IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

ANALYSIS OF LANDSLIDES RISK IN DANO VILLAGE LELES DISTRICT REGENCY WEST

Fachry Arsyad Social Welfare Polytechnic, [email protected]

Dede Kuswanda Bandung Polytechnic of Social Welfare, [email protected]

Milly Mildawati Bandung Polytechnic of Social Welfare, [email protected]

______

Abstract The study aims to obtain the overview of landslide risk in Dano Village, Leles District, Garut Regency. Disaster risk is the potential for losses arising from disasters. Level of disaster risk is the result of multiplication between threat and vulnerability divided by capability, meaning that the greater the threat and vulnerability while the smaller the capability, the greater the risk of disaster. The research method used a descriptive survey research methods with quantitative approaches. The research respondents were administrators and members of the Disaster Preparedness Village and Chairman of RW 06, 07 and 08 Kampung Patrol in total 46 respondents. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire. The results showed that in Dano Village, Leles Subdistrict, Garut Regency, there was a high category of landslide threat, a high category of vulnerability to landslides, and a low category of capability to encounter disaster threats. In general, Dano Village has a low level of disaster risk. Recommended research results are: a necessary effort to reduce the risk of landslides by depressing the threat of landslides, decreasing vulnerability to landslides, and increasing the capability on facing landslides. The next research recommendation is to examine the variable of preparedness to encounter the threat of landslides.

Keywords: risks, disasters, landslides

______

27

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

Sukabumi District, and West Bandung INTRODUCTION District. Meanwhile 2 of Bandung Districts, The geological, geographical, District, Ciamis District, Kuningan hydrological and topographical conditions District, and Sumedang District has a high bring into a potential and risk level of ground movement (BNPB, vulnerable area for frequently experiencing 2010). landslide disaster or ground movements. In Garut District, the vulnerable area Geological condition makes Indonesia of having ground movement and landslides oftenly have earthquakes which can be a is Dano Village. This village is part of Leles trigger for landslides or ground movements. Sub-district, Garut District, which The geographical condition related to topographically and geographically is hills agricultural land management, which is not area with bumpy surface and slightly steep really concern about environmental aspect slopes. This condition is very potential for can be the reason of landslides occurs. landslides to occur. Apart from being hilly, Besides, the hydrological condition of the land surface in steep areas is only Indonesia has two seasons, that is summer planted by little plants with strong roots. and rainy season. Landslide disaster This also makes parts of Dano Village prone generally occurs in the rainy season. This is to landslides, especially during the rainy also influenced by topographical condition season. or the earth’s surface, Indonesian territory People living in disaster-prone areas has a bumpy surface with part of the land is are threatened by danger at any time. In fact, mountains and hills with steep slopes, which they have to move or relocated to a place are very potential for landslides. that is considered safe from the threat of Badan Nasional Penanggulangan disaster. But oftenly, relocation is not an Bencana (BNPB) on Rancangan Aksi easy thing to do. In some cases, even people Nasional (RAN) Pengurangan Risiko who have been relocated will eventually Bencana (PRB) 2010-2012 has classificated return to their places of origin for several district/city area based on the risk level of reasons. Indeed, relocation is not just ground movement (landslides) into two moving people to a new place with new category: (1) district/city that has a very high residence facilities, but also move their life risk ground movement and (2) district/city and livelihoods. that has a high risk ground movement. If people living in disaster-prone areas BNPB recorded that there are 90 choose to stay afloat, they must be able to districts/cities having a very high risk of adapt to conditions of disaster threat. They ground movement threats and 93 must not keep quiet about threats. The districts/cities having a high risk of ground efforts to do such as a preventive action to movement threats in Indonesia. keep the disaster never occur or at least In Province, the village that reduce the threats of disaster. Although the has a very high risk level area to experience threat cannot be prevented, then what must a ground movement are Garut District, be done is to reduce the risk through Cianjur District, District, mitigation activities. If the threat persists and

28

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020 the risk has been reduced, but there is a Disaster risk analysis is one of the possibility of disaster, then the community stages in disaster risk reduction activities. must undertake preparedness. The activity Disaster risk analysis is an activity of that must be carried out before doing risk assessing disaster risk to determine the mitigation activities is conducting disaster amount of estimated losses that can be risk analysis/assessment. anticipated in specific areas during a specific Disaster risk assessment is carried out time period (UNDP / UNDRO, 1992). by using the formula "disaster risk is the Disaster risk analysis activities can use the result of threat multiplied to vulnerability formula "disaster risk equals to threat divided by capacity". In order to use this multiplied with vulnerability divided by formula, it is necessary to know in advance capacity". So the size of disaster risk the respective values of threats, depends on the size of the threat value, vulnerabilities and capabilities in dealing vulnerability and capability. The formula for with landslides. disaster risk (processed from: Disaster According to the assessment result, Management Education and Training Center, furthermore, disaster prevention, mitigation, 2015, page 11) is as follows: or preparedness and early warning activities can be carried out to reduce threats, decrease vulnerability, and increase capacity or H x V DR = Disaster Risk capability to encounter the threat of DR = ------H = Hazard landslides. This study aims to assess how C V = Vulnerability much risk of landslides based on assessment C = Capacity of the Disaster Preparedness Village (DPV) administrators and members, so that the community has the data to be used as a basis Hazard (threat / danger) is an for planning disaster risk reduction incident that can lead to disaster (RI Law, activities. No. 24 of 2007). Another definition of a Disaster management activities threat is a process, phenomenon or human generally intended to respond three disaster activity that can cause death, injury or other situation which are: health impacts, property damage, social and 1) Before a disaster occurs or pre-disaster, economic disruption or environmental 2) When a disaster occurs, and degradation. Hazards can come from natural, 3) Post disaster. anthropogenic, or natural sociological Activities that focused on the origins (UNISDR, 2016) situation before a disaster occurs are called According to Sendai Framework For disaster risk reduction, activities when a Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, disaster disaster occurs are namely emergency threats can be grouped based on their origin, response, and activities after a disaster or into: geological threats, after an emergency response are known as hydrometerorological threats, biological recovery. threats, technological processes, phenomena and environmental damage. Geological

29

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020 threats such as earthquakes, including Resources can be used in disaster earthquakes that causing tsunamis, volcanic handling, both in disaster risk reduction eruptions and landslides. phase during the emergency response and in Besides, the hydrometeorological the recovery period. Resources can be threat such as floods, including flash and formed ad human resources, natural tidal floods, hurricanes and storms (strong resources, financial resources, institutions, winds), drought, and lightning. While and others. Regarding the capability or biological threats such as disease outbreaks capacity in disaster handling, Lopez, at all and plant pests that cause harvest failure. explained that "most people, event the Technological failure can be exemplified as poorest and most marginalized, have a nuclear leak and for environmental damage capacities (resources, network, knowledge, can be shown as air, soil and water pollution. and skills) that they can put to work in order Vulnerability is conditions which are to prevent, resist , cope with, and recover determined by physical, social, economic from stress and shock such as hazardous and environmental factors/processes that natural events ". increase susceptibility a community to the The capabilities or capacities hazards impact (Affertranger, et al, 2007). required in disaster management can be According to Coppola (2015, p. 33) grouped into: "vulnerability is a measure of the propensity 1) Human knowledge and skills in disaster of an object, area, individual, group, handling; community, country, or other entity to incur 2) Logistics to fulfill sufficient basic the consequences of a hazard". Physical necessities for emergency and recovery vulnerability related to the condition of period; buildings that are prone to disasters, such as 3) Facilities and equipments for risk residential buildings, roads, bridges, office reduction, emergency response, buildings, and others. rehabilitation and reconstruction; Meanwhile, social vulnerability is 4) Institution for managing disaster related to population condition in disaster- handling activities; prone areas who do not have the knowledge 5) Cooperation and networking. and skills to adapt to threats. While Disaster risk is a potential loss economic vulnerability is related to income, caused by a disaster in an area and within a wealth or asset ownership which can be used certain period of time, which such as a for disaster handling including immediate death, injury, illness, threat of life, loss of recovery from a disaster. Environmental security, displacement, damage or loss of vulnerability is related to natural property, and disruption of community environmental conditions, such as steep activities (Law No. 24 of 2007 ). slopes, bare land, etc. Capacity is the The size of a disaster risk is strongly combination of all available strengths and influenced by the size of threat scale, the resources in a community or institution that level of vulnerability on threats, and the can reduce the level of risk or impact of a level of ability to face or handle disasters. disaster ( Affeltranger, 2007).

30

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

Disaster risk analysis result not only elements considered to have a possibility to show the magnitude of disaster risk in a minimize disaster vulnerability and risk certain area and period of time, but also can throughout society, to avoid (prevent), or produce the aspects value, even sub-aspects restrict (mitigation and preparedness) the of threats, vulnerabilities and capacities. The adverse impacts caused by hazards results of disaster risk analysis can be used (Afeltranger, et al. , 2007, p. 29). as basic data on carrying out disaster risk The framework consist of following reduction activities, especially based on the action sectors : lowest score of capability and the highest a. Risk awareness and assessment, score of vulnerability. including hazard analysis and Disaster risk analysis/assessment vulnerability / capacity analysis; activity is one of the stages on disaster risk b. Knowledge development, including reduction. Type of disaster risk reduction education, training, research and activity depends on the results of risk information; assessment which refers to: c. Public commitment and institutional 1) Assessment result of disaster threat framework, including institutional 2) Assessment result of disaster action, policies, laws and communities; vulnerability, and d. Implementation of action, including 3) Assessment result of capacity/capability environmental management, land use on facing disasters. and urban planning, protection of Disaster risk reduction activities can essential facilities, application of science be prioritized against high threats, high and technology, partnerships and vulnerabilities and low networks, and financial instruments; capabilities/capacities. e. Early warning systems include Disaster risk reduction activities are forecasting, warning dissemination, carried out in disaster prone areas before the preparedness action, and capacity to give disaster occurs. Eliminating threats or a reaction (Affeltranger, 2007, p. 30) reducing threats is one of the activities that As the opinion of Afeltranger et al, needs to be carried out so that there are no generally there are four activities for disaster more sources of disaster threats through risk reduction called prevention, mitigation, prevention. preparedness, and early warning. Prevention If the threat can not be prevented, is intended as an effort to minimize or then the next step is to reduce the risk of this eliminate threats, mitigation is intended to threat through mitigation activities, and if reduce disaster risk if such threats occur, the threat has been identified it will occur while preparedness is intended to anticipate then preparedness and early warning must be if a disaster occurs, and early warning is done to all people who are probably affected intended to make affected communities can as soon as possible to give a correct save themselves and their belongings. The response. contents of introduction are the basic things Disaster risk reduction is a or urgency of the problem as a background conceptual framework consisting of of study/research writing.

31

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

METHOD total number of 50 people. All administrators Research Design and members of KSB were appointed as The study aims to get an overview respondents, so the researchers did not about the risk of landslides in Dano Village, determine sample. Leles District, Garut Regency, therefore the At research proposal drafting stage, research method used was descriptive the number of respondents was determined method by a quantitative approach. to be 50 respondents, but at the time of data According to Sugiyono (2012: 35) problem collection, the number of respondents who statement of a descriptive research is “a gave complete answers was only 46 problem statement relating to question of the respondents. Four people did not give independent variable existence, either only complete answers, so the answers were not on one variable or more (independent processed. variable). This kind of research is called a Measuring and Analysis Instruments descriptive research.” Research measuring instrument that Data Resources used was an instrument such as a structured There are three categories of data interview guide containing a list of questions resources used in the study, namely: or statements with available answer options. 1. Data of general description about Dano In this study, the measuring instrument used Village obtained from Dano Village an ordinal measurement scale, which is a officers and documents about scale that differentiates the category levels description of the village; or sequences of threats, vulnerabilities and 2. Data of landslides prone areas overview capacities in dealing with landslides. The obtained from heads of Community measurement scale that will be used to Units (RW) in each area that are measure threats, vulnerability and capacity chairman of RW 06, chairman of RW in dealing with landslides is "rating scale". 07, and chairman of RW 08; and Each question or statement will use 3. Data of threats, vulnerabilities, and the following four answer options: capacities overview on facing landslides The Threat Aspect uses a level from “a little threat obtained from administrators and threatening” for a value of 1, up to “very members of Disaster Preparedness threatening” for a value of 4. The Village in Dano Village, Leles District, Vulnerability Aspect uses a level from Garut Regency. “slightly vulnerable” for a value of 1, up to Population and Sample “very vulnerable” for a value of 4. The According to Neuman (2013: 207), Capacity Aspect uses the level from “less population is an abstract idea of a large capable” for a value of 1, up to “very compilation of cases that researchers take capable”, for a value of 4. samples on it, and the results of these The research data will be processed samples are generalized. The population in and presented in average number obtained this study is the administrators and members from all respondents for each of threat, of Disaster Preparedness Village, Dano vulnerability and capacity aspects with the Village, Leles District, Garut Regency, in following categories:

32

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

Very High: 3.26 - 4.00 Data Analysis Technique Height: 2.26 - 3.25 Interview data related to threats, Medium: 1.75 - 2.25 vulnerabilities and capacities in dealing with Low: 1.00 - 1.75 22 landslides will be analyzed quantitatively. The research data will be processed and Validity and Reliability Test presented in a frequency distribution table, The measuring instruments will be calculated with disaster formula, and tested for its validity and reliability to obtain categorized based on level of disaster risk, valid and reliable measuring instruments. then analyzed and concluded. The validity testing uses construct validity The formula for disaster risk is test by constructing instrument according "Disaster risk is the result from measured aspects based on the theory or multiplication of threat and vulnerability formula for disaster risk, then consultated divided by ability." To use this formula, it is with experts. necessary to make research data in Instrument reliability test was numerical form (quantitatively) so that it can performed using split half technique from be calculated as the formula. Categories of Spearman Brown, where the instrument disaster risk are divided into four, namely items per variable were divided by two, then very high, high, medium, and low. the two were connected using Spearmen

Brown correlation formula. If the results of RESEACH RESULT correlation analysis are> = 0.80, the research Overview of Dano Village instrument is stated reliable (Sarwono, Dano Village is located in the western 2015). end of Leles District, with an area of Data Collection Technique 874,985 hectares, consisted of 4 hamlets 1. Interview Technique with 8 Community Units (RW) and 32 Interview technique is a data collection Rukun Tetangga (RT). Dano Village has technique by researchers asking administrative area boundaries as follows: questions to respondents according to North side: Jangkurang Village the interview guidelines which have East side: Lembang Village been prepared. Interview questions South side: Tarogong District related to respondents assessments of West side: Bandung Village District threats, vulnerabilities and capacities in Dano is a village located in the slopes dealing with landslides. of Mount Guntur (local resident of Mount 2. Dokumentation Study Technique Gede) in the south, with an altitude range Documentation study technique is a data between 1200 - 1300 meters above sea level. collection technique by collecting and Most of the Dano Village area is a mountain studying documents that contain data on slope with a slope between 200 - 450. In the the description of Dano Village, Leles east, it is bordered by only natural fence District, Garut Regency and disaster boundary which is also the boundary to insident reports. Lembang Village, Leles District and to the

south, there is Ciharus River which is the

33

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020 administrative boundary to the Perhutani/ ha, and others 6,815 ha. For more details Mount Guntur area. regarding to land area and its use, please see Hydrological aspect of a village area table 1 below. is really needed on controlling and Table 1: Land Area by Type of Use at Dano regulating village water management. Based Village in 2018 on its hydrology, the river flows in Dano Rice Field Land village area form a watershed pattern, s (Ha) namely Curug Ciseeng watershed which is (Ha) Genera Settlemen ½ one of the Dano Village tourism potentials Hang l t Oth Tech Pond Grave overs Buildin Prohibitio ers as well as a central watershed that flows into nical gs ns rivers and gutters. Several rivers and drains in small, medium and large scale, are located 137 12 30 9 4,8 2,5 in Dano Village, namely: Ciharus River, Cigunung Agung River, Cisungalah River, Based on the latest data from Cigomong River, and Cihurang River. Population Census in 2010, the population of Moreover, there are also several water Dano Village was recorded at 10,175 people, springs that can be used as a source of clean but in 2014 about – People has increased water, as well as a source of water for every year by average of 2.4%. For more agriculture. The main water springs which details, see table 2 below. support the people of Dano Village are Table 2: Total Population and Population mostly from the mountainous area, namely Growth Rate of Dano Village in 2019 the Ciseeng water spring. In general, lately No Year Number of Growth Rate there has been a decrease in the quality of Population rainfall and the amount of rain compared to 1 2018 10.258 0,2 % the situation during previous years, this can 2 2016 10.196 0,6 % be very influential on several water springs Source : Data Desa Dano Book in 2018 which are the source of community life both The number of households in Dano for household needs and for rice cultivators. Village in 2012 was 10,196 Furthermore, this was also supported by comuniholds/KK, in 2013 was 10,258 uncontrolled damage of water springs households/KK, in 2014 was 10,330 resource due to lack of supervision from all households/HH. The number of households related parties. in Dano Village in 2019 is 1365 In general, the area in Dano Village is households/KK. For more details, see table used as residential area, and only a small 3 below. amount of it is used for productive area.

However, this condition shows that Dano

Village Area has adequate natural resources and is ready to be processed.

Although the land area is in the form of technical rice fields 25 ha, semi-technical

137 ha, rainfed 75 ha, yards/settlements of 9

34

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

Table 3: Number of Households Per Village Source : Data Desa Dano Book in 2018 and Community Units (RW) of Dano Village in 2019 The projection of Dano Village Numbe population in 2018 is 10,356 people, in 2019 RW/Village r of Density Sex the number is 10,391. It means that in 2019 No 1 Househ per km 2 Ratio there was population increasing of 35 olds people, mostly due to birth factors. 1 2 3 4 5 RW 1 01/Tambakb 398 Respondent Characteristic aya Respondents for the study were the RW heads of Community Units (RW) 06, 07, and 2 02/Tambakb 330 08, administrators and members of the aya Disaster Preparedness Village, Dano Numbe Village, Leles District, Garut Regency. Total RW/Village r of Density Sex No II Househ per km 2 Ratio number of respondents was 46 respondents. olds Characteristics of respondents related to age, 1 2 3 4 5 gender and level of formal education. RW 03 Cibanen, 3 423 Respondent Characteristic by Age Cikondong, Soreang Based on the age characteristics, the RW 04 research respondents were in the range of 20 Cidampit, to 50 years. Respondents characteristic by 4 642 Elos, age is presented in table 4 below: Kaluntang Table 4 : Characteristics of Respondents by Numbe Age in Dano Village in 2019 RW/Village r of Density Sex No III Househ per km 2 Ratio No Age (Years) F % olds 1 20-30 20 43,48 1 2 3 4 5 2 31-40 15 32, 61 RW 05, 3 41-50 11 23,91 Ciawitali, Total 46 100,00 1 Ciburial, In table 4 it can be seen that all Palawija respondents are working or in productive RW 2 age. This means that apart from being a 06/Dano manager or member of the Kampung Siaga Numbe RW/Village r of Density Sex Bencana and as the head of Community No IV Househ per km 2 Ratio Unit, respondent also does productive work olds in their respective fields of activity. 1 2 3 4 5 RW 1 292 Respondent Characteristic by Sex 07/Patrol The concern of community members RW 2 300 08/Patrol in disaster management is not only owned by Total 10.330 men, but also by women. The characteristics

35

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020 of respondents based on gender are Village, Leles District, Garut Regency is presented in table 5 below: based on the existence of objects that are Table 5: Respondent Characteristics by likely to be affected if a landslide occurs. Gender in 2019 These objects are houses/residences, worship No Gender F % places, school buildings, road 1 Male 39 84,79 infrastructures, bridges, gardens, rice fields, 2 Female 7 15,21 fish ponds, electricity network facilities, Total 46 100 livestock, mental safety, resident vehicles, Table 5 shows that most of the respondents school/study activities, work/livelihood were male. Meaning that the involvement of activities and irrigation facilities. The score women in Dano Village for disaster calculation of respondent answers to each handling, especially in managing disaster statement item about the threat is carried out handling activities through Disaster by adding up the multiplication results for Preparedness Village is still lacking. each from respondent answers. The score is Characteristics of Respondents Based on actual value obtained to describe the level of Education threatening to each statement item. Education level represents someone’s Category of threat level is determined knowledge and ability both on general based on calculation of the value position in knowledge and specific knowledge as their interval class category. Category of interval field of study. Education level of class assigned by the determination of respondents are presented on table 6 below: maximum value that may be obtained minus Table 6 : Respondent Characteristic by the minimum value that may be obtained Formal Education Level in 2019 divided by four interval classes as follows: No Education Level F % 1 Elementary School 27 58,9 184 minus 46 obtained the number 138 is 2 Junior High School 8 17,39 divided by 4 interval classes, then the result 3 Senior High School 7 15,22 is 34. Therefore, the threat values and 4 Bachelor Degree 4 8,70 categories are as follows: Total 46 100,00 46 – 80 : low 81 - 115 : medium As presented on Table 6, it is shown 116- 150 : high that some respondents have an education 151 - 184 : very high level on elementary school. It affects the The results of scores calculation on ability to receive knowledge about disaster respondent answers outcome about the threat handling when sthrengtening required of landslides to various objects around capacity for administrators and members of disaster-prone areas and threat level Disaster Preparedness Village is carried out. categories are presented in table 7 below: Table 7: The results of scores calculation on DISCUSSION respondent answers outcome about the threat Overview of Landslides Threat of landslides and the category of threat level The overview of data collection in Dano Village, Leles District, Garut results about landslides threat in Dano Regency in 2019.

36

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

Statement about Category electricity network No Score Landslides Threat of Threat facilities in Dano 1 2 3 4 Village Leles District Landslides threat on Garut Regency in 2019 residences in Dano Landslides threat on 1 Village Leles District 142 High livestock in Dano 11 136 High Garut Regency in Village Leles District 2019. Garut Regency in 2019 Landslides threat on Landslides threat on worship places (surau, life savety in Dano 12 134 High mosque, etc) in Dano Very Village Leles District 2 154 Village Leles District High Garut Regency in 2019 Garut Regency in Landslides threat on 2019. residents vehicels in Landslides threat on Dano Village Leles school in Dano Village 13 District Garut Regency 136 High 3 106 Medium Leles District Garut in 2019in Dano Village Regency in 2019. Leles District Garut Landslides threat on Regency in 2019 road infrastructures in Landslides threat on 4 Dano Village Leles 132 High school activities in District Garut Regency 14 Dano Village Leles 128 High in 2019 District Garut Regency 1 2 3 4 in 2019 Landslides threat on Landslides threat on general infrastructure work activities in Dano 15 142 High 5 as bridges in Dano 110 Medium Village Leles District Village Leles District Garut Regency in 2019 Garut Regency in 2019 Landslides threat on Landslides threat on irrigation facilities in agriculture land such as 16 Dano Village Leles 122 High Very 6 gardens in Dano 172 District Garut Regency High Village Leles District in 2019 Garut Regency in 2019 Total 2130 High Landslides threat on agriculture land such as The categories of threats to Dano 7 rice field in Dano 130 High Village residents who live in landslides Village Leles District Garut Regency in 2019 prone areas are grouped into four categories. Landslides threat on The threat categories are as follows fish pond in Dano 736 - 1288 : low 8 108 Medium Village Leles District 1289 – 1841 : medium Garut Regency in 2019 1842 - 2394 : high Landslides threat on clean water facilities in 2395 - 2944 : very high 9 Dano Village Leles 150 High Those threat categories are obtained District Garut Regency by calculating the minimum (736) and in 2019 maximum (2944) possible scores. After that, 10 Landslides threat on 128 High the maximum score is deducted by the 37

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020 minimum score, and the result is divided by school/study activities, work/livelihood the number of interval classes (552), which activities. , and irrigation facilities. is four. The overview of object's The calculation results of of vulnerability to landslides is assessed based respondent answers about threats to people on the potential of objects to be affected in living in disaster-prone areas obtained a total disaster-prone areas. Objects that potentially score of 2130. This number shows the threat to be affected by landslides in Dano Village is in high category. are: residences, worship places, school Table 7 shows that most or about 12 buildings, road infrastructure, bridges, objects threatened by landslides in Dano gardens, rice fields, fish ponds, electricity Village are categorized as high threat, in fact network facilities, livestock, life safety, threats to worship places and agricultural residents vehicles, school/learning activities land are categorized as very high, only two , work/livelihood activities, and irrigation objects which are bridges and fish ponds facilities. owned by residents are likely to be Score calculation of respondent threatened with a medium threat category. answer to each statement item regarding In general, the threat of landslides in vulnerability is assessed by adding the Dano Village is in category high (score multiplication results for each choice of 2,130). The condition indicates that respondent answer. The score is actual value landslides threat in Dano Village can pose a obtained to describe the level of risk such as high losses, both material and vulnerability in each statement item. non-material. The high threat of landslides The category of vulnerability level is can be affected by: determined based on the calculation of the 1) Strength, breadth and speed of value position in interval class category. landslides to hit objects above or below Category of interval class assigned by the the slope of soil surface; determination of maximum value that may 2) The proximity of objects that are be obtained minus the minimum value that potentially to be hit or carried away by may be obtained divided by four interval landslides with the source of landslides. classes as follows:184 minus 46, the number 138 is divided by 4 interval classes, then the Overview of Vulnerability to Landsides result is 34. Therefore, the values and The overview of data collection categories of vulnerability are as follows: result on vulnerability to landslides in Dano 46 – 80 : Low Village, Leles District, Garut Regency is 81- 115 : Medium based on the existence of objects that are 116- 150 : High likely to be affected if a landslide occurs. 151 – 184 : Very High These objects are houses/ living places, The results of scores calculation on worship places, school buildings, road respondent answers outcome about objects infrastructure, bridges, gardens, rice fields, vulnerability to landslides around disaster- fish ponds, electricity network facilities, prone areas and the level of vulnerability livestock, life safety, residents vehicles, are presented in table 8 below:

38

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

Table 8: The results of scores calculation on agricultural land respondent answers outcome about such as rice fields caused by ladnslides vulnerability to landslides and its category of in Dano Village vulnerability in Dano Village, Leles District, Leles District Garut Garut Regency in 2019. Regency in 2019. Statement about Vulnerability of fish Cathegory of No Vulnerability to Score pond caused by Vulnerability Landslides ladnslides in Dano 8 134 High 1 2 3 4 Village Leles Vulnerability of District Garut residences caused by Regency in 2019. landslides in Dano Vulnerability of 1 132 High Village Leles water spring caused District Garut by ladnslides in 9 142 High Regency in 2019. Dano Village Leles Vulnerability of District Garut worship places/ Regency in 2019. mosque caused by 1 2 3 4 2 ladnslides in Dano 104 Medium Vulnerability of Village Leles electricity District Garut network/installation Regency in 2019. 10 caused by ladnslides 134 Very High Vulnerability of in Dano Village school buildings Leles District Garut caused by ladnslides Regency in 2019. 3 114 Medium in Dano Village Vulnerability of Leles District Garut livestock caused by Regency in 2019. ladnslides in Dano 11 154 Very High Vulnerability of road Village Leles infrastructures District Garut caused by ladnslides Regency in 2019. 4 132 Medium in Dano Village Vulnerability of life Leles District Garut savety caused by Regency in 2019. ladnslides in Dano 12 154 Very High Vulnerability of Village Leles bridges caused by District Garut ladnslides in Dano Regency in 2019. 5 104 Medium Village Leles Vulnerability of District Garut residents vehicles Regency in 2019. caused by ladnslides 13 162 Very High Vulnerability of in Dano Village agricultural land Leles District Garut such as gardens Regency in 2019. 6 caused by ladnslides 136 High Vulnerability of in Dano Village school activities Leles District Garut 14 caused by ladnslides 162 Very High Regency in 2019. in Dano Village 7 Vulnerability of 130 High Leles District Garut

39

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

Regency in 2019. objects whose vulnerability is in very high Vulnerability of category, namely: resident livestock, life working activities safety, resident vehicles, and student caused by ladnslides 15 144 High in Dano Village learning activities. Only three objects Leles District Garut categorized into the medium vulnerability Regency in 2019. which are worship places, schools, and Vulnerability of bridges. irrigation In general, the level of vulnerability infrastructures 16 caused by ladnslides 138 High to landslides in Dano Village is in the high in Dano Village category (score 2.176). Leles District Garut Regency in 2019. Overview of Capability to Encounter Jumlah 2176 High Landslide Disaster An overview of data collection results The categories of vulnerability for on the capacity/capability to encounter Dano Village community who live in landslide disaster in Dano Village, Leles landslides prone area are grouped into four District, Garut Regency is related to the categories. This is appropriate with the various resources to be used in dealing with possible values obtained by respondents for the threat of disaster. These resources answers related to the capability of disaster include: knowledge, economy, equipment, handling. The categories of vulnerability are logistic, and the ability to recover from as follows: disasters of the community's capability, 736 - 1288 : Low Disaster Preparedness Village organization, 1289 – 1841 : Medium and the capability of village government. 1842 - 2394 : High The score calculation of respondents 2395 - 2944 : Very High answer to each statement item about The vulnerability category is capability is carried out by adding up the obtained by calculating the minimum (736) multiplication results for each choice and maximum (2944) possible scores. Then according to the respondents answer. This the maximum score is deducted by the score is the actual value obtained to describe minimum score, and the result is divided by the capability level of each statement item. the number of interval classes (552), which Category of capability level is is four. determined based on calculation of the value The calculation result of respondent position in interval class category. Category answers regarding vulnerability of people of interval class assigned by the living in disaster-prone areas obtained a total determination of maximum value that may score of 2176. It means that vulnerability is be obtained minus the minimum value that in high category. Table 8 shows that may be obtained divided by four interval generally objects that are likely to be classes as follows: 184 minus 46, the affected by landslides, have a high level of number 138 is divided by 4 interval classes, vulnerability (9 objects), there are even four

40

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020 then the result is 34 Therefore, the scores District Garut and ability categories are as follows: Regency in 2019. 46 – 80 : Low Economic (cost) capability of 81- 115 : Medium residents to 116- 150 : High encounter 4 94 Medium 151 – 184 : Very High landslides in Dano The score calculating result on the Village Leles results of respondent answers regarding the District Garut Regency in 2019. ability to face landslides threat and the Economic category of capability levels in Dano Village capability (cost) of are presented in table 9 below: village government to encounter Table 9: The results of the score calculation 5 98 Medium on respondent answers outcome regarding landslides in Dano Village Leles the ability to face the threat of landslides and District Garut the category of capability levels in Dano Regency in 2019. Village, Leles District, Garut Regency in Economic 2019. capability (cost) of Capability/Capacity Cathegory of Disaster No to Encounter Score Capability/ Preparedness Village to Landslides Capacity 6 63 Low 1 2 3 4 encounter landslides in Dano Capability of Village Leles residents District Garut knowledge to Regency in 2019. encounter 1 76 Low landslides in Dano Equipment capacity Village Leles of residents to District Garut encounter Regency in 2019. 7 landslides in Dano 86 Medium Village Leles Capability of District Garut village officers Regency in 2019. knowledge to encounter Equipment capacity 2 98 Medium landslides in Dano of village Village Leles government to encounter District Garut 8 106 Medium Regency in 2019. landslides in Dano Village Leles Knowledge District Garut capability of Regency in 2019. Kampung Siaga Bencana Equipment capacity 3 administrators and 104 Medium of Village Alert Disaster KSB to members to 9 93 Medium encounter encounter landslides in Dano landslides in Dano Village Leles Village Leles

41

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

District Garut The category of community Regency in 2019. capability, Disaster Preparedness Village, Logistic capacity of and the Dano Village government in residents to encounter landslides handling can be grouped into four 10 landslides in Dano 95 Medium categories. This is in accordance with the Village Leles possible values obtained by respondents for District Garut related answers to capability in disaster Regency in 2019. handling. Logistic capacity of village government The cathegories of capacity are : to encounter 690 - 1207 : Low 11 landslides in Dano 104 Medium 1208 - 1752 : Medium Village Leles 1753 - 2243 : High District Garut 2244 - 2760 : Very High Regency in 2019. Category of capability is obtained by Logistic capacity of Kampung Siaga calculating the minimum (690) and Bencana KSB to maximum (2760) possible scores. Then the encounter 12 90 Medium maximum score is reduced by the minimum landslides in Dano score, and the result is divided by the Village Leles number of interval classes (517), which is District Garut Regency in 2019. four. Capability of The calculation result of the disaster victims to respondent answers regarding capability in recover from disaster handling obtained a total score of 13 landslides in Dano 97 Medium 1.406. This number shows the capability is Village Leles District Garut in medium category. Regency in 2019. In table 9, it can be seen from 15 Capability of aspects of capabilities that must be had in village government dealing with landslides, about 13 aspects are to recover from in the medium category, and two aspects are 14 landslides in Dano 100 Medium Village Leles included in low category which are: District Garut 1) Public knowledge in facing the threat of Regency in 2019. landslides, and 1 2 3 4 2) The economic capability (cost) of Capability of Disaster Preparedness Village Kampung Siaga Bencana KSB to organization, in fact KSB organization is recover from the only organization in Dano Village 15 102 Medium landslides in Dano area that has duties and functions of Village Leles disaster handling in village level. District Garut Regency in 2019. The inadequate capability to Total 1406 Medium encounter landslide threats will potentially

42

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020 create huge losses when a land disaster From the results of collecting and occurs, whether it is loss of property, life, calculating specific data related to the threat environment, or disruption to community of landslides in Dano Village obtained activities. number which indicated that the threat of landslides in Dano Village was in high Result of Disaster Risk Analysis category. There are several factors that can affect a high threat of landslides, namely: The magnitude landslides risk in Dano 1) Related to the source of threat and Village itself is determined by three factors, 2) The existence of objects that may be namely the threat of landslides, vulnerability affected by the threat. to landslides, and the capability to encounter landslides. Referring to this, the results of The factors causing the high threat of data collection, processing and analysis to landslides are related to the source of threat measure the amount of Landslide Disaster which are: Risk in Dano Village, Leles District, Garut 1) The extent of area that make an Regency are calculated using the disaster opportunity to occur landslides, risk formula, which is the threat multiplied meaning that the wider the area of by vulnerability divided by capability. After landslides, the wider the areas and that, four risk categories are made, namely objects that are possible to be affected very high, high, medium, and low. The by landslides; possible average value intervals are: 2) The slope degree of hill or mountain slope, meaning that the higher the slope Low : 0,25 – 4,19 degree, the greater the threat; Medium : 4,20 – 8,29 3) The absence of landslide barriers or soil High : 8,30 – 12,49 binders on the surface of slopes which Very High : 12,50 – 16,00 can inhibit landslides, such as The calculation result of respondent embankments, terraces, and strong answers for the threat aspect obtained a total rooted trees. value of 2,130 or an average of 2.90, for the vulnerability aspect obtained a total value of The factors causing the high threat of 2.176 or an average of 2.95, while the result landslides are related to the presence of obtained for capability aspect were 1.406 or objects that may be affected by the threat an average of 2.04. Therefore, the magnitude such as: of disaster risk is 2.90 multiplied by 2.95 1) The number of people who live in then divided by 2.04 which equals 4.19. The landslides prone areas, value of 4.19 is in the low category, tends 2) Property belonging to residents in to the medium category. landslides prone areas; Based on the calculation result, here is 3) The number of facilities and a further explanation regarding the factors infrastructure in landslides prone areas; related to disaster risk in Dano Village. First, 4) Natural environmental conditions that the threat factor has a huge influence to the are possible to be affected by landslides; high risk of disaster. andThe number of activities and various

43

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

types of services in landslides prone 1) The distance between object and the areas. source of the threat, the closer object to the source of threat, the higher the This also match with Noor (2014) vulnerability opinion, where the magnitude of threat is 2) Lack of knowledge of the people living determined by the possible duration, place or in landslide prone areas about disaster location, and the nature of incident. risk reduction; and In addition, the high threat of 3) Strength of buildings and infrastructure landslides in Dano Village has various in langslides prone areas. The high rate impacts to the life and livelihoods of people of vulnerability to landslides threat in living in disaster-prone areas, such as: Dano Village will impact on the high 1) Life safety of the community, risk of disasters. The threat is high when 2) Damage and/or loss of property; meet with high vulnerability, then it is 3) Loss of livelihood, definitely the risk will be high. 4) Disruption of public services and social activities; This means that if a landslide occurs, 5) Natural environment damage, the damage and losses to the people will be 6) Facilities and infrastructure damage, etc. high. So, efforts are needed to reduce or decrease vulnerability. Second, related to the vulnerability The third factor, related to the factor, the results of data collection and capabilities on facing the threat of landslides calculation for vulnerability to landslides in in Dano Village, has also been obtained Dano Village, obtained the indication that number which show that the capabilities to vulnerability to landslides in Dano Village is face landslides threat in Dano Village is in also in the high category. low category. Refers to Chambers statement on The capabilities are such as Nasikun (2001), vulnerability is reflection of knowledge capability, economic capability, a condition without back up or reserve to the capability of equipment needed for handle unexpected things. disaster handling, logistic capability in In connection with Chambers emergency situation, and the ability to statement, the high result of vulnerability recover after a disaster occurs. The low scoring in Dano Village make these objects capability landslides handling can be are easily affected if a landslide occurs, and influenced by several factors. the Dano community also does not have the Lack of capability in knowledge back up or preparation to deal with this. To aspect can be affected by the fact that people encounter this condition, various efforts are has not received socialization or counseling needed to reduce the vulnerability, because or training about landslide disaster handling. if vulnerability meets a threat, the resulting The lack of capability of the loss or risk will increase. community in economic aspect for disaster There are several factors that causing handling can be affected by low income and the high rate of vulnerability to landslides in assets. The lack of capacity regarding Dano Village, such as: logistics, equipments and recovery capability 44

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020 is very influenced by their economic unavoidly vulnerable of landslides and condition including the assets they have. potential losses including fatalities, property, The low capability in disaster damaged facilities and infrastructure, handling of landslides in Dano Village, both disruption of public activities and services the capability of community and capability also environmental damage in case there are of the Disaster Preparedness Village, and no prevention, mitigation, preparedness and also the capability of the Dano Village early warning. government affecting the high risk of Generally, the research respondents disaster. If a landslide occurs in Dano were administrators and members of Village, it will pose a risk to life safety of Disaster Preparedness Village (KSB), both residents, environmental damage, loss of who lived in disaster-prone areas and property and livelihoods, and psycho social elsewhere. Most of the male respondents impacts. generally have a formal primary school This is convinced by the statement of education background, and most of them are Khambali (2017) which is the relationship in the range of 20 to 30 years. Objects that between capacity and vulnerability is are likely to be threatened by landslides in inversely proportional, if the capacity is Dano Village consists of residences, worship more, the vulnerability is lower, on the places, school buildings, road contrary, when the capacity is lower, the infrastructures, bridges, gardens, rice fields, vulnerability is getting higher. For this fish ponds, electricity network facilities, reason, it is necessary to improve the people livestock, life safety, residents vehicles, capability living in landslides prone areas, school/learning activities , work/livelihood the capability of KSB as a local organization activities, and irrigation facilities. The result cares for disaster handling, and the village of respondent answer calculation shows that government on facing the threat of landslides threat in Dano village has a high landslides. category. Generally, objects that are prone to CONCLUSION landslides in Dano Village include Dano Village, Leles District, Garut residences, worship places, school buildings, Regency is a village located in the southern infrastructure roads, bridges, gardens, rice slopes of Mount Guntur, with an altitude fields, fish ponds, electricity network between 1200 - 1300 m asl (above sea level). facilities, livestock, life safety, residents' Most of the Dano Village area is a mountain vehicles, school/learning activities, slope with the slope between 200 - 450. Its work/livelihood activities, and irrigation eastern anchor is just bordered by natural facilities. fence known as the boundary with Lembang The answers calculation result show Village, Leles District and bordered by that Dano Village has a high category of Ciharus River on the south which is the landslides vulnerability. administrative boundary to Perhutani area of The ability to deal with a landslides Mount Guntur. Dano Village, where most of threat in Dano Village, Leles District, Garut the area is in the form of mountain slopes is Regency related to the various resources

45

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020 they can use in dealing with the threat of Kingdom: Cambridge Archiectural disaster. These resources consist of Research Limited. knowledge, economic capacity, capabilities Coppola, Damon P. (2015). Introduction to international disaster management, third in the form of equipment, logistic edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier capabilities, and the ability to recover from Khambali, I., & ST, M. (2017). Manajemen disasters, both community capacity, Disaster Penanggulangan Bencana. Penerbit Andi. Preparedness Village organization, and the Lopez, Alejandro. (2014). Disaster capacity of village governments. Management: International lessons in risk reduction, response and recovery. The calculation results of respondent London: Routledge. answers to the recipe for disaster Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). management capability obtained a total score Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of 1.406. This number shows the ability is in of new methods (2nd ed.). London: Sage medium category. In general, landslides risk Publications. Nasikun. 2001.. Isu dan Kebijakan in Dano Village, Leles District, Garut Penanggulangan Kemiskinan. Diktat Regency is in low category, this is based on Mata Kuliah. Magister Administrasi calculation results of the threat value, Publik Universitas Gadjah Mada. vulnerability and capability values of the Yogyakarta. community, Disaster Preparedness Village Noor, D. (2014). Pengantar Mitigasi Bencana Geologi. Yogyakarta: organization, and the village government. Deepublish. However, although the risk of a disaster is in Pujiono. (2004). Model Pedoman Umum low to medium category, it is still necessary Penanggulangan Bencana. Jakarta: to do various efforts in order to reduce the Masyarakat Penanggulangan Bencana risk, especially those related to life safety of Indonesia. Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana people who live in landslides prone areas. Geologi (PVMBG). (2007). Daerah rawan gertan Jawa Barat. http://vsi.esdm.go.id REFERENCES Reduction, U.N. (2015, March, 18) Sendai Framework For Disaster Risk Reduction Anonim, 2018. “Buku Data Desa Dano 2015-2030. Diambil kembali dari United Tahun 2018” Kecamatan Leles, Nations Disaster Risk Reduction : Kabupaten Garut. udrr.org Abarquez, & Murshed. (2004). Community- Rogge, M. E. (2004). The future is now: based disaster risk management: Field Social work, disaster management, and practitioners handbook. Bangkok: ADPC. traumatic stress in the 21st century. Affeltranger, B., Alcedo, & Ammann. Journal of Social Service Research, 30(2), (2007). Living with risk: a global review 1-6 of disaster reduction initiatives (2nd ed.). Sarwono, J. (2015) Rumus-Rumus Populer Jakarta: ISDR. dalam SPSS 22 untuk Riset Skripsi. Badan Nasional Penangulangan Bencana. Yogyakart : Andi. (2010). Rencana aksi nasional Streeter, C. L. (2006). Research on social penangulangan bencana 2010 – 2012. work and disasters (Susan A Murty Ed.). Jakarta: BNPB. New York: The Hawort Press. Inc Coburn, A. W., & Spence, R. J. S. (2004). Suharto, E., Azman, A., & Baba, I. (2011). Mitigasi bencana (2nd ed.). The Oast Pendidikan dan praktik pekerjaan sosial di House, Malting Lane, Cambridge, United Indonesia dan Malaysia. Yogyakarta:

46

IJSW : Indonesian Journal of Social Work Vol.04 No.1, August, 2020

Samudra Biru. Suharto. (2005). Membangun masyarakat memberdayakan rakyat: kajian strategis pembangan kesejahteraan social dan pekerjaan sosial. Bandung: Refika Aditama Suharyadi. (2006). Pengantar geologi teknik. Yogyakarta: Biro Penerbit Universitas Gajah Mada. Supirin. (2004). Pelestarian sumber daya tanah dan air. Yogyakarta: Andi Yogyakarta UNDRO. (1992). Tinjauan umum managemen bencana (2nd ed.). Jakarta: UNDP. UNISDR. (2016). Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction. Geneva ; General Assembly The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). 2015. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Ganeva, Switzerland: The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Diakses pada 1 Agutus 2020 (www.unisdr.org). Yayasan IDEP (2005). Panduan umum penanggulangan bencana berbasis masyarakat. Jakarta: Bakornas PBP. Zakour, M. J., & Harrel, E. B. (2003). Access to disaster services: social work interventions for vulnerable populations. Journal of Social Service Research, 30(2), 27

47