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In This Issue PAROLES 8 The electronic journal of the Department of European Languages November 2012 In this issue Editor’s Note 2 Aproximación a la definición de error by Ariadne Morta 3 Code-switching in the ELE classroom by Anna Marie Sibayan 6 Should we teach grammar implicitly or explicitly? by Roorkie del Rosario-Ong 8 The Thesis as Academic Plan by Alfred Garcia 19 A Post-Colonial Glossary of Non-Heterosexuals in the Philippines by Karl Deang 22 Enrollment Statistics 27 Photos 28 2 PAROLES A Note from the Editor Contra la uniformidad, la diversidad. Contra las restricciones, el fanatismo por la ausencia de límites. Contra el igualitarismo, la jerarquía. Contra las espinacas, los caracoles. SALVADOR DALÍ Contra la cultura de silencio*, well, there’s Paroles. This issue aims to continue breaking the silence that Paroles had for the past years. We start off by imparting Prof. Morta’s article whose objective is to shed new light on learners’ errors and how these affect us as language teachers. It is followed by an abstract of an article co-written by yours truly, on code-switching in the Spanish classroom and how the students’ language choice is telling of language politics in Manila. Still in the field of L2 classroom research, Prof. Ong’s article discusses the debatable issue on the teaching of grammar. We then move on to another didactic issue, especifically the undergraduate thesis, which Mr. Garcia examines from a philosophical perspective. Deviating from pedagogy, featured next is a cultural study of gender dichotomy by Mr. Deang. To conclude, we have included photos of highlights of the semester that had (swiftly) come and gone. Before we wish you happy reading, we would like to thank all those who contributed as well as those who threw in words of appreciation for the past issue. There. Happy reading! Anna Marie Sibayan-Sarmiento *Term inspired by Karl Deang’s study on the culture of silence in AIDS literature The Past Semester in Lomo 29 30 31 32 JUNE 2012 3 Aproximación a la definición de error y su repercusión en la enseñanza de idiomas Ariadne Morta This article will soon be submitted to Linguae et Litterae for peer review. El concepto del error ha sido un elemento años sesenta no se daba mucha importancia a los imprescindible para la enseñanza de lenguas y su estudios de adquisición de segundas lenguas. consideración ha variado a lo largo de las últimas décadas, otorgando el punto de vista adoptado A comienzos de los 70, Wardaugh (1970) distinguió hacia el error una concepción distinta del papel entre una versión fuerte y una versión débil de la que desempeña el alumno en su proceso de hipótesis del análisis contrastivo. Este autor sostiene aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera. que la versión fuerte implica predecir errores en el aprendizaje de SL, mientras que en la versión débil Entre los años cuarenta y sesenta los investigadores los investigadores trataban de distinguir primero los que se especializaban en la adquisición de lenguas errores del aprendiz y después explicar una parte extranjeras se centraron en los análisis contrastivos de ellos de los que se pueden mostrar las similitudes (AC), que explicaban los errores por la interferencia y diferencias entre las dos lenguas. Con esta última entre la segunda lengua (L2) y la lengua materna surgió el otro método de análisis de datos, que se (L1). Según ellos, los hábitos de esta última influían conoce como Análisis de Errores (AE), también en el aprendizaje de la primera, por lo que esta inspirado en la teoría de la Gramática Universal hipótesis se basaba en la comparación de dos (GU) de Chomsky (1959). Mientras que el Análisis sistemas lingüísticos con el fin de predecir y evitar Contrastivo (AC) tiende a predecir los errores de errores. Entre los factores que se consideraban los aprendices debido a la interferencia de las esenciales para la enseñanza del idioma, se estructuras lingüísticas de la LM, el AE, por el interesaban principalmente en determinar las contrario, apenas se interesa en la identificación de causas por las que surgía el error. Para ello se los errores producidos como resultado de la establecía el patrón de los problemas del aprendiz, interferencia. Otra diferencia con respecto al AC de tal modo que una vez se identificaba la es el desinterés por la comparación de la lengua sustitución por la que el aprendiz había optado en materna con la lengua meta, ya que analiza las la L2 –en relación al elemento lingüístico de la L1-, producciones reales de los aprendices. Esto permite esto le permitía al profesor buscar la solución del además estudiar lenguas maternas no conocidas o problema (Lado, 1957). Estos investigadores no descritas por los investigadores (Fernández, estaban muy motivados ante el hecho de que 1997). podrían identificar diferencias y rasgos en común entre lenguas nativas y lenguas meta, en palabras Palmer (Corder, 1974), en cuanto al proceso de de Larsen-Freeman y Long (1991): “creían que al aprendizaje de L2 de los adultos, sostiene que tomar en consideración estas últimas se lograría que tenemos por naturaleza mucha capacidad para la enseñanza fuera más eficaz”. Sin embargo, y a asimilar otra lengua aunque ya hayamos adquirido pesar de estos primeros esfuerzos, todavía en los previamente la lengua materna. El adulto es, por ende, también capaz de adquirir otro idioma tal 4 PAROLES como lo adquiere un niño. Dicho esto, las versión débil del AC, los errores desempeñan un estrategias que utiliza un niño son más o menos papel muy importante para el estudio de la iguales a las que emplea un adulto. El niño produce adquisición de segundas lenguas, porque así los frases que no definimos como errores. Así, si está aprendices tienen la oportunidad de comprobar su adquiriendo el idioma inglés como primera lengua, propia hipótesis sobre su proceso de aprendizaje y produce enunciados como breaked o holded, en adquisición de la L2, así como también los vez de decir broke y held. Un niño adquiriendo profesores de lenguas para mejorar su enseñanza, español como lengua materna utiliza formas como quienes pueden añadir y actualizar materiales cabió, rompido o sabo en lugar de cupo, roto o sé didácticos que les sean necesarios en el aula ELE. (Crystal, 1987). Estas palabras no son, De esto se deduce que los errores “son un proceso indudablemente, aprendidas por la imitación de sus de formación de reglas en el que éstas se padres. Esto significa que los niños no reaccionan interiorizaban mediante un proceso de formación y como esponjas a lo que dicen los padres o los que comprobación de hipótesis” (Larsen-Freeman y Long, están en su entorno, sino que ellos mismos forman 1991). Brown y Frazer (cit. en Corder, 1974) palabras y conceptos para construir nuevas afirman que la evidencia más importante de si el combinaciones guiadas por reglas (Pinker, 1999). Es niño domina las reglas de las estructuras es igual cuando un niño dice: “this mummy chair”, que mediante los errores sistemáticos que comete, ya no se refiere a una desviación de las normas de la que si fuera todo correcto, sería muy posible que gramática, sino enunciados que, en efecto, muestran sólo estuviera repitiendo lo que había oído. Sucede que están adquiriendo un lenguaje. Estas lo mismo con los adultos, quienes producen frases producciones no pueden considerarse en absoluto que no son influidas en todos los casos por la LM, como errores, sino que señalan la comunicación sino que proceden de su propio sistema de reglas. normal de un niño en el estado de su desarrollo Mientras vayan siendo expuestos a las reglas, los lingüístico en un momento dado dentro de su aprendices las comprobarán mediante la proceso de adquisición de la lengua (Corder, formulación de enunciados y una vez comprobada 1974). o no la validez de su hipótesis, modificarán los enunciados según las reglas a las que acaban de Lo expuesto anteriormente implica que al igual que ser expuestos. Así van progresando hasta alcanzar los niños, tenemos nuestra propia interlengua el sistema completo de la lengua. (Selinker, 1974), cuando producimos frases que no necesariamente vienen de la LM, sino de nuestro Los errores tienen mucho valor, ya que de ellos no propio sistema de reglas. De igual modo sucede sólo se aprovecha el profesor sino también el mismo con los niños, que durante el proceso de la aprendiz y cualquier investigador que se dedique a adquisición de la lengua reciben palabras y estudiar la adquisición de segundas lenguas. Es conceptos nuevos de sus padres y del entorno que inevitable cometer errores sin los cuales es les rodea, es decir, nuevo input + 1 (Krashen, 1982), impensable el proceso de la adquisición de la L2. El que reestructuran en su cabeza para producir aprendiz puede enriquecerse con la nuevos enunciados. De esta manera, cuando retroalimentación que le aporta el profesor o avanzamos con el idioma, vamos progresando incluso sus propios compañeros, que le advierten cada día hasta que alcanzamos el nivel de un sobre estos errores que comete. Los investigadores nativo, como hace un niño. y profesores, por otra parte, reconocen que estos errores cometidos durante el proceso de la Según la hipótesis antes mencionada de Wardaugh construcción de la interlengua, bajo un análisis (cit. en Larsen-Freeman y Long, 1991) sobre la cuidadoso, pueden facilitarles el mejor JUNE 2012 5 entendimiento del proceso de la adquisición de los errores facilitan informaciones sobre la segundas lenguas (Baralo, 1999; Brown, 2000). naturaleza y significado de los obstáculos ante los cuales se enfrentan los aprendices hasta descubrir y Corder (1974) establece tres modos por los cuales controlar las reglas de la lengua objeto. resultan significativos los errores: primero, por los objetivos del profesor, que hará análisis sistemáticos A partir de esta nueva concepción del error se de las producciones de los estudiantes.
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