DOCSLIB.ORG

The QCD Phase Diagram Within Effective Models

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The QCD Phase Diagram Within Effective Models The QCD phase diagram within effective models Thorsten Steinert Dissertation Institut für Theoretische Physik Fachbereich 07 Mathematik und Informatik, Physik, Geographie Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Overview of many-body physics 5 2.1 Thermodynamic relations . .5 2.2 Systems in equilibrium . .9 2.3 Fundamental properties of QCD . 13 2.4 Lattice QCD . 17 2.5 Systems out-of equilibrium . 24 2.5.1 Non-relativistic transport . 24 2.5.2 Relativistic transport . 25 3 The Dynamical QuasiParticle Model 29 3.1 DQPM . 29 3.2 DQPM* . 39 3.3 The DQPM at finite chemical potential . 47 3.3.1 Scaling hypothesis . 48 3.3.2 Flow equation . 49 3.4 Transport coefficients . 59 4 The effective Nambu Jona-Lasinio model 73 4.1 The Nambu Jona-Lasinio model . 73 4.2 The Polyakov NJL model . 82 4.3 Quark effects on the Polyakov potential . 87 4.4 Accessing the equation of state via the quark condensate . 95 5 Thermodynamics of hadronic systems 99 5.1 Hadron-Resonance Gas . 99 5.2 Nuclear equation of state . 104 5.3 Interacting Hadron-Resonance Gas . 114 5.4 Chiral condensate . 131 5.5 Probing the chiral condensate in relativistic heavy-ion collisions . 136 6 The QCD phase boundary 145 6.1 A universal hadronization condition . 145 6.2 The phase boundary between the DQPM∗ and the IHRG . 148 6.3 Partonic quasiparticle models at low temperatures . 152 6.4 Probing the phase diagram in relativistic heavy-ion collisions . 158 7 Summary and Outlook 167 A Appendix 173 A.1 Grand-canonical potential in propagator representation . 173 A.2 DQPM thermodynamics . 178 A.3 Curvature parameter . 183 A.4 Thermodynamic consistent scaling hypothesis . 184 A.5 Thermodynamic potential of the NJL model . 186 A.6 Polyakov loop in the PNJL . 191 A.7 Hadronic degrees of freedom . 194 A.8 Density-dependent relativistic mean-field theory . 195 A.9 Thermodynamic consistency of relativistic mean-field theory . 199 A.10 Pion-nucleon σ-term . 203 Abstract We study the QCD phase diagram using effective theories with the respective degrees of freedom for the different phases of QCD. In the deconfined phase we employ the dynam- ical quasiparticle model (DQPM), that is able to describe the dynamics of hot QCD at vanishing chemical potential. We extend to model to momentum-dependent selfenergies in order to match the correct perturbative limit of the propagators at high momenta. Within this generalized quasiparticle approach, denoted as DQPM∗, we can simultane- ously reproduce the lattice QCD (lQCD) equation of state (EoS) and baryon number susceptibility. Using thermodynamic consistency we extend the model to finite baryon chemical potential exceeding the application range of lQCD by far. We give predictions for the EoS and the most important transport coefficients. In the confined phase the medium is composed of hadrons. At large temperatures they interact predominantly by resonant scatterings, which can be well described in terms of a hadron-resonance gas (HRG). At large chemical potential and low temperature the nature of the interaction changes from resonant scatterings to meson exchange as described by relativistic mean- field theories. We combine both approaches to get an interacting HRG (IHRG), that is compatible to the lQCD EoS (µ ≈ 0; T > 0) and the nuclear EoS (T ≈ 0; µ > 0). For a complete description of the phase diagram we have to switch between the partonic and the hadronic model. In accordance with heavy-ion simulations we define the transition at lines of constant thermodynamics. The resulting EoS is valid up to µB ≈ 450 MeV. We perform heavy-ion simulations with the PHSD transport approach and determine the region in the QCD phase diagram that is probed by different collision energies. The ∗ EoS constructed from the DQPMp and the IHRG can be used to describe collisions at low beam energies down to s ≈ 7:7 GeV. Using simulations at even lower beam ener- gies we determine the conditions necessary for the discovery of the critical point in the QCD phase diagram. Abstract Wir untersuchen das QCD-Phasendiagramm unter Verwendung verschiedener Effektiver Theorien. Wir beschreiben die deconfinierte Phase mit einem partonischen Quasi- teilchenmodell, dem DQPM, das erfolgreich die Dynamik heißer QCD-Materie repro- duzieren kann. Wir erweitern das Modell auf impulsabhängige Selbstenergien um den korrekten störungstheoretischen Grenzwert der Propagatoren zu gewährleisten. Mit diesem generalisierten Quasiteilchenmodell, dem DQPM∗, können wir gleichzeitig die von Gitter-QCD Rechnungen prognostizierte Zustandsgleichung sowie die Suszeptibi- lität beschreiben. Wir nutzen thermodynamische Konsistenz und erweitern das Modell auf endliche chemische Potentiale, die die Anwendbarkeit von Gitter-QCD Rechnun- gen bei weitem übersteigen, und bestimmen die Zustandsgleichung sowie die wichtigs- ten Transportkoeffizienten. In der confinierten Phase besteht die Materie nicht aus Partonen sondern aus Hadronen. Bei großen Temperaturen wechselwirken die Hadro- nen hauptsächlich durch resonante Streuung miteinander. Dies kann durch ein sim- ples Hadron-Resonanz Gas (HRG) beschrieben werden. Bei kleinen Temperaturen und großen chemischen Potentialen dominiert der Austausch von Mesonen die Wechsel- wirkung. Dieser Mechanismus wird in relativistischen Modellen für unendlich aus- gedehnte Kernmaterie beschrieben. Wir kombinieren die beiden Modelle und definieren ein wechselwirkendes HRG (IHRG), das mit der Zustandsgleichung von Gitter-QCD- Rechnungen (µ ≈ 0; T > 0) sowie der Zustandsgleichung von unendlich ausgedehnter Kernmaterie (T ≈ 0; µ > 0) übereinstimmt. Für eine vollständige Beschreibung des QCD-Phasendiagramms müssen wir an der Phasengrenze von dem partonischen auf das hadronische Modell wechseln. Wir nutzen Erkenntnisse aus Simulationen von Schwer- ionenkollisionen und definieren die Phasengrenze bei konstanten thermodynamischen Bedingungen. Die resultierende Zustandsgleichung ist bis zu einem Baryonchemischen Potential von µB ≈ 450 MeV gültig. Wir simulieren Schwerionenkollisionen mit dem PHSD Transportmodell und untersuchen die Regionen des QCD Phasendiagramms die in tatsächlichen Kollisionen zugänglich sind. Die durch das DQPM∗ und das IHRG pdefinierte Zustandsgleichung kann für Kollisionen mit Schwerpunktsenergien von über s = 7:7 GeV verwendet werden. Wir nutzen Simulationen bei noch geringeren En- ergien und untersuchen die Bedingungen die nötig sind um den kritischen Punkt des QCD Phasendiagramms nachzuweisen. 1 Introduction The different phases of matter and their phase diagrams are among the most interesting and challenging fields of modern physics. Phase transition are important for many differ- ent phenomena from ultra-cold atoms and solid-states to nuclear matter and cosmology. Especially the early universe features several phase transitions that are connected to the most fundamental aspects of physics like the separation of the four fundamental forces of nature or the decoupling of photons. The conditions in the early universe can be recreated in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The matter in the collisions gets com- pressed and heated up until it reaches temperatures similar to the first few microseconds after the big bang. Heavy-ion collisions probe the properties of quantum chromodynam- ics (QCD), the theory of the strong interaction, and are the only possible way to create hot and dense QCD matter and to investigate the phase diagram of QCD. Heavy-ion collisions -performed in the early 2000s at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)- reached collision energies not possible in previous heavy-ion experiments. The created matter showed properties never seen at lower beam energies and challenged the current understanding of heavy-ion physics [1, 2, 3, 4]. It was assumed that the collisions created a long predicted state of matter where quarks and gluons have been liberated from confinement [5, 6]. This new phase should appear once the density becomes large enough that individual hadrons overlap each other and the quarks -usually confined in hadrons- could then move freely in the hot and dense medium. This state of matter is called a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). The QGP can not be studied directly and exists only for a short period of time as an intermediate state in the heavy-ion collision. Once the fireball expands and the density decreases, individual hadrons will form again. Nevertheless, the existence of the QGP has consequences for the dynamics of the medium and will influence the final particle spectra. Possible signals are anomalies in the flow [7, 8, 9, 10], J=Ψ suppression [11], jet quenching [12, 13, 14] and variations in the strangeness production [15, 16, 17]. All these are indirect signals that get affected by the interactions in the hadronic medium. Further important signals are electromagnetic probes like photon and dilepton radia- tion, because they do practically not interact with the surrounding medium and leave the collision undisturbed [18, 19, 20, 21]. Originally it was believed that the QGP resembles a weakly interacting gas of massless partons, however, the matter created at RHIC, and later also at the Large Hadron Col- lider (LHC) at CERN, showed properties of a fluid. Indeed, relativistic hydrodynamics has been successful in describing the experimental data [22]. Moreover, viscous hydrody- 1 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION namics found an almost vanishing ratio of shear viscosity over entropy density η=s close to the theoretical limit (η=s)KSS = 1=4π [23, 24, 25], which indicates that the QGP is an almost perfect fluid and that the partonic medium is much
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quasiparticle Anisotropic Hydrodynamics in Ultra-Relativistic
    QUASIPARTICLE ANISOTROPIC HYDRODYNAMICS IN ULTRA-RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Mubarak Alqahtani December, 2017 c Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Mubarak Alqahtani BE, University of Dammam, SA, 2006 MA, Kent State University, 2014 PhD, Kent State University, 2014-2017 Approved by , Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Michael Strickland , Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Declan Keane Dr. Spyridon Margetis Dr. Robert Twieg Dr. John West Accepted by , Chair, Department of Physics Dr. James T. Gleeson , Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Dr. James L. Blank Table of Contents List of Figures . vii List of Tables . xv List of Publications . xvi Acknowledgments . xvii 1 Introduction ......................................1 1.1 Units and notation . .1 1.2 The standard model . .3 1.3 Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) . .5 1.4 Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) . .6 1.5 The coupling constant in QED and QCD . .7 1.6 Phase diagram of QCD . .9 1.6.1 Quark gluon plasma (QGP) . 12 1.6.2 The heavy-ion collision program . 12 1.6.3 Heavy-ion collisions stages . 13 1.7 Some definitions . 16 1.7.1 Rapidity . 16 1.7.2 Pseudorapidity . 16 1.7.3 Collisions centrality . 17 1.7.4 The Glauber model . 19 1.8 Collective flow . 21 iii 1.8.1 Radial flow . 22 1.8.2 Anisotropic flow . 22 1.9 Fluid dynamics . 26 1.10 Non-relativistic fluid dynamics . 26 1.10.1 Relativistic fluid dynamics .
    [Show full text]
  • Energy-Dependent Kinetic Model of Photon Absorption by Superconducting Tunnel Junctions
    Energy-dependent kinetic model of photon absorption by superconducting tunnel junctions G. Brammertz Science Payload and Advanced Concepts Office, ESA/ESTEC, Postbus 299, 2200AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands. A. G. Kozorezov, J. K. Wigmore Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom. R. den Hartog, P. Verhoeve, D. Martin, A. Peacock Science Payload and Advanced Concepts Office, ESA/ESTEC, Postbus 299, 2200AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands. A. A. Golubov, H. Rogalla Department of Applied Physics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. Received: 02 June 2003 – Accepted: 31 July 2003 Abstract – We describe a model for photon absorption by superconducting tunnel junctions in which the full energy dependence of all the quasiparticle dynamic processes is included. The model supersedes the well-known Rothwarf-Taylor approach, which becomes inadequate for a description of the small gap structures that are currently being developed for improved detector resolution and responsivity. In these junctions relaxation of excited quasiparticles is intrinsically slow so that the energy distribution remains very broad throughout the whole detection process. By solving the energy- dependent kinetic equations describing the distributions, we are able to model the temporal and spectral evolution of the distribution of quasiparticles initially generated in the photo-absorption process. Good agreement is obtained between the theory and experiment. PACS numbers: 85.25.Oj, 74.50.+r, 74.40.+k, 74.25.Jb To be published in the November issue of Journal of Applied Physics 1 I. Introduction The development of superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) for application as photon detectors for astronomy and materials analysis continues to show great promise1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Vortices and Quasiparticles in Superconducting Microwave Resonators
    Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE May 2016 Vortices and Quasiparticles in Superconducting Microwave Resonators Ibrahim Nsanzineza Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Nsanzineza, Ibrahim, "Vortices and Quasiparticles in Superconducting Microwave Resonators" (2016). Dissertations - ALL. 446. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/446 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Superconducting resonators with high quality factors are of great interest in many areas. However, the quality factor of the resonator can be weakened by many dissipation chan- nels including trapped magnetic flux vortices and nonequilibrium quasiparticles which can significantly impact the performance of superconducting microwave resonant circuits and qubits at millikelvin temperatures. Quasiparticles result in excess loss, reducing resonator quality factors and qubit lifetimes. Vortices trapped near regions of large mi- crowave currents also contribute excess loss. However, vortices located in current-free areas in the resonator or in the ground plane of a device can actually trap quasiparticles and lead to a reduction in the quasiparticle loss. In this thesis, we will describe exper- iments involving the controlled trapping of vortices for reducing quasiparticle density in the superconducting resonators. We provide a model for the simulation of reduc- tion of nonequilibrium quasiparticles by vortices. In our experiments, quasiparticles are generated either by stray pair-breaking radiation or by direct injection using normal- insulator-superconductor (NIS)-tunnel junctions.
    [Show full text]
  • Coupling Experiment and Simulation to Model Non-Equilibrium Quasiparticle Dynamics in Superconductors
    Coupling Experiment and Simulation to Model Non-Equilibrium Quasiparticle Dynamics in Superconductors A. Agrawal9, D. Bowring∗1, R. Bunker2, L. Cardani3, G. Carosi4, C.L. Chang15, M. Cecchin1, A. Chou1, G. D’Imperio3, A. Dixit9, J.L DuBois4, L. Faoro16,7, S. Golwala6, J. Hall13,14, S. Hertel12, Y. Hochberg11, L. Ioffe5, R. Khatiwada1, E. Kramer11, N. Kurinsky1, B. Lehmann10, B. Loer2, V. Lordi4, R. McDermott7, J.L. Orrell2, M. Pyle17, K. G. Ray4, Y. J. Rosen4, A. Sonnenschein1, A. Suzuki8, C. Tomei3, C. Wilen7, and N. Woollett4 1Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 2Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 3Sapienza University of Rome 4Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 5Google, Inc. 6California Institute of Technology 7University of Wisconsin, Madison 8Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 9University of Chicago 10University of California, Santa Cruz 11Hebrew University of Jerusalem 12University of Massachusetts, Amherst 13SNOLAB 14Laurentian University 15Argonne National Laboratory 16Laboratoire de Physique Therique et Hautes Energies, Sorbornne Universite 17University of California, Berkeley August 31, 2020 Thematic Areas: (check all that apply /) (CF1) Dark Matter: Particle Like (CF2) Dark Matter: Wavelike (IF1) Quantum Sensors (IF2) Photon Detectors (IF9) Cross Cutting and Systems Integration (UF02) Underground Facilities for Cosmic Frontier (UF05) Synergistic Research ∗Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 Abstract In superconducting devices, broken Cooper pairs (quasiparticles) may be considered signal (e.g., transition edge sensors, kinetic inductance detectors) or noise (e.g., quantum sensors, qubits). In order to improve design for these devices, a better understanding of quasiparticle production and transport is required. We propose a multi-disciplinary collaboration to perform measurements in low-background facilities that will be used to improve modeling and simulation tools, suggest new measurements, and drive the design of future improved devices.
    [Show full text]
  • "Normal-Metal Quasiparticle Traps for Superconducting Qubits"
    Normal-Metal Quasiparticle Traps For Superconducting Qubits: Modeling, Optimization, and Proximity Effect Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Amin Hosseinkhani, M.Sc. Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. David DiVincenzo, Universitätsprofessorin Dr. Kristel Michielsen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: March 01, 2018 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Universitätsbibliothek online verfügbar. Metallische Quasiteilchenfallen für supraleitende Qubits: Modellierung, Optimisierung, und Proximity-Effekt Kurzfassung: Bogoliubov Quasiteilchen stören viele Abläufe in supraleitenden Elementen. In supraleitenden Qubits wechselwirken diese Quasiteilchen beim Tunneln durch den Josephson- Kontakt mit dem Phasenfreiheitsgrad, was zu einer Relaxation des Qubits führt. Für Tempera- turen im Millikelvinbereich gibt es substantielle Hinweise für die Präsenz von Nichtgleichgewicht- squasiteilchen. Während deren Entstehung noch nicht einstimmig geklärt ist, besteht dennoch die Möglichkeit die von Quasiteilchen induzierte Relaxation einzudämmen indem man die Qu- asiteilchen von den aktiven Bereichen des Qubits fernhält. In dieser Doktorarbeit studieren wir Quasiteilchenfallen, welche durch einen Kontakt eines normalen Metalls (N) mit der supraleit- enden Elektrode (S) eines Qubits definiert sind. Wir entwickeln ein Modell, das den Einfluss der Falle auf die Quasiteilchendynamik beschreibt,
    [Show full text]
  • Quasi-Dirac Monopoles
    research highlights Defective yet strong fundamental particle, the magnetic polymeric film, the researchers embedded Nature Commun. 5, 3186 (2014) monopole, with non-zero magnetic silver nanoparticles that have a localized monopole charge, has grasped the attention surface plasmon resonance in the blue With a tensile strength of over 100 GPa, of many. The existence of magnetic spectral range; the fabricated film therefore a pristine graphene layer is the strongest monopoles is now not only supported by the scatters this colour while being almost material known. However, most graphene work of Dirac, but by both the grand unified completely transparent in the remaining fabrication processes inevitably produce theory and string theory. However, both visible spectral range. The researchers a defective layer. Also, structural defects theories realize that magnetic monopoles suggest that dispersion in a single matrix of are desirable in some of the material’s might be too few and too massive to be metallic nanoparticles with sharp plasmonic technological applications, as defects allow detected or created in a lab, so physicists resonances tuned at different wavelengths for the opening of a bandgap or act as pores started to explore approaches to obtain will lead to the realization of multicoloured for molecular sieving, for example. Now, by such particles using condensed-matter transparent displays. LM tuning the exposure of graphene to oxygen systems. Now, Ray and co-workers report plasma to control the creation of defects, the latest observation of a Dirac monopole Ardavan Zandiatashbar et al. show that a quasiparticle (pictured), this time in a Facet formation Adv. Mater. http://doi.org/rb5 (2014) single layer of graphene bearing sp3-type spinor Bose–Einstein condensate.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Energy Quasiparticle Excitations in Cuprates and Iron-Based Superconductors
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2018 Low Energy Quasiparticle Excitations in Cuprates and Iron-based Superconductors Ken Nakatsukasa University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Nakatsukasa, Ken, "Low Energy Quasiparticle Excitations in Cuprates and Iron-based Superconductors. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5300 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Ken Nakatsukasa entitled "Low Energy Quasiparticle Excitations in Cuprates and Iron-based Superconductors." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Physics. Steven Johnston, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Christian Batista, Elbio Dagotto, David Mandrus Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Low Energy Quasiparticle Excitations in Cuprates and Iron-based Superconductors A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Ken Nakatsukasa December 2018 c by Ken Nakatsukasa, 2018 All Rights Reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Quasiparticle Scattering, Lifetimes, and Spectra Using the GW Approximation
    Quasiparticle scattering, lifetimes, and spectra using the GW approximation by Derek Wayne Vigil-Fowler A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Steven G. Louie, Chair Professor Feng Wang Professor Mark D. Asta Summer 2015 Quasiparticle scattering, lifetimes, and spectra using the GW approximation c 2015 by Derek Wayne Vigil-Fowler 1 Abstract Quasiparticle scattering, lifetimes, and spectra using the GW approximation by Derek Wayne Vigil-Fowler Doctor of Philosophy in Physics University of California, Berkeley Professor Steven G. Louie, Chair Computer simulations are an increasingly important pillar of science, along with exper- iment and traditional pencil and paper theoretical work. Indeed, the development of the needed approximations and methods needed to accurately calculate the properties of the range of materials from molecules to nanostructures to bulk materials has been a great tri- umph of the last 50 years and has led to an increased role for computation in science. The need for quantitatively accurate predictions of material properties has never been greater, as technology such as computer chips and photovoltaics require rapid advancement in the control and understanding of the materials that underly these devices. As more accuracy is needed to adequately characterize, e.g. the energy conversion processes, in these materials, improvements on old approximations continually need to be made. Additionally, in order to be able to perform calculations on bigger and more complex systems, algorithmic devel- opment needs to be carried out so that newer, bigger computers can be maximally utilized to move science forward.
    [Show full text]
  • Saving Superconducting Quantum Processors from Decay and Correlated Errors Generated by Gamma and Cosmic Rays ✉ John M
    www.nature.com/npjqi ARTICLE OPEN Saving superconducting quantum processors from decay and correlated errors generated by gamma and cosmic rays ✉ John M. Martinis1 Error-corrected quantum computers can only work if errors are small and uncorrelated. Here, I show how cosmic rays or stray background radiation affects superconducting qubits by modeling the phonon to electron/quasiparticle down-conversion physics. For present designs, the model predicts about 57% of the radiation energy breaks Cooper pairs into quasiparticles, which then vigorously suppress the qubit energy relaxation time (T1 ~ 600 ns) over a large area (cm) and for a long time (ms). Such large and correlated decay kills error correction. Using this quantitative model, I show how this energy can be channeled away from the qubit so that this error mechanism can be reduced by many orders of magnitude. I also comment on how this affects other solid-state qubits. npj Quantum Information (2021) 7:90 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00431-0 INTRODUCTION paper overviews and suggests the critical physics and design Quantum computers are proposed to perform calculations that changes needed to solve this important bottleneck. 1234567890():,; cannot be run by classical supercomputers, such as efficient prime Cosmic rays naturally occur from high-energy particles imping- factorization or solving how molecules bind using quantum ing from space to the atmosphere, where they are converted into chemistry1,2. Such difficult problems can only be solved by muon particles that deeply penetrate all matter on the surface of embedding the algorithm in a large quantum computer that is the earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Monopole Mechanism for Localized Electron Pairing in HTS
    Magnetic monopole mechanism for localized electron pairing in HTS Cristina Diamantini University of Perugia Carlo Trugenberger SwissScientic Technologies SA Valerii Vinokur ( [email protected] ) Terra Quantum AG https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0977-3515 Article Keywords: Effective Field Theory, Pseudogap Phase, Charge Condensate, Condensate of Dyons, Superconductor-insulator Transition, Josephson Links Posted Date: July 15th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-694994/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Magnetic monopole mechanism for localized electron pairing in HTS 1 2 3, M. C. Diamantini, C. A. Trugenberger, & V.M. Vinokur ∗ Recent effective field theory of high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) captures the universal features of HTS and the pseudogap phase and explains the underlying physics as a coexistence of a charge condensate with a condensate of dyons, particles carrying both magnetic and electric charges. Central to this picture are magnetic monopoles emerg- ing in the proximity of the topological quantum superconductor-insulator transition (SIT) that dominates the HTS phase diagram. However, the mechanism responsible for spatially localized electron pairing, characteristic of HTS remains elusive. Here we show that real-space, localized electron pairing is mediated by magnetic monopoles and occurs well above the superconducting transition temperature Tc. Localized electron pairing promotes the formation of supercon- ducting granules connected by Josephson links. Global superconductivity sets in when these granules form an infinite cluster at Tc which is estimated to fall in the range from hundred to thousand Kelvins. Our findings pave the way to tailoring materials with elevated superconducting transition temperatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Equilibrium Quasiparticles in Superconducting Circuits: Photons Vs
    SciPost Phys. 6, 013 (2019) Non-equilibrium quasiparticles in superconducting circuits: photons vs. phonons Gianluigi Catelani1? and Denis M. Basko2† 1 JARA Institute for Quantum Information (PGI-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany 2 Laboratoire de Physique et Modélisation des Milieux Condensés, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France ? [email protected],† [email protected] Abstract We study the effect of non-equilibrium quasiparticles on the operation of a superconduct- ing device (a qubit or a resonator), including heating of the quasiparticles by the device operation. Focusing on the competition between heating via low-frequency photon ab- sorption and cooling via photon and phonon emission, we obtain a remarkably simple non-thermal stationary solution of the kinetic equation for the quasiparticle distribution function. We estimate the influence of quasiparticles on relaxation and excitation rates for transmon qubits, and relate our findings to recent experiments. Copyright G. Catelani and D. M. Basko. Received 08-11-2018 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Accepted 21-01-2019 Check for Attribution 4.0 International License. Published 29-01-2019 updates Published by the SciPost Foundation. doi:10.21468/SciPostPhys.6.1.013 Contents 1 Introduction2 2 Kinetic equation2 3 Solution: two main regimes5 3.1 Cold quasiparticle regime5 3.2 Hot quasiparticle regime7 4 Discussion: relevance to experiments9 5 Conclusion 10 A Neglected terms in the kinetic equation 11 B Solution to Eq. (14) 11 C Effect of finite phonon temperature 13 D Electron-phonon interaction in the diffusive regime 14 References 17 1 SciPost Phys.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Noise Source in Superconducting Tunnel Junction Photon Detectors
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 1 I, NO. I, MARCH 2001 645 A New Noise Source in Superconducting Tunnel Junction Photon Detectors C. M. Wilson, L. Frunzio, K. Segall, L. Li, D. E. Prober, D. Schiminovich, B. Mazin, C. Martin, and R. Vasquez Ab~struct- We report on the development of an “all-in-one” AI Wiring AI Wiring detector that provides spectroscopy, imaging, photon timing, k! I A1 I ‘4 and high quantum efficiency with single photon sensitivity: the opticallUV single-photon imaging spectrometer using superconducting tunnel junctions. Our devices utilize a lateral trapping geometry. Photons are absorbed in a Ta thin film, creating excess quasiparticles. Quasiparticles diffuse and are I Si02 I trapped by AllAlOxlAI tunnel junctions located on the sides of Fig. 1. Schematic of an imaging STJ detector using lateral trapping and the absorber. Imaging devices have tunnel junctions on two backtunneling. Not shown is an insulating Si0 layer between the trap and opposite sides of the absorber. Position information is wiring, which has a via for contact between the two layers. The Ta plugs obtained from the fraction of the total charge collected by each are omitted for devices dcsigned without backtunneling. Courtesy of junction. We have measured the single photon response of our Elsevier Science B.V. [4]. devices. For photon energies between 2 eV and 5 eV we measure an energy resolution between 0.47 eV and 0.40 eV respectively It. OPERATINGPRINCIPLE on a selected region of the absorber. We see evidence that Fig. 1 shows a schematic drawing of an imaging STJ thermodynamic fluctuations of the number of thermal detector.
    [Show full text]