DOCSLIB.ORG

Proceedings of the '2Nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

IPC Working Party on Harvesting and Utilization of Poplar and Willow Wood 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/willow Wood León, Spain, September 8th-10th 2016 PROCEEDINGS 2ND CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS BASED ON POPLAR/WILLOW WOOD CEWPPW2 September 8th – 10th 2016 León, Spain Edited by Joris Van Acker Ghent University, Belgium IPC Working Party on Harvesting and Utilization of Poplar and Willow Wood 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/willow Wood León, Spain, September 8th-10th 2016 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/Willow Wood CEWPPW2 September 8th-10th 2016 Conference is linked to the 25th Session of IPC and with the help of the local organiser Garnica plywood taking place in León in Spain. The management of the conference is in the hands of the organisation Pro-Populus. Editor: Prof. Joris VAN ACKER (chairman IPC WP harvesting and utilization) Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/Willow Wood CEWPPW2 Edited by Ghent University Layout front page: Jan Van den Bulcke Printed by University Press IPC Working Party on Harvesting and Utilization of Poplar and Willow Wood 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/willow Wood León, Spain, September 8th-10th 2016 PREFACE Under the structure of the International Poplar Commission (IPC) the “Working party (WP) on harvesting and utilization of poplar & willow wood” initiated a first conference on Engineered Wood Products Based on Poplar/Willow Wood at the Nanjing Forestry University - PRChina, October 21st-24th 2008. The 2nd conference is again linked to the IPC meeting, now the 25th meeting in Berlin (http://www.fao.org/forestry/ipc/en/). Since the first conference (proceedings available on http://foris.fao.org/static/pdf/ipc/IPCProceedingsNanjing2008.pdf) a lot of innovation and increased attention can be seen in the sector of engineered wood products, in particular related to poplar, aspen and willow. The 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/Willow Wood is organised the 9th – 10th September, 2016 in at the Conference centre of the Parador de León, Plaza de San Marcos, 7 – León, Spain. For IPC a field trip to Garnica Plywood at Valencia de Don Juan is organised prior to the scientific sessions on 8th September, 2016. The president of the company Garnica Plywood, Mr. Pedro Garnica is also the president of Pro- Populus. This European association was created in 2008 and is considered the “European poplar association”, as it is unique in the sense that, for the first time, it gathers growers, promoters and industrial users of poplar for the variety of uses it offers (panels, packaging, energy, etc.). Both the company Garnica Plywood and the organisation Pro-Populus have been key in organizing this conference. The International Poplar Commission (IPC), an FAO technical statutory body on forestry, aims to promote the cultivation, conservation and utilization of members of the family Salicaceae, which includes poplars and willows. The Working Party on Harvesting and Utilization of Poplar and Willow Wood is specifically dedicated to the poplar/willow forestry- wood industry chain and has taken the initiative to organize this conference in León, Spain organized back to back immediately prior to the 25th IPC meeting in Berlin. The organisers and editor would like to thank the speakers for their papers because without them there is no conference. I am sure that everyone involved in the conference from organiser to participant would like to thank the local organisers of Garnica Plywood and Pro-Populus. We hope that you enjoy the conference and find the papers useful in your future work. Prof. Joris VAN ACKER Chairman IPC WP Harvesting & Utilization Ghent University IPC Working Party on Harvesting and Utilization of Poplar and Willow Wood 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/willow Wood León, Spain, September 8th-10th 2016 IPC Working Party on Harvesting and Utilization of Poplar and Willow Wood 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/willow Wood León, Spain, September 8th-10th 2016 Table of contents Phenotypic and genotypic correlations for wood properties of hybrid poplar clones 1 of Southern Quebec Azmul Huda, Ahmed Koubaa, Alain Cloutier, Roger E. Hernández, Pierre Périnet, Yves Fortin Early assessment of poplar and willow wood properties: selection of parameters 15 and their predictability Lieven De Boever, Jan Van den Bulcke, Joris Van Acker Demonstration of the low risk of transferring microorganisms from artificially 25 contaminated poplar crates to foodstuffs Mathilde Montibus, Rached Ismail, Isabelle Le Bayon, Adeline Jasick, Martine Gabille, Florence Aviat, Valérie Michel, Michel Federighi, Magdalena Kutnik Thermal insulating materials made up of poplar wood fibres 37 Pierre Vignon, Mohamad Hobballah, Huyen Tran, Jérôme Moreau, Christine Delisée, Michael Lecourt, Rachid Belalia, Thierry Sanguina Study of the stress-grading of poplar for a structural use 51 Stephan Kesteloot, Manfred Hudel Kiln drying properties of poplar hybrid clones from three growing sites 57 Yves Fortin, Suying Xing, Roger E. Hernández OPTISOUNDWOOD project: enhancing poplar plywood with sound absorption 71 properties Francesco Negro, Corrado Cremonini, Gaetano Castro, Marco Fringuellino, Antonio Spinelli, Guido Callegari, Roberto Zanuttini Durability of exterior wood works in poplar from France in real conditions of use 81 David Lorenzo, Magdalena Kutnik, Juan Fernández-Golfin, Manuel Touza, Manuel Guaita Poplar wood related research in Hungary 89 Róbert Németh, Sándor Fehér, József Ábrahám, Miklós Bak, Norbert Horváth, Szabolcs Komán, Péter Szeles OHT of poplar round wood – the wood’s resistance to white rot 101 Waldemar Perdoch, Stanisław Karpiński, Janusz Zawadzki, Bartłomiej Mazela Potential of thermally modified poplar wood for construction products 107 Lieven De Boever, Jan Van den Bulcke, Joris Van Acker Bending properties of tangentially and radially sawn European aspen and birch 113 wood after industrial scale thermo-mechanical modification Juhani Marttila, Veikko Möttönen, Yağmur Bütün, Henrik Heräjärvi IPC Working Party on Harvesting and Utilization of Poplar and Willow Wood 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/willow Wood León, Spain, September 8th-10th 2016 The Garnica brick: a structural insulated sandwich panel based on modified 125 poplar plywood and an XPS core Marco Andrés Sufrategui, Juan Albiñana, Jaime Alvarez, Oscar Crespo Use of poplar for wood-polymer composites manufacturing 127 Sébastien Migneault, Ahmed Koubaa, Djamila Kada, Ghezalla Tabak, Hadidane Mohamed Mokhtar Poplar and willow wood as source for veneer based products: possibilities and 135 limitations Lieven De Boever, Jan Van den Bulcke, Joris Van Acker Laminated Veneer and Rubber Lumbers (LVRL): manufacturing and physico- 137 mechanical characteristics Xinwu Xu, Jingquan Han, Jining Lv, Changtong Mei Determination of poplar LVL effective modulus of elasticity by modelling peeling 155 and evolution of raw material properties on cambial age basis Stéphane Girardon, Louis Denaud, Guillaume Pot, Joffrey Viguier, Robert Collet Mechanical properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber made from 14 poplar 169 cultivars Louis Denaud, Jean Claude Butaud, Michael Krebs, Rémy Marchal, Istie Rahayu Producing medium density fibreboard based on bamboo-willow 181 Changtong Mei, Wanzhao Li, Rong Han Enhanced potential of poplar and willow for engineered wood products 187 Joris Van Acker, Nele Defoirdt, Jan Van den Bulcke IPC Working Party on Harvesting and Utilization of Poplar and Willow Wood 2nd Conference on Engineered Wood Products based on Poplar/willow Wood León, Spain, September 8th-10th 2016 Phenotypic and genotypic correlations for wood properties of hybrid poplar clones of Southern Quebec ASM Azmul Huda1, Ahmed Koubaa1, Alain Cloutier2, Roger E. Hernández2, Pierre Périnet3, Yves Fortin2 1 Forest Research Institure, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 Boul. de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada J9X 5E4 [email: [email protected]] 2 Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de la Terrasse, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6 [email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]] 3 Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, 2700 Einstein, Québec, Canada G1P 3W8 [email: [email protected] ] Keywords: Hybrid poplar, phenotypic correlations, genotypic correlations, wood anatomical, physical and mechanical properties ABSTRACT This study aims to understand the phenotypic and genotypic correlations among wood anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of hybrid poplar clones. Samples were taken from seven clones grown in three sites in Southern Quebec, Canada. Five trees per clone were randomly sampled from each site to measure anatomical, physical, and mechanical wood properties. The observed phenotypic and genotypic correlations between these wood properties were moderate to strong, except fiber length and vessel proportion. Genotypic correlations for all wood properties were higher than corresponding phenotypic correlations. Furthermore, fiber length showed weak correlations, whereas, vessel proportion showed strongly negative correlations with all other properties. Strong correlations were also found among fiber proportion, wall thickness, basic density, and mechanical properties.
Recommended publications
  • Fundamental Studies on Wood/Cellulose-Plastic Composites

    Fundamental Studies on Wood/Cellulose-Plastic Composites

    J Wood Sci (2007) 53:470–480 © The Japan Wood Research Society 2007 DOI 10.1007/s10086-007-0889-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Rashmi Kumari · Hirokazu Ito · Masahiro Takatani Miho Uchiyama · Tadashi Okamoto Fundamental studies on wood/cellulose–plastic composites: effects of composition and cellulose dimension on the properties of cellulose/PP composite Received: September 6, 2006 / Accepted: February 9, 2007 / Published online: May 29, 2007 Abstract Although wood/cellulose–plastic composites Introduction (WPC) of low wood/cellulose content have been more ac- cepted worldwide and are promoted as low-maintenance, high-durability building products, composites containing In recent years, interest in composites based on renewable high wood/cellulose content are not yet developed on an materials has grown tremendously because of social re- industrial scale. In this study, fl ow properties, mechanical quests for low environmental stress, low-maintenance and properties, and water absorption properties of the com- high-durability products, and ultraviolet (UV) durability.1–3 pounds of cellulose microfi ber/polypropylene (PP) and Construction, transportation, industrial, and consumer ap- maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) were in- plications for wood/cellulose–plastic composites (WPC) are vestigated to understand effects of the high cellulose con- all on the rise. WPC have been primarily produced with a tent and the dimensions of the cellulose microfi ber. The low and medium percentage of wood/cellulose. Products molding processes studied included compression, injection, typically contain approximately 50% (by weight) wood/ and extrusion. It was found that fl uidity is not only depen- cellulose, although some composites contain very little dent on resin content but also on the dimension of the fi ller; wood/cellulose and others as much as 60%.1,4–7 Wood/ fl uidity of the compound declined with increased fi ber cellulose content may range from 70% to 90% and the length with the same resin content.
  • The Miracle Resource Eco-Link

    The Miracle Resource Eco-Link

    Since 1989 Eco-Link Linking Social, Economic, and Ecological Issues The Miracle Resource Volume 14, Number 1 In the children’s book “The Giving Tree” by Shel Silverstein the main character is shown to beneÞ t in several ways from the generosity of one tree. The tree is a source of recreation, commodities, and solace. In this parable of giving, one is impressed by the wealth that a simple tree has to offer people: shade, food, lumber, comfort. And if we look beyond the wealth of a single tree to the benefits that we derive from entire forests one cannot help but be impressed by the bounty unmatched by any other natural resource in the world. That’s why trees are called the miracle resource. The forest is a factory where trees manufacture wood using energy from the sun, water and nutrients from the soil, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In healthy growing forests, trees produce pure oxygen for us to breathe. Forests also provide clean air and water, wildlife habitat, and recreation opportunities to renew our spirits. Forests, trees, and wood have always been essential to civilization. In ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq), the value of wood was equal to that of precious gems, stones, and metals. In Mycenaean Greece, wood was used to feed the great bronze furnaces that forged Greek culture. Rome’s monetary system was based on silver which required huge quantities of wood to convert ore into metal. For thousands of years, wood has been used for weapons and ships of war. Nations rose and fell based on their use and misuse of the forest resource.
  • Quercus Phellos.Indd

    Quercus Phellos.Indd

    Quercus phellos (Willow Oak) Beech Family (Fagaceae) Introduction: Willow oak is a member of the red oak group with willow-shaped leaves. The fi ne foliage of the willow oak is one of its best ornamental features. The willow oak has excellent texture, rounded form, attrac- tive bark, and beautiful winter features (fi ne-texture, persistent leaves and twiggy form). Culture: The willow oak is an excellent choice as a shade tree. It thrives in moist, well-drained, acidic soil and full sun. The willow oak will tolerate pollution and drought and is considered a trouble-free tree as long as soil pH is acidic. Willow oak has a fi brous root system and is therefore easy to transplant. It has no serious disease or Botanical Characteristics: insect problems. As little as 1 inch of fi ll soil can kill an oak. Native habitat: Southeastern USA in alluvial soils, swamps. Additional comments: Willow oak is an excellent large shade tree. Its Growth habit: Unique among the oaks, the wil- low oak has a rounded habit. fi ne texture contrasts with the coarseness of most other red oaks. It is one of the best oaks for avenue plantings Tree size: Growing fast for an oak, it can reach or large residences. Willow oak is a fast-growing oak 70’ in height and equal width. that transplants easily and is tolerant of a wide range of growing conditions. Flower and fruit: Female fl owers are incon- Willow oak is a member of the red oak group spicuous; however the pendulous male catkins without lobed leaves.
  • Evergreen Trees Agonis Flexuosa

    Evergreen Trees Agonis Flexuosa

    Evergreen Trees Agonis flexuosa – Peppermint Willow Graceful willow-like evergreen tree (but without the willows voracious root system) with reddish-brown, deeply furrowed bark to 25’-30’. New leaves and twigs have an attractive reddish cast; clustered small white flowers and brownish fruits are not particularly ornamental. Casaurina stricta – Beefwood Pendulous gray branches; resembles a pine somewhat; tolerates drought, heat, wind, fog. Growth to 20’- 30’. Cinnamomum camphora - Camphor Evergreen trees to 40 feet, with 20-foot spread.. In winter foliage is a shiny yellow green. In early spring new foliage may be pink, red or bronze, depending on tree. Unusually strong structure. Clusters of tiny, fragrant yellow flowers in profusion in May. Geijera parviflora- Australian Willow Evergreen trees with graceful, fine-textured leaves, to 30 feet, 20 feet wide. Main branches weep up and out; little branches hang down. Much of the grace of a willow, much of the toughness of eucalyptus, moderate growth and deep non-invasive roots. Laurus nobilis – Grecian Laurel Slow growth 12-40’. Natural habit is compact, broad-based, often multi-stemmed, gradually tapering cone. Leaves lethery, aromatic. Clusters of small yellow flowers followed by black or purple berries. Magnolia Grandiflora – ‘Little Gem’- Dwarf Southern Magnolia Small tree to 20’ in height. Showy white flowers in the summer. Green glossy leaves. Maytenous boaria - Mayten Evergreen tree with slow to moderate growth to an eventual 30-50 feet, with a 15-foot spread, with long and pendulous branchlets hanging down from branches, giving tree a graceful look. Habit and leaves somewhat like a small scale weeping willow.
  • Invasive Trees of Georgia Pub10-14

    Invasive Trees of Georgia Pub10-14

    Pub. No. 39 October 2016 Invasive Trees of Georgia by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Georgia has many species of trees. Some are native trees and some have been introduced from outside the state, nation, or continent. Most of Georgia’s trees are well- behaved and easily develop into sustainable shade and street trees. A few tree species have an extrodinary ability to upsurp resources and take over sites from other plants. These trees are called invasive because they effectively invade sites, many times eliminat- ing other species of plants. There are a few tree species native to Georgia which are considered invasive in other parts of the country. These native invasives, may be well-behaved in Georgia, but reproduce and take over sites elsewhere, and so have gained an invasive status from at least one other invasive species list. Table 1. There are hundreds of trees which have been introduced to Georgia landscapes. Some of these exotic / naturalized trees are considered invasive. The selected list of Georgia invasive trees listed here are notorious for growing rampantly and being difficult to eradicate. Table 2. Table 1: Native trees considered invasive in other parts of the country. scientific name common name scientific name common name Acacia farnesiana sweet acacia Myrica cerifera Southern bayberry Acer negundo boxelder Pinus taeda loblolly pine Acer rubrum red maple Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood Fraxinus americana white ash Prunus serotina black cherry Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac Juniperus virginiana eastern redcedar The University of Georgia is committed to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action.
  • Engineered Wood Installation 3/8” Or 1/2” Tongue & Groove: Float, Nail/Staple & Full Spread Gluedown Read These Instructions Completely Before Beginning Installation

    Engineered Wood Installation 3/8” Or 1/2” Tongue & Groove: Float, Nail/Staple & Full Spread Gluedown Read These Instructions Completely Before Beginning Installation

    ENGINEERED WOOD INSTALLATION 3/8” OR 1/2” TONGUE & GROOVE: FLOAT, NAIL/STAPLE & FULL SPREAD GLUEDOWN READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS COMPLETELY BEFORE BEGINNING INSTALLATION. GENERAL INFORMATION Smoking by individuals exposed to asbestos fibers greatly increases the risk of serious ATTENTION INSTALLERS bodily harm. Unless positively certain that the existing in-place product is a non- asbestos-containing material, you must presume it contains asbestos. Regulations WARNING: Installation of wood product may create wood dust, which is may require that the material be tested to determine asbestos content and may known to the state of California to cause cancer. Avoid inhaling wood dust or govern removal and disposal of material. See current edition of the Resilient Floor use a dust mask or other safeguards for personal protection. Covering Institute (RFCI) publication Recommended Work Practices for Removal Sawing, sanding and machining wood products can produce of Resilient Floor Coverings for instructions on removing all resilient floor covering wood dust. Airborne wood dust can cause respiratory, eye and structures. skin irritation. The International Agency for Research on Cancer If you have technical or installation questions please call 1-800-258-5758 (IARC) has classified wood dust as a nasal carcinogen in humans. IMPORTANT HEALTH NOTICE FOR RESIDENTS OF MINNESOTA ONLY: Precautionary Measures: If power tools are used, they should be equipped THESE BUILDING MATERIALS EMIT FORMALDEHYDE. EYE, NOSE, AND with a dust collector. If high dust levels are encountered, use an appropriate THROAT IRRITATION, HEADACHE, NAUSEA AND A VARIETY OF ASTHMA- NIOSH-designated dust mask. Avoid dust contact with eye and skin. LIKE SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING SHORTNESS OF BREATH, HAVE BEEN First Aid Measures in Case of Irritation: In case of irritation, flush eyes REPORTED AS A RESULT OF FORMALDEHYDE EXPOSURE.
  • WOOD | Natural Woodchips™

    WOOD | Natural Woodchips™

    WOOD | Natural WoodChips™ TORGINOL® Natural WoodChips™ are manufactured from a range of premium quality natural and engineered wood veneer species. 4617 South Taylor Drive Reclaim your environment with the holistic serenity of organic wood. Sheboygan, WI 53081 | USA TORGINOL® Natural WoodChips™ will enhance your environment (920) 694-4800 [email protected] | www.torginol.com with ecological simplicity. This innovative wood flooring solution combines the hygienic benefits of seamless flooring with nature’s TYPICAL WOOD SYSTEM elegant wood grains, sustaining a timeless appeal for the life of your floor. PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS Color (Natural) Visual Evaluation (ASTM D4086) Pass * Dry Film Thickness Micrometer (ASTM D1005) 6 - 8 mils TMTM Shape Visual Evaluation (ASTM D4086) Random PROTECTIVE TOPCOAT Odor Olfactory (ASTM D1296) Odorless CLEAR GROUT COAT Moisture Content (< 5%) Moisture Meter (ASTM D4442) Pass NATURAL WOODCHIPS Size Distribution (~3/8”) Normal Sieve Analysis (ASTM C136) Pass PIGMENTED BASECOAT COVERAGE RATE GUIDELINES PRIMER/SEALER Type Size Full Coverage CONCRETE All ~ 3/8” 15 - 20 SF / LB *For best results, a sanding coat is recommended Coverage rates may vary depending on customer preferences and application techniques. prior to applying the final topcoat(s). WOOD SPECIES LIMITATIONS A Natural Product Wood is a natural material and may not be uniform in appearance. Natural variations in the characteristics of individual pieces W1010 / HONEY MAPLE W1000 / POWDERED ASPEN W2010 / WHITE ASH should not be considered defects. The color and grain variations contribute to the wood veneer’s unique character and beauty. Aging and Light Exposure W1015 / WINTER BIRCH W1040 / CLASSIC MAHOGANY W2015 / AGED HICKORY Wood ages naturally over time as it is exposed to light and other environmental elements.
  • A Future Vision for Optimally Using Wood and Biomass

    A Future Vision for Optimally Using Wood and Biomass

    June 2008:Forest Products 6/5/08 9:09 PM Page 6 Integrated Biomass Technologies: AA Future Future Vision Vision for for Optimally Using Abstract Exciting new opportunities are emerging for sustainably meeting many global energy needs and simultaneously creating high­value bio­based consumer and construction products from wood, forest and agricultural residues, and other bio­based materials. In addition to traditional value­added bio­ based products, such as lumber, paper, paperboard, and composites, opportunities are now on the hori­ zon for biorefining to produce electricity, transportation fuels, chemical feedstocks, syngas, and nanocrystalline cellulose. In the near future, nanocrystalline cellulose, produced as a high­value by­prod­ uct from the biorefining process, could likely compete with carbon fiber for use in innovative high­ strength biocomposites. The holistic view of how to achieve both traditional and new high­value materi­ als with enhanced performance properties from renewable resources is called Integrated Biomass Technologies. This concept promotes the use of sustainable, bio­based, environmentally neutral (or even beneficial) technologies to meet global demands for building and materials end uses, chemicals, and energy. This concept provides a systematic approach for maximizing value, performance, resource sus­ tainability, and improving profitability in the agriculture and forest products industries. 6 JUNE 2008 June 2008:Forest Products 6/5/08 9:09 PM Page 7 By Jerrold E. Winandy, Alan W. Rudie, R. Sam Williams, and Theodore H. Wegner WoodWood andand BiomassBiomass The agricultural sector has made significant progress them are regarded as carbon neutral, releasing into in developing bio­based fuels and chemicals. Today, the the atmosphere only the amount of CO originally 2 dominant feedstock for ethanol transportation fuel is fer­ sequestered by the plant to produce the biomass.
  • The Number One Wood Floor for Concrete Installation the TOUGH QUESTIONS

    The Number One Wood Floor for Concrete Installation the TOUGH QUESTIONS

    Questions? 800.595.9663 or wideplankflooring.com The Number One Wood Floor for Concrete Installation THE TOUGH QUESTIONS Don’t be afraid to ask us or any other Myths & Misconceptions flooring provider: • Can you install your floors direct to a Concrete slabs are one of the most common subfloor systems used today for residential and concrete slab? commercial construction. Unfortunately, it is a common misconception that you cannot install • Do I have to use a floating floor a wood floor on top of a concrete slab. This can be discouraging if you've had your heart set when installing to a concrete slab? on the look of wide plank floors. • Am I limited to a certain species The good news is Carlisle has been installing wide plank floors in conjunction with a concrete if I install your wood floors on a slab for over 45 years. Our floors exhibit the highest level of quality in the industry, which concrete slab? means they outperform other wood flooring available on the market. So you can get a floor • Do I have to use quartersawn wood that looks beautiful, and performs the best when installed with a concrete slab. when I install your wood floors on a Don't compromise the look of your floor because of industry myths and misconceptions. concrete slab? Learn more about what makes Carlisle wood floors more stable and get the look you have • Do I have to use an engineered been dreaming of for your project. floor if I install your wood floors on a concrete slab? Hundreds of Floors and Counting • Can I use a solid wood if I install your From Texas ranches, luxury retail stores, and boutique hotels, Carlisle floors have been wood floors on a concrete slab? installed direct to a concrete slab in hundreds of projects all over the worlds.
  • Duke of York Gardens Tree Walk Guide (PDF, 890KB)

    Duke of York Gardens Tree Walk Guide (PDF, 890KB)

    Set on the banks of the River Freshney, work on the Duke of York Prior to this, the area was mainly farmland with the River Freshney The park is separated by a foot path that links York Street with Haven Gardens began in 1877 but it wasn’t opened until September meandering through it, and in1787 the only street present was Avenue. The eastern side of the park consists of areas to sit and take in 1894. The Mayor of Grimsby, George Doughty, performed the Haycroft Street which led to the south bank of the River Freshney. the wildlife whilst the western side of the park provides a more active opening ceremony accompanied by his wife and family. offering including play equipment, parkour, football and basketball. 1 Silver Birch Betula pendula 4 Holm Oak Quercus ilex 7 Holly Ilex aquifolium Holm oaks are different to other oaks in Distinguished by its white bark, the silver birch They can live for 300 years and can be seen flowering that they keep their leaves all year, they improves the soil by taking on otherwise here in October and November, and holly is dioecious are evergreen. They still produce acorns, inaccessible nutrients deep in the ground with its meaning that male and female flowers are found on which are smaller than our native oak very deep roots. These nutrients become part of different trees. The male flowers are scented and the acorns. the tree which are recycled when the leaves fall. female flowers, once pollinated by insects, produce bright red berries throughout winter.
  • Plants Used in Basketry by the California Indians

    Plants Used in Basketry by the California Indians

    PLANTS USED IN BASKETRY BY THE CALIFORNIA INDIANS BY RUTH EARL MERRILL PLANTS USED IN BASKETRY BY THE CALIFORNIA INDIANS RUTH EARL MERRILL INTRODUCTION In undertaking, as a study in economic botany, a tabulation of all the plants used by the California Indians, I found it advisable to limit myself, for the time being, to a particular form of use of plants. Basketry was chosen on account of the availability of material in the University's Anthropological Museum. Appreciation is due the mem- bers of the departments of Botany and Anthropology for criticism and suggestions, especially to Drs. H. M. Hall and A. L. Kroeber, under whose direction the study was carried out; to Miss Harriet A. Walker of the University Herbarium, and Mr. E. W. Gifford, Asso- ciate Curator of the Museum of Anthropology, without whose interest and cooperation the identification of baskets and basketry materials would have been impossible; and to Dr. H. I. Priestley, of the Ban- croft Library, whose translation of Pedro Fages' Voyages greatly facilitated literary research. Purpose of the sttudy.-There is perhaps no phase of American Indian culture which is better known, at least outside strictly anthro- pological circles, than basketry. Indian baskets are not only concrete, durable, and easily handled, but also beautiful, and may serve a variety of purposes beyond mere ornament in the civilized household. Hence they are to be found in. our homes as well as our museums, and much has been written about the art from both the scientific and the popular standpoints. To these statements, California, where American basketry.
  • Homogenous Genetic Structure in Populations of Taxus Baccata with Varied Proportions of Male and Female Individuals

    Homogenous Genetic Structure in Populations of Taxus Baccata with Varied Proportions of Male and Female Individuals

    Silva Fennica vol. 49 no. 4 article id 1236 Category: research article SILVA FENNICA www.silvafennica.fi ISSN-L 0037-5330 | ISSN 2242-4075 (Online) The Finnish Society of Forest Science Natural Resources Institute Finland Monika Litkowiec 1, Beata P. Plitta-Michalak 1, Andrzej Lewandowski 1 and Grze- gorz Iszkuło 1,2 Homogenous genetic structure in populations of Taxus baccata with varied proportions of male and female individuals Litkowiec M., Plitta-Michalak B.P., Lewandowski A., Iszkuło G. (2015). Homogenous genetic structure in populations of Taxus baccata with varied proportions of male and female individuals. Silva Fennica vol. 49 no. 4 article id 1236. 14 p. Highlights • Polish populations of Taxus baccata showed a high level of genetic diversity within popula- tions and moderate genetic differentiation between them after nSSR marker testing. • No significant differences in the genetic variation between T. baccata male and female indi- viduals were observed, and microsatellite loci neutrality was verified. • Determining the sex ratio in T. baccata populations is not essential to develop a clear under- standing of genetic differentiation and diversity within and between populations of this species. Abstract English yew (Taxus baccata L.) is a strictly outcrossing and dioecious species whose popula- tions are small and isolated. It is known that sex ratios may vary in natural populations due to local environmental conditions or stochastic events. However, unbalanced sex ratios may have negative impacts on genetic diversity through enhanced genetic drift and inbreeding. The present study represents one of the first attempts to compare the genetic variation at microsatellite loci within and between populations with different gender proportions.