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Special Edition 10 Breakthrough Technologies p. 7 The Internet of DNA 50 Smartest Companies p. 45 Tesla’s Grand Ambitions Innovators Under 35 p. 66 Visionaries at Work SPECIAL EDITION DISPLAY UNTIL 6/1/2016 BEST IN TECH: 2015 MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW | TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM 10 Breakthrough Technologies Some breakthroughs arrive ready to use, some set the stage for innovations to emerge later. Either way, the milestones on this Best list will be worth watching for years to come. 8 Magic Leap..................................................by Rachel Metz 14 Nano-Architecture...............................by Katherine Bourzac inTech 18 Car-to-Car Communication............................by Will Knight 20 Project Loon...............................................by Tom Simonite 26 The Liquid Biopsy.................................by Michael Standaert 28 Megascale Desalination...............................by David Talbot 30 Apple Pay....................................................by Robert D. Hof 34 Brain Organoids........................................by Russ Juskalian 38 Supercharged Photosynthesis......................by Kevin Bullis 40 Internet of DNA.....................................by Antonio Regalado 50 Smartest Companies Too many apps, not enough big ideas: the standard complaint about modern enterprises. Wondering where the audacious, innovative, visionary companies are? Just see our list. 45 The 50 Smartest Companies List 48 Survival in the Battery Business................by Richard Martin 50 Rebooting the Automobile...............................by Will Knight 56 Slowing the Biological Clock..................by Amanda Schaffer 58 Bonus Feature Who Will Own the Robots?.........................by David Rotman Innovators Under 35 Our stories on these young innovators offer a window into the challenges and rewards of creating technologies to address the world’s greatest needs. 68 Inventors 76 Entrepreneurs 81 Visionaries 86 Pioneers 93 Humanitarians 96 82 Years Ago From our archives, a 1933 essay on the Cover art by Viktor Hachmang effects of automation. 2 May 23-24, 2016 St. Regis Hotel San Francisco, CA Quoc Le Research Scientist, Google Brain Smarter Devices for Our Connected Environments EmTech Digital 2015 Speaker How will smart machines redefine your industry? Discover how artificial intelligence will impact every person, every industry, and society as a whole. technologyreview.com/EmTechDigital BEST IN TECH: 2015 MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW | TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM From the Editor Strictly speaking, these pages offer a way to wrap your mind around some of the most important companies, people, and technologies of our time. But what you’ll also find is a window into the world itself—for there is no aspect of our world that is not in some way touched by technology. Here you’ll see stories on efforts to economically turn seawater into drinking water, and to get cars to talk to each other in order to reduce congestion and traf- fic deaths. You’ll find new methods of detecting cancer early and getting Internet connectivity to people who’ve never had it. You’ll find ideas for making good use of the unimaginably massive troves of DNA data being produced around the world. In our young innovators list you’ll read about people doing the hard work, contemplation, and painstaking research in fields like robotics, clean energy, Alzheimer’s, online security, and space travel. You’ll learn not only what they’re doing but what inspired them to do it in the first place. We hope you will be inspired reading about them. Enjoy, Jason Pontin CEO, Editor in Chief, and Publisher MIT Technology Review GUIDO VITTIGUIDO 4 MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW | TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM BEST IN TECH: 2015 CEO, Editor in Chief, and Publisher CORPORATE ADVERTISING SALES CONSUMER MARKETING Jason Pontin President Director of Advertising Sales VP, Consumer Revenues and Marketing Kathleen Kennedy James Friedman Bruce Rhodes EDITORIAL [email protected] Advisor to the CEO Director of Marketing and Communications Editor 617-475-8015 David Rotman Rick Crowley David W.M. Sweeney Midwest Sales Director Chief Financial Officer Senior Marketing Associate Executive Editor Maureen Elmaleh Brian Bergstein James Coyle [email protected] Julie Swanson Director of International 303-975-6381 Deputy Editor MIT ENTERPRISE FORUM, INC. Business Development Megan Barnett New York, New England, and Southeast Executive Director Antoinette Matthews Barry Echavarria Antoinette Matthews Senior Editor, Business Reports [email protected] Assistant to the Editor in Chief Director of Chapter Leadership and Process Nanette Byrnes 603-924-4546 Giovanna Bortolamedi Gaylee Duncan Senior Editor, MIT News Mid-Atlantic Assistant to the President Director of Communications Alice Dragoon Clive Bullard Leila Snyder Joyce Chen Senior Editor, Science [email protected] Manager of Information Technology 845-231-0846 Faye Flam Chairman Colby Wheeler West Coast Jason Pontin Senior Editor, AI Office Manager Rob Finley Will Knight President Linda Cardinal rob.fi[email protected] Kathleen Kennedy Senior Editor, Energy 415-659-2982 FINANCE Treasurer Richard Martin Jeff Griffith General Ledger Manager James Coyle Senior Editor, Mobile [email protected] Olivia Male 626-229-9955 Rachel Metz CUSTOMER SERVICE AND Accountant SUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES Senior Editor, Biomedicine Melissa Wood Letitia Trecartin [email protected] National: 800-877-5230 Antonio Regalado 626-229-9955 San Francisco Bureau Chief BOARD OF DIRECTORS International: 903-636-1115 Europe Tom Simonite Martin A. Schmidt Anthony Fitzgerald E-mail: technologyreview@ Judith M. Cole Senior Writer mail@afitzgerald.co.uk pubservice.com Jerome I. Friedman David Talbot 44-1488-680623 Joichi Ito Web: www.technologyreview.com/ Senior Web Producer Israel Ruiz France customerservice Kyanna Sutton David Schmittlein Philippe Marquezy MIT Records: 617-253-8270 Alan Spoon [email protected] Managing Editor 33-1-4270-0008 (alums only) Timothy Maher PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Germany Reprints: Copy Chief Chief Digital Officer and Michael Hanke [email protected] Linda Lowenthal VP, Product Development [email protected] 877-652-5295 Erik Pelletier 49-511-5352-167 Associate Editor Mike Orcutt Product Manager China Vanessa DeCollibus Tao Lin Associate Web Producer [email protected] J. Juniper Friedman User Interface/Digital Designer Emily Dunkle Japan Senior Production Director Akiyoshi Ojima Licensing and permissions: Engineers James LaBelle [email protected] [email protected] Shaun Calhoun 813-3261-4591 Contributing Editors Molly Frey Technology Review George Anders Spain and South America Jason Lewicki One Main Street, 13th Floor Katherine Bourzac Cecilia Nicolini Kevin Leary Cambridge, MA 02142 Jon Cohen [email protected] DJ Hartman Tel: 617-475-8000 Peter Fairley +34607720179 Simson L. Garfinkel EVENTS Director of Event Sales The mission of MIT Technology Robert D. Hof Executive Producer Michele Belanger-Bove Review is to equip its audiences with Courtney Humphries Chris Shipley [email protected] the intelligence to understand a world Amanda Schaffer VP, Events and Strategic Partnerships Advertising Services Coördinator shaped by technology. Amy Lammers Ken Collina DESIGN Technology Review, Inc., is an inde- Creative Director Director of Events Programming Custom Editor pendent nonprofit 501(c)(3) corpora- Nick Vokey Laura Janes Wilson Anne Stuart tion wholly owned by MIT; the views Art Director Manager of Conferences/Special Events Sales & Marketing Coördinator expressed in our publications and at Jordan Awan Gerri Powers Anna Raborn our events are not always shared by the Institute. Designer Senior Program Editor, Solve Advertising Services Sam Jayne Margaret Evans [email protected] De Technologia non multum scimus. 617-475-8004 Art Assistant Senior Content Producer Scimus autem, quid nobis placeat. Lynne Carty Marcy Rizzo Media Kit www.technologyreview.com/media Senior Events Coördinator Nicole Silva 5 MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW VOL. 118 | NO. 5 TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM We equip our audience with the intelligence to understand a world shaped by technology. Subscribe today. technologyreview.com /subscribe 1 MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW | TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM BEST IN TECH: 2015 Breakthrough Availability Magic Leap 1–3 years 10 Breakthrough Nano-Architecture 3–5 years Car-to-Car Communication 1–2 years Technologies Project Loon 1–2 years Liquid Biopsy now Megascale Desalination now Not all breakthroughs are created equal. Some arrive more or less as usable things; others mainly set the stage for Apple Pay now innovations that emerge later, and we have to estimate when Brain Organoids now that will be. But we’d bet that every one of the milestones on Supercharged Photosynthesis 10–15 years ELLIOTT EARLS ELLIOTT this list will be worth following in the coming years. Internet of DNA 1–2 years 7 BEST IN TECH: 2015 MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW | TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM Magic Leap A startup is betting more than half a billion dollars that it will dazzle you with its new approach to creating 3-D imagery. By Rachel Metz Logically, I know there isn’t a hulking four-armed, twisty- horned blue monster clomping in circles in front of me, but it sure as hell looks like it. I’m sitting behind a workbench in a white-walled room in Dania Beach, Florida, in the office of a secretive startup called Magic Leap. I’m staring wide-eyed through a pair of lenses attached
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