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Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Attracted to A-Pinene, Monochamol, and Ipsenol in North America

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Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Attracted to A-Pinene, Monochamol, and Ipsenol in North America Journal of Economic Entomology, 109(3), 2016, 1205–1214 doi: 10.1093/jee/tow071 Advance Access Publication Date: 22 April 2016 Forest Entomology Research article Pine Sawyers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Attracted to a-Pinene, Monochamol, and Ipsenol in North America D. R. Miller,1,2 J. D. Allison,3 C. M. Crowe,1 D. M. Dickinson,4 A. Eglitis,5,6 R. W. Hofstetter,7 A. S. Munson,8 T. M. Poland,9 L. S. Reid,10,11 B. E. Steed,12 and J. D. Sweeney13 1USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 Green St., Athens, GA 30602 ([email protected]; [email protected]), 2Corresponding author, email: [email protected], 3Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Center, 1219 Queen St. East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada P6A 2E5 ([email protected]), 4USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, 1133 North Western Ave., Wenatchee, WA 98801 ([email protected]), 5USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, 63095 Deschutes Market Rd., Bend, OR 97701 ([email protected]), 6Retired, 7Northern Arizona University, School of Forestry, 200 Downloaded from East Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86011 ([email protected]), 8USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, 4746 South 1900 East, Ogden, UT 84403 ([email protected]), 9USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3101 Technology Blvd., Suite F, Lansing, MI 48910 ([email protected]), 10South Carolina Forestry Commission, 5500 Broad River Rd., Columbia, SC 29212 ([email protected]), 11Current address: City of Charlotte, 600 East Fourth St., Charlotte NC 28202, 12USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, 200 East Broadway, P.O. Box 7669, Missoula, MT, 59807 ([email protected]), and 13 Natural Resources http://jee.oxfordjournals.org/ Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Center, 1350 Regent Street, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B5P7 ([email protected]) Received 28 January 2016; Accepted 11 March 2016 Abstract Detection tools are needed for Monochamus species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) because they are known to introduce pine wilt disease by vectoring nematodes in Asia, Europe, and North America. In 2012–2014, we at Don Thomson on June 1, 2016 examined the effects of the semiochemicals monochamol and ipsenol on the flight responses of the sawyer beetles Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier), Monochamus clamator (LeConte), Monochamus mutator LeConte, Monochamus notatus (Drury), Monochamus obtusus Casey, Monochamus scutellatus (Say), and Monochamus titillator (F.) complex (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to traps baited with a-pinene. Experiments were set in pine forests in New Brunswick and Ontario (Canada), and Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Montana, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, and Washington (United States). In brief, 40 traps were placed in 10 blocks of 4 traps per block per location. Traps were baited with: 1) a-pinene; 2) a-pinene þ monochamol; 3) a-pinene þ ipsenol; and 4) a-pi- nene þ monochamol þ ipsenol. Monochamol increased catches of six species and one species complex of Monochamus with an additive effect of ipsenol for five species and one species complex. There was no evi- dence of synergy between monochamol and ipsenol on beetle catches. Monochamol had no effect on catches of other Cerambycidae or on any associated species of bark beetles, weevils, or bark beetle predators. We pre- sent a robust data set suggesting that the combination of a-pinene, ipsenol, and monochamol may be a useful lure for detecting Monochamus species. Key words: a-pinene, monochamol, ipsenol, detection, trapping Recent introductions of adventive species such as the Asian long- Canada and the United States, with seven found in pine forests horn beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: (Lingafelter 2007, Bezark 2015). Cerambycidae), have highlighted the need for better detection tools A popular tool in detection programs is the combination of a for wood borers (Allison et al. 2004, Hanks et al. 2012, Miller et al. trap and an attractant. Pine sawyers are broadly attracted to host 2013b). Some borers such as pine sawyers (Monochamus spp.) can volatiles such as a-pinene and bark beetle pheromones such as ipse- carry nematodes that cause pine wilt disease, a disease that has re- nol (Allison et al. 2004, Pajares et al. 2004, Miller et al. 2013b, and sulted in the death of thousands of trees in Asia and now poses a references therein). Pajares et al. (2010) identified monochamol threat to forests in Europe (Wingfield et al. 1982, Evans et al. 1996, (2-undecyloxy-ethanol) as a male-produced aggregation pheromone Vincente et al. 2012). Eight species of Monochamus are native to for Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (native to Europe). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2016. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the United States. 1205 1206 Journal of Economic Entomology, 2016, Vol. 109, No. 3 Table 1. Locations, predominant pine species, brands of antifreeze, and trapping dates for each of 11 experiments on flight responses of Monochamus species to multiple-funnel traps baited with a-pinene, monochamol, and ipsenol in North America Exp. Location Coordinates Predominant tree species Brand of RV Type of Trapping antifreeze funnel trap dates 1 Centennial Forest, Flagstaff, 35.163 N, Pinus ponderosa P. Lawson Splasha 12-Unit 5 June–31 Coconino Co., AZ 111.762 W July 2013 2 Scull Shoals Experiment 33.742 N, Pinus taeda L. and Pinus Splasha 10-Unitb 17 May–2 Forest, Greene Co., GA 83.282 W echinata Miller July 2012 3 Scull Shoals Experiment 33.775 N, P. taeda and P. echinata Splasha 10-Unitb 24 April–24 Forest, Oglethorpe Co., 83.246 W June 2014 GA 4 Kellogg Research Forest, 43.356 N, P. resinosa Aiton Prestonec 12-Unitb 25 June–13 Kalamazoo Co., MI 85.340 W Aug. 2013 5 Missoula, Missoula Co., MT 46.813 N, P. ponderosa, Pseudotsugae Winter Band 12-Unit 3 July–22 113.939 W menziesii (Mirbel), and Aug. 2013 Larix occidentalis Nuttall 6 Acadia Research Forest, 45.999 N, Pinus strobus L., Abies balsa- Prestonec 12-Unit 27 June–15 Sunbury Co., NB 66.263 W mea (L), and Picea rubens Aug. 2013 Sargent Downloaded from 7 Aubrey Falls Provincial Park, 47.022 N, Pinus banksiana Lambert, Prestonec 12-Unit 16 July–29 Algoma Co., ON 83.191 W Picea glauca (Moench) Aug. 2012 Voss, and A. balsamea 8 Deschutes National Forest, 44.480 N, P. ponderosae Winter Band 10-Unitb 4 July–30 Jefferson Co., OR 121.664 W Aug. 2013 9 Harbison State Forest, 34.086 N, P. taeda Splasha 10-Unitb 17 July–12 http://jee.oxfordjournals.org/ Richland Co., SC 81.116 W Sep. 2012 10 Uinta-Wasatch-Cache 40.854 N, Pinus contorta Douglas, Quicksilvere 12-Unit 9 July–11 National Forest, Summit 110.890 W Picea engelmannii Sep. 2013 Co., UT Engelmann, and Abies lasiocarpa Nuttall 11 Wenatchee National Forest, 47.784 N, P. ponderosae and P. Winter Band 10-Unitb 26 June–5 Chelan Co., WA 120.706 W menziesii Sep. 2012 a Splash RV & Marine Antifreeze, Fox Packaging Inc., St. Paul, MN. b Modified by widening size of funnel openings as in Miller et al. (2013a). at Don Thomson on June 1, 2016 c Prestone Low Tox Antifreeze, Prestone Products Corp., Danbury, CT. d Winter Ban-50, CAMCO Mfg. Inc., Greensboro, NC. e Quicksilver À50F Water System Antifreeze, Mercury Marine, Fond du Lac, WI. Teale et al. (2011) found that male Monochamus alternatus Hope M. scutellatus) in traps baited with monochamol, a-pinene, and (native to Asia) produced monochamol, and that both sexes of M. ethanol in British Columbia, Canada (Macias-Samano et al. 2012). alternatus were attracted to it. In New York, monochamol is pro- We also noted impacts of monochamol and ipsenol on attraction of duced by male M. scutellatus, and is attractive to both sexes of M. other Cerambycidae, bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: scutellatus and M. notatus in stands of Pinus strobus L. (Fierke et al. Scolytinae), and associated predators. 2012). In Louisiana, Allison et al. (2012) found production of monochamol by male M. carolinensis and male M. titillator, with at- traction to monochamol exhibited by both sexes of each species in Materials and Methods stands of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L. In addition, monochamol is In each of 11 locations, 40 multiple-funnel traps were hung at breast attractive to M. clamator, M. obtusus, and M. scutellatus in stands height in 10 blocks of 4 traps per block. The methodology was the of Pinus ponderosa Lawson & Lawson in British Columbia, Canada same as that used by Miller et al. (2013b, 2015), with the following (Macias-Samano et al. 2012). Similarly, monochamol increased trap characteristics for the current study: 1) locations, tree species in for- catches of Monochamus urossovii (Fischer) in Poland, Monochamus est, trapping periods, brands of alcohol-free RV antifreeze, trap type, saltuarius (Gebler) in China, and M. scutellatus and M. notatus in and trapping periods as noted in Table 1; 2) lures used in study as New Brunswick and Ontario, Canada (Ryall et al. 2015). noted in Table 2; and 3) intertrap spacing of 10-25 m and each trap a-Pinene is an important synergist for M. carolinensis and M. tit- illator in responding to monochamol (Allison et al. 2012). Catches >2 m from a tree. Traps within each block were baited with one of of M. scutellatus in monochamol-baited traps were enhanced by the the following: 1) a-pinene; 2) a-pinene þ monochamol; 3) a-pi- addition of a-pinene and ethanol in New Brunswick (Ryall et al. nene þ ipsenol; and 4) a-pinene þ ipsenol þ monochamol. As noted 2015). The bark beetle pheromone ipsenol is attractive to pine saw- by Miller et al.
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