GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY (GRGM16)

Work undertaken for Cornerstone Planning Ltd and Moor Bio-Energy

March 2016

Report produced by Sean Parker BSc (Hons)

OASIS Ref: archaeol1-246053 National Grid Reference: SK 8864 4102 Accession No: LCNCC:2016.25

APS Report No: 16/16

Archaeological Project Services

GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

CONTENTS

1. SUMMARY ...... 1

2. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

2.1 DEFINITION OF AN EVALUATION ...... 1 2.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 1 2.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY ...... 1 2.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SETTING ...... 2 3. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY ...... 2

3.1 METHODS ...... 2 3.2 RESULTS ...... 3 4. DISCUSSION ...... 4

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 4

6. PERSONNEL ...... 5

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 5

8. ABBREVIATIONS ...... 5

Appendix 1 The Archive

Appendix 2 OASIS Form

List of Figures Figure 1 General location plan

Figure 2 Site location

Figure 3 Geophysics Grids Layout

Figure 4 Minimally Processed Greyscale Data

Figure 5 Processed Greyscale Data

Figure 6 Greyscale Data Interpretation

Figure 7 Historic map (1951) and survey area with Interpretation

Archaeological Project Services

GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

1. SUMMARY intrusive fieldwork which determines the presence or absence of archaeological A detailed magnetic gradiometer survey features, structures, deposits, artefacts or was undertaken for Cornerstone Planning ecofacts within a specified area or site. If Ltd and Moor Bio-Energy in connection such archaeological remains are present with proposed development on land at Field Evaluation defines their character Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby, and extent, quality and preservation, and it Lincolnshire. The survey area totalled enables an assessment of their worth in a approximately 8.8ha. local, regional, national or international context as appropriate’ (CIfA 2014a). Prehistoric and Roman features have previously been identified to the west and 2.2 Project Background just to the south. The site has probably been agricultural land since the medieval Archaeological Project Services (APS) period. was commissioned by Cornerstone Planning Ltd and Moor Bio-Energy to The magnetic survey has identified several undertake a detailed magnetometer survey different anomalies across the survey area. totalling some 8.8ha on land at Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby, Lincolnshire. The In the southern part of the site are several work was undertaken in accordance with a small linear adjoining anomalies of specification prepared by APS and possible archaeological origin. Directly to approved by the Senior Historic the north of these are a number of weak Environment Officer, Heritage Trust of linear anomalies which are perhaps Lincolnshire. The survey was carried out associated and possibly also representing over three days between 8th and 10 th March archaeological features. However, due to 2016. the restricted dimensions of this part of the site the nature and origins to these 2.3 Topography and Geology anomalies are unclear. Great Gonerby is located 4km northwest of Parallel anomalies of ridge and furrow Grantham and 19km southwest of agricultural features are present in the Sleaford, in the administrative district of northern part of the site. A weak dipolar South Kesteven, Lincolnshire (Fig. 1). The linear response in the north of the site may proposed development site is located a be due to a field drain. A discreet positive further 2.9km northwest of Great Gonerby, anomaly may represent a pit but is isolated northeast of the A1, at National Grid and perhaps has a natural origin. A Reference SK 8864 4102 (Fig. 2). prominent dipolar anomaly alongside the northern boundary of the site denotes the The local soils are of the Denchworth former pond shown on early 20 th century Association, typically pelo-stagnogley maps. soils (Hodge et al . 1984, 155). These soils developed over a solid geology of 2. INTRODUCTION fractured and faulted Jurassic Brant Mudstone Formation (BGS 1996). The site 2.1 Definition of an Evaluation lies at a height of c. 34mOD on a slight slope down to the north. Geophysical survey is a non-intrusive method of archaeological evaluation. Evaluation is defined as ‘a limited programme of non-intrusive and/or

1 Archaeological Project Services

GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

2.4 Archaeological Setting building rubble.

A desk based assessment by APS has The survey was undertaken in accordance identified several archaeological features with English Heritage (2008) and CIfA within or in close proximity to the site, as (2014b) guidelines and codes of conduct. summarised shown below. The magnetic survey was carried out using Prehistoric remains include evidence for a dual sensor Grad601-2 Magnetic Middle Iron Age (400-150 BC) settlement Gradiometer manufactured by Bartington to the south of the site. To the west Instruments Ltd. This records subtle cropmarks show an area of rectangular changes in the magnetic field resulting enclosures which have been described as from differing magnetism in the soil. prehistoric in origin or perhaps a Romano- Changes as small as 0.2 nanoTesla (nT) in British (AD 43-410) villa. There is a an overall field strength of c. 49,000nT can possibility that a linear parish boundary, be accurately detected using this which can be traced for some distance and instrumentation, although in practice forms the northern edge to the site, may instrument interference and soil noise can fossilise the route of a Romano-British limit sensitivity. track. The mapping of anomalies in a systematic During the medieval period (AD 1066- manner allows interpretation of the type of 1540) the site lay within the open fields of material present beneath the surface. Great Gonerby as evidenced by ridge and Strong magnetic anomalies are generated furrow in the southern part of the site. by buried ferrous-based objects or by kilns However, the general area, Gonerby Moor, or hearths, usually resulting in a dipolar would imply waste ground, perhaps used (positive/negative) response. More subtle for seasonal grazing as evidenced by positive anomalies representing pits and pasture and meadow field names in the ditches can be seen where these contain vicinity. more topsoil which is normally richer in magnetic iron oxides and provides a The site was enclosed in 1808 and has contrast with the natural subsoil (but this remained in agricultural use, principally can vary depending on the nature of the pasture until recently when arable underlying deposits). A negative anomaly practices became the norm. may result from upcast bank material. (Cope-Faulkner 2015) Wall foundations can also show as negative anomalies where the stone is less 3. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY magnetic than the surrounding soil, or as stronger positive and negative anomalies if 3.1 Methods of brick, but are not always responsive to the technique. It should be noted that not The layout of the survey area is shown in all features will be responsive and absence Figure 3. of anomalies does not necessarily indicate absence of archaeological features (Clark The survey area was a relatively flat arable 1996). field with immature crop, in several areas of the site were patches of standing water Magnetometers measure changes in the this did not affect most of the survey Earth’s magnetic field. With two sensors except in two sections where the ground configured as a gradiometer the recorded was unsurveyable. There was also a small values indicate the difference between two area at the entrance to the survey area with magnetic measurements separated by a

2 Archaeological Project Services

GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

fixed distance. The Grad601-2 consists of 3. Destagger (allowing possible human two high stability fluxgate gradiometers error from walking to be analysed and suspended on a single frame with a 1m corrected in the data) separation between the sensing elements giving a strong response to deep As part of the analysis XY trace plots were anomalies. also examined to better identify isolated responses and any anomalies were marked Sampling interval and data capture on the interpretation. These plots are not Readings were taken at 0.25m intervals included in the final report. along traverses 1m apart. The Grad 601 has a typical depth of penetration of 0.5m 3.2 Results to 1.0m although a greater range is possible where strongly magnetic objects The presentation of the data for the site have been buried in the site. involves a greyscale print-out of the minimally processed data (Fig 4) and Readings are logged consecutively into the processed data (Fig 5). Magnetic data logger which is downloaded daily, anomalies have been identified and plotted either into a portable computer whilst on on to an interpretative drawing (Fig 6) and site or directly to the office computer. At overlain onto a historical map from 1951 the end of each job, data is transferred to (Fig 7). the office for processing and presentation. Positive linear anomalies Processing and presentation of results Several positive linear anomalies have Processing is performed using specialist been identified within the site. Most are software TerraSurveyor (version 3.0.25.1). relatively weak and discontinuous in This can emphasise various aspects places. Anomalies A is an area with contained within the data that are often not several linear anomalies that appear to easily seen in the raw data. Basic intersect. Although this could be processing of the magnetic data involves archaeological there is not enough within flattening the background levels with the area to clearly identify an origin. respect to adjacent traverses and adjacent grids (Destripe or zero median traverse). Anomaly B is a positive linear in the Further processing can then be carried out southern part of the site, that is uncertain which may include low pass filtering to in origin. There is also a weak curvi-linear reduce ‘noise’ in the data and hence anomaly directly to the south. It is unclear emphasise the archaeological or man-made in this data set if the two anomalies are anomalies. linked and whether they may be associated with the possible archaeological features to The following are the processing the south. techniques carried out on the processed gradiometer data used in this report: Anomaly C is a weak positive linear anomaly of unknown origin. This may be 1. DeStripe (sets the background median caused by agricultural activity but the of each traverse within a grid to zero and is alignments do not match the orientation of useful for removing striping effects) the modern field pattern. Alternatively, these could also be caused by natural 2. Clip (excludes extreme values allowing collections of more magnetically enhanced better representation of detail in the mid material that appear to create linear range): -3 to 3nT. anomalies.

3 Archaeological Project Services

GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

Agricultural activity Agricultural activity is present within the 4. DISCUSSION site. However, for clarity a general orientation of the anomalies has been The magnetic survey has identified several identified rather than individual features. different anomalies across the survey area, Evident as fairly weak parallel linear several of which are believed to be modern responses, these represent former ridge and in origin. furrow cultivation. There are agricultural anomalies which are Dipolar linear anomalies suggestive of ridge and furrow activity This type of anomaly is commonly related possibly of late medieval date in the to modern pipes or cables. Due to the weak northern part of the site. strength of the anomaly, this response (Anomaly E in the north part of the site) is Several small linear adjoining anomalies in perhaps, more likely to be produced by a the south of the site are possibly of field drain. archaeological origin. Just to the north of these are other weak linear anomalies. Areas of magnetic disturbance Their general clustering may imply they Within the results there are two areas of represent archaeological remains. magnetic disturbance (highlighted by blue However, due to the restricted extent of the cross hatching). These are thought to relate survey area in this part of the site, the to patches of burnt material that could be nature and origins of these anomalies are seen on the surface. uncertain.

Isolated positive anomalies All other anomalies identified within the Isolated positive anomalies (highlighted by site are believed to be modern in origin. a red circle) can represent pits. However, These include a former pond which is the isolated positive anomaly found within shown is shown on early and mid-20 th this site is thought to be natural collection century maps (Cope-Falkner 2015), but of more magnetically enhanced material as which had been infilled by the 1980s. there is no evidence to support an archaeological origin. Several former field boundaries are shown on historic maps to cross the site (Fig 7), Area of enhanced dipolar response though none of these has been identified in Anomaly D is an area of enhanced the survey. It is uncertain if the positive and negative response . This is boundaries shown on historic maps were fairly strong and it is confined to a small fencing or temporary and have therefore area adjacent to the northern field not left a measurable magnetic response boundary. Historic maps show that a pond after being removed. was located at this point (Fig 7). As anomalies have been identified within Isolated dipolar anomalies the site it is believed that the soils have a There are multiple isolated dipolar significantly high enough magnetic anomalies within the site. Such responses susceptibility to produce a measurable are often caused by metallic debris often magnetic response. derived from agricultural machinery. There is no evidence that these would be 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of archaeological origin so are probably related to modern material and have not Archaeological Project Services wishes to been shown on the interpretation. acknowledge Cornerstone Planning Ltd

4 Archaeological Project Services

GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

and Moor Bio-Energy who commissioned the project. Gary Taylor and Denise Drury edited the report.

6. PERSONNEL

Project coordinator: Gary Taylor Geophysical Survey: Sean Parker, Jonathon Smith and Fiona Walker. Survey processing and reporting: Sean Parker.

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY BGS, 1996 Grantham: Solid and drift edition , 1:50 000 map sheet 127

CIfA, 2014a Standard and Guidance for Field Evaluation.

CIfA, 2014b Standard and Guidance for Geophysical Survey.

Clark, A., 1996 Seeing Beneath the Soil , London, 2 nd edn.

English Heritage, 2008 Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation.

Hodge, C.A.H., Burton, R.G.O., Corbett, W.M., Evans, R. and Seale, R.S., 1984 Soils and their use in Eastern England, Soil Survey of England and Wales 13

Cope-Faulkner, P. 2015 Archaeological Desk Based Assessment of land at Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby, Lincolnshire , Unpublished APS report No: 94/15 .

8. ABBREVIATIONS

APS Archaeological Project Services

BGS British Geological Survey

CIfA Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

5 Archaeological Project Services

LINCOLNSHIRE 100km 20km

Gainsborough Market Rasen Louth

Horncastle Lincoln Skegness

GREAT Sleaford GONERBY Boston

Grantham

Bourne Spalding

Crowland Stamford

Figure 1: General location plan

N

41

40

88 89 SK Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 map with the Archaeological Project Services 0 500m permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (C) Crown Copyright. HTL Ltd Licence No. 100020146 Site Location Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Gt. Gonerby

Scale 1:10000 Drawn by: SP Report No: 16/16 Figure 2: Site Location

N

41200

41100

41000

40900

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40600

SK 88400 88500 88600 88700 88800

Archaeological Project Services 0 100m Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Gt Gonerby

Scale 1:2500 Drawn by: SP Report No: 16/16 Figure 3: Geophysics Grid Layout

N

41200

41100

41000

40900

40800

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40600

SK 88400 88500 88600 88700 88800

Archaeological Project Services 0 100m Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Gt. Gonerby

Scale 1:2500 Drawn by: SP Report No: 16/16 Figure 4: Minimally Processed Greyscale Data

N

41200

41100

41000

40900

40800

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40600

SK 88400 88500 88600 88700 88800

Archaeological Project Services

0 100m Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Gt. Gonerby

Scale 1:2500 Drawn by: SP Report No: 16/16 Figure 5: Processed Greyscale Data

N POSITIVE LINEAR

WEAK POSITIVE RESPONSE

DIPOLAR LINEAR

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY

FIELD DRAINAGE

ISOLATED POSITIVE RESPONSE

ISOLATED DIPOLAR RESPONSE

AREA OF DISTURBANCE

AREA OF ENHANCED DIPOLAR RESPONSES

41200

D E

41100

41000

40900

C

40800

B

A 40700

40600

SK 88400 88500 88600 88700 88800

Archaeological Project Services 0 100m Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Gt. Gonerby

Scale 1:2500 Drawn by: SP Report No: 16/16 Figure 6: Greyscale Data Interpretation

N

41200

D E

41100

41000

40900

C

40800

B

A 40700

40600

SK 88400 88500 88600 88700 88800

Archaeological Project Services 0 100m Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Gt. Gonerby

Scale 1:2500 Drawn by: SP Report No: 16/16 Figure 7: Historic Map (1951) and Survey Area with Interpretation

Appendix 1

THE ARCHIVE

The archive consists of:

3 Daily record sheets 1 Report text and illustrations 13 Digital data (Photos and videos)

File names GRGM16.xyz Explanation of codes used in file names ,xyz files allow whole composite to be generated and stored easily. Description of file formats All files are in xyz format where Z= nT reading List of codes used in files Hardware, software and operating systems TerraSurveyor 3.0.25.1 running under Windows 7 Date of last modification 11/03/16 Indications of known areas of weakness in data

All primary records are currently kept at:

Archaeological Project Services, The Old School, Cameron Street, Heckington, Sleaford, Lincolnshire NG34 9RW

Final destination of the archive is:

The Collection Art and Archaeology in Lincolnshire Danes Terrace Lincoln LN2 1LP

OASIS code : archaeol1-246053

Site Code: GRGM16

Accession No: LCNCC:2016.25

Archaeological Project Services shall retain full copyright of any commissioned reports under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with all rights reserved; excepting that it hereby provides an exclusive licence to the client for the use of such documents by the client in all matters directly relating to the project as described in the Project Specification. 3/24/2016 OASIS FORM ­ Print view OASIS DATA COLLECTION FORM: England

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Printable version

OASIS ID: archaeol1­246053

Project details Project name Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby, Lincolnshire Short description Geophysical survey at Gonerby Moor near Great Gonerby, the survey has of the project identified several anomalies some of which could possibly be of archaeological origin to the south of the site. However, the survey area limits their interpretation. There is also evidence of medieval ridge and furrow activity to the north of the site. Project dates Start: 08­03­2016 End: 10­03­2016 Previous/future No / Not known work Any associated GRGM16 ­ Sitecode project reference codes Type of project Field evaluation Site status None Current Land use Cultivated Land 4 ­ Character Undetermined Monument type DITCHES Uncertain Significant Finds NONE None Methods & ''''Geophysical Survey'''' techniques Development type Bio­Energy plant Prompt National Planning Policy Framework ­ NPPF Position in the Not known / Not recorded planning process Solid geology Brant Mudstine (other) Drift geology Unknown Techniques Magnetometry

Project location Country England Site location LINCOLNSHIRE SOUTH KESTEVEN GREAT GONERBY Gonerby Moor

http://oasis.ac.uk/form/print.cfm 1/3 3/24/2016 OASIS FORM ­ Print view Study area 8.8 Hectares Site coordinates SK 886 410 52.958726562643 ­0.680885043359 52 57 31 N 000 40 51 W Point

Project creators Name of Archaeological Project Services Organisation Project brief Archaeological Project Services originator Project design Archaeological Project Services originator Project Gary Taylor director/manager Project supervisor Sean Parker Type of Developer sponsor/funding body

Project archives Physical Archive No Exists? Digital Archive The Collection recipient Digital Media ''Geophysics'' available Paper Archive The Collection recipient Paper Media ''Correspondence'',''Miscellaneous Material'',''Plan'',''Report'',''Survey '' available

Project bibliography 1 Grey literature (unpublished document/manuscript) Publication type Title Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby, Lincolnshire: Geophysical Survey Author(s)/Editor(s) Parker, S. Other 16/16 bibliographic details Date 2016 Issuer or publisher APS Place of issue or Heckington publication

Entered by Sean Parker ([email protected]) Entered on 24 March 2016

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