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Resonant-Beam Based Optical Wireless Power Charging and Data Communication Resonant-Beam Based Optical Wireless Power Charging and Data Communication ECE 4901 Fall 2020 Team 2102 Members David Mantese (Electrical Engineering) Trent Riewe (Computer Engineering) Qiao Zhang (Electrical Engineering) Sponsor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ iii Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 2. Problem Statement............................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Statement of Need ........................................................................................................ 2 2.2 Requirements................................................................................................................ 3 2.3 Specifications ................................................................................................................ 3 2.4 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 4 3. Approach and Design ........................................................................................................ 4 3.1 Project Design and Models .......................................................................................... 4 3.2 Constraints and Standards .......................................................................................... 8 3.3 Alternate Designs ......................................................................................................... 9 4. Project Management ........................................................................................................ 10 4.1 Team Member Responsibilities ................................................................................ 10 4.2 Budget and Parts List ................................................................................................ 12 4.3 Project Timeline ......................................................................................................... 13 5. Summary ........................................................................................................................... 14 References ................................................................................................................................ 15 Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 16 i Abstract As more devices communicate wirelessly, the demand for a way to wirelessly power those devices is growing. One way to accomplish this is to use lasers to precisely transmit power on a point-to-point basis. A company called Wi-Charge has been able to develop a device that safely transmits power wirelessly using an infrared resonant beam. A senior design team from the 2019- 2020 academic year started an investigation into this topic. The team was able to create a testbed that transmitted power and data via a 5-mW green laser. While the testbed was able to transmit power and data wirelessly, it was not a resonant beam, and there are other areas where its design could be improved. The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering wants our team to further investigate resonant-beam based communication and power transfer and further iterate on the previous team’s testbed. Our team is to leave the testbed intact and not use any parts from it. Our group should create a testbed that can amplify a source laser, utilize an optical loop to boost power, and implement an automatic shutoff. There are two main issues with establishing an ideal resonant- beam communication channel. They are as follows: the laser cavity that is normally enclosed is now in open air, and the laser passes through the gain medium two times in a single cycle, increasing the likelihood of gain medium saturation. Due to the issues with developing an ideal resonant-beam channel, our group has decided to create a testbed that still uses an optical loop, but is not a full resonant beam. Our design uses a combination of beam splitters, an optical amplifier, an optical isolator, a mirror and transmitter and receiver circuits to create a wireless power transfer system. The transmitter has an infrared laser that acts as the source in the optical loop. The laser passes through the optical amplifier to increase its optical power. It then passes some of the beam through a beam splitter to the receiver circuit and then loops the remaining. Through our design process, our team has identified some constraints that will affect how we build and design the testbed, how frequently we can access the lab to test it, and when we can schedule our meetings. Through the design process we have also identified other potential designs that we have moved away from or built upon. Our team has split the various tasks that we need to complete according to technical skill and availability. In addition to this we have created a timeline in which the research, design and building are to be completed. As we move from designing a testbed to getting prepared to build one, we have composed a part list that contains what we need to build the testbed. ii List of Figures Figure 1. Long-range resonant beam design. .................................................................................. 1 Figure 2. Senior Design Team 2005's testbed design schematic. ................................................... 2 Figure 3. Our communication channel design, featuring an optical loop inspired by the resonant- beam channel. .................................................................................................................. 5 Figure 4. Alternative design of our communication channel using corner reflectors. .................... 6 Figure 5. Design of our transmitter-end circuit. ............................................................................. 7 Figure 6. Design of our receiver-end circuit. .................................................................................. 8 Figure 7. Alternate solution for coupling and decoupling light to and from the optical loop showing tunnels drilled into a corner reflector. ............................................................. 10 Figure 8. Early design showing laser gain medium outside of optical loop. ................................ 11 List of Tables Table 1. Project work-breakdown by team member (RACI chart). .............................................. 11 Table 2. Parts list with pricing. ..................................................................................................... 12 Table 3. Project timeline for Fall 2020 (Gantt chart).................................................................... 13 Table 4. Project timeline for Spring 2021 (Gantt chart). .............................................................. 13 iii Glossary of Terms • Gain medium – (also active laser medium) A crystal compound such as neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) which, when energized by a pump source, can generate coherent, monochromatic laser light at a specific wavelength. This process is called stimulated emission. • Optical amplifier – A device consisting of a gain medium and a pump source that, when an external electrical power supply is applied to it, amplifies the power of a seed laser. • Optical isolator – A device that rotates the polarization angle of electromagnetic radiation and thereby permits light to pass through it in only one direction. This device should be thought of as the optical equivalent of a diode. • Pump source – A light source such as a flashlamp or an arc lamp that can deliver high-energy light pulses to a gain medium in order to facilitate stimulated emission in a laser. • Resonant beam – An optical oscillator that forms within a laser cavity due to reflectors on both sides of a gain medium. In resonant-beam communication, the entire communication channel forms a laser cavity, and thus the resonant beam forms between the transmitter and receiver. • Seed laser – A low-power laser that is destined for power amplification via an active gain medium. iv 1. Introduction As an ever-increasing number and variety of devices communicate with one another over an interconnected Internet of Things (IoT), the desire for completely wireless power delivery and data transmission is greater than ever. Eliminating bulky wire connections would save space, allow for greater mobility, enable faster transfer speeds, and improve system aesthetics. For IoT devices that operate in open spaces with few persistent physical obstructions, such as a room in a house or manufacturing plant floors, establishing links among these many devices via infrared or visible laser beams is an attractive strategy. Unlike radio waves, lasers can provide precise point-to-point communication, are largely immune to the effects of electromagnetic interference,
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