-determination at malignant spirits called Buso. present times and in the future
Indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK) is a Certain animals and plants get protection cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and either through fear or forms of customary belief, evolving by adaptive processes and respect. The Limokun (white-eared brown handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship dove) is a Bagobo omen bird and,forthe of living beings (including humans) with one traditional Tagabawas ,eating of this bird is another and their environment (Berkes, tabooed and may cause serious illness to 2008). [Are these paraphrased? Please add quotation transgressors. Other animals that are thought marks if these are direct quotes.] to have mysterious qualities, and thus spared from exploitation, are snakes, monkeys Among the Obu-Manuvus, a decision to (lutung ), flying lemurs and crows (Benedict, occupy new hunting areas or transfer traps 1913). Eating civet cats is also forbidden. can be dictated by cues of resource scarcity Some Ficus (balete )and Dipterocarp ( lauan ) based on a series of hunting or trapping trees are also avoided because they are outcomes. Success is also determined by considered homes of wicked spirits ( buso ). how well the hunter knows the habits and thus, vulnerabilities of hunted animals. The Protection of specific habitats use of wooden decoys by the Tagabawas to Areas that are off-limits for spiritual or lure and catch birds is exemplary (Cole, religious reasons have the added value of 1913). Traditional agriculture ( kaingin ) also protecting habitats. Such “sacred groves” or pays attention to “signs” of suitable seasons “taboo sites” are part of the traditional and weather through the appearance of Bagobo indigenous landscapes. For example, particular stars, bird songs, the flowering of certain forests are tabooed because they are particular trees, and also wind directions. considered abodes of spirits or deities. The Total protection of certain species forests surrounding the Mt. Apo crater havebeen traditionally revered by the Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 78
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Bagobos because these areas believed to beinhabited by busos 9and their animals (Figure 36). Bagobo activities are also discreet and regulated in streams and rivers where disease-causing spirits ( Karokung man and woman) are thought to reside. These examples of cultural impositions that limit or restrict access to some areas help protect fragile habitats.
Integrated farming, resource rotation, and succession management The above forms of IEK are best exemplified by the traditional practice of shifting Figure 37. ABagobo Tagabawa couple in traditional 10 cultivation or kaingin. This indigenous clothes during a public wedding in April 2012. agronomic system involves rotational use of Traditional weddings administered by village elders old swidden farms within a territory after a are being revived to rejuvenate indigenous cultures. sufficient fallow period. In contrast to a 11 rather common prejudice against it, multiple crops in home gardens and in farms traditional kaingin farming actually reflects where upland rice has just been harvested is an understanding of the value of fallow also a typical horticultural practice among periods to replenish soil fertility and a Bagobos and Philippine indigenous peoples remarkable ability to make ecologically wise in general. use of tropical forests for subsistence. Raising Managing sources of ecosystem renewal
9Busos for the Bagobos are malevolent spirits that Taboo sites across ancestral domains may be inflict diseases to people they encounter. an important component too of “source-and-
10 Shifting cultivation is defined as any continuing sink” dynamics in forest ecosystems (see agricultural system in which impermanent clearings Runge, et al., 2006). Such idea was hinted by are cropped for shorter periods in years than they are our indigenous co-researchers when they fallowed(Cochlin, 1961). claimed that revered forest interiors and the deepest portions of the rivers contain the 11 Many blame tropical deforestation to swidden greatest number of animals and the richest farming (Suarez & Sajise, 2010; Henley, 2011) but what seem to destroy the forests are not the congregation of fishes, respectively. Thus, it traditional practices but the modified ones wherein seems these areas are high quality habitats cropping periods are prolonged at the expense of the where wildlife populations thrive. It is also fallows. Krummer (1992) preferred to call these possible that excess animals from these altered practices as “sedentary agriculture.” “source” areas may be moving into and
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds replenishing poor or heavily hunted habitats Old wise men are also effective carriers of with depleted wildlife (“sinks”). traditions and folklore. The IPRA in 1997 formally recognized indigenous“council of Similarly, a “source and sink” relationship elders” who by virtue of their age and long seems to be working in swidden farming, in experience with customs and traditions, are kaingin which the forests surrounding the regarded not only as traditional knowledge (swidden) farm act as repositories of plants carriers but also as sources of wisdom for and wildlife that “reforest” abandoned farms many aspects of indigenous life. through the natural process of succession. Integration of knowledge Revival of local knowledge The openness of indigenous cultures to IKSP rejuvenation is one aim in recent assimilate new (outsider) knowledge (and programs that support indigenous self- practice) in response to environmental determination. As a step towards this end, the changes is evident in the Bagobo culture. As Bagobos and all other indigenous groups are the rice-cultivating communities got exposed mandated by IPRA to delineate sacred sites to cash-crops (coffee, maize, high-value and other areas of cultural significance within crops) by migrants, sedentary farming was their ancestral domains. slowly integrated into the local production Recently, theEGIP partnered with Obu- milieu. Employment (mainly paid labour) has Manuvu indigenous rangers for monitoring also become an income source, resulting in a and protecting forests within a segment of the tripartite livelihood system (off-farm PTW using IEK.There is a global recognition employment, cash crop, and subsistence of the invaluable contributions of IEK in the farming) that now typifies Bagobo economy. care of the environment (Berkes, 2008). In But instead of being a cultural bane, 2008, the government operationalized the embracing a capital economy is in fact an recognition of indigenous forest use systems adaptive strategy which has increasedthe through an administrative order. survival and flexibility of their culture in an ever changing economic and socio-political Folklore and knowledge carriers landscape (Begossi, 1998).
In the traditional Bagobo stories and myths Geographical diffusion of knowledge (Benedict, 1913), there were sharp warnings about the consequences of violating taboos The adaption of cash crop farming (corn, such as improper rice planting, laughing at abaca, banana, and coffee) from lowlanders (disrespect of) small animals or ridicule of by the upland Bagobos is an evidence of monkeys, rats, and lizards. In these “taboo” knowledge diffusion and its adaptation into stories that explain rituals, ceremonies, and the local cultural milieu. Commercial abaca outcomes of disrespect, priests or spirit and coconut farming, for example, started mediums play an important role. during the early 1900 when American and Japanese pioneers introduced theseenterprises Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 80
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds in Davao City (Gloria, 1987). Slowly, as a up to for advice and information on result of migration, direct observation of an customary ways as they are said to “know by economically productive practice, and getting heart and fully understand” how IKSP works hired as labourers, such market-based (Figure 38). Participants in focus-groups also agriculturewas embraced by many families. claimed that since many young adults were This exemplifies the adaptability of the raised under mainstream culture, only the Bagobos to outsider knowledge and gives a elders as holders of traditional knowledge can sense of how they are open to incorporating help rejuvenateindigenous ways of life. other knowledge bases (e.g., scientific Manuvu knowledge) in the management of ancestral Among the post-war s of Dallag, the walian tumanoron domains. and the (local priests) hold many of the rituals and say the prayers and stories that come with them. Walians now Structure and Dynamics of though are rare (Manuel, 1956). Institutions 12 Taboos and regulations Roles of stewards or the wise people There are cultural taboos that ensure prudent Custodians of traditional practices are not use of resources. Some examples include unheard of among Philippine indigenous complete avoidance by the Bagobos of places peoples. Rituals, for example, are presided which theirdeities, anitos, and busaos inhabit. over by respected elders or stewards. Among the Bagobos , local black smiths ( panday or tarauman ) are greatly esteemed and they preside over rituals (Gomek gomanan ) that consecrate tools for clearing forests to make way for sowing of the rice—the Bagobo staple (Gloria, 1987). The tarauman officiates, blesses offerings,calls on the spirits and relays directions on “proper” farming practices and observing taboos (Achanzar, 2007).
Among the contemporary Obu-Manuvus of Carmen, the very few tribal elders are looked
Figure 38. Elders Datus Andacao Attawom (L) and 12 Humanly devised constraints that structure Paulino Landim (R, back) of Carmen are respected human interaction. It could be formal (rules, laws, for their detailed knowledge of Obu-Manuvu IKSP. constitutions) or informal (norms of behaviours, Unfortunately, Datu Andacao passed away in early conventions, and self-imposed codes of 2012, and along with him his rich indigenous conducts). wisdom.
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Strict observance of self-sanctioned rituals to an orderly arrangement of social that seek permission from spirit owners of relations,”the rituals and rites associated with game animals, such as Timbaong resource use maintain and transmit traditional (Manuvu animal god), result in sustainable values (Fox, 1982). They also allow “cultural harvest of wildlife. A number of indigenous internalization” as it is through elaborate Bagobo hunters still perform such practices. rituals that “people remember the rules and interpret signals from the environment Social and cultural sanctions appropriately” (Holing, et al., 1999). It will Public shame that result in feelings of guilt not come as a surprise then that religious by the wrongdoer appears to be the major practices pervade the cultivation of the most form of social reprimand to those who defy important indigenous crop—rice. community norms and rules. Such sanction Traditional rice farming best exemplifies the is best generalized by Gloria when he importance of rites and ceremonies in described Bagobo customary law in 1987: perpetuating this most notable feature of “Public opinion is generally indigenous land use. No other livelihood sufficient to prevent most crimes; rivals rice cultivation in terms of the intimate the fear of offending spirits is religious attention and labour spent for this another deterrent, and the final ancient horticultural practice. bar is the drastic punishment Bagobo rice cultivation, like by many meted out by the Datu.” (p.45) indigenous peoples across the country, has Among the Manuvu s, those acting elaborate rites, with each ritual neatly inappropriately arouse disapproval, risking coinciding with the major stages of the their reputation and that of the whole kin. planting cycle. A stepwise rather than a Forms of ostracism as a part of the blanket ceremony makes sense as getting Manuvubatassan (custom law) keep each stage right is the key to a bountiful behaviour in check. Although these harvest. punishments may appear too lenient from the Apart from the Gomek gomanan ritual that standards of modern societies, it is taken precedes forest clearing, three more Lumads seriously by the . important ceremonies lasting a few days are held with several minor (but equally Mechanisms for cultural important) rituals in between. Marummas internalization (ceremonial rice sowing) happens before rice seeds are planted. About 5-6 months later Rituals, ceremonies, and other traditions when rice are ready for harvest, the Religious beliefs as expressed through rituals, Kap ungaan (harvest ceremony) is held. Both ceremonies, and taboos are integral IEK ceremonies involve prayers, singing, components. Just like religion “contributing offerings, and observance of taboos (Benedict, 1916). But the rituals do not end Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 82
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds with harvest. The Gatok-biaan or Pakakaro For fear of retaliation by an angered spirit or (post-harvest celebration) is also celebrated deity, which can take the form of natural as a form of thanksgiving (Gloria, 1987). catastrophes, illness or even death, they are quick to heed the warnings and completely World View and Cultural Values avoid mystic abodes.
A world view that provides appropriate Cultural values of respect, sharing, environmental ethics reciprocity, humility, and others
This review would be incomplete without Equity, reciprocity, generosity, and sharing— describing the general framework of ideas cultural values that contribute to social and beliefs through which Lumad groups cohesion (McDermott, 2000)—are universal interpret and interact with their environment. expressions too of the indigenous worldview. Such “worldview” consists of interwoven Equitable access to resources is best presuppositions about how one learns exemplified by the traditional usufruct (cognitive), how one feels about (affective), arrangement within indigenous Bagobo and how one judges (evaluative) the nature of territories whereby only the fruits of the land things; assumptions which they use to order are owned but property rights over the lands their lives (Hiebert, 2008). In simple terms, remains communal (Cole, 1913). When “worldview” accounts for why they think, anoccupant leaves for any reason and behave, and act the way they do. abandons the land, another community member can take over. A common thread which pervades the preceding accounts is a conception of a world The essence of reciprocity, on the other hand, that is shared with spiritual beings. The is best illustrated during swidden cultivation traditional Bagobo landscape is the physical when help in the farms is fulfilled through environment and its unseen guardians to organized labor exchanges. The Manuvu s of whom Bagobos must pay respect, offer Dallag, for example, practice pangakat to tap sacrifices and gifts, and observe taboos. ample labor force to clean enough fields for planting. In the pangakat, work is done by In the words of Fox (1982), the indigenous turns for each family; cyclic work is the chief environment consists of a patchwork of mechanism in which each family head takes “sacred places” that function like “stages” turns to direct the work while the house wife where supernatural beings hold their feeds the workers when their turn comes “dramatic performances” (p. 163), such as (Manuel, 1956). Such exchanges are sending out signs against farming or hunting arranged between households or groups of in a certain part of a forest, or fishing in a households in a community without apparent river segment. Supernatural actors are said to regard for kinship ties. be in constant social discourse with humans via dreams, spirit mediums, animal or plant Values of generosity and resource sharing omens, and in some cases, direct encounters. pervade Philippine traditional societies. Just Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 83
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds to give an example, high status Bagobo plantations; (ii) poultry and hog raising; (iii) families host important ceremonies where sand and gravel quarrying (including everyone present—young, adult, and old manufacture of hollow-block); (iv) food and people—are given an equal share of the beverage manufacturing; (v) plastic and banquet (Benedict, 1913). Talking about the plywood production; and others. The main egalitarian nature of the Bagobo society in point of concern is the by-products and general, Benedict also wrote that: wastes that these industries generate, which have the potential to affect soil, air, and both “In the nature of things….the surface and ground water quality. social system of the Bagobo is frankly democratic, and most good There are discrepancies in the listing of things are shared by all…” (p. industries we gathered, but the following 240) appears to be the latest. Out of at least 37 major banana growers listed by the DENR Reciprocity and the spirit of accommodation (Figure 39), only 13 were listed by the EMB Manuvu are also well illustrated in ' society as having Industrial Environmental Manuvu and culture where no ' can refuse Compliance (IEC) permits. On the other almost anything in the household if his hand, 38 permits exist for poultry and hog- neighbor or co-villager needs it, provided the raising (Figure 40, 33 shown), and 5 permits necessary ritual is done (Manuel, 1956). for beverage manufacturing. Only two companies under the “steam heat and power V. Economic Profile plants” were issued permits. These are the HEDCOR Tamugan Inc. and the National Livelihood Grid Corporation of the Philippines. The NGC’s permit will expire in September 2015, Enterprises while the HEDCOR’s permit has just been The Davao City Business Bureau listed at recently issued. least 9,889 small to large business Issues and concerns establishments within TLW and PTW in 2012. The most common registrants are It is very clear that the banana-growing general merchandize retailers (sari-sari store industry is contributing substantial revenues owners). The combined capital of all the to the city, and income to many contract business establishments at the watersheds growers, but there are also serious concerns amounted to Php 4.72B. about its negative socio-ecological impacts. One such concern is its influence on Out of the total establishments listed, about indiscriminate land conversion, including the 2.5% (244) are regarded as having moderate clearing of more brush lands and forests to to large scale impacts on air and water accommodate new plantations. Critiques of quality within the watersheds. The nature of plantation proliferation are worried that these businesses include (i) agricultural watershed health might be deteriorate as the Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 84
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds number of wildlife playing important roles in Some manufacturing industries were also ecosystem functions isdwindling due to being criticized for alleged improper waste habitat losses (IDIS, 2012). disposal into rivers. Fish kills in Sirawan and Lizada in April 2012 were linked to nearby Pesticide run-off (ground) and drift (air) is piggeries and factoriesalthough such another major issue. Banana production is allegations were anecdotal. 13 heavily dependent on pesticides and fungicides, but these chemicals when applied, The growing industry sector within the do not remain within plantations alone. Rain watersheds and a proportionate increase in its waters leak them to waterways as shown in a water usage are also believed as contributory 2007 study of rivers within the TLW and to future depletion of ground water reserves. PTW. Thirteen pesticide residues were found A steady increase in water extraction had and 6 of these turned out to be banned been recorded by the DWCD from 2002 to chemicals (IDIS, 2008). 2011 (Figure 41).Based on a NWRB study, it won’t be long (can be as early as 2012) until On the other hand, aerially-sprayed pesticides the tipping point of water supply for Davao may pollute the air, posing great danger to the City,considering the extent of the current health of people living close to plantations groundwater reserves, is felt. In anticipation, (Fuertes, et al., 2007). City Ordinance No. the DCWD is currently exploring other 0309-07, whichbanned aerial spraying, was possible water sources for the city. enacted in 2007 on the basis of scientific studies that show public health risks for suchmethod. This ordinance though was repealed by the Court of Appeals in 2009 on the ground that it was unconstitutional.
Hogs, poultry, beverage, and food manufacturing operations are also thought of as major sources of pollutants within the watersheds because of the wastes they generate. It is reported that many of these establishments dump their waste directly into rivers without proper treatment. Water assays of the Lipadas River in 2010, for example, showed levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen that 13 [Please add full citation: author, title of news article, are outside the thresholds at 2 sampling date posted.] Retrieved from stations, and they attributed such results to http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/253856/ul dense organic wastes, such as effluents from atfilipino/davao/mga-isdang-lumutang-sa-ilog-sa-2- barangay-sa-davao-city-di-raw-dapat-kainin (last piggery farms (EMB, 2010). visited on [add date]).
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Figure 39.Point locations of banana plantations across the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 86
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Figure 40.Locations of poultry and hog farms within the Talomo-Lipadas Watersheds. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 87
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The largest group of earners is laborers 10000 (11%), possibly of plantations, poultries, and 9000 piggeries. Similarly, majority of the 8000 x 10000 x 7000 population are living o n or below the poverty 6000 line. Only a small fraction (7%) of the 5000 population are receiving good 4000 compensation, like government employees, 3000 professionals, and technicians (Figure 42). 2000 1000 In a 2010 population survey, the total 0 population in TLW and PTW nearly reached
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009 2010 2011 half a million. Coupled with population increase is the increase in demand for Figure 41.Vol ume of extracted groundwater of DCWD, occupation. New industries provide many in cubic meters (DCWD, 2012). opportunities; however, environmental pressures likewise intensify. Income Profile Development and Interventions Based on NSO data in 2007, the total population in TLW and PTW with Three Ridges Integrated Area Development occupation was 145,052, or 37% of thepopulation of that year. This means that The City Government and the DOT in their 63% of the population in 2007 were latest Tourism Development Plan proposed dependents(e.g., unemployed, students , and investments for the upland barangays of old-age people). Eden, Catigan, and Tagurano. Called the “Integrated Area Development or TRIAD” in Occupations not … Mount Apo, the initiative includes a zoning Other Occupations … Laborers and … system whereby specific places will be Plant and Machine … designated as: (i) Tourism Services and Trade and Related … Support Zone; (ii) Integrated Tourism Zone ; Farmers Forestry … (iii) Natural Tourism Zone ; (iv) Agri- Service Workers … Clerks Tourism Zone; (v) Wilderness Tourism Zone ; Technicians and … (vi) Indigenous Community Zone ; (vii) Professionals Planned Unit Development; and, (viii) Strict Officials of … Protection Zone (see section on Tourism for 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 details).
Figure 42. Proportion of jobs on the communities in Beginning 2007, the City Government has the watersheds. begun infrastructure upgrades in the TRIAD sites. Roads were constructed and concreted and water systems were likewise installed. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 88
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Private partners were invited and projects, recreational activities for children, such as such as The Mt. Haven Eco-Tourism Village, modest parks and play grounds. Felomina Hills, Fernwood Subdivision, and Eden Ridge have already started to invest in Road networks arevery satisfactory in all the area. barangays, with many of road drainage or canals reinforced (rip-rapping). Some of the It is believed that the TRIAD at TLW would roads were already concreted, while the rest boost the eco-tourism industry of the region, are gravelled. There are a few remote and its fruits would trickle down in the form communities, like Sitios Utan and Sicao of of improved community income.Some of the Tamayong, which areaccessible only through community benefits anticipated are increased hiking. All of the barangay centers are incomes from microenterprises and provision accessible by vehicle. of local transportations to tourists. Irrigation systems for rice farms and Tapping Tamugan River as Potable Water fishponds were likewise improved in some Source in Davao City areas, like in Los Amigos and Tugbok..
The DCWD is planning to source out potable Tourism potential water from Tamugan River to meet the city’s increasing water needs in the near future. The Davao City is one of the most visited cities in main water source has always been the Southern Philippines. Aside from being the aquifers at TLW, but projections suggest the gateway to beautiful beaches in Samal, reserves could no longer meet the city’s Davao City is endowed with many tourism increasing demand for water. For example, sites. Some of the sites are yet to be the DCWD’s water extraction increased by discovered and managed properly; most of 50% in just a decade (i.e., 2002- these are located within Talomo-Lipadas and 2011).Projections also show that the volume Panigan-Tamugan watersheds. of water from the aquifers may start to wane Based on DOT records, TLW and PTW are beginning 2013. mostly known for their natural landscape and Infrastructures pristine forests. Sitio Sicao at Tamayong, for example, is considered a gateway for The City Government is the main source of mountain trekkers who want to explore the infrastructure investment for the barangays of mountains of Talomo and Apo. Trekkers can TLW and PTW, with contributions as well camp at the village and explore “Sicao falls from private and civil society philantrophy. or Tres Marias,” a major tributary of the Barangay halls, health centers, and schools Talomo River. Accordingly, each trekker are common infrastructures of each barangay. pays the indigenous community Php75.00, Some sitios were also provided with pre- inclusive of a seedling for tree planting, school/day care and primary schools.Covered camping, and trekking to Sicao Falls. Local multi-purpose courts are also common, while guides/porters can assist trekkers at a rate of other barangays have been provided with Php 250.00/per day. The village has invested Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 89
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds in simple amenities, such as comfort rooms As mentioned earlier, the TRIAD is being and a potable water system. Althoughthis heralded as the prime tourism plan for Eden, community-based eco-tourism is modest, it Catigan, and Tagurano in TLW. Major has great potentials for development. Bird- investments are projected for each zone in the watching activities can likewise be initiated TRIAD. The Tourism and Support Zone, for with enough training of community example, shall be the center for public facilitators. services, like barangay centers, health centers, schools, subdivisions, houses, and In Eden Toril, Eden Nature Park is one of the transportation terminals. This zone shall also most visited parks with a good view of the contain tourism facilities, like inns, hotels, forest of Mount Apo. In PTW, the most restaurant, service centers, repair and popular activity for tourists is white water maintenance facilities, residential resorts, and rafting, which commences at Tamugan and shops. runs along the Davao River towards the CBD. The Integrated Tourism Zone is envisioned to contain services for large volumes of tourists Wakeboarding in Deca Wakeboard Park in in a naturally scenic environment. It includes Tacunan is also a prime destination for both facilities, like home stays, inns, hotels, local and foreign tourists. Beaches and resorts residential resorts, recreational facilities, along Toril and Talomo Districts are also restaurants, a convention center, a cultural popular among local tourists, especially village, and a hospital (medical tourism). during summer season. The Natural Tourism Zone is expected to Eco-tourism sites provide recreational opportunities for There are at least 20 registered tourism intermediate numbers of visitors in a high businesses in the watersheds (Figure 43), but quality natural environment, and shall be based on DOT records, the Philippine Eagle serviced by motorized access and Center (PEC) (Figure 44) and the Malagos accommodation on a smaller scale. Tourism Garden Resort (MGR) are the only facilities include small lodges and guest recognized eco-tourism sites. The PEC is the houses, home stays, themed restaurants, only rescue center for the “critically souvenir shops and museums, highland sports endangered” Philippine Eagle in the country. and recreation facilities, botanical gardens, The center also breeds eagles for release, and camping sites, nature parks, and low impact conducts campaigns for eagle conservation. residential areas. The MGR, on the other hand, showcases a collection of both native and exotic plants and animals, and has regular birdshowsto illustrate the value of preserving the environment.
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Figure 43.Location of tourism businesses within the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
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. characterized by high biodiversity value. The zone shall be closed to all human activity except those for scientific studies and/or ceremonial or religious use by indigenous communities.
VI. Geopolitical Conditions
Administrative and political boundaries
Davao City is subdivided into 11districts for decentralization of administrative control and Figure 44. The Philippine Eagle Center, a 7-ha supervision. The districts operate as quasi- research and education facility at Malagos, Davao municipal units with the exception that they City managed by the Philippine Eagle Foundation, is home to 33 Philippine Eagles and other native species do not have elective officials; they have been of wildlife. About 100,000 tourists on the average established to bring the local government visit the center each year. closer to the people and for more effective and efficient local governance (CPDO, 1996).
In an Agri-Tourism zone, current agriculture Based on PCEEM, 5 districts intersect the areas shall be preserved both as a landscape TLW, namely: Toril, Talomo, Tugbok, showcase and as livelihood source for Calinan, and Baguio. On the other hand, farmers. This zone includes plantations, based on DENR XI/CENRO, 2 districts farms, and ranches. The Wilderness Tourism intersect the PTW: Baguio and Marilog. Zone will provide high quality (world class) wilderness experience andpristine The TLW and PTW altogether cover 65 environments to smaller and generally barangays (Figure 45). The TLW affluent tourists. Included in this zone are geographically covers 53 barangays: 20 out multi-day river rafting, tubing, photo safaris, of 25 in Toril District, 7 out of 14 in Talomo nature treks, guided mountaineering, and District, 13 out of 18 in Tugbok District, 9 wilderness horseback. Motorized access shall out of 19 in Calinan District, and 4 out of 8 in be minimized in this area and strict protection Baguio District. Fourteen barangays have controls shall be enforced. only a portionof their territories within the watershed, and they are Catigan, Sirawan, Specific areas shall be designated as Talomo, Catalunan Grande, Tacunan, Ula, protection zones, conservation areas, Biao Guianga, Biao Joaquin, Talomo River, restoration areas, and multiple-use zones. Calinan, Malagos, Baguio, Cadalian, and Strict Protection Zone on the other hand, is Carmen. But only 6 of these are recognized Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 92
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds as part of the TLW. Overall, previous Tambobong, the barangay captain claimed documents showed that only 45 barangays that the total area of A&D in his barangay are recognized as officially part of the is1,338 ha, which is higher than the DENR’s watershed. The western portion of TLW reported figure of about 862 ha. overlaps with the Mt. Apo Natural Park. Boundary issues For PTW, 10 barangays are part of PTW according DENR data: all the 8 barangays in Boundary issues emerged as a concern of Baguio District and 2 barangays (Suawan and barangays in TLW and PTW. For example, Tamugan) in Marilog District. However, there are two sitios tax-mapped as part of based on the EMB terrain analysis of Tambobong (i.e., Sitio Niño and Sitio Bala) Tamugan River-Cugan Creek, 2 barangays in but the people in these two areas register at Calinan Districts, namely, Lacson and nearby Tamugan and believe that they are Dacudao, are also within the PTW. legitimate residents of the latter.
Three barangays—Tawan-Tawan (1,031.54 Barangay Manuel Guianga also has boundary ha), Tambobong (861.85 ha), and Wines issues with two nearby barangays, i.e., Sirib (808.38 ha)—cover the largest area in the and Tagakpan. Two of the six sitios being PTW, while Suawan (87.08 ha) and Malagos provided services by Manuel Guianga are (65.82 ha) cover the least ground. The rest of considered part of Tagakpan, while the four the barangays have areas within 200-800 ha. remaining sitios are considered part of Sirib. The largest portion of PTW is within the Mt. The barangay captain of Manuel Guianga Apo Natural Park (MANP): 8,543.70 ha pointed out the negative effect of this (63%) of the total 13,552.57 ha covered by problem in terms of lesser IRA for the the park. Of the barangays in Baguio District, barangay, adding that the issues have yet to only portions of Carmen, Cadalian, Baguio, be resolved despite coordination meetings Malagos, Gumalang, Tamugan, and with the two nearby barangays, and pending Tambobong intersect PTW. the DENR study on delineation of barangay boundaries. Based on the terrain analysis conducted by the MGB in 2004, the total area of the PTW Similarly, there is an ongoing boundary is 18,830 ha. This figure covers the Tamugan dispute over Sitio Tabak, which is being River Watershed, Cugan Creek Watershed, claimed by both Barangays Carmen and and the small creeks and streams that Tawan-tawan. likewise drain to the Davao river. Out of the total land area, 49.38% was classified as As verified during fieldwork, the DENR is A&D, 19.5% ancestral domain of the Obu- currently conducting a delineation survey on Manuvu tribe, and 29.2% timberland. barangay boundaries in Davao City. A copy of the study will hopefully be made available Discrepancies in land area coverage were towards the end of the year. According to the revealed during fieldwork. For example, in Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 93
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DENR, only the barangays themselves can resolve their boundary conflicts.
Figure 45.Davao City barangays covered by the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
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Land Use 14 and Classification During validation, the DENR cited Davao City’s boundary conflicts with nearby areas Land zones and areas (e.g., Arakan, Bukidnon) as the most likely reason for the variations. Although Davao City has a total land area of 244,000 ha, its 9 watershed areas altogether Based on GIS mapping data from the 2004 cover 293,172 ha. The extra land area is from EcoGov study, the land area covered by TLW the Lasang River and the Bunawan River is 39,210 ha or about 16% of the total land Watersheds on the east side of the city whose area of the city(Table 17). The report boundaries extend beyond those of Davao. estimated a TLW area of 5,695 ha within the The 172,812 ha Davao River Watershed is MANP and forestlands of 1,453 ha outside the largest within the city boundaries. The the MANP. The forest lands within the TLW Talomo River and Lipadas River Watersheds consist of closed-canopy forest, open-canopy have areas of 20,696 ha and 17,765 ha, forests, brush land, and cultivated areas. respectively (PCEEM, 2006). Most of the areas in TLW as of 1998 were classified as During validation, the DENR pointed out that alienable and disposable (A&D), i.e., 89% the NAMRIA has updated its data on forest A&D in Talomo Watershed and 74% A&D in cover in Davao City (as of CY 2011). The Lipadas Watershed, while only 22% were data, however, have yet to be officially titled in the Davao Watershed. During this released. period, coconut plantations mixed with Table 17. Talomo-Lipadas Watershed forest and various cultivated crops were the dominant other land cover figures and percentage. land use in TLW. This trend has changed though across time due to the rapid Description Area Percentage conversion of coconut plantations into other (ha) of uses, such as banana plantations. Davao City 244,361 Talomo -Lipadas 39,210 Davao City: In 2006, the PCEEM reported that TLW has a Watershed 16% total area of 38,374 ha or 15% of the city’s • Area within Mt. 5,695 total land area. This figure is slightly lower Apo Natural Park than what it reported in 1998 (38,461 ha) and • Forestland area 1,453 slightly higher than what it reported in 2005 outside the park (38,229.47 ha). Hence, thorough ground Forestland within 7,148 TLW: 18% survey and validation of these data are TLW necessary to verify TLW’s exact coverage. • Closed-Canopy 2,593 Forestland:
14 Forest 36% “Land use planning refers to the process by which land is • allocated between competing and sometimes conflicting Open-Canopy 3,500 Forestland: uses in order to secure the rational and orderly Forest 49% development of land in an environmentally sound manner • Brush Land and 1,055 Forestland: to ensure the creation of sustainable human settlements Cultivated 15% (Thomas, 2001).” Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 95
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In 2005, the land use distribution in TLW vis- Table 18. Talomo-Lipadas Watershed land use à-vis the total land area of Davao City was vis-a-vis Davao City land uses. identified as follows: protected area (100%); tourism area (69.25%); residential area Land Davao TLW % use City (ha) (54.02%); conservation area (43.59%); (ha) alienable and disposable (10.74%); and, various zones (6.87%) (Table 18). Based on A&D 163,936 17,603 11 the land area of TLW, 46.04% was alienable Conservation 15,521 6,76 5 44 and disposable (A&D), 17.70% conservation, Residential 11,512 6,219 54 16.27% residential, 6.91% tourism, 4.55% Tourism 3,815 2,642 69 protected, and 8.53% various zones. Protected 1,738 1,738 100 Various 47,477 3,263 7 Land use cover in TLW in 2005 was 47% Zones cropland, 22% timberland, 8% coconut, 8% Source: DENR XI & CPDO; PCEEM, 2005 shrub land, 5% rice paddy, 4% settlement,
4% grassland, and 1% unclassified. Almost half of the TLW wasplanted with agricultural Table 19. Talomo-Lipadas Watershed land use crops. cover.
Land use and geo-political maps Category Area Percent (ha) Based on an undated map from the city government, out of the total 39,222.94 ha Cropland 18,428.70 47.00% land area of TLW, 31,557.75 ha (or 80.46%) Coconut 3,116.19 7.95% are A&D, while 7,665.19 ha (or 19.54%) are forestland (Figure – Land Classification map Rice paddy 2,177.25 5.55% of TLW) . On the other hand, 64.89% and Timberland 8,830.32 22.52% 35.11% of the total 13,952.57 ha land area of Settlement 1,678.53 4.28% PTW are forestland and A&D, respectively. Grassland 1,461.85 3.73% In TLW, the Talomo Watershed has a total Shrub land 3,099.07 7.90% land area of 21,578 ha, while the Lipadas Watershed has 16,796 ha. As of 2006, the Unclassified 418.09 1.07% former had 88% A&D land area and 11% Total 39,210.00 100.00 timberland; the latter, 74% A&D and 26% timberland. The timberlands of both Source: DENR XI; PCEEM, 2005 watersheds are part of the Mt. Apo National Park.Talomo, Toril, and Calinan Districts Nonetheless, these areas have become have very high ground water potential urbanized and their population has grown (PCEEM, 2006). rapidly through the years.
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Based on the Davao City Comprehensive forestry and moderate in protection and Development Plan (1996-2021), the conservation. On the other hand, the A&D following areas have been identified as areas on the eastern portion of the timberland growth centers under the city’s spatial had high level of agriculture, moderate level development strategy: of protection, and very low level of conservation. The areas along the Panigan- Calinan Urban Center Tamugan River were moderate to high for Mintal-Tugbok Urban Center forestry, high for protected area, low to Toril Urban Center moderate for conservation, and high for Marilog-Paquibato Economic Zone agriculture (except for the eastern portion of Eden-Catigan-TaguranoTourism the river which had low level of agriculture). Development Zone The MGB studies were able to identify the These areas are projected to experience rapid land use capability or environmental urbanization in the coming years as the city management units of both TLW and PTW. government plans to spread out development Conservation Areas (CAs) are generally away from its densely populated commercial Critical Groundwater Recharge Zones business district. (Figure – Land use capability map of TLW and PTW). Based on the zoning map of the city government for TLW (Figure – Zoning Map Likewise, the Comprehensive Development of TLW) , Conservation Zone has a total land Planof the City (1996-2021), recognizes the area of 8,308.17 ha (or 21.18% of the total need to protect Environmentally-Critical 39,222.94 ha land area of TLW). A sizeable Areas (ECAs) that need immediate and area of 16,759.45 ha (or 42.73%) is allocated special consideration in land use planning. for Agriculture and Pasture Land (orange Specifically, it identified the following areas section). Medium Density Residential Zone as ECAs: (pink section) has 5,898.25 ha (or 15.04%), a. National parks, watershed reserves, and Tourism Development Zone (lavender wildlife reserve and sanctuaries; section) has 2,608.03 ha (or 6.65%). b. Potential tourist/eco-tourism spots; For PTW, the terrain analysis study of the c. Habitat for any endangered or MGB-DENR XI in 2004 had identified the threatened species of indigenous forest, protected, conservation, and Philippine wildlife (flora and fauna); agricultural areas. The timberland and the d. Unique historical, archeological, and Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim scientific interest; (CADC) 15 area were evaluated high in e. Areas traditionally occupied by cultural communities or tribes; f. Areas frequently visited and/or hard- 15 Now called Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) hit by natural calamities; under the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA). g. Areas with critical slopes; Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 97
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h. Prime agricultural lands; Table 20. Conversion of agricultural lands into i. Recharge areas of aquifers; other uses. j. Water bodies; Types of Descriptions Area k. Mangrove areas; and, Conversion (ha) l. Coral reefs Regular Industrial, 28.55 commercial, and The terrain analyses of the watersheds high-end provided critical information for the Davao subdivisions City’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan Shop C Socialized housing 118.05 (CLUP). The result of the analysis has Application for Lands classified as 57.30 already been incorporated into the CLUP. It Exemption agricultural is currently waiting for the final approval by (DOJ 44, Series before 15 June the the City Council. Results of the analysis of 1990) 1988 were also used in drafting the Watershed Total 203.90 Code of Davao City in 2007. It declares a Note: These data include only those approved by the DAR regional office for land sizes equal to or less than total of 34,254 ha (or 14% of Davao City’s 5ha. Data on land conversion of land sizes greater total land area) as Conservation Areas, and than five ha are with the DAR national office in 12,240 ha (or 5% of the city’s total land area) Manila.Source: DAR XI as Agricultural-Agro-Forestry / Non-Tillage (A-NT) Areas. Conversion data of land sizes greater than 5ha are with the DAR national office in Land use issues Manila, i.e., application for large subdivisions and other land uses with land sizes greater Land conversion.There is an evident trend than 5ha are approved by the DAR central towards the opening of timberlands and their office. Hence, the data may represent just a conversion into permanent agricultural areas, small fraction of the overall picture of land commercial sites, and other purposes. This conversion in the city. problem is exacerbated by complexissues, like illegal occupancy of forest lands, Before an agricultural area is converted into improper cultivation of hilly lands, and other uses, the owner should first get a poverty in the uplands. Another trend is the certification of zoning from the local conversion of agricultural lands into other government. There should also be clearance land uses, e.g., subdivisions. As of December from the HLURB, DA, and NIA. A number 2011, the DAR approved for conversion of factors is considered before an application 203.90 ha of agricultural land. Large portion for land conversion gets approved, such (118.05 ha.) has been approved to be as:urbanization of the area; land is no longer converted into socialized housing (Table 20). suitable for farming; zoning; area is not an irrigated area; etc.
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Interestingly, according to the DAR, agrarian Table21.Forest coverage (hectares)comparison reform beneficiaries may opt under the for the Talomo Lipadas Watershed between Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law 1987 and 2004.
(CARL) to convert their land into other uses Forest Type NAMRIA EcoGov % 5 years after receiving their agrarian reform (1987) (2004) Change title. They may also opt to sell their land after ten (10) years; some actually do for economic Closed 6,170 2,593 -57.97 reasons (e.g., lucrative offers by buyers). Canopy Another reason why agrarian lands are sold or converted is that owner is already old and Open 2,315 3,500 51.19 either his/her childrenare not around or are Canopy not interested to farm the land. Source:PCEEM, 2006 Rapid deforestation.Based on a 1987 land satellite map, the TLW had 23,314 ha of A similar situation may be surmised for mixed grassland, 8,276 ha of built-up areas, PTW. Based on an undated map provided by 5,295 ha of old-growth forest, and 2,295 ha DENR XI, closed-canopy forest in PTW of second-growth forest. Also, based on the comprises only 6.37% of the watershed’s same satellite images, the TLW then had a total land area, while open-canopy forest, closed canopy of about 6,170 ha and an open 21.93% (Table 22). canopy of about 2,315 ha.16 However, in the 2004 EcoGov survey, TLW’s closed-canopy Considering the rapid trend of deforestation forest was down to 2,593 ha whileits open- in the two watersheds, closed-canopy forests canopy forest went up to 3,500 ha (Table 21). may disappear in the future, unless drastic This translates to a deforestation rate of 239 and significant protection and conservation ha per year(PCEEM, 2006).Intact forest in measures are implemented soon. TLW can be seen only along gullies and Plantation expansion into the watersheds. steep slopes and within the MANP. As of 2005, the DENR-EMB XI granted Historically, logging activities have hastened Environmental Compliance Certificates the removal of high-grade timber, making (ECCs) to a total of 4,098.06 ha of banana secondary forests vulnerable to land plantations in the following areas: Calinan conversion. Coupled with loose forest (1,309.67 ha), Tugbok (905.41 ha), Baguio protection, settlements have expanded and (875.95 ha), Toril (507.03 ha), and Marilog upland agriculture has flourished (PCEEM, (500 ha). Based on actual field visits to four 2006). randomly selected barangays, significant changes in the landscape are noticeable, particularly the shift of agricultural 16 Data from the city government slightly varies from the production from diversifiedfarming to mono- 1987 NAMRIA data. As shown in Figure 21 (??????), closed- canopy forest (green section) had 6,194.31 ha and open- cropping. The researchers have noted the canopy forest (light green section) had 2,326.27 ha. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 99
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Table 22.Vegetative cover of PTW. 50% of the barangay’s total land area of 17 Category Area % 1,400 ha is devoted to banana plantations. (ha) At Daliaon Plantation, the area of banana Brushland 6,312.7390 45.24 plantations is estimated at 400 ha, and about Closed - 888.1864 6.37 200 ha (or 50%) are located in sloping A-NT Canopy areas according to the barangay captain. Most Forest banana plantations in the barangay are being Cultivated 413.3785 2.96 operated by private growers. Areas Grassland 10.5370 0.08 At present, there is an evident trend of Open - 3,059.4653 21.93 increasing number of growership in terms of Canopy hectarage as small-holder farmers are enticed Forest to shift to monocropping. Crop conversion Pineapple 2,108.0804 15.11 into monocropping is also prevalent. The Plantation reason for the shift/conversion is mainly Other Areas 1,160.1874 8.32 economic. Total 13,952.5740 100.00 Barangays Tambobong, Carmen, Tamayong, rapid expansion of large-scale,commercial and Daliaon Plantation have been classified plantations in the hilly portions of as A-NT areas by the MGB terrain study but Tambobong, Manuel Guianga, Carmen, and large-scale, commercial plantations continue Dalioan Plantation. to operate in these areas. Agricultural encroachments into the conservation zone In Tambobong, the hills were planted with were also reported at Sirib, Tamayong, bananas by SUMIFRU, a banana company Daliaon Plantation, and Manuel Guianga. that has farmed a total of 134 ha in the area Worse, pesticides used by plantations end up since 2005. Theseplantations cover about in water and sediments in both Panigan- 16% of the total land area of the barangay Tamugan and Talomo-Lipadas watersheds (862 ha). In Carmen, 4 out of 9 puroks have (Simpol, 2009), posing detrimental effects to been planted with bananas by DOLE and both health and environment. private growers. About 35% of the total land area of the barangay has been converted into A&D within timberland area. DENR maps plantations in the recent past according to show that PTW has 9,054ha of timberland (or barangay officials. 65% of the watershed’s land area), and 4,898.30 ha of A&D areas (or 35%). In the In Barangay Manuel Guianga, SUMIFRU middle of the timberland of Mt. Tipolog is a operates about 500 ha of banana plantation, highly contested A&D that has an area of Ayala/HBC 90 ha, and DAVCO 30 ha. The area for banana growership is about 150 to 17 This figure includes about 900 ha titled A&D areas, and 200 ha. These data signify that more than about 500 hatimberland area/national park. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 100
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds about 212 ha and includes the 40-50 ha A&D The two CPDO maps, however, need land reportedly owned by the Gaisano clan thorough ground validation and counter- (Villanueva &Guisao, 2007). checking with other agencies, like the DENR and NCIP. Based on feedback gathered Tenurial Arrangements and Land during the data gathering, there is an Ownership expressed need for the CPDO, DENR, and NCIP to sit down together to synchronize Mapping of tenurial instruments their maps on existing tenurial instruments in both watershed areas. Part of the TLW is within the MANP, one of the largest parks under NIPAS. However, the Existing tenurial instruments and coverage DENR Protected Area and Wildlife Services Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (PAWS) Chief said in an interview in March (CADT).18 The IPRA law acknowledges 2012 that the issuance of tenurial instruments indigenous people to acquire their ancestral in protected areas has been suspended since lands through Certificate of Ancestral November 2011. Called Special Agreement Domain Title (CADT). The Watershed Code for Protected Areas or SAPA, this instrument of Davao City and its IRR recognize the was suspended through a Memo from the rights of Lumads to their ancestral domain— DENR central office. The PAWS chief subject to certain regulations for ancestral likewise said that he is not aware if Protected domain areas located within watersheds, Area Community-Based Management CAs, and A-NT. Agreements (PACMA)—another tenurial instrument for NIPAS areas—have been Based on the city government data, there is a issued in both TLW and PTW, adding that total of 11,811.12 ha of CADT area for the Mt. Apo and Malagos are protected areas. unified Bagobo-Tagabawa in TLW. This figure, however, needs to be harmonized with On the other hand, PTW has five (5) tenurial the NCIP data. According to the NCIP, the instruments based on CPDO map: Tagabawa tribeis still on its social • Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title preparatory stage, not yet on surveying the (CADT); perimeter areas of their claim. • Community-Based Forest Management On the other hand, Figure46 shows the Agreement (CBFMA); schematic map provided by the NCIP - • Forest Land Management Agreement Davao del Sur Provincial Office. The map (FLMA); confirms that the CADT area has been • Integrated Forest Management expanded to cover the following tribes: Ata- Agreement (IFMA); and, • Integrated Social Forestry (ISF). 18 During validation, the NCIP asserted that a CADT is not a tenurial instrument but a land title, adding that tenurial instruments may be issued within CADT areas.
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Manobo, Matigsalug-Manobo, Ata, Obu- According to the NCIP, the areas for Bagobo- Manuvu 19 , Bagobo-Klata, and Bagobo- Klata (6,843.43 ha), and Obu-Manuvu Tagabawa . (35,295.71 ha) intersect the TLW and PTW. In Sibulan side of Davao City, about 9,000+ ha have been identified for the CADT of Bagobo-Tagabawa . The exact area of the CADT’s intersection with TLW and PTW could not be determined because the LGU has not yet received from the NCIP the details of its CADT perimeter survey.
Portions of Barangays Tawan-tawan, Carmen, and Cadalian in Baguio District are part of the CADT area of the Obu -Manuvu . On the other hand, Barangay Manuel Guianga in Tugbok District, and Barangays Sirib and Tamayong in Calinan District Table 2 3. Barangays/ administrative districts intersecting CADT Areas. Source: NCIP . BK – Bagobo Klata , UM – Ubo Manuvu , BT - Bagobo Tagabawa . Barangays Districts Intersecting CADT of Manuel Guianga Tugbok BK Sirib Calinan BK Tamayong Calinan BK Cadalian Baguio UM Figure 46.Schematic map of the CADT coverages within the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Carmen Baguio UM Watersheds. Tawan -Tawan Baguio UM Tagluno Toril BT Tungkalan Toril BT Eden Toril BT Dalioan Plantation Toril BT Tagurano Toril BT Catigan Toril BT 19 Sometimes spelled as Obo-Manobo in some literature.
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds intersect the CADT area of the Bagobo- areaprior to the CBFMA of the Mt. Tipolog Klata (Table 23). In Toril District, Barangays Bantay Kinaiyahan Association (MTBKA). Tagluno, Tungkalan, Eden, Daliaon Plantation, Tagurano, and Catigan intersect Interestingly, we learned during fieldworkthat the claim area of Bagobo-Tagabawa. Portions sometime in 2005, a CBFMA issued in a of the claim/CADT-CADC also overlap with timberland in Tambobong was cancelled the MANP. because the intended beneficiaries were found to be non-residents. During validation, When the NCIP-Davao del Sur Provincial the DENR said that the cancelled CBFMA Office overlayed the CADT areas on both was possibly the one issued to an association PTW and TLW maps provided by the DENR chaired by a Mr. Gumapac. XI and the CPDO, the Obu -Manuvu tribe CADT overlapped with Barangays Suawan, In 2008, the PENRO in Digos City issued Cadalian, and Carmen. The Bagobo-Klata CBFMA No. RXI-4D-08-62762 allowing tribe likewise overlapped in TLW, with MTBKA management over 626 ha of BarangaysTamayong, Manuel Guianga, and forestlands inTawan-tawan, Baguio District. Sirib. The CBFMA area has 607 ha of woodlands andshrubs in Mt. Tipolog and 19 ha of other Nonetheless, the NCIP could not properly types of land (i.e., cultivated, perennial). overlay its CADT map because of the following reasons: Socialized Industrial Forest Management Agreement (SIFMA).Tree Farm Lease • The exact geographic coordinates are not Agreements (TFLA) in 2005 covered 332 ha reflected in the TLW maps provided by in Baguio District (PCEEM, 2005). The the DENR XI and the CPDO. DENR confirmed the issuance of the TFLA • The NCIP-Davao del Sur is using PRS 92 during validation and its conversion into a as a mapping system, and it is possible SIFMA underDr. Rosalina Caro, chair of the that the DENR XI and the CPDO are Baywood Plantation Association Inc. (BPA). using different mapping systems. In 2001, Caro of the BPA applied for a • The CADT map of the NCIP-Davao del SIFMA covering 300 ha in Tawan-tawan, Sur is based on actual perimeter survey, Baguio District at the DENR central office. while the DENR and the CPDO maps In 2006, Caro followed up on the BPA may not be based on the same. application after the DENR recommended the Community-Based Forest Management cancellation of the Industrial Tree Plantation Agreement (CBFMA).As of 2005, the Lease Agreement (ITPLA) No. 208 covering PCEEM reported that CBFMAs covered 1,000 ha of forestlands in Tawan-tawan. 3,952.04 ha in Baguio District. Upon Schematic maps were submitted to the DENR validation, however, the DENR said that no at the time of the ITPLA cancellation and the such agreement has been issued in the SIFMA application (Figure 47).
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Figure 47.Cancelled ITPLA Area of Carmen Hills & Figure 48.Schematic map of the MTBKA’s CBFMA vicinities, including the SIFMA area applied for by the coverage in Tawan-tawan,Baguio District, Davao City. Baywood Plantation Association, Inc.
To address boundary conflicts and support the community’s CBFMA application, a community team was formed in 2006 and CBFMA area of MTBKA was later modified again in 2007 to finalize the boundaries after (Figure 48). the ITPLA was cancelled. On 29 January 2010, the DENR approved the In February 2007, the DENR Undersecretary BPA SIFMA (No. 01-2010) in Sitio Gading for Staff Bureaus issued a Memorandum to in Tawan-tawan, with a total land area of300 the DENR RED instructing the office to ha. The SIFMA will remain in effect for 25 proceed with the processing years (i.e., until 2035). BPA’sapplication “based on the existing rules Certificate of Stewardship Contracts and regulations on the matter, taking into (CSCs).CSCs in both TLW and PTW are consideration the individual letters from currently on process so that no definitive members of the MTBKA who claimed that summaries were provided. But in Tawan- they are the actual occupants of the area.” tawan and Carmen, several individuals have The SIFMA application was then referred to been recipients of CSC (Villanueva & the DENR-CENRO for re-evaluation, and the Guisao, 2007). In tawan-Tawan, there were NCIP was requested to validate the 33 CSCs issued so far and some of them are application in the field. The proposed actually the pioneers of the MTBKA which applied for the CBFMA. Since CSCs and
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CBFMA are reconcilable, their CSCs have and Tagurano (497 ha) is on a wide valley been subsumed under the CBFMA. The that politically separates the two barangays. It DENR reported that CSCs had been issued is situated ~20 km southwest of Davao City since 1983 but was stopped in 2002. At CBD and forms part of the eastern slopes of Carmen, 176 CSCs were reportedly released. the MANP. About 94% (or 486.6ha) is All holders are said to be bonafide residents covered with natural forests. Cutting of trees even before December 31, 1981, the cut-off is prohibited, and tree-planting activities have period for CSC application. The CSCs in the been extensively conducted in the area area were registered by batches on the (EcoGov2, DENR & Davao LGU, 2010). following dates: 28 September 1995; 10 November 1995; 19 January 1996; 28 June Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA). 1996; and, 26 November 1996. CSCs are City Government data showed that valid for an average of 16-17 years. Hence, Tagakpan has Certificate of Land Ownership all CSCs issued in 1995-96 are expected to Awards (CLOA) covering 501-1000 ha; expire 8-9 years from now. while Catigan, Tungkalan, Daliaon Plantation, Manuel Guianga, Sirib, Subasta, A total of 316 CSCs with a land area of Tamayong, Cawayan, and Wangan covering 792.6 ha were issued in Marilog and Baguio 201-500 ha. Other TLW barangays have Districts (Table 24). Based on a DENR CLOAs < 200 ha. logbook, CSCs had been issued from 1983 to 1990. This means that some CSCs already expired in 2008, and some are expected to Table24. Distribution of Certificate of end by 2015. No CSCs were issued at the Stewardship Contracts (CSCs) issued by DENR TLW. Areas No. of CSCs Area Proposed Co-Management Areas.The Issued (ha) DENR and the Davao City Government set Suawan, Marilog 66 140.91 aside two sites covering a total of 3 v,220 ha Carmen, Baguio 145 462.62 of forests and forestlands as a co- Cadalian (Pictan), 51 94.09 management zone (Figure 49). The co- Baguio management area inCarmen covers 2,723 ha. Cadalian, Baguio 34 62.26 It lies at the eastern slopes of MANP and its Tawan -Tawan, 20 32.72 western boundaries follow a ridge divide that Baguio separates Davao City and North Cotabato. Total 316 792.6 About 70% or 1887.4 ha contain natural Source: DENR XI forests. The eastern part is bounded by A&D lands which are mostly banana and pineapple plantations. The area is part of a sub- catchment basin of the PTW covering an area of 9,570 ha. The co-managed area at Eden Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 105
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Figure 49.Proposed co-management areas within the Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
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The city government identified CARP- DENR should thoroughly review its covered land as a development constraint. In institutional procedure in processing tenurial 1996, they found numerous isolated instrument applications and closely CARPlandswhich totalled 24,518 ha (or coordinate with the NCIP for the FPIC 10.05% of the city’s land area) in Daliaon requirement. Plantation, Tawan-tawan, Tamayong, Bago Aplaya, Callawa, Talandang, and Malamba CADT delineation ignites tensions and conflicts. (CPDO, 1996). Researchers checked with the In Manuel Guianga, there are land DAR and found that as of December 2011, conflicts involving Lumads and Bisayan about 8,270 ha of land in TLW and PTW settlers over CADT areas in Sitios Diolo and were put under CARP, benefitting 4,139 Kahusayan. Reportedly, there are also farmers. conflicts between the Lumads and the Sunshine Development Movement over land Tenurial and land ownership issues “rights” bought by the latter in the area.
Conflicts arise as a result of CADT overlap Based on stories in Tamayong, there is a with othertenurial instruments. In a study heightened tension between the Lumads and conducted in PTW (Villanueva & Guisao, the security personnel of Pastor Apollo C. 2007), Visayan settlers feared the possible Quiboloy, leader of The Kingdom of Jesus difficulty of applying for CBFMA renewal in Christ. The Lumads are claiming that the the future because they will have to get the group’s “Prayer Mountain” in Tamayong is free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) of legally part of the Bagobo Klata ancestral tribal leaders in their area. They also think domain. In response to the increased presence that the CBFMA renewal process in the of Quiboloy’s paramilitary, the Lumads have future will be highly politicized due to the purportedly also armed themselves. Quiboloy vested interests of some tribal leaders. has ostensibly bought land “rights” for the said Prayer Mountain, but the NCIP is firm The DENR approved the release of SIFMA that any “buying” of lands within ancestral to the BPA despite community protest. The domains is illegal. local community believes that the SIFMA should not have been issued to the BPA There are also narratives of Lumads wanting because its members are non-residents to have a fair share of income from resorts (outsiders). The local community / actual located within their CADT areas—another occupants are questioning the DENR potential cause of tensions/conflicts if left procedure of issuing the SIFMA despite unmanaged. community protests and lack of proper ground verification. The local dwellers According to key informants, Datu Bagobo believe that a tenurial instrument application Inangkub— leader and former should be properly endorsed from the ground barangay captain of Tawan-tawan—is (i.e., community level) to the appropriate claiming an area in Sitio Tabak as part of approving agency (e.g., DENR). Hence, the their ancestral domain. Sitio Tabak is within Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 107
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds a common boundary disputed by Carmen and • Volatile peace and order situation; Tawan-tawan. Over 100 CSC areas in these and, areas’ timberlands have not been managed • Threatened biodiversity. properly since the 1980s because of recurring insurgencies. Another tribal leader, Datu Uncoordinated implementation of IPRA Landim, is reportedly claiming areas in law and other laws on land use, Carmen as part of their ancestral domain. environmental protection and conservation, and watershed Timberland areas are beset with problems management.Unharmonized maps/data of of boundary conflicts, lack of tenure, open DENR, NCIP, and CPDO on tenurial access,squatting, and land speculation. A instruments. In general, conflicts are Resource Management Plan by the Davao triggered by identity, demarcation, resource LGU, DENR, and EcoGov (2010) noted that use, and peace and order issues. speculators fabricate “rights” over certain forestlands and sell this to prospective 1. Identity issues – As the Lumads assert buyers. “Rights” over certain areas are their identity and claim over ancestral resorted to by local people in lieu of domain, they have to deal with conflicting legitimate property rights, e.g., buying of interests and groups (e.g., holders of other land “rights” in Tamayong. tenurial instruments; those who bought land “rights,” etc.) CLOA areas are converted into other uses, sold, or leased to plantations. Conversion of 2. Demarcation issues – unharmonized CLOA areas into other uses and then selling maps/data on tenurial and land them have been confirmed by the DAR. ownerships and actual implementation Also,fieldwork showed that agrarian reform can cause tensions and conflicts on the areas are being leased to plantations so ground. farmer-beneficiaries can pay agrarian reform amortization and realty tax. 3. Resource use issues – conflicting interests among various sectors in the protected, Co-management areas confront the conservation, and A-NT areas following issues, among others: causetensions. For example, some entities • Conversion of forestlands into extract resources from upland areas, permanent agricultural areas and other cause pollution, and pose environmental purposes; risks. On the other hand, the Lumads view • Contamination of groundwater from their ancestral domain as sacred. chemical inputs used by banana Environmentalists see the importance of plantations; protecting the watershed areas as • Destructive and unsustainable sustainable sources of water. Interest resource use; groups have different views and “stakes” which collide more often than not.
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4. Peace and order – As each interest group Understanding the historical antecedents and asserts its own “stake” on the ground, past geo-political conditions in both TLW peace and order issues crop up, e.g., and TLW are necessary—from the time reported peace and order issues in watershed issues surfaced in the 1940s up to Tamayong and Carmen. the period of increasing CSO responses and passage of policies on watershed Policies and Legislation management. Without doubt, enforcement will confront challenges and sustainability Land resources must be properly managed issues, but should nonetheless be pursued and rationally allocated to secure its firmly to produce genuine results. development in an environmentally sound manner. At the national level, policies and Stakeholder Mapping laws on land use, environmental protection, and watershed management exist. At least 8 major stakeholder groups were identified for the watersheds: (i) LGUs (City At the local level, the Local Government and Barangay); (ii) Watershed Multi- Code of 1991 mandates all LGUs to prepare stakeholder Management Groups; (iii) their respective land use plans and to enact national government agencies (iv) service zoning ordinances that will serve as primary providers (i.e., DCWD); (v) NGOs (regional basis for future use of their land resources. and local corporate and non-profit); (vi) The Davao City Watershed Code and its IRR industries; (vii) religious groups; and, (vii) are vital steps towards protecting the city’s indigenous groups. watersheds. The Code regulates the use of Among these, two stakeholders groups have about 34,000 ha of watershed areas that are critical roles: the LGUs and the multi- classified into conservation areas (CAs), stakeholder groups upon which the agricultural-agro-forestry / non-tillage (A- management of the watersheds are given. NT) areas, and prime agricultural lands. Other stakeholders can provide assistance Infrastructural development and monocrop according to their specific areas of expertise plantations are banned in both CA and A-NT and/or interests. areas. To facilitate the implementation of the ban, thorough ground survey and demarcation of these areas are necessary.
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CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Biodiversity Issues The biodiversity of the watersheds is also It is clear in the preceding sections that the facing indirect threats (i.e., contributing biodiversity of the watersheds are facing factors with a negative effect) across many pressures from several direct threats,20 fronts. Population growth is clearly rising at a namely: (i) unsustainable agriculture; rate that is way higher than the city and particularly swidden ( kaingin ) farm lots and national averages. This will inevitably plantations that encroach into native habitats; resultinmore demands for prime resources (ii) biological resource use, particularly and space, further pushing wildlife hunting and collection of wildlife and illegal populations to marginal and inaccessible logging and wood harvesting ( see section on habitats, which would consequently make fire wood dependence );and most likely, (iii) monitoring even more difficult. pollution from agricultural effluents Many watershed inhabitants are poor,with (herbicide/pesticide and fertilizer run-off, hog considerable proportion of households having and poultry wastes), household sewage income below the poverty threshold. A (septic and other wastes), and industrial substantial segment of the population is non- effluents (toxic chemicals from factories). earning and dependent upon low or minimum No vertebrate species has been confirmed wage earners (e.g.,manual labor). Corporate extinct yet but at least 28 species are already takeover of prime agricultural lands is also at the verge. pushing small farmers to marginal and highly Among the habitat types examined, the inaccessible areas in the mountains. dipterocarp forestsare the most imperiled as The state of the marine environment of the they appear to be restricted only at narrow watersheds is also unenviable with many of altitudinal bands along the forest edges and in the mangroves, corals, and sea grass deep, inaccessible gullies, and ravines in the communities already devastated. Massive watersheds. Massive logging in the past restoration is needed. andagricultural and timber poaching have made the Dipterocarp forests the most General recommendations susceptible to deforestation at the detriment of their wildlife inhabitants. In fact, many of 1. Integrated development approach the 28 species of forest vertebrates that are underpins soundwatershed management close to extinction dipterocarp inhabitants. but management planning must also ensure that clear biodiversity
20 conservation outcomes (e.g., conservation Classification of ‘direct threats’ is based on a “Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation” by at the species, habitat, and landscape Salafsky et al , 2007.
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levels) and its monitoring arewell and ensures that everyone learns and articulated in the planning document. innovates from the outcomes of implementation must be undertaken. Often, managers make the mistake of assuming that wildlife is conserved so Adaptive management, or “learning by long as certain projects or programs are doing,” has long been the basis of many undertaken (e.g., education, alternative conservation projects across the globe livelihood, reforestation, etc.). However, (DEC, 2009). It is defined as a “ rigorous scientific evidence suggests that activity approach for learning through or implementation-based monitoring is a deliberately designing and applying poor predictor of actual conservation management actions as experiments” success (Kapos, et al., 2009). For (Murray &Marmorek, 2003) . Several example, the Watershed Code has set possible guides for designing a suitable aside 34,254 ha as conservation or program for the watershed includes the environmentally-critical areas within the (i) Biodiversity Conservation Appraisal watersheds. As an ECA, one of its several System (DEC, 2009); (ii) Conservation purposes, aside from protecting recharge Measures Partnership
areas, is to conserve the remaining (www.conservationmeasures.org ); and the (iii) wildlife populations therein. In this Adaptive Management for Watershed regard, monitoring and evaluation Councils (Habron, 2003). initiatives in the ECAs must clearly demonstrate whether such desired 3. This assessment echoes an earlier outcomes (i.e.,population number recommendation by Hearnes, et al. (2008) increased or species extinction prevented that a central coordinating body must be and/or wildlife habitat protected) have identified to take charge of information been adequately achieved, at least for a acquisition, archiving, and distribution for few suitable flagship or surrogate species, managers, policymakers, and other users. such as birds. Much data areout there in the archives of government agencies, city offices, 2. Watershed managers must adopt a academic institutions, and NGOs. holistic, “adaptive management”-based However, because these datasets are not framework for managing not only wildlife centralized, they are hardly accessible. A populations,but also the whole watershed user-friendly, interactive, on-line database in general. In contrast to piece-meal and system for technical information and often largely sectoral approaches that maps on the watersheds will immensely characterize management efforts in the facilitate private and public user access. A past (Herne, et al., 2008), an inclusive, few examples of such databases include adaptive planning paradigm that gives the (i) NT NRM Infonet space for participation, examines the (http://www.ntinfonet.org.au ); (ii) Victorian range of factors and stakeholder interests Resources Online (http://www.dpi.vic. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 111
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gov.au/vro);and the (iii) Atlas South 6. The contribution of the Lumads in the Australia (http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/). management of the watersheds must be seriously considered and respected due to 4. Standard baseline indicators must be to their invaluable Indigenous Ecological identified, defined, standardized, and Knowledge which can be used to measured for the watersheds as they serve complement mainstream methods of as important benchmarks for assessing natural resource management. how well objectives have been achieved. This assessment was an attempt at Geo-political and Governance Issues generating metrics or statistics using secondary and primary sources. However, Management challenges include: political since many data were acquired by the boundary issues; poor implementation of land agencies independently using different use and zoning policies in TLW and PTW; methods, meaningful analyses were conflicting policies and enforcement issues of difficult, if not impossible. tenurial instruments; and, tensions on the ground. A combination of literature review and participatory methods can help set core To ensure effective watershed management, indicators of success that can be used by these issues should be transformed into any manager working within the opportunities for conflict management; watersheds. The literature is full of convergence-building; active participation of standard protocols or guidelines for grassroots communities; pursuing watershed- measuring standard indicators that can be level governance; developing a holistic and useful for the watersheds. A few inclusionary watershed management examples include the (i) FAO Fisheries framework; and, implementing innovative Technical Paper 439 and sustainable responses. (www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5055e/y5055e00. htm); (ii) The Development of Indicators Conflict Management and Convergence- for Human Capital Sustainability Building (www.csls.ca/events/cea01/sharpe.pdf);and the (iii) CBD Proposed biodiversity While the DENR is the primary government indicators relevant to the 2010 target agency vested with jurisdiction and (www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta- 09/information/sbstta-09-inf-26-en.pdf). Table 25. Threats and opportunities
5. More cross-disciplinary researches Threats / Opportunities Challenges (merging of social and natural sciences) • Political • Conflict management to holistically understand the watershed boundary • Convergence-building as a social-ecological unit whose parts are disputes efforts of stakeholders inextricably linked. • Poor execution (e.g., co-management of land use and approaches) Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 112
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zoning policies • Involvement of effective watershed planning, conservation, in TLW and community-based and management should be explored. The PTW peoples / grassroots strategy should be convergence-building • Conflicting communities rather than competition in the performance of policies and • Pursuing watershed- agency mandates. enforcement level governance • issues of Development of a Taking into account its Local Government tenurial holistic and inclusionary Code mandate on effective land use planning instruments watershed and the need to effectively implement its • Tensions on management the ground framework Watershed Code Ordinance, the city • Implementing government can spearhead collaborative innovative and efforts with agencies/organizations that have sustainable responses interests or “stakes” in both TLW and PTW. administrative control over the country’s The Watershed Management Council watershed, certain laws place themanagement (WMC), Watershed Multipartite Monitoring of watersheds under the control of other Council (WMMC), and the Barangay government agencies. For example, the Water Watershed Monitoring Council (BWMC) can Code of the Philippines provides authority serve as effective institutional mechanisms in and responsibilities to local water districts promoting productive partnership among over a number of watersheds; the Indigenous various agencies/organizations. “Existing Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) empowers the informal coordination efforts should also be indigenous communities as administrators of unitized by the government to engage a full watershed areas; the National Power range of stakeholders. The LGU should seek Corporation (NPC), Philippine National Oil to identify sectoral champions to lead new Company (PNOC), and National Irrigation responsive approaches that can result in Administration (NIA) have been given better socio-ecological production systems on authority and administrative control over the ground” (Hearne, 2012). watersheds which support major power plants At the community level, conflict management and irrigation structures (PCEEM, 2006). strategies should be implemented to foster Oftentimes, there are conflicts of interests, good community relations and partnerships legal responsibilities, and mandates among between Lumads and community-based these agencies . peoples/settlers.
These conflicts can be resolved through Tapping Community-Based Peoples and constant dialogues and convergence-building. Lumads as Major Stakeholders A holistic and inclusionary framework that can encompass and address the mandates of Any protection and conservation effort is the said agencies is necessary. Mutually bound to fail without the support of beneficial programs and projects towards grassroots communities. Hence, community-
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Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds based peoples and Lumads should be tapped 2. Resolve boundary conflicts through the as vital stakeholders to ensure sustainability. active participation of the LGU and According to the NCIP, there are three (3) affected barangays. existing indigenous peoples organizations (IPOs) present in both PTW and TLW areas On land use that can be tapped as community-based 3. Fast-track the survey and delineation of partners in future watershed management conservation (CAs) and agricultural- endeavors, e.g., KASUGPUA Neng Bagobo- agro-forestry/non-tillage (A-NT) areas. Klata (TLW), Obu -Manuvu Council of 4. Come up with an effective monitoring Elders, Inc. of the Obu -Manuvu tribe (PTW), system and enforcement mechanisms to and Sinab’badan kag Tugollan of the address the expansion of monocrop Bagobo-Tagabawa (TLW). plantations (e.g., banana and pineapple) Pursuing a Geo-politics of Peaceful in watershed areas. Boundaries 5. Deal with concomitant land use issues particularly rapid urbanization, land and This is fundamental .“Pursuing peaceful crop conversion, deforestation, boundaries will entail political goodwill unregulated water extraction, presence between neighbors, with mutual trust and of A&D within timberland area, lack of shared goals as basis for cooperation. peoples’ awareness and importance Reflection upon borders and borderlands may given to proper land use, weak result in trans-boundary interactions that enforcement of land use and zoning allow for mutual control and utilization of policies, resource constraints, and issues resources and joint activities/partnerships. confronting ECAs. Rather than being seen as a source of potential conflict, clearly defined boundaries On tenurial arrangements and land should be seen as a sign of strength . There is ownership therefore a need to clearly demarcate ground 6. Harmonize the maps/data of the city boundaries to prevent disputes. The basis for government, NCIP, and DENR on land peaceful boundary is mutual growth through use and tenurial instruments. interaction among stakeholders, e.g., shared 7. Resolve actual and potential lakes, rivers, and aquifers may be managed issues/conflicts as a result of jointly” (Newman, cited in Flint, 2006). overlapping tenurial instruments, Recommendations intertwining and conflicting jurisdictions, policies, and mandates of On political boundaries government agencies. 8. The DENR and NCIP should 1. Follow up on the delineation survey effectively coordinate with each other results for barangay boundaries with the for the issuance of tenurial instruments DENR. in watershed areas. Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 114
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9. The DENR should listen to the local 12. Pursue a geo-politics ofpeaceful dwellers and prioritize them in tenurial boundaries by building political instrument applications, i.e., goodwill among stakeholders and by applications/recommendations for fostering mutual trust and shared goals tenurial instruments should emanate as basis for cooperation. from the ground/community and should 13. Come up with a holistic and be thoroughly ground validated. inclusionary watershed management 10. Address other related issues: framework anchored on co- • Timberland areas are beset with management approaches, and consider problems of boundary conflicts, watershed-level governance as an lack of tenure, open access, overarching framework. squatting, and land speculation. 14. Focus on participatory governance, • CLOA areas are converted into wise stewardship, and sustainable other uses, sold, or leased to innovative responses. plantations. 15. Involve the grassroots communities on • Uncoordinated implementation of watershed planning, protection, and IPRA and other laws on land use, management, particularly: environment, conservation, and • Existing peoples’ organizations watershed management. (POs) in both TLW and PTW • Indigenous peoples’prganizations On management challenges (IPOs), e.g., KASUGPUA 11. Focus on convergence-building efforts NengBagobo-Klata , Obu- and areas of collaboration, and promote Manuvu Council of Elders, Inc. of open, participatory, and effective multi- the Obu-Manuvu tribe, and stakeholder process in addressing Sinab’badan kag Tugollan of the boundary, land use, and tenurial issues. Bagobo-Tagabawa .
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Ecologically Important and Endemic
Agathis philippinensis Gymnostoma rumphianum (Mig.) Species
Almaciga L. Agoho
Shorea assamica Dyer Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Bakbakan Tangili Kamuhing
Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag Dacrycarpus cumingii (Endl.) de Ascarina philippinensis C.B.Rob Laub. Bamog White cedar
Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook.f. Podocarpus sp Alphitonia philipinensis Braid Red cedar Mangimpis Rambaw
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Medinilla scortechini Medinilla cumingii Mahabak orange Medinilla pendula Mahabak Dako Alwaan
Impatiens balsamina Impatiens montalbanica Impatiens platypelata Suang katuba Suang katuba Suang katuba
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Pithecophaga jefferyi Nisaetus philippensis Alcedo argentata Philippine Eagle Pinker's Hawk Eagle Silvery Kingfisher
Prioniturus waterstradti Mindanao Raquet tail Bubo philippensis Otus gurneyi Philippine Eagle-Owl Giant Scops Owl
Otus mirus Mindanao Scops Owl Buceros hydrocorax Penelopides panini Rufous Hornbill Tarictic Hornbill
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Aceros leucocephalus Irena cyanogaster Writhed Hornbill Coracina mcgregori Philippine Fairy-bluebird Mcgregor’s Cuckoo-shrike
Stachyris plateni Dicaeum anthonyi Basilornis Miranda Mindanao Pygmy Babbler Flame-crowned Flowerpecker Apo myna
Threatened
Birds
Aethopyga primigenius Aethophyga linaraborae Grey-hooded Sunbird Lina’s Sunbird
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Sus philippensis Cervus mariannus/ Rusa Cynocephalus volans Philippine Warty Pig marianna Philippine Flying Lemur
Threatened
Mammals
Exilisciurus concinnus Megaerops wetmorei Philippine Pygmy squirrel Mindanao fruit bat
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Threatened
Amphibians
Megophrys stejnegeri Ansonia muelleri Southeast Asian Horned Toad Muller's Toad
Platymantis cf guentheri Limnonectes magnus Philautus acutirostris Guenther’s Forest Frog Mindanao fanged frog/ Giant Acute-snouted Tree Frog Philippine Frog
Nyctixalus spinosus Rhacophorus bimaculatus Ansonia mcgregori Spiny Tree Frog Asiatic Tree Frog McGregor's Toad
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APPENDICES Appendix 1. Trees found in Mt Talomo Range, Davao City. Family/ Local Name Conservation Habitat Transect Scientific Name Status DF LMF UMF LMSF UMSF survey
Aceraceae
Acer laurinum Hassk Abo abo/ Unknown X X X X Maputi Apocynaceae Alstonia sp Kuwakang Unknown X Araucariaceae
Agathis philippinensis Almaciga Endemic and X X Warb Ecologically Important Bignoniaceae Radermachera sp Unknown X Casuarinaceae Gymnostoma Agoho Ecologically X rumphianum (Mig.) L. Important Johnson Chloranthaceae Ascarina Bamog Endemic X philippinensis C.B.Rob Clethraceae Clethra sp Mangamanga Unknown X X Clusiacae Calophyllum sp Dangkaan Unknown X X Garcinia sp Korios Unknown X Garcinia sp Malabaseng Unknown X Combretaceae Terminallia sp Araping Unknown X tabuboy Cornaceae Mastixia sp Magutado Unknown X X X X X Cunnoniaceae Caldcluvia celebica Lupisan Unknown X X Weinmania sp Indahong Unknown X Dipterocarpaceae Shorea assamica Dyer Bakbakan Endemic and X X Ecologically Important Shorea polysperma Tangili Endemic and X (Blanco) Merr Ecologically Important
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Family/ Local Name Conservation Habitat Transect Scientific Name Status DF LMF UMF LMSF UMSF survey Dipterocarpaceae Shorea sp1 Kalian Unknown X X Shorea sp2 Dangonlog Unknown X X Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus sp1 Ahuban Unknown X Elaeocarpus sp2 Sugkawan Unknown X pula Elaeocarpus sp3 Sugkawan puti Unknown X Elaeocarpus sp4 Sugkawan Unknown X Elaeocarpus sp5 Gossip Unknown X Eleagnaceae Eleagnus sp Aboabo X X X
Euphorbiaceae
Glochidion sp Balintudog Unknown X
Macaranga bicolor Kamuhing Endemic X X X
Muell.-Arg. Macaranga bicolor Macaranga Unknown X lagpad Macaranga sp1 Indang Unknown X X Macaranga sp2 Indang (pino) Unknown X Macaranga sp3 Indao –ong Unknown X Macaranga sp4 Mabasag Unknown X
Omalanthus Bayarti Unknown X populneus (Geisel.) Pax var populneus Phyllanthus sp Aruan X Fagaceae Castanopsis Katii Unknown X philippinensis (Blanco) Vidal Lithocarpus sp1 Owayan pino Unknown X X Lithocarpus sp2 Owayan pula Unknown X X X X Lithocarpus sp3 Owayan puti Unknown X X Lithocarpus sp4 Owayan Unknown X X brown Lithocarpus sp5 Owayan Unknown X X Lithocarpus sp6 Olayan lagpa Unknown X Hypericaceae Cratoxylum sp Unknown X
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Family/ Local Name Conservation Habitat Transect Scientific Name Status survey DF LMF UMF LMSF UMSF Icacinaceae Gomphandra sp Mosong Unknown X Lauraceae Actinodaphne sp Bacag Unknown X X Actinodaphne sp1 Muhabokado Unknown X Cinnamomum Kalingag Ecologically X X X mercadoi Vidal Important Cinnamomum sp Kalingag Ecologically X Important Cryptocarya sp Gamong Unknown X Litsea sp Lithia X X Magnoliaceae Magnolia sp Angilo Unknown X Melastomataceae Astronia sp1 Baukabak Unknown X X Astronia sp2 Baukabak Unknown X dako Astronia sp3 Bahobao Unknown X Astronia sp4 Baukabak Unknown X Everettia pulcherrima Unknown X Merr Mimosaceae Albizzia sp Unknown X Moraceae Ficus glandulifera Aha Unknown X Ficus sp1 Basikong Unknown X gaspang Ficus sp2 Basikongpino Unknown X Ficus sp3 Basikong puti Unknown X Ficus sp4 Basikong Unknown X Ficus sp5 Basikong Unknown X Myrsinaceae Rapania sp Unknown X Myrtaceae Decaspermum sp1 Mangimpis Unknown X X Decaspermum sp2 Ligad Unknown X Leptospermum Tinikaran Unknown X X X X flavescens J. Sm plantation Syzygium sp1 Madsum Unknown X X
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Family/ Local Name Conservation Habitat Transect Scientific Name Status survey D F LMF UMF LMSF UMSF Myrtaceae Syzygium sp2 Buakawak Unknown X X X Syzygium sp3 Buakawak Unknown X X Syzygium sp4 Madsom – Unknown X pula Syzygium sp5 Madsom –puti Unknown X Syzygium sp6 Mangimpis sa Unknown X kamag Podocarpaceae Dacrycarpus cumingii White cedar Ecologically X X X X X (Endl.) de Laub. Important Phyllocladus Red cedar Ecologically X X X hypophyllus Hook.f. Important Podocarpus sp Mangimpis Ecologically X Important Proteaceae Helicia sp1 Kalisanol Unknown X Helicia sp2 Lucabasag Unknown X Rhamnaceae Alphitonia Rambaw Ecologically X philipinensis Braid Important/ Unknown Rubiaceae Tarenna sp Sauban Unknown X Rutaceae Melicope monophylla Unknown X Merr Melicope triphylla Balasuay Unknown X Sabiaceae Meliosma sp Mabasag Unknown X Sapotaceae Planchonella sp Glansonelo Ecologically X Important Sarcospermaceae Sarcosperma sp Unknown X Saxifragaceae Chionanthus sp Macatabang Unknown X Polyosma sp1 Magataro Unknown X X X X Polyosma sp2 Mayataro Unknown X
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Family/ Local Name Conservation Habitat Transect Scientific Name Status survey DF LMF UMF LMSF UMSF Staphyleaceae Turpinia sp Baukaba Unknown X
Theaceae Unknown
Adinandra sp1 Bali -ango Unknown X X X
Adinandra sp2 Baliango Unknown X
Eurya sp Abo2x Unknown X
Gordonia sp Sabon2x Unknown X
Ternstroemia sp1 Manus Unknown X X X
Ternstroemia sp2 Manus – pula Unknown X
Ulmaceae
Tremma orientalis (L.) Andawhong Unknown X X Blume
Urticaceae
Dendrocnide Unknown X
meyeniana fm subglabra Verbenaceae X Callicarpa sp1 Layapan Unknown X Callicarpa sp2 Mandapanlan Unknown
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Appendix 2. Shrubs found in Mt Talomo Range, Davao City
Family/ Local Name Conservation Habitat Transect Scientific Name Status survey DF LMF UMF LMSF UMSF
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex sp Unknown X
Ericaceae
Rhododendron sp Kalachuchi Ecologically X X X X
Important species Vaccinium sp Tahima Unknown X X X Vaccinium sp2 Indahong Unknown X Gesneriaceae Unknown Cyrtandra sp1 Unknown X X
Cyrtandra sp2 Unknown X X
Cyrtandra sp3 Unknown X
Cyrtandra umbellifera Unknown X
Leeaceae
Leea sp Unknown X
Loganiaceae Unknown
Fagraea sp1 Unknown X X
Fagraea sp2 Salimbao Unknown X
Melastomataceae Medinilla cumingii Mahabak Ecologically X Dako Important
species
Medinilla scortechini Mahabak Ecologically X orange Important species Medinilla pendula Alwaan Ecologically X Important species Medinilla sp1 Mahabak puti Unknown X X X X Medinilla sp2 Mahabak pula Unknown X X X X Medinilla sp3 Alowan Unknown X X X X Medinilla sp4 Alowan Unknown X X X Melastoma sp1 Panla Unknown X X X X Melastoma sp2 Panla Unknown X Melastoma sp3 Panla Unknown X Memecylon sp1 Unknown X X
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Family/ Local Name Conservation Habitat Transect Scientific Name Status survey DF LMF UMF LMSF UMSF Melastomataceae Memecylon sp2 Unknown X Memecylon sp3 Unknown X Myrsinaceae Ardisia sp1 Ongkuan Unknown X X Ardisia sp 2 Lanoan Unknown X X X Ardisia sp 3 Anggoy Unknown X X Ardisia sp 4 Sanoy Unknown X Psychotria sp1 Unknown X X Psychotria sp2 Unknown X Pittosporaceae Pittosporum sp1 Ecologically X Important Species /Unknown Pittosporum sp2 Ecologically X Important Species/ Unknown Rosaceae Rubus sp Unknown X X Rubiaceae Lasianthus sp1 Unknown X X X Lasianthus sp2 Unknown X X Lasianthus sp3 Unknown X Urophyllum sp Unknown X X X Urticaceae Dendocnide Saga Unknown X densiflora Winteraceae Drymis piperita Mahokakon Unknown X X X
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Appendix 3. Herbs found in Mt Talomo Range, Davao City
Family/ Local Name Conservation Habitat Transect Scientific Name Status survey DF LMF UMF LMSF UMSF Araceae Arisaema sp1 Kato Unknown X X X X Unknown X Arisaema sp2 Kato Arisaema sp3 Kato Unknown X Balsaminaceae Ecologically X X X Impatiens balsamina Suang katuba Important Impatiens Ecologically X X X X X
montalbanica Suang katuba Important Ecologically X Impatiens platypelata Suang katuba Important Ecologically X Impatiens sp1 Suang katuba Important Chloranthaceae Sarcandra sp Unknown X X X X X
Gesneriaceae Cyrtandra sp1 Unknown X Cyrtandra sp2 Unknown X Cyrtandra sp3 Unknown X Cyrtandra umbellifera Unknown X
Polygonaceae Polygala sp1 Sanoy Unknown X X Rubiaceae Hedyotis sp1 Catleya Unknown X X X Hedyotis sp2 Catleya Unknown X X
Hedyotis sp3 Catleya Unknown X Hedyotis sp4 Catleya Unknown X Urticaceae Elatostema sp1 Unknown X Unknown X Elatostema sp2 Elatostema sp3 Unknown X Elatostema sp4 Unknown X Elatostema sp5 Unknown X
Procris sp Unknown X X
Appendix 4. Birds observed in Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds and their respective residency status and occurrence in the watersheds.
Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey
Scientific Name status 2012 a 2011 b 2004 c 1997 d 2006 e ACCIPITRIDAE Pithecophaga jefferyi Philippine Eagle Philippine X X Endemic Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk Residen t/ X Migrant Nizaetus pinskeri Pinskers Hawk Mindanao X X
Eagle Endemic Spilornis holosphilus Philippine Serpent Philippine X X X X Eagle Endemic Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Resident/ X X Honeybuzzard Migrant Haliastur Indus Brahminy Kite Resident X FALCONIDAE Microhierax Philippine Falconet Philippine X X X X X erythrogenys Endemic TURNICIDAE Coturnix chinensis Blue -breasted Resident X
Quail SCOLOPACIDAE Scolopax Bukidnon Philippine X bukidnonensis Woodcock Endemic PHASIANIDAE Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl Resident X X ALCEDINIDAE Alcedo argentata Silvery Kingfisher Mindanao X Endemic
Halcyon chloris White Collared Resident X X X kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis White -throated Resident X Kingfisher ARDEIDAE Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow Bittern Resident X RALLIDAE Gallirallus torquatus Barred Rail Resident X X Amaurornis olivacea Plain Bush -hen Philippine X X Endemic Amaurornis White -breasted Resident X
phoenicurus Waterhen
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name status
2012 a 2011 b 2004 c 1997 d 2006 e
COLLUMBIDAE Phapitreron Amethyst Brown Philippine X X X X amethystina Dove Endemic Phapitreron Dark -eared brown Mindanao X X cinereiceps Dove endemic Phapitreron leucotis White -eared Brown Philippine X X X X Dove Endemic Ptilinopus occipitalis Yellow -breasted Fruit Philippine X X X X X Dove Endemic Prioniturus discurus Blue -Crowned Philippine X X Racquet tail Endemic
Columba vitiensis Metallic pigeon Resident X Ducula sp. Imperial Pigeon X Ducula aenea Green Imperial Resident X Pigeon Marcopyga Reddish Cuckoo -dove Resident X X X X phasianella Chalcophaps indica Common Emerald Resident X Dove Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Resident X X
PSITTACIDAE Loriculus philippensis Colasisi Resident X X X Trichoglossus Mindanao Lorikeet Resident X X johnstoniae Prioniturus montanus Montane Racquet -tail Philippine X Endemic Prioniturus Mindanao Mountain Philippine X waterstradti Raquet tail Endemic Prioniturus discurus Blue -crowned Philippine X Raquet-tail Endemic Luriculus philippinsis Philippine Hanging - Philippine X
parrot Endemic CUCULIDAE Cacomantis Plaintive Cuckoo Resident X merulinus Cacomantis Brush Cuckoo Resident X X X X variolosus Centropus Lesser Coucal Resident X X bengalensis Centropus melanops Black -faced Coucal Mindanao X Endemic Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Philippine X X X
Endemic
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Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name status
2012 a 2011 b 2004 c 1997 d 2006 e CUCULIDAE Cuculus fugax Hodgson’s Hawk - Resident X X cuckoo STRIGIDAE Bubo philippensis Philippine Eagle -Owl Philippine X Endemic
Otus gurneyi Giant Scops Owl Mindanao X X X Endemic Otus mirus Mindanao Scops Owl Mindanao X X Endemic Otus megalotis Philippine Scops Owl Philippine X Endemic Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk Owl Philippine X Endemic PODARGIDAE
Batrachostomus Philippine Frogmouth Philippine X X septimus Endemic CAPRIMULGIDAE Eurostopodus Great Eared Nightjar Resident X macrotis HEMIPROCNIDAE Hemiprocne comata Whiskered treeswift Resident X APODIDAE Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Resident X X X X X Collocalia troglodytes Pygmy Swiftlet Philippine X X X Endemic
Collocalia whiteheadi Whitehead’s Swiftlet Philippine X Endemic TROGONIDAE Harpactes ardens Philippine Trogon Philippine X X X X Endemic BUCEROTIDAE Buceros hydrocorax RufousHornbill Philippine X X X Endemic Penelopides panini Tarictic Hornbill Mindanao X X X Endemic Aceros leucocephalus Writhed Hornbill Mindanao X
Endemic CAPITONIDAE Megalaima Coppersmith Barbet Resident X X X haemacephala
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Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name status
2012 a 2011 b 2004 c 1997 d 2006 e PICIDAE Chrysocolaptes Greater Flameback Resident X X lucidus Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis White -bellied Resident X X X Woodpecker Dendrocopus Philippine Pygmy Philippine X X X X maculatus Woodpecker Endemic CAMPEPHAGIDAE Coracina mcgregori Mcgregor’s Cuckoo - Mindanao X shrike Endemic
Pericrocotus Scarlet Minivet Resident X X X flammeus Lalage nigra Pied Triller Resident X CHLOROPSEIDAE Chloropsis flavipennis Philippine Leafbird Mindanao X endemic PYCNONOTIDAE Hypsipetes Philippine Bulbul Philippine X X X X X philippinus Endemic Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow -Vented Bulbul Resident X X X X Pycnonotus urosticus Yellow -Wattled Philippine X
Bulbul Endemic DICRURIDAE Dicrurus hottentottus Sprangled Drongo Resident X X X X ORIOLIDAE Irena cyanogaster Philippine Fairy - Philippine X bluebird Endemic CORVIDAE Corvus Large -billed Crow Resident X X macrorhynchos
Corvus enca Slender -billed Crow Resident X X PARIDAE Parus elegans Elegant tit Philippine X X X X X Endemic RHABDORNITHIDAE Rhabdornis inornatus Stripe -Breasted Philippine X X Rhabdornis Endemic SITTIDAE Sitta frontalis Velvet -fronted Resident X X X X X Nuthatch TIMALIIDAE
Leonardina woodi Bagobo Babbler Mindanao X X X Endemic
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Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name status
2012 a 2011 b 2004 c 1997 d 2006 e TIMALIIDAE Ptilocichla Streaked Ground Mindanao X mindanensis Babbler Endemic Stachyris plateni Pygmy Babbler Mindanao X X X Endemic Marcronous Brown -tit Babbler Philippine X X X X striaticeps Endemic TURDIDAE Brachypteryx White -browed Resident X X X X montana Shortwing Saxicola caprata Pied Bushchat Resident X Turdus poliocephalus Island Thrush Resident X X X SYLVIIDAE Acrocephalus Oriental Reed - Resident/ X orientalis warbler Migrant Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola Resident X Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler Winter X X
visitor Phylloscopus Philippine Leaf Philippine X X X X olivaceus Warbler Endemic Phylloscopus Mountain Leaf Resident X X X X trivirgatus Warbler Megalurus Tawny Grassbird Resident X X X X timoriensis Megalurus palustris Straited Grassbird Resident X X Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated warbler Migrant X Orthotomus nigriceps Black -headed Philippine X Tailorbird Endemic
Orthotomus Philippine tailorbird Philippine X castaneiceps Endemic Orthotomus Mountain Tailorbird Resident X X X X cucullatus Bradypterus Long -tailed Bush - Philippine X caudatus warbler Endemic MUSCICAPIDAE Eumias panayensis Mountain Verditer Resident X X X X X Flycatcher Ficedula hyperythra Snowy -browed Resident X X X X Flycatcher
Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Migrant X Flycatcher Muscicapa Grey -streaked Migrant X griseisticta Flycatcher
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Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name status
2012 a 2011 b 2004 c 1997 d 2006 e MUSCICAPIDAE
Ficedula crypta Cryptic Flycatcher Mindanao X X endemic Ficedula Little Pied Flycatcher Resident X X X X westermanni Gerygone sulphurea Golden Belied Resident X Flycatcher Rhinomyias Goodfellow’s Jungle Mindanao X X X goodfellowi Flycatcher Endemic Rhipidura Black and Cinnamon Mindanao X X X X X nigrocinnamomea Fantail Endemic Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail Resident X X
Culicapa helianthea Citrine Canary Resident X X X X Flycatcher Hypothymis azurea Black -naped Monarch Resident X DECAEIDAE Dicaeum australe Red Keeled Philippine X X X Flowerpecker Endemic Dicaeum bicolor Bicolored Philippine X X Flowerpecker Endemic Dicaeum Orange -bellied Philippine X X X X X trigonostigma Flowerpecker Endemic Dicaeum hypoleucum Buzzing Flowerpecker Philippine X X X X X
Endemic Dicaeum nigrolore Olive -capped Mindanao X X X Flowerpecker Endemic Dicaeum anthonyi Flame -crowned Mindanao X X X Flowerpecker Endemic Dicaeum ignipectus Fire -breasted Resident X X X X Flowerpecker Dicaeum proprium Whiskered Mindanao X X Flowerpecker Endemic Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker Philippine X Endemic
Prionichilus olivaceus Olive -back Philippine X X Flowerpecker Endemic ZOSTEROPIDAE Zosterops everetti Everett’s White -eye Resident X X X Zosterops montanus Mountain White -eye Resident X X X X x Lophozosterops Black -masked White - Mindanao X X X goodfellowi eye Endemic Hypocryptadius Cinnamon Ibon Resident X X X X cinnamomeus
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Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name status
2012 a 2011 b 2004 c 1997 d 2006 e ESTRILDIDAE Lonchura leucogastra White -bellied Munia Resident X X X Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia Resident X X PACHYCEPHALIDAE Pachycephala Yellow -bellied Philippine X X X X
philippinensis Whisler Endemic MOTACILLIDAE Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Migrant X ARTAMIDAE Artamus White -breasted Resident X leucorynchus Wood Swallow LANIIDAE Lanius cristatus Brown shrike Migrant X X X Lanius validostris Mountain Shrike Philippine X Endemic Lanius schach Long -tailed Shrike Philippine X X
Endemic STURNIDAE Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling Resident X Basilornis miranda Apo Myna Mindanao X X X Endemic Aplonis minor Short -tailed Glossy Philippine X X X Starling Endemic Sarcops calvus Coleto Philippine X X X X X Endemic NECTARINIIDAE Aethopyga Grey -hooded Sunbird Mindanao X X X X X
primigenius Endemic Aethopyga Metalic -winged Mindanao X X X pucherrima Sunbird Endemic Aethopyga boltoni Apo Sunbird Mindanao X Endemic Aethophyga Lina’s Sunbird Mindanao X linaraborae Endemic Aethopyga shelleyi Lovely Sunbird Philippine X Endemic Arachnothera Little Spiderhunter Resident X longirosta
Arachnothera clarae Naked -faced spider Philippine X X hunter Endemic Nectarinia jugularis Olive -Backed Sunbird Resident X X
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Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name status
2012 a 2011 b 2004 c 1997 d 2006 e FRINGILLIDAE Pyrrhula leucogenis White -cheeked Mindanao X X Bullfinch endemic a2012 Studies by Silvosa, et al b2011 Study by Carig et al at Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds in Carmen. c2004 Study by Ibanez and Aloy in Mount Talomo d1997 Sudy by Bueser et al in Talomo Lipadas Watersheds in Upper Tamayong e2006 Study by Weetman in Mt Tipolog, Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
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Appendix 5. Mammals found in Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds and their respective residency status and ocurrence in the watersheds.
Family English Name Residency status Relevant Species Survey
Scientific Name 2012 a 2011 b 1997 d 2006 e
MAMMALS CERCOPITHECIDAE Long -Tailed Philippine endemic X X Macaca fascicularis Macaque VIVIRIDAE Paradoxurus Common Palm Non -endemic X X X
hermaphroditus Civet SUIDAE
Philippine Warty Philippine endemic X X Sus philippensis Pig CERVIDAE Cervus mariannus/ Philippine endemic X X Rusa marianna Philippine Deer CYNOCEPHALIDAE Philippine Flying Philippine endemic X X Cynocephalus volans Lemur Philippine Pygmy Philippine endemic X X
Exilisciurus concinnus squirrel Sundasciurus Philippine Tree Philippine endemic X philippinensis Squirrel SORICIDAE Suncus murinus Asian House Non -endemic X Shrew PTEROPODIDAE Cynopterus brachyotis Short -nose fruit Non -endemic X X bat/ Lesser Dog- faced Fruit Bat Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy X X
fruit bat Philippine endemic Harpyonycteris X whiteheadi Harpy fruit bat Philippine endemic Macroglossus minimus Dagger -toothed X X flower bat Non-endemic Megaerops wetmorei Mindanao fruit X X bat Mindanao endemic Ptenochirus jagori Greater Musky X Fruit Bat RHINOLOPHIDAE X Rhinolophus subrufus Small Rufous Mindanao endemic X
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Family English Name Residency status Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name
2012 a 2011 b 1997 d 2006 e ERINACEIDAE Podogymnura truei Mindanao Mindanao endemic X gymnure or Mindanao wood shrew
MURIDAE Apomys insignis Mindanao X X montane forest Mindanao and Dinagat mouse Endemic Mindanao mossy X Apomys hylocoetes forest mouse Mindanao endemic Batomys salomonseni Mindanao hairy - Mindanao Faunal X X tailed rat Region Endemic
Oriental house X Rattus tanezumi rat Non-endemic
Tarsomys apoensis Dusky moss Mindanao Endemic X mouse or Mindanao dusky rat Rattus argiventer Rice -field Rat Non -endemic X Rattus everetti Common Philippine Endemic X Philippine Forest Rat SORICIDAE
Crocidura beatus Mindanao Mindanao Faunal X Treeshrew Region Endemic TUPAIIDAE Urogale everetti Mindanao tree Mindanao Faunal X X X shrew Region Endemic a2012 Studies by Silvosa, et al b2011 Study by Carig et al at Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds in Carmen. d1997 Sudy by Bueser et al in Talomo Lipadas Watersheds in Upper Tamayong e2006 Study by Weetman in Mt Tipolog, Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
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Appendix 6. Herpetofauna found in Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds and their respective residency status and occurrence in the watershed. Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name status 2012 a 2011 b 1997 d 2006 e
AMPHIBIANS MEGOPHRYIDAE Leptobrachium Mindanao X lumadurom Faunal Region Endemic Megophrys stejnegeri Southeast Asian Mindanao X Horned Toad Faunal Region Endemic
BUFONIDAE Bufo marinus Giant Marine Toad Non -endemic X Rhinella marina Cane Toad X Ansonia muelleri Muller's Toad Mindanao X X endemic Ansonia mcgregori McGregor's Toad CERATOBATRACHIDAE Platymantis cf Mindanao X guentheri Faunal Region Endemic DICROGLOSSIDAE
Limnonectes magnus Mindanao fanged Mindanao X frog/ Giant Faunal Region Philippine Frog Endemic RANIDAE Rana magna Mindanao Philippine X Woodland Frog endemic Staurois natator Rock Frog Philippine X endemic Hylarana grandocula Mindanao X Faunal Region Endemic
Sanguirana everetti Everett’s Frog Mindanao X Endemic Asian Brackish X Rana cancrivora Water Frog Rana/ Hylarana Green Paddy Frog, X erythraea Common Green Frog, Leaf Frog Rana/Hylarana Variable -backed Non -endemic X signata Frog
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Family English Name Residency Relevant Species Survey Scientific Name status
2012 a 2011 b 1997 d 2006 e
RHACOPORIDAE Philautus surdus Common Forest Philippine X X Tree Frog Endemic Philautus acutirostris Acute -snouted Mindanao X X Tree Frog Faunal Region Endemic Nyctixalus spinosus Spiny Tree Frog Mindanao X Faunal Region Endemic
Rhacophorus pardalis Harlequin Tree Non -endemic X Frog, Gliding Tree Frog, Panther Tree Frog Rhacophorus Asiatic Tree Frog Philippine X bimaculatus endemic Polypedates White -lipped Tree Non -endemic X X leucomystax Frog Philautus sp 1 Unknown X Philautus sp 2 Unknown X REPTILES
SCINIDAE Sphenomorphus coxi Cox's Philippine X Sphenomorphus Endemic Sphenomorphus sp X Eutrophis Many -keeled Philippine X multicarinata Mabuya Endemic GEKKONIDAE Cyrtodactylus Philippine Bent - Philippine X philippinicus toed Gecko Endemic NATRICIDAE Rhabdophis White -lined Water Philippine X
auriculata Snake Endemic COLUBRIDAE Psammodyantes Common Mock Non -endemic X pulverulentus Viper VIPERIDAE Trimeru surus Philippine Pit Viper Philippine X flavomaculatus endemic
a2012 Studies by Silvosa, et al b2011 Study by Carig et al at Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds in Carmen. d1997 Sudy by Bueser et al in Talomo Lipadas Watersheds in Upper Tamayong e2006 Study by Weetman in Mt Tipolog, Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 150
Appendix 7. Population of Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds from 1970 to 2010 (NSO 2007).
Barangays 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007 2010 Angalan 0 0 1662 2,259 2373 2,465 Talomo (Pob) 10,683 19561 29136 47,034 53071 58,414 Bago Gallera 1,644 5412 3157 11045 12867 14,751 Bago Aplaya 0 0 4547 11,634 13469 14,658 Bago Oshiro 2530 2793 3012 4,633 8133 8305 Balingaeng 967 1586 1451 1,849 1644 2,041 Baliok 364 367 915 6,840 12356 13,769 Bangkas Heights 816 997 3021 4,987 7017 7,191 Calinan Poblacion 8545 10959 16390 20,049 20393 22,979 Catalunan Pequeño 1975 7389 4551 9,069 13921 19,996 Cawayan 972 1099 1403 1,679 1973 2,168 Dumoy 3516 7371 11446 16,553 19388 18,804 Los Amigos 1017 1903 2231 3,575 4123 5,221 Manambulan 1065 1249 1655 1,995 2624 2,611 Manuel Guianga 2258 2711 3611 4,717 6028 6,088 Mintal 3286 5755 6832 9,094 11018 12,518 Mulig 2096 1842 1859 2,450 2693 2,101 Riverside 1793 2429 2899 3,635 4628 5,108 Sirib 2859 3358 4041 4,492 4843 4,887 Sto. Niño 0 0 5477 17,032 17581 18,395 Subasta 1583 2141 2514 2,640 2771 3,466 Tagakpan 2413 2577 3221 3,605 3897 4,186 Talomo River 1226 1911 2639 3,449 5130 5,660 Tamayong 1764 2507 2333 3,266 5184 5,782 Tugbok Poblacion 3841 4007 3372 4,380 6371 9,107 Ula 1343 1596 1535 2,412 2505 3,686 Wangan 2097 2328 3068 4,196 4909 4,742 Alambre 730 846 713 1,122 1294 1,620 Bato 1632 1838 2307 4,416 6112 7,133 Bayabas 1448 1406 1284 1,972 2394 2,606 Camansi 676 600 737 765 1043 1,172 Catigan 2904 2146 2465 2,621 2966 2,698 Crossing Bayabas 8335 10558 11301 12,495 12241 12,349 Daliao 6668 10282 1499 18,142 18533 19,993 Daliaon Plantation 897 1164 2010 2,434 2693 3,324 Eden 380 869 1590 1,671 2176 2,309
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Barangays 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007 2010 Kilate 823 750 798 3,561 1177 1,193 Lizada 2425 3377 7488 11,604 16006 16,725 Lubogan 1463 3186 3774 7,200 8744 9,719 Marapangi 736 1555 2061 3,289 5476 6,128 Sirawan 1505 2378 3506 5,010 5978 5,792 Tagluno 717 652 835 1,162 1256 1,323 Tagurano 681 781 900 828 899 1,150 Toril Poblacion 6229 8542 10465 10,724 12896 11,889 Tungkalan 1539 1775 2114 2,276 2449 2,836 Baguio 1474 1872 2465 3067 3941 3,885 Cadalian 1278 1373 1621 1862 2165 2,290 Carmen 532 1095 1122 1681 1858 1,946 Dacudao 1518 1889 2479 3292 3862 4,206 Gumalang 2094 2747 3356 3869 4131 4,849 Lacson 1250 1745 2715 3561 4559 4,466 Malagos 1494 2126 3129 4463 4560 5,933 Tambobong 1408 2386 3037 3613 4394 5,243 Tamugan 2358 3717 6195 7437 7625 8,253 Tawan-Tawan 1619 2345 2798 3216 3349 3,463 Wines 1475 2046 2366 2608 2796 2,775 Suawan 2131 2631 3534 3268 3724 3,631 Total 119072 172525 218642 341,798 402207 439,998
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Appendix 8. Number of household and average household size in TLW and PTW.
Average Household Barangays Total Population Household number Size Angalan 2,465 493 5.0 Talomo Proper 58,414 12,035* 5.0 Bago Gallera 14,751 2910 No data Bago Aplaya 14,658 3,060* 5.0 Bago Oshiro 8305 1661 5.0 Balingaeng 2,041 408 5.0 Baliok 13,769 2795* 5.0 Bangkas Heights 7,191 1,438 5.0 Calinan Poblacion 22,979 4,596 5.0 Catalunan Pequeño 19,996 3,152* 5.0 Cawayan 2,168 437 5.0 Dumoy 18,804 4,385* 5.0 Los Amigos 5,221 1,044 5.0 Manambulan 2,611 522 5.0 Manuel Guinga 6,088 1218 5.0 Mintal 12,518 2504 5.0 Mulig 2,101 420 5.0 Riverside 5,108 1022 5.0 Sirib 4,887 977 5.0 Sto. Niño 18,395 3679 5.0 Subasta 3,466 693 5.0 Tagakpan 4,186 837 5.0 Talomo River 5,660 1132 5.0 Tamayong 5,782 1,156 5.0 Tugbok Poblacion 9,107 1821 5.0 Ula 3,686 737 5.0 Wangan 4,742 948 5.0 Alambre 1,620 324 5.0 Bato 7,133 1427 5.0 Bayabas 2,606 521 5.0 Camansi 1,172 310 3.8 Catigan 2,698 540 5.0 Crossing Bayabas 12,349 2470 5.0 Daliao 19,993 3,999 5.0 Daliaon Plantation 3,324 665 5.0 Eden 2,309 462 5.0
Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Average Household Barangays Total Population Household number Size Kilate 1,193 240 5.0 Lizada 16,725 3,345 5.0 Lubogan 9,719 1944 5.0 Marapangi 6,128 1226 5.0 Sirawan 5,792 1158 5.0 Tagluno 1,323 265 5.0 Tagurano 1,150 230 5.0 Toril Poblacion 11,889 2378 5.0 Tungkalan 2,836 567 5.0 Baguio 3,885 777 5.00 Cadalian 2,290 458 5.00 Carmen 1,946 389 5.00 Dacudao 4,206 841 4.95 Gumalang 4,849 970 5.00 Lacson 4,466 893 4.43 Malagos 5,933 1186 5.00 Tambobong 5,243 1049 5.00 Tamugan 8,253 693 5.16 Tawan-Tawan 3,463 555 5.00 Wines 2,775 1751 5.00 Suawan 3,631 890** 4.08 Total 439,998 88603 Mean 7505 1554 4.95 Minimum 1127 230 3.8 Maximum 58,414 12,035 5.16 Note: *- data from District Health of Talomo South District 2011 **- data from Barangay Health Center of Suawan 2011 Without asterisk- 2010 data obtained from Population Division of the City Health of Davao.
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Appendix 9. Age group and sex ratio of population in Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds.
Age Group Barangays Population 0-14yr 15 -64yr 65 up Male Female Sex-ratio Angalan 2465 861 1528 76 1232 1233 99.92 Talomo Proper* 60,174 20,989 37322 1863 30,075 30,099 99.92 Bago Gallera 14,751 2094 9023 152 7273 7278 99.93 Bago Aplaya* 15,303 5337 9490 476 7,648 7,655 99.91 Bago Oshiro 8305 2,897 5,151 257 4,151 4,154 99.93 Balingaeng 2041 711 1267 63 1020 1021 99.90 Baliok* 13973 4875 8665 433 6984 6989 99.93 Bangkas Heights 7,191 2508 4461 222 3,594 3,597 99.92 Calinan Poblacion 22,979 10566 11701 712 11485 11494 99.92 Catalunan 15,756 5495 9772 489 7875 7881 99.92 Pequeño* Cawayan 2186 763 1356 67 1093 1093 100.00 Dumoy* 21,926 7648 13598 680 10,959 10,967 99.93 Los Amigos 5,221 1,822 3,236 163 2609 2,612 99.89 Manambulan 2611 910 1620 81 1305 1306 99.92 Manuel Guinga 6088 2124 3774 190 3043 3045 99.93 Mintal 12518 4365 7766 387 6256 6262 99.90 Mulig 2101 733 1306 62 1,050 1,051 99.90 Riverside 5108 1783 3,169 156 2553 2555 99.92 Sirib 4,887 1704 3,032 151 2443 2,444 99.96 Sto. Niño 18395 6416 11408 571 9194 9201 99.92 Subasta 3466 1208 2151 107 1732 1734 99.88 Tagakpan 4186 1460 2596 130 2092 2094 99.90 Talomo River 5660 1975 3511 174 2829 2831 99.93 Tamayong 5,782 2017 3588 177 2890 2892 99.93 Tugbok Poblacion 9107 3176 5648 283 4552 4555 99.93 Ula 3686 1286 2285 115 1842 1844 99.89 Wangan 4742 1655 2942 145 2370 2372 99.92 Alambre 1620 566 1003 51 810 810 100.00 Baracatan 2561 894 1588 79 1,280 1,281 99.92 Bato 7133 2487 4425 221 3,565 3,568 99.92 Bayabas 2606 909 1617 80 1,302 1,304 99.85 Camansi 1172 409 726 37 586 586 100.00 Catigan 2698 942 1672 84 1,348 1,350 99.85 Crossing Bayabas 12349 4308 7661 380 6,172 6,177 99.92
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Age Group Barangays Population 0-14yr 15 -64yr 65 up Male Female Sex-ratio Daliao 19,993 6883 12407 613 9,993 10,000 99.93 Daliaon Plantation 3324 1158 2063 103 1,661 1,663 99.88 Eden 2309 806 1432 71 1,154 1,155 99.91 Kilate 1193 416 740 37 596 597 99.83 Lizada 16,725 5,834 10,380 511 8,359 8,366 99.92 Lubogan 9719 3391 6032 296 4,858 4,861 99.94 Marapangi 6128 2138 3801 189 3,063 3,065 99.93 Sirawan 5792 2021 3593 178 2,895 2,897 99.93 Tagluno 1323 461 822 40 661 662 99.85 Tagurano 1150 400 715 35 575 575 100.00 Toril Poblacion 11889 4147 7376 366 5,942 5,947 99.92 Tungkalan 2836 989 1758 89 1,417 1,419 99.86 Baguio (Pob.) 3885 1355 2410 120 1942 1943 99.95 Cadalian 2290 799 1421 70 1145 1145 100.00 Carmen 1946 688 1205 61 973 973 100.00 Dacudao 4,206 1469 2608 129 2,102 2,104 99.90 Gumalang 4849 1691 3007 151 2424 2425 99.96 Lacson 4466 1559 2,770 137 2,232 2,234 99.91 Malagos 5933 2210 3680 184 2965 2968 99.90 Tambobong 5243 1952 3253 162 2,620 2,623 99.89 Tamugan 9036 2770 5389 877 4396 4137 106.26 Tawan-Tawan 3463 1289 2149 107 1731 1,732 99.94 Wines 2775 1035 1720 86 1387 1388 99.93 Suawan** 3,631 Note: *-2011 data from District Health Office **- No data
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Appendix 10. Age dependency ratio of the population in Talomo-Lipadas and Panigan-Tamugan Watersheds
Barangays Dependent Age Labor Force Age-dependency ratio Calinan Poblacion 11,278 11701 96.4 Angalan 937 1528 61.3 Talomo Proper 22,852 37322 61.2 Bago Gallera 2246 9023 25.0 Bago Aplaya 5,813 9,490 61.3 Bago Oshiro 3,154 5151 61.2 Balingaeng 774 1267 61.1 Baliok 5,308 8665 61.3 Bangkas Heights 2,730 4461 61.2 Catalunan Pequeño 5,984 9772 61.2 Cawayan 830 1356 61.2 Dumoy 8,328 13,598 61.2 Los Amigos 1,985 3236 61.3 Manambulan 991 1620 61.2 Manuel Guinga 2,314 3774 61.3 Mintal 4,752 7766 61.2 Mulig 795 1,306 60.9 Riverside 1,939 3,169 61.2 Sirib 1,855 3032 61.2 Sto. Niño 6,987 11408 61.2 Subasta 1,315 2151 61.1 Tagakpan 1,590 2596 61.2 Talomo River 2,149 3511 61.2 Tamayong 2,194 3588 61.1 Tugbok Poblacion 3,459 5648 61.2 Ula 1,401 2285 61.3 Wangan 1,800 2942 61.2 Alambre 617 1003 61.5 Baracatan 973 1588 61.3 Bato 2,708 4425 61.2 Bayabas 989 1617 61.2 Camansi 446 726 61.4 Catigan 1,026 1672 61.4 Crossing Bayabas 4,688 7661 61.2 Daliao 7,496 12407 60.4 Daliaon Plantation 1,261 2063 61.1 Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 157
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Barangays Dependent Age Labor Force Age-dependency ratio Eden 877 1432 61.2 Kilate 453 740 61.2 Lizada 6,345 10380 61.1 Lubogan 3,687 6032 61.1 Marapangi 2,327 3801 61.2 Sirawan 2,199 3593 61.2 Tagluno 501 822 60.9 Tagurano 435 715 60.8 Toril Poblacion 4,513 7376 61.2 Tungkalan 1,078 1758 61.3 Baguio (Pob.) 1,475 2410 61.2 Cadalian 869 1421 61.2 Carmen 749 1205 62.2 Dacudao 1,598 2608 61.3 Gumalang 1,842 3007 61.3 Lacson 1,696 2770 61.2 Malagos 2,394 3680 65.1 Tambobong 2,114 3253 65.0 Tamugan 3,647 5389 67.7 Tawan-Tawan 1,396 2149 65.0 Wines 1,121 1720 65.2 Suawan No data
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Appendix 11. Number of occupied housing units per barangay in TLW and PTW (NSO 2007).
Barangays Occupied Housing Unit Angalan 492 Talomo 11799 Bago Aplaya 3219 Bago oshiro 1736 Balingaeng 379 Baliok 2675 Bangkas Heights 1464 Calinan Poblacion 4440 Catalunan Pequeno 4158 Cawayan 436 Dumoy 4194 Los Amigos 931 Manambulan 569 Manuel Guinga 1331 Mintal 2391 Mulig 627 Riverside 976 Sirib 1178 Sto. Niño 3556 Subasta 698 Tagakpan 924 Talomo River 1052 Tamayong 989 Tugbok Poblacion 1376 Ula 512 Wangan 1058 Alambre 270 Baracatan 528 Bato 1290 Bayabas 500 Camansi 236 Catigan 619 Crossing Bayabas 2246 Daliao 3925 Daliaon Plantation 603 Eden 449
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Barangays Occupied Housing Unit
Kilate 259 Lizada 3324 Lubogan 1854 Marapangi 1150 Sirawan 1210 Tagluno 261 Tagurano 192 Toril Poblacion 2816 Tungkalan 566 Baguio 849 Cadalian 452 Carmen 423 Dacudao 814 Gumalang 886 Lacson 958 Malagos 996 Tambobong 840 Tamugan 1565 Tawan-Tawan 733 Wines 639 Suawan 772 Total 85385
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Appendix 12. Percentage of houses with their corresponding building materials per barangay in TLW.
Semi- Barangays Concrete Light Materials Shanty/ Payag Concrete Balingaeng 10% 20% 70% 0 Bangkas Heights 2.19% 92.87% 2.27% 2.67% Calinan Poblacion 50% 40% 10% 0.00 Los Amigos 35.16% 16.32% 37.31% 11.21% Riverside 25% 30% 45% 0 Sirib 24.41% 23.20% 52.39% 0 Subasta 15% 65% 0 20% Tagakpan 19.00% 23.49% 53.44% 4.07% Wangan 25% 60% 0 15% Camansi 10.14% 12.84% 71.29% 5.73% Crossing Bayabas 37.25% 27.64% 31.21% 3.90% Daliao 34.80% 26.66% 33.46% 5.08% Eden 10.30% 28.38% 50.86% 10.46% Lizada 38% 22.41% 35.71% 3.88% Toril Poblacion 25.69% 21.55% 32.13% 20.63% Total 361.94% 510.36% 525.07% 102.63% Total (Mean) 24.13 34.02 35.01 6.84 Source: BDP
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Appendix 13. Percentage of houses owned, rented or shared and of informal settlers per barangay in TLW.
Barangays Owned Rented/shared Informal settlers Balingaeng 90% 5% 5% Bangkas Heights 92.87% 7.13% 0 Calinan Poblacion 90% 10% 0% Los Amigos 69.88% 28.45% 1.63% Mulig 50% 50% 0% Riverside 85% 15% 0% Sirib 91.23% 8.77% 0 Subasta 89% 11% 0% Tagakpan 54.17% 45.21% 0.62% Bayabas 99.10% 1% 0 Camansi 66.08% 33.92% 0 Catigan 77.81% 22.19% 0 Crossing Bayabas 77.75% 22.07% 0 Daliao 78.47% 21.53% 0 Eden 36.95% 63.05% 0 Lizada 67.97% 30.02% 0 Toril Poblacion 63.41% 16.87% 19.72% Total 1280% 391% 27% Total (Mean) 75.12% 23.06% 1.82%
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Appendix 14. Percentage of sanitary and unsanitary toilets in Talomo-Lipadas Watershed.
Barangays Sanitary Unsanitary Talomo* 98.5% 1.6% Balingaeng* 93.0% 7.1%
64.0% 36.0% Bangkas Heights Calinan Poblacion 94.5% 5.5% Cawayan 55.9% 44.1% Riverside 95.4% 4.6% Los Amigos* 93.1% 6.9%
Mulig 87.4% 12.6%
Sirib 45.8% 54.2% Subasta 88.1% 11.9% Talomo River 82.1% 17.9% Tamayong 79.9% 20.1% Tagakpan 72.5% 27.5%
Wangan 64.9% 35.1%
Alambre 45.0% 55.0% Baracatan 32.0% 68.0% Bato 72.0% 28.0% Bayabas 52.0% 48.0% Camansi 32.0% 68.0%
Catigan 40.0% 60.0%
Crossing Bayabas 95.0% 5.0% Daliao 97.0% 3.0% Daliaon Plantation 43.0% 57.0% Eden 75.0% 25.0% Kilate 29.0% 71.0%
71.0% 29.0% Lizada Lubogan 40.0% 60.0% Marapangi 93.0% 7.0% Sirawan 51.0% 49.0% Tagluno 38.0% 62.0% Tagurano 41.0% 59.0%
Toril Poblacion 99.0% 1.0% Tungkalan 52.0% 48.0% Total (Mean) 67.00% 33.00%
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Appendix 15. Percentage of sanitary and unsanitary toilets in Panigan-Tamugan Watershed.
Sanitary Unsanitary Baguio District 72% 28% Lacson 55.35% 44.65% Dacudao 88.62% 11.38% Suawan No data Mean 72.1% 27.9%
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Appendix 16. Waste disposal practices of some barangays in TLW according to Toril District Health.
DPS/ Thrown Barangays Burning Burying Collected Composting Recycled Anywhere Dumping Bangkas Heights 0% 20% 67% 13% 0% 0% 0%
Calinan Poblacion 5% 18% 77% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Los Amigos* 23% 1% 67% 0% 0% 9% 0% Manuel Guinga* 57% 43% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Sirib 23% 70% 0% 0% 5% 1% 0% Subasta 55% 30% 0% 0% 0% 0% 15% Wangan 78% 9% 0% 0% 0% 0% 13%
Alambre 0% 66% 15% 19% 0% 0% 0%
Baracatan 0% 67% 0% 33% 0% 0% 0% Bato 0% 69% 0% 31% 0% 0% 0% Bayabas 0% 63% 0% 37% 0% 0% 0% Camansi 0% 66% 0% 34% 0% 0% 0% Catigan 0% 66% 0% 34% 0% 0% 0%
Crossing Bayabas 0% 2% 92% 6% 0% 0% 0%
Daliao 0% 5% 92% 3% 0% 0% 0% Daliaon Plantation 0% 58% 0% 42% 0% 0% 0% Eden 0% 59% 0% 41% 0% 0% 0% Kilate 0% 71% 0% 29% 0% 0% 0%
Lizada 0% 8% 85% 7% 0% 0% 0%
Lubogan 0% 30% 63% 7% 0% 0% 0% Marapangi 0% 25% 65% 10% 0% 0% 0% Sirawan 0% 31% 59% 10% 0% 0% 0% Tagluno 0% 45% 0% 55% 0% 0% 0% Tagurano 0% 49% 0% 51% 0% 0% 0%
Toril Poblacion 0% 5% 93% 2% 0% 0% 0%
Tungkalan 0% 62% 0% 38% 0% 0% 0% Mean 9.3 39.9 29.8 19.3 0.2 0.4 1.1
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Appendix 17. Waste disposal practices in Baguio District based on Environmental Sanitation Report in 2011. Household % Satisfactory waste disposal 4,604 76% Unsatisfactory waste disposal 1426 24%
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Appendix 18. Types of water systems in Talomo-Lipadas Watershed.
Barangays Level 1 Level 2 DCWD and other level 3 water system
Talomo Poblacion* 0 0 100%
Bago Aplaya* 20% 20% 60% Bago Oshiro* 0 0 100% Balingaeng* 0 100% 0 Calinan Poblacion 29.10% 2.70% 68.20% Cawayan 33.10% 48.20% 18.70% Los Amigos* 15.36% 0.89% 83.75% Manambulan* 50.00% 50.00% 0.00% Manuel Guianga* 100.00% Mulig 15.00% 85.00% 0
Riverside 26.20% 73.80%
Sirib 37.20% 61.3% 1.50%
Sto. Niño 0 0 100% Subasta 11.50% 3.00% 85.50% Tagakpan 0.54% 0 99.46% Talomo River 5.30% 30.50% 64.20% Tamayong 100% Wangan 48.00% 44.30% 7.70% Alambre 8% 92% 0% Baracatan 48% 52% 0% Bangkas Heaights 10% 20% 70%
Bato 53% 22% 25%
Bayabas 24% 76% 0%
Camansi 13% 87% 0% Catigan 8% 92% 0% Crossing Bayabas 3% 0% 97% Daliao 54% 0% 46% Daliaon Plantation 6% 94% 0 Eden 4% 96% 0 Kilate 0 100% 0 Lizada 91% 0 9% Lubogan 2% 26% 72%
Marapangi 27% 50% 23%
Sirawan 34% 46% 20%
Tagluno 32% 68% 0 Tagurano 36% 64% 0 Toril Poblacion 12.00% 88.00% Tungkalan 0 100% 0 Mean 19.20% 46.20% 34.60% Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment | 167
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Appendix 19. List of agricultural establishments and plantations based on Industrial Environmental Compliance Permit of EMB-RXI in 2011.
Establishment Location 1. SUMIFRU (PHILS) CORPORATION Brgy. Tungkalan,So Camarag and Tambobong proper, Subasta, Tagakpan, 2. DAVAO FRUITS CORPORATION Sirib, Tamayong, Guianga, Dacudao 3. DAVAO AGRI -VENTURES CORP. Cawayan, Calinan 4. DALIAON COUNTRY FARM Sitio San Agustin Brgy Daliaon Toril 5. HIGHLAND BANANA CORP. Manuel Guianga, Tugbok District 6. HIGHLAND BANANA CORP. Brgy. Sirib, Calinan 7. GLOBAL FRUITS CORPORATION Barangays of Baguio District 8. MALON FARMS, INCORPORATED Brgy. Subasta, Calinan 9. PROGRESSIVE HIGHLAND DEV'T. COOP. So. Baracayo Grande, Brgy. Daliaon, Toril 10. STANFILCO -DOLE PHILS. INC. Tamayong, Tamugan, Gumalang, Carmen, Tawan - Tawan 11. SUBASTA AGR'L & DEV'T CORP. Brgy. Camansi, Bayabas, Ki late Toril District 12. SOUTHERN TROPICAL FRUIT INC. Brgy. Wines, Baguio District 13. TAGLUNO DEVELOPMENT CORP. Tungkalan and Tagluno, Toril 14. TAMUGAN FRUIT PRODUCERS Brgys. Tamugan,Suawan and Wines, Marilog Dist.
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Appendix 20. List of hog-raising and poultry industries in Panigan-Tamugan and Talomo- Lipadas watersheds based on Industrial Environmental Compliance Permit of EMB-RXI in 2011.
Establishment Location 1 ALEJANDRO DAYOT JR. Brgy. Dacudao,Calinan District, Davao City
2 ANA'S BREEDERS FARMS,INC. Prk. 4-Adonis, Brgy. Talomo River, Calinan
3 ARIS DELIZO POULTRY FARM Prk. 5, Malagos, Baguio District 4 ARVID ROLF JOHNSEN Brgy. Riverside, Calinan
5 ALFREDO L. LOPEZ Sto Nino, Upper Tamugan, Calinan 6 BACARO FARM Brgy. Angalan, Tugbok District
7 CALATA CORPORATION HOGS FARM Brgy. Ula, Davao City 8 CAM & COMPANY INC. Upper Piedad, Prk. 9, So. 3, CAM Compound, MarapangiToril 9 CERDENA FARM Brgy. Kilate, Toril District, Davao City
10 CGU FARM Biao Tienda, Brgy. Ula, Tugbok district
11 DAVAO CRESTA FARM INC. Sirawan, Toril 12 DAVAO GOLDEN EGG CORPORATION Brgy. Balengaeng, Tugbok District
13 DAVAO SUSANA FARMS NO. 2 Sirawan, Toril 14 DAVAO SUSANA FARMS NO. 3 Sirawan, Toril
15 DAVAO SUSANA FARMS NO. 5 Sirawan, Toril 16 DYNAMICS HOGS AGRI-VENTURES INC. Brgy. Bato, Toril
17 EDITHA FARMS Marapangi, Toril 18 EL TORO TRUCKING & ALLIED SERVICES Carmen, Baguio District 19 EULYZA LIVESTOCK FARM Upper Tamugan, Marilog District
20 EVANGELINE A. CO Brgy. Lacson, Calinan 21 GOLDEN AGRI. FARM DEV. CORP. Marapangi, Toril
22 GRACE PIGGERY FARM Brgy. Talomo River, Calinan, Davao City 23 GRAINS HARVEST FARM Campo III, Talomo
24 JEWM AGRO-INDUSTRIAL CORP. Baguio Proper, Baguio District, Davao City
25 JANICE KING FARMS Brgy. Ula Tugbok District 26 JUDITH AGRI-FARM CORPORATION Sirawan, Toril
27 JULIANA FARMS, INC. Alambre,Toril 28 MONTE MARIA AGRO-IND DEV CORP. Tugbok
29 NANCY SANTIAGO POULTRY FARM Prk. 12, Brgy. Dacudao, Calinan 30 ORIENT FARM, INC. Purok Ramihan, Bato, Toril, DC
31 RER CABRERA POULTRY FARM CORP. Brgy. Dacudao,Calinan District, Davao City
32 ROFER AGRI FARM Brgy. Bato, Toril Davao City 33 RICHARD GRAMAJE Brgy. Malagos, Baguio District
34 SALVADOR DEMDAN Baracatan, Toril 35 SPACE UNO FARM INC. Brgy. Bato, Toril District, Davao City
36 SURICO, INC./DAVAO SUSANA FARMS NO. 1 Libby, Toril 37 TECOLU FARMS INC. Dacudao, Calinan 38 TNT FARM Brgy. Biao Guianga, Tugbok District