Chapter 1: Introduction
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Quaternary Research 75 (2011) 531–540 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yqres Response of a warm temperate peatland to Holocene climate change in northeastern Pennsylvania Shanshan Cai, Zicheng Yu ⁎ Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, 1 West Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA article info abstract Article history: Studying boreal-type peatlands near the edge of their southern limit can provide insight into responses of Received 11 September 2010 boreal and sub-arctic peatlands to warmer climates. In this study, we investigated peatland history using Available online 18 February 2011 multi-proxy records of sediment composition, plant macrofossil, pollen, and diatom analysis from a 14C-dated sediment core at Tannersville Bog in northeastern Pennsylvania, USA. Our results indicate that peat Keywords: accumulation began with lake infilling of a glacial lake at ~9 ka as a rich fen dominated by brown mosses. -
Flooding Projections from Elevation and Subsidence Models for Oil Palm Plantations in the Rajang Delta Peatlands, Sarawak, Malaysia
Flooding projections from elevation and subsidence models for oil palm plantations in the Rajang Delta peatlands, Sarawak, Malaysia Flooding projections from elevation and subsidence models for oil palm plantations in the Rajang Delta peatlands, Sarawak, Malaysia Report 1207384 Commissioned by Wetlands International under the project: Sustainable Peatlands for People and Climate funded by Norad May 2015 Flooding projections for the Rajang Delta peatlands, Sarawak Table of Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Land subsidence in peatlands ................................................................................. 8 1.2 Assessing land subsidence and flood risk in tropical peatlands ............................... 8 1.3 This report............................................................................................................. 10 2 The Rajang Delta - peat soils, plantations and subsidence .......................................... 11 2.1 Past assessments of agricultural suitability of peatland in Sarawak ...................... 12 2.2 Current flooding along the Sarawak coast ............................................................. 16 2.3 Land cover developments and status .................................................................... 17 2.4 Subsidence rates in tropical peatlands .................................................................. 23 3 Digitial Terrain Model of the Rajang Delta and coastal -
Cooper's Hill Pond 1 (Josh Hellon)
Photo: Cooper’s Hill Pond 1 (Josh Hellon) 1 Contents 1 Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 2 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3 3 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 4 4 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Site description ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Invertebrate & plant survey ................................................................................................................ 5 5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 5 6 References ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Appendices ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Appendix 1 species lists and index calculation ........................................................................... -
Acid Discharge from the Tropical Peat Swamp Forest and Its Impact on Local People – a Review
TROPICAL PEATLANDS Acid discharge from the tropical peat swamp forest and its impact on local people – a review Akira Haraguchi 1, Liwat Yulintine 2, Linda Wulandari 2, Tris Liana 2, Sepmiarna Welsiana 3 1 The University of Kitakyushu, Hibikino 1-1, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan Phone: +81 93 695 3291, Fax: +81 93 695 3383, E-mail: [email protected] 2 The University of Palangkaraya, Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia 3 Marine and Fishery Department, Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Summary After destruction of the peat layer over pyrite-containing sediment, pyrite is oxidized and sulphuric acid is produced. Sulphuric acid contaminates soil and river water and then acidifies the environment. Soil chemical and limnological studies in peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan showed that sulphuric acid loading from acid sulphate soil occurred widely in the coastal region ranging from the river mouth up to 150 km from the coast. The amount of sulphuric acid discharged to freshwater systems was much higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. By holding interviews with local inhabitants on the source of drinking water for inhabitants in polluted areas this was significantly different between dry and rainy seasons. During the rainy season, river and canal water in polluted areas is not available for drinking, and at this time people avoid using river water for drinking. This paper reviews our limnological and biogeochemical studies on acidification of peat by sulphuric acid, discharging process of sulphuric acid to freshwater system, and impact of sulphuric acid pollution on local inhabitants. Key index words : acid sulphate soil, freshwater ecosystem, peat swamp forest, tropical peat, water resource Distribution of pyrite and its impact on Sulphuric acid discharge from acid peat acidification sulphate soil to freshwater ecosystems Pyrite (FeS 2) is formed in a reducing environment, e.g. -
Questioning Ten Common Assumptions About Peatlands
Questioning ten common assumptions about peatlands University of Leeds Peat Club: K.L. Bacon1, A.J. Baird1, A. Blundell1, M-A. Bourgault1,2, P.J. Chapman1, G. Dargie1, G.P. Dooling1,3, C. Gee1, J. Holden1, T. Kelly1, K.A. McKendrick-Smith1, P.J. Morris1, A. Noble1, S.M. Palmer1, A. Quillet1,3, G.T. Swindles1, E.J. Watson1 and D.M. Young1 1water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, UK 2current address: Centre GEOTOP, CP 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada 3current address: Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK _______________________________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY Peatlands have been widely studied in terms of their ecohydrology, carbon dynamics, ecosystem services and palaeoenvironmental archives. However, several assumptions are frequently made about peatlands in the academic literature, practitioner reports and the popular media which are either ambiguous or in some cases incorrect. Here we discuss the following ten common assumptions about peatlands: 1. the northern peatland carbon store will shrink under a warming climate; 2. peatlands are fragile ecosystems; 3. wet peatlands have greater rates of net carbon accumulation; 4. different rules apply to tropical peatlands; 5. peat is a single soil type; 6. peatlands behave like sponges; 7. Sphagnum is the main ‘ecosystem engineer’ in peatlands; 8. a single core provides a representative palaeo-archive from a peatland; 9. water-table reconstructions from peatlands provide direct records of past climate change; and 10. restoration of peatlands results in the re-establishment of their carbon sink function. In each case we consider the evidence supporting the assumption and, where appropriate, identify its shortcomings or ways in which it may be misleading. -
Beje Aquaculture and Inland Fishery in Tropical Peatland of Indonesia
Beje aquaculture and inland fishery in tropical peatland of Indonesia Source Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) Programme of FAO Keywords Fisheries, aquaculture, fish production, ponds Country of first practice Indonesia ID and publishing year 8619 and 2016 Sustainable Development Goals No proverty and life below water Summary For many tribes in the tropics (e.g. the between two rivers, and thanks to the soil Kutai and Banjar tribes in East Kalimantan, properties, it forms a kind of water tower Indonesia), fishing in peatland catchments or peat dome (Figure 3), with fully diverse is their main livelihood. Peatlands are their vegetation on the top of it. That is why in the main resources area. They traditionally catch Figure 2, the peatland is higher than the level fishes and reptiles, and collect fuel wood and of the river. In the rainy season it collects grass in peatlands. In January and February, water and in the dry season water is slowly fishes migrate into the waters in the peat released (compare Figure 3). forest for mating and breeding. During this Figure 1. Fishing in a peat swamp forest season fishermen have relatively little catch since most fishes are in the shallow inland waters far inside the peat forest. Fishers using these artificial ponds, called beje, take advantage of fluctuations in the movement of water or overflow of river water during the rainy season from November to March to trap the fish in artificial ponds or special containers. Fish come into the beje by © FAO/TECA themselves since they follow the water flow from the river to the peatland. -
Does Soil Fertility Influence the Vegetation Diversity of a Tropical Peat Swamp
Does soil fertility influence the vegetation diversity of a tropical peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia? By Leanne Elizabeth Milner Dissertation presented for the Honours degree of BSc Geography Department of Geography University of Leicester 24 th February 2009 Approx number of words (12,000) 1 Contents Page LIST OF FIGURES I LIST OF TABLES II ABSTRACT III ACKNOWLEGEMENTS IV Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Aim 2 1.2 Objectives 2 1.3 Hypotheses 2 1.4 Scientific Background and Justification 3 1.5 Literature Review 7 1.5.1 Soil Fertility and Vegetation Species Diversity 7 1.5.2 Tropical Peatlands 7 1.5.3 Vegetation and Soil in tropical peatlands 8 1.5.4 Hydrology 14 1.5.5 Phenology and Rainfall 15 Chapter 2 : Methodology 17 2.1 Study Site and Transects 18 2.2 Soil Analysis 21 2.3 Chemical Analysis 22 2.4 Tree Data 25 2.5 Phenology Data 25 2.6 Rainfall Data 26 2.7 Data Analysis 26 2.7.1 Soil Data Analysis 26 2.7.2 Tree Data Analysis 26 2.7.3 Phenology Data Analysis 28 2 2.7.4 Rainfall Data Analysis 28 Chapter 3: Analysis 29 3.1 Tree and Liana Analysis 30 3.1.1 Basal Area and Density 31 3.1.2 Relative Importance Values 33 3.2 Peat Chemistry Analysis 35 3.3 Tree Phenology Analysis 43 3.4 Rainfall Analysis 46 Chapter 4: Discussion 47 4.1 Overall Findings 48 4.2 Peat Chemistry 48 4.3 Vegetation and Phenology 51 4.4 Peat Depth and Gradient 53 4.5 Significance of the Water Table 54 4.6 Limitations and Areas for further Research 56 Chapter 5: Conclusion 59 5.0 Conclusion 60 REFERENCES 62 APPENDICES 67 Appendix A: Soil Nutrient Analysis 68 Appendix B: Regression Outputs 70 Appendix C: Tree Data ON CD Appendix D: Phenology Data ON CD 3 List of Figures Figure 1 – Distribution of tropical peatlands in South East Asia and location of the study area. -
Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands: an Introduction
ONE Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands: An Introduction RebeCCA R. SHARITZ, DAROLD P. BATZER, and STeveN C. PENNINGS WHAT IS A WETLAND? WHY ARE WETLANDS IMPORTANT? CHARACTERISTicS OF SeLecTED WETLANDS Wetlands with Predominantly Precipitation Inputs Wetlands with Predominately Groundwater Inputs Wetlands with Predominately Surface Water Inputs WETLAND LOSS AND DeGRADATION WHAT THIS BOOK COVERS What Is a Wetland? The study of wetland ecology can entail an issue that rarely Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and needs consideration by terrestrial or aquatic ecologists: the aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or need to define the habitat. What exactly constitutes a wet- near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. land may not always be clear. Thus, it seems appropriate Wetlands must have one or more of the following three to begin by defining the wordwetland . The Oxford English attributes: (1) at least periodically, the land supports predominately hydrophytes; (2) the substrate is pre- Dictionary says, “Wetland (F. wet a. + land sb.)— an area of dominantly undrained hydric soil; and (3) the substrate is land that is usually saturated with water, often a marsh or nonsoil and is saturated with water or covered by shallow swamp.” While covering the basic pairing of the words wet water at some time during the growing season of each year. and land, this definition is rather ambiguous. Does “usu- ally saturated” mean at least half of the time? That would This USFWS definition emphasizes the importance of omit many seasonally flooded habitats that most ecolo- hydrology, soils, and vegetation, which you will see is a gists would consider wetlands. -
Effects of Climate Change on Forested Wetland Soils [Chapter 9]
CHAPTER Effects of climate change on forested wetland soils 9 Carl C. Trettina,*, Martin F. Jurgensenb, Zhaohua Daia aSouthern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Cordesville, SC, United States, bSchool of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Wetlands are characterized by water at or near the soil surface for all or significant part of the year, are a source for food, fiber and water to society, and because of their position in landscapes and ecological structure help to moderate floods. They are also unique ecosystems with long-persistent flora and fauna. Because water is a driving factor for existence as a wetland, these systems are particularly vulnerable to climate change, especially as warming is accompanied by changes the quality and quantity of water moving through these systems. Because they are such diverse ecosystems, wetlands respond differently to stressors and, therefore, require different management and restoration techniques. In this chapter we consider forested wetland soils, their soil types, functions, and associated responses to climate change. Wetland processes are not well understood and therefore additional information is needed on these areas. In addition, more knowledge is needed on the interface between wetlands, uplands, and tidal waters. Introduction Wetlands are defined on the basis of saturated anaerobic soil conditions near the surface during the growing season and plants that are adapted to growing in anoxic soils (Cowardin et al., 1979). While specific definitions of wetlands vary by country or region, it is the presence of saturated soils and hydrophytic trees and understory plants that differentiate forested wetlands from upland forests. -
A-414 History of Tropical Peatland in Southeast Asia
15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016 Abstract No: A-414 HISTORY OF TROPICAL PEATLAND IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Furukawa Hisao Kyoto University, Japan * Corresponding author: [email protected] SUMMARY Geohistory of tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia and a historical retrospect of the exploitation are presented. Keywords: Age, stratigraphy, early and modern ways of exploitation. INTRODUCTION Coastal plains of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo bordering the Sunda Sea were, and still are partly, the realm of swamp forests which included mangrove at seaward outskirts, freshwater swamp forests in the tidal zone, and peat swamp forests inland. Under natural conditions, the ground surface is covered by tropical woody peat layers of varying thickness. These peatlands emerged through the Holocene submersion of the vast and flat terrains at the periphery of the former Sunda Land, and the productive tropical rain forests which expanded over the region. The tropical peatlands inhabited only by mammals, apes, birds and reptiles, remained miasmic for long periods against human interferences because of dense forests, high humidity, numberless mosquitoes, often submerged and bumpy ground surface. Now amidst the worldwide industrialism, they are swiftly changing into one of the important agro-industrial bases, and no one cannot deny that industrialism is a powerful engine to make a people richer and more free. On the other hand, we have seen negative effects of industrialism so often. London was famous for its smog by the mid 20th century. Japan in the 1960s to 1970s was an emporium with so many kinds of environmental pollution and induced diseases. These issues were met, and even now are met through dialogs, scientific studies and legislative measures supported by our own accord. -
PROVO RIVER DELTA RESTORATION PROJECT Final Environmental Impact Statement Volume I: Chapters 1–5
PROVO RIVER DELTA RESTORATION PROJECT Final Environmental Impact Statement Volume I: Chapters 1–5 April 2015 UTAH RECLAMATION 230 South 500 East, #230, Salt Lake City, UT 84102 COMMISSIONERS Phone: (801) 524-3146 – Fax: (801) 524-3148 Don A. Christiansen MITIGATION Brad T. Barber AND CONSERVATION Dallin W. Jensen COMMISSION Dear Reader, April 2015 Attached is the Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Provo River Delta Restoration Project (PRDRP). The proposed project would restore a naturally functioning river- lake interface essential for recruitment of June sucker (Chasmistes liorus), an endangered fish species that exists naturally only in Utah Lake and its tributaries. In addition to fulfilling environmental commitments associated with water development projects in Utah and contributing to recovery of an endangered species, the project is intended to help improve water quality on the lower Provo River and to provide enhancements for public recreation in Utah County. Alternative B has been identified as the preferred alternative because it would minimize the amount of private lands that would need to be acquired for the project while still providing adequate space for a naturally functioning river delta and sufficient habitat enhancement for achieving the need for the project. The agencies preparing the Final EIS are the Utah Reclamation Mitigation and Conservation Commission (Mitigation Commission), the Central Utah Water Conservancy District, and the Central Utah Project Completion Act (CUPCA) Office of the U.S. Department of the Interior, collectively referred to as the Joint Lead Agencies. The Final EIS, Executive Summary and Technical Reports can be viewed or downloaded from the project website www.ProvoRiverDelta.us or by requesting a copy on CD. -
Landcover Pattern Analysis of Tropical Peat Swamp Lands in Southeast Asia
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan 2010 LANDCOVER PATTERN ANALYSIS OF TROPICAL PEAT SWAMP LANDS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA K. YOSHINOa,d, T. ISHIDAb,d, T. NAGANOb,d㧘Y. SETIAWANc a Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan, - [email protected] b Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Japan [email protected] b Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Japan [email protected] c Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan, - [email protected] dJST,CREST Commission VIII, WG VIII/8-Land KEY WORDS: Remote Sensing, Land cover, Tropical peat swamp ABSTRACT: Tropical peat swamp lands in the Southeast Asia which store tremendous large amount of carbon in their peat layer and abundant biodiversity are now endangered by human activities such as deforestation, forest fires, land development and urbanization. To earlier start a better environmental policy for conservation of nature of the tropical peat swamp area is one of the preferential global issues. This study aimed at 1) clarifying the state of the tropical peat swamp area in terms of the areas of each land cover categories, and 2) locating the regions where environment have been severely damaged or lands have been extensively developed. Some digital environmental data such as GeoCover, GeoCover LC, SRTM, digital soil maps and so on were analyzed to estimate land cover maps of fine scale around 2000 region by region. As a result of this analysis, following characteristic on the land cover pattern in the Southeast Asia are clarified.