STRATEGIES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABLE CITIES PROGRAMME IN , , Jalna,, Virar,, , Ashta, Rahuri, , Ratnagri

Government of Maharashtra

All India Institute of Local Self-Government

Supported by UN-Habitat

Established in 1926, the All India Institute of Local Self Government (AIILSG), India is a premier autonomous research and training institution in India. The institute was recognized as an educational institution by Government of Maharashtra in the year 1971. The Institute offers several regular training courses in urban development management and municipal administration, which are recognized by the and several state governments in India.

AIILSG has its own Regional Centers at , Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Belgaum, Bhubaneshwar, Cochin, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kalyan, , Lucknow, , , New Delhi, New , Panaji, , Rajkot, Surat, Thiruvanthapuram, Vadodara, and Vishakhapatanam.

Since 1998, the AIILSG is working as an Anchor Institution for Urban Management Programme (UMP) of UN- HABITAT in South Asia. The AIILSG is also anchoring the Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) of UN-HABITAT in the State of Maharashtra, since 2003 which concentrates on poverty-environment intersection and stakeholders’ participation.

The AIILSG works in close collaboration with several international organizations, viz, UN-HABITAT, UNDP, UNICEF, US-AID, WHO, GTZ, FES, Ford Foundation, CIDA, Cities Alliance, and it has close work ties with several international networks such as CLGF (U.K), IULA, IULA-ASPAC, ICLEI, CITYNET, LOGOTRI and also with Department of Education, Training, and Employment, South Australia. The AIILSG successfully hosted two World Mayors’ Conferences in 1998 and 2005 in close collaboration and support from Government of India.

The AIILSG has been active in capacity building for senior urban officials and elected members from China, Ethopia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Srilanka, South Africa, Thailand, and several African countries. As a premier urban institution, it aims at expanding its assistance in some of these countries in the near future to assist their process of urbanization.

In the year 1968, the Government of India established the Regional Centre for Urban & Environmental Studies (RCUES) at AIILSG, Mumbai to undertake urban policy research, technical advisory services, and building work capabilities of senior and middle level municipal officials, and elected members from the States of Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and UT’s of Diu, Daman, Dadra & Nagar Haveli. The RCUES is fully supported by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.

In the year 1991, the RCUES was recognized by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India as a National Training Institute (NTI) to undertake capacity building of project functionary, municipal officials, and municipal elected members under the earlier urban poverty alleviation programme-UBSP.

The Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation, Government of India and UNDP has set up the “National Resource Centre on Urban Poverty (NRCUP) which is jointly handled by RCUES, AIILSG Mumbai and YASHADA, Pune.

The AIILSG, Mumbai also houses the Solid Waste Management (SWM) Cell backed by the Government of Maharashtra for capacity building of municipal bodies and provide technical advisory services since 2002..

The Mumbai Transformation Support Unit (MTSU), has been set up in AIILSG Mumbai to provide technical support to the project on “Transformation of Mumbai into World Class City” which is a project by Cities Alliance, World Bank, Govt.of Maharashtra and AIILSG.

The AIILSG has established a strong network of partners with several research and training institutions and NGOs and it has strategic alliances with premier training and academic institutions such as YASHADA, Pune, ASCI Hyderabad, NEERI Mumbai, VJTI Mumbai, and KILA, Kerala, R. Ruia College, Mumbai to name only a few.

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All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Sustainable Development Strategies For Ten Cities of Maharashtra

SCP

Panvel, Virar Aurangabad, Jalna, Latur, ,Yavatmal, Ashta, Rahuri, Warora

All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sthanikraj Bhavan, C. D. Barfiwala Road, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400 058, (India) Tel.Nos.91-22-26206716/26571713/22642993/26573796 Fax : 91-22-22626889/26572115/26573973 Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge the support of the Government of Maharashtra, UN-HABITAT and the Regional Centre for Urban Environmental Studies, AIILSG in the implementation of the Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra. We specially express gratitude to Shri Nanasaheb Patil, Dr. Jairaj Phatak, Shri Ramanand Tiwari, Shri B.C. Khatua, Shri Sunil Soni and Shri T.C. Benjamin all Principal Secretaries of the Government of Maharashtra for their able guidance and administrative support in the identification of the SCP agenda and the implementation of the programme. The project unit of the SCP also expresses their sincere gratitude to Dr. Jatin Modi, President, AIILSG,Shri R.S. Chavan, Director General, AIILSG and Dr. (Mrs.) Sneha Palnitkar, Director, AIILSG for their support during the last 3 years. We sincerely acknowledge the support given by the President, Chief Officers and the team of SCP cities and the Municipal Commissioner of Aurangabad in organizing Environmental and Management Process, which led to the documents presented here. We also acknowledge with gratitude the support given by Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Scientist & Head, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) and Shri S.G. Kale, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in providing technical inputs for environmental management strategy.

Ajit Kumar Jain Sr. Advisor

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Project Team

1. Shri Ajit Kumar Jain ...... Sr. Advisor

2.Smt. Sulakshana Mahajan ...... Consultant

3.Shri Jitendra Lonkar ...... Program Consultant

4.Mrs. Prachi Merchant ...... Consultant

5.Mrs. Jayshree Deshpande ...... Consultant

6.Shri S.S. Bhagwat ...... Consultant

7.Mrs. Uma Padhye ...... Capacity Building Expert, Coordinator

8.Mrs. Deepa Chatterjee ...... Administrative Assistant

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

List of Abbreviations

AIILSG All India Institute of Local Self Government

APMC Agriculture Produce Market Committee

BUS Basic Urban Services

CO Chief Officer

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPs Environment Profiles

ESR Elevated Storage Reservoir

GLSR Ground Level Service Reservoir

GoM Government of Maharashtra

GSI Geological Survey of India

GSDA Ground water Survey and Development Agency

IMD Indian Meteorological Department

LPCD Litres Per Capita Per Day

MJP Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (Water Supply and Sewerage Board)

MLD Million Litres Per Day

MPCB Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

MPN Most Probable Number

MoU` Memorandum of Understanding

PWD Public Works Department

SCP Sustainable Cities Programme

SOI Survey of India

STP Sewerage Treatment Plant

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

UA Urban Agglomeration

UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

AMC Ashta Municipal Council

JMC Jalna Municipal Council

ZP Zilla Parishad (District Council)

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement

Project Team

List of Abbreviations

Executive Summary ...... 6

Chapter - 1 ...... 12 Introduction to SCP and EPM Process

Chapter - 2...... 26 Environmental Profiles of SCP Cities

Chapter - 3 ...... 29 Brief Description Of SCP Cities

Chapter - 4...... 39 SCP Toolkit And Development Environment Matrix

Chapter - 5...... 45 Salient Findings and Analysis of Development Issues In SCP Cities

Chapter - 6 ...... 65 Outcome Of EPM Process In SCP Cities

Chapter - 7...... 72 Observations And Learnings

Annexure - 1...... 74

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies Executive Summary

Approach of SCP Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) The SCP recognizes that efficient and productive A Conference of 178 nations was organized by cities are essential for national economic growth. United Nations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992 to Strong urban economies generate the resources discuss issues related to Environment and needed for public and private investments in Development. The Sustainable Cities Programme infrastructure, education and health, improved living (SCP) is one of the important outcomes of the conditions, and poverty alleviation. The SCP seeks to conference declaration on Environment and strengthen the role of local administrations and make Development. them responsible and capable of thinking about The Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) is a comprehensive planning of their own cities. joint UN-HABITAT/UNEP facility established to build Comprehensive planning approach depends upon capacities in urban environmental planning and understanding of the specific aspects of city's management. The programme is directed towards economic, social, infrastructure, environmental urban local authorities and their partners in poorer conditions and addressing the problems that arise countries that are experiencing unprecedented due to their dynamic interactions. Main focus of the growth of their cities while possessing limited abilities SCP is on understanding the urban processes. It also to manage this growth. Currently the SCP is being focusses on planning of cities as a process to be implemented in over 30 countries worldwide. India is undertaken by city administrators on a continuous one of them. basis. Objectives of Sustainable City Development SCP is founded on broad-based stakeholder Sustainable city development depends upon participatory approaches that allow all citizens to three inter connected factors namely; Economic participate in planning and decision making growth, Social progress and Environmental processes. This approach allows capacity building for conservation. Sustainable Development Project's management at multiple levels in each city. These aims at making the city administrations aware of capacities to identify problems faced by cities, these sustainable imperatives and also aims at explore causes and remedial alternatives are making them capable of addressing problems that expected to help cities in the management and arise in any of the above field in their own cities. planning tasks. The sustainable city model is aptly depicted in the following figure

Economic Growth

SD Social Environment Progress Conservation

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 6 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

The Environmental Planning and Management (EPM) Process

EP Preparation of the ‘Environmental Profile’ of the selected city

Orientation Programme Conducting a training programme for orienting the officials about the project

City Consultation Participation of citizens, NGOs, officials & elected members of MC

Institutionalisation Implementing priority issues and giving feed back to working group and LPI

Monitoring Working group Project monitoring, completion, Formation of working groups to study preparing analysis priority issues and seek solutions through stakeholder participation LPI Implementation Identification of Subject papers local Partnership Implementing priority projects Institute to host and Working groups to present paper of identified by the working groups support WG selected issues to ULB for action

Priority Issues Selection of priority issues by consensus of citizens

Presentation of EP Presentation of list of critical issues faced by the citizens

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 7 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

SCP in Maharashtra e. Administration The EPM process was carried out in Phase I and B. The development setting Phase II of the programme in ten cities of This section of the report explores the economic Maharashtra. sector activities in the SCP city; namely Sustainable City Programme, Phase I, was initiated agriculture, manufacturing and services and tries in Panvel and Virar, two cities from the Mumbai to evaluate impact of these developmental metropolitan Region in October 2003 activities on environmental resources of the Phase II of the programme was extended to eight cities namely land, water, air, energy, raw more cities from different parts of Maharashtra in materials and human resources. 2005. Phase II cities are Aurangabad, Jalna, Latur, C. Environmental Setting Yavatmal, Warora, Rahuri, Ratnagiri and Ashta. This section of the EP tries to evaluate the impact of environmental characteristics on city Environmental Profiles (EPs) of Phase II cities development. Some of cities face larger Preparation of Environmental Profile of each of incidences environmental threats such as earth the cities was the most important part of the Phase II quakes, floods, droughts etc which have great of the Sustainable Cities Programme. Local impact of city activities. committees were organized to help preparation of D. Management Setting Environmental Profiles of the cities. Final documents This section of the report makes assessment of for all the environmental profiles of the cities were present city management practices, legal frame prepared by AIILSG in Mumbai. The information for work, short comings and problems faced by city preparation was collected, analyzed and discussed administrations and other departments involved with the administrations of the SCP cities. The in infrastructure provisions. information was collected through various methods E. Conclusion as listed below. Analysis of cities problems and conclusions are 1. Standard format questionnaires were sent to presented in the last chapter of Environmental all city administrations to get quantitative Profile. data on population, industries, social infrastructures, transport and administrative City consultations and working groups set up etc. City consultations were held and working groups 2. Discussions were held in each city with local were formed to identify, select and decide priorities in groups, NGOs and persons involved in the each city. Each city identified five priority issues. city administration and state departments. Working groups formed in the cities were made 3. Data and information was gathered from responsible for working on these priority issues and variety of sources such as census reports, select projects to address them. Strategic action economic reports, local documents and plans are expected to be prepared by the working citizen's stories. groups which will be presented to city 4. AIILSG representatives visited all the SCP administrations for further actions. cities to understand the physical and urban conditions and understand problems faced Salient findings and analysis of development by the citizens and administration. issues in SCP cities Collected data for each city was organized in a Historical, geographical, economic, social- standardized structure evolved for EPs. Each city demographical, environmental, infrastructure and report consisted of following management issues from all the cities are compared A. Key Physical characters and features in the report. Salient findings and major causes of History concerns are listed for each of the SCP cities in this Transport and Linkages section. a. Main Features of city development b. Population profile Observations and Learnings c. Economic structure and characteristics Based on the analysis, various issues d. Social Aspect for intervention and support for the SCP SCP Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 8 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies process are listed in the report. Continuous support 1. State level financial and technical support for from the state administration in various forms for SCP on continuous basis. expansion of the EPM process in these cities as well 2. Policy level support to embed EPM process as other cities is indicated by the analysis. Human at city administration level. resource development to handle local EPM process 3. Training and research programme for is found to be the most critical factor essential for training of local self-government staff through success of the Environmental Planning and AIILSG. Management of the cities in Maharashtra. 4. Local Participation Institutions to be involved and strengthened for effective participation of Recommendations for Actions citizens. Recommendations for capacity building for effectively carrying our EPM are proposed at four levels.

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 9 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION TO SCP AND EPM PROCESS

1.1 Context For Sustainable Development Of in urban areas. In 2001, 42.4 % population of Cities Maharashtra (41 million people) was residing in 347 Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action cities. Maharashtra has the highest number of that was accepted by more than 178 Nations metropolitan cities in India, (9) each with a population (including India) at the United Nations Conference on more than half a million. Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio The state of Maharashtra has experienced urban de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. The Sustainable Cities growth due to migration of people from all parts of Programme (SCP) is one of the important outcomes India. However, it has not been able to manage its of the Rio Declaration on Environment and cities effectively. Most cities in Maharashtra are faced Development. with multiple challenges. Rapid growth of population, The Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) is a inadequate infrastructure such as water, sewerage, joint UN-HABITAT-UNEP facility established to build roads, transport and electricity, schools and health capacities in urban environmental planning and care institutes, along with a shortage of housing and management. The programme is directed towards proliferation of slums are problems common to all urban local authorities and their partners in poorer cities in Maharashtra. countries that are experiencing unprecedented Town plans are prepared to guide the growth of their cities while possessing limited abilities development of most cities in Maharashtra. However, to manage this growth. SCP is founded on broad- none of the cities have a good record of based stakeholder participatory approaches that implementation of the plan. An important reason is allow all citizens to participate in planning and that these town planning schemes are merely land decision making processes. This approach allows use plans and the administrations have not been capacity building for management at each city level. equipped to realize them. The development planning Currently the SCP is being implemented in over 60 process is governed by the MRTP Act. However, the countries worldwide. Act does not have provisions for comprehensive The SCP recognizes that cities play a vital role in planning to address the economic, social and social and economic development of the regions in environmental issues faced by the cities. These all countries. Efficient and productive cities are plans also do not take into account the essential for national economic growth. Also, strong environmental impacts of human activities on the urban economies generate the resources needed for region surrounding the cities. Comprehensive public and private investments in infrastructure, planning, implementation and governance are the education and health, improved living conditions, and major challenges facing the cities in Maharashtra. poverty alleviation. Greater awareness now exists about the 1.2 Challenges For City Development In India challenges and the need for improvement in thinking And Maharashtra about cities. A sustainable approach to cities is India has experienced phenomenal growth of its crucial if these challenges are to be met in the near cities beginning in the second half of the last century. future. The SCP as initiated in Maharashtra This growth is urban population as well as in the (covering 10 cities in two phases) is a step towards number of cities. In 1951 the urban population in meeting the challenges. India was 62 million which increased to 286 million in 1.3 Implementing the SCP in Maharashtra 2001, representing more that four fold growth in the It is widely known that most city administrations number of city dwellers. In percentage terms, India's in the developing world do not have the relevant urban population was 17.6 % of its total population in skills to identify, analyse, prioritise and search for 1951. This share increased to 27.8 % five decades solutions for the problems of their cities. They lack later. staff capable of taking up planning as a strate Maharashtra was the most urbanized Indian gy. Skilled private citizens are also not state in 1951, with 28.75 % of its population residing available to help the administration in SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 10 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies these cities. Developing countries generally have 1.4.2 Initiation of SCP by visits to other neglected the importance of urban planning, successful SCP cities In the initial stage of Phase II choosing instead to rely on simple land use plans. of the SCP, UN-Habitat has developed the standardised AIILSG procedure embodied in the Sustainable Cities organized a Programme (SCP) to help city administrations plan study tour of the development of their cities in a systematic some cities that manner. Through the process, it is expected that the successfully participating cities could develop the requisite skills at implemented the local level. SCP strategies. The All India Institute of Local Self-Government Elected (AIILSG) proposed to implement the programme in Waste Water recycling plant in a garden representatives, Maharashtra in 10 cities, which was accepted by the administrators and officials from AIILSG visited UN-HABITAT. Both the organizations entered into a Chennai, Hyderabad and Colombo (Sri Lanka) cooperation agreement and the programme was between 25th September to 1st October 2005. launched on October 7, 2003. The programme is Chennai was the first city to have implemented being funded by UN-HABITAT. SCP in India during the first phase of the programme The programme was divided into two phases. In from 1996 to 1999. Srilanka started SCP from 1999 the first phase the SCP was implemented in two with its introduction in three cities viz. Colombo, cities viz.Virar and Panvel on a pilot basis. Jaywardanpuram-Kotte and Mount Lavinia-Dahiwale, The first Phase of the project was formulated in later expanding to 15 more cities spread over consultation with the UN-HABITAT officials. The different project sought to integrate the EPM process with the provinces. The UMP Consultative process already initiated by the city of AIILSG in the State of Maharashtra. The State Hyderabad consultation had identified the issue of municipal though not being solid waste management as the key issue requiring part of SCP has stakeholder involvement in the search for a witnessed a sustainable solution. This therefore became the core series of reforms theme of the Phase I of SCP in Maharashtra. Both initiated by the the cities had formulated a “Zero Waste Management State Discussion meeting with the Municipal Commissioner, Plan” under the SCP programme. Government of Chennai Municipal Corporation On completion of the Phase I, the programme was expanded to eight more cities in Maharashtra. and came to be regarded as role model for other cities in the country. It underwent a city consultation 1.4 Stages of EPM Process in Phase II Cities process supported by the UN-HABITAT and Cities Summary of various stages of the EPM process Alliance and evolved a comprehensive City as implemented in Phase II of the Sustainable Cities Development strategy. Programme in Maharashtra. The group found the city of Hyderabad very clean with excellent examples of Good governance INITIAL STEPS initiatives and upgradation of city infrastructures. The 1.4.1 MoU with AIILSG reforms though top-driven have considerably The All India Institute of Local Self-Government enhanced the quality of city life making it more (AIILSG) entered into a Cooperation Agreement with competitive and attractive compared to most other the UN-Habitat to implement the Sustainable Cities cities. Programme in Maharashtra. The project is supported Chennai, jointly by the Government of Maharashtra (GoM) and initiated SCP with UN-Habitat. The selected city administrations enter three short listed into a MoU with the AIILSG. Through this MoU, they issues of traffic and agreed to implement the SCP in their respective transportation, cities. improvement of waterways and solid SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 11 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies waste management. It is claimed by the CMDA that Colombo, Kotte and Kandy and provincial and the SCP/EPM process contributed to the privatization National Governmental authorities, NGOs and a few of SWM in Chennai. community representatives. As part of the SCP the The Chennai provincial Waste Management authority has Municipal developed a solid waste management strategy Corporation based on waste reduction, reuse and recycling. The however said that municipal councils of Colombo, Kotte and Kandy are privatization goes following a strategy of waste segregation at source contrary to the through a combination of awareness building community based measures and incentive through supply of Home waste composting bins to middle and high income groups management and trash bins to Waste recycling in Chennai approach. The low income SCP in Chennai settlement. The integrated the EPM process with the ongoing council is planning for flyovers and other traffic infrastructure collecting wet and improvements. The project succeeded in setting up dry waste several demo projects where capital was provided by separately and is the CMDA/SCP also catering to and labour was floating provided by the population by Recycling dry waste community. The providing Eco EPM process Kiosks along the roads. Colombo Council has a also inducted concrete action plan of awareness-creation through a newly elected contractual arrangement with an NGO artiste group. councilors in The council of Colombo has started a green star participatory programme also tools. The which is a system Natural beauty in Kandy, Srilanka working groups of incentivising under the EPM process were headed by the buildings which concerned departmental secretaries of the has : government and included eminent citizens and l No debris celebrities. The SCP project has since been accumulation. completed. l No mosquitoes In sharp contrast to Hyderabad, the Chennai breeding places

Municipal Corporation was found averse to l No overgrown Recycling dry waste privatization rank vegetation

despite lower cost l Have trimmed trees bush

of privatized l Clean road frontage and gutters.

services. l The objective of the programme is to control Hyderabad on the mosquitoes other hand has carried developed a more epidemics like matured unit dengue and Columbo Municipal Corporation system of was directed outsourcing. at Chennai has made mandatory and successfully comparatively implemented the rain water harvesting which is affluent driven by perennial water shortage. Chennai is also building with surging ahead with wastewater recycling and neglected Home composting in Colombo desalination projects. backyards and In Sri Lanka, the group had extremely fruitful also low income settlements. discussion with officials in the Municipal Councils of In both Colombo and Kotte, the council SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 12 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies has provided space for waste sorting and for sale to Therefore, an important part of the SCP is to waste/scrap dealers. In Colombo the municipal understand the specific characteristics of each city. workers take away the proceeds of the sale whereas This involves preparing Environmental Profiles (EP) in Kotte the sale proceeds is credited to council of each city. The EP includes details of the account. In both the cities, the council has initiated environmental setting as well as some information privatization of doorstep collection of waste. The about the economic and social composition of cities. councils are separately collecting hazardous waste The EP forms the basis of further discussion with such as batteries once a week. stakeholders and identification of priorities. Home composting has been introduced in nearly It is envisioned that city administration or a local 4000 household in Colombo and the waste quality institution (viz. educational institutions such as has been brought down as a result of such architecture or management institutes) form a measurers. Nevertheless per capita and per ton committee to draft the EP for a city. The EP records expenditures seem to be on a higher side. The the natural features present in the city and its region. slums visited by the group in Colombo were provided It also records local economic activities such as with basic urban services and had clean and healthy agriculture, fisheries, forestry, industries and environment. education, finance, health care, cultural, religious and The involvement of the community in SCP other services. Additionally, the EP includes social oriented SWM is conspicuous and the entire strategy composition, demographic profile, rate of poverty, in is based on stakeholder participation. The level of or out migration, available housing, status of women cleanliness in the cities is also good compared to big and children etc. This comprehensive document also cities in India. Kotte Council mentioned the details of identifies problems, deficiencies and inadequacies the application of the GIS/EMIS to city planning faced by the residents and the city administration. process. Specifically, the EP is expected to record various The Ministry of Urban development in the kinds of problems in the management of city provincial governance is also encouraging services. The nature of such problems may be participatory modules such as Lane Committees as technical, financial or sectoral coordination. agencies for provisional basic urban services. An Quantitative and qualitative methods are utilized indicator of success of SCP is the strategy of waste to prepare the EP. Information is collected from minimization, commonly shared by the provincial various sources, including government records as government and the community. On the whole the well as interviews with citizens. A SWOT analysis is SCP process of participatory planning has shifted an important part of the EP. the focus on waste management on to waste The SWM Cell of the AIILSG was entrusted with reduction through recycling and home composting. the task of preparing the EP for all cities included in The meeting with Mayor of Kandy and his the both phases of the SCP in Maharashtra. The officials was extremely useful in identifying the AIILSG team worked with coordinators appointed in commonality of cultural background, civil problems each city to gather information for the EP. The team and probable strategies and solutions in Sri Lanka also conducted meetings with selected residents of and India each city. 1.4.3 Preparation of Environmental Profiles 1.4.4 Orientation Programmes Each city is a product of multiple forces that give During the process of preparation of the EP, the its special characteristics. The geography, climate, AIILSG team held orientation programmes for the city water resources, forests, and other natural resources administrators, coordinators and members of local are important factors for the economic activities in a partner institutes. These provided an outline of the city. Local people shape the economy of their city by SCP and presented toolkits prepared specially to actively exploiting the natural resources available carry out SCP process in their cities. The toolkit was from the immediate environment. A thriving city prepared in Marathi, the local language to facilitate economy attracts migrants who settle and become a the local participants from the cities. part of the city community. To sustain their vitality, The orientation programmes explained the role of cities need to regulate the exploitation of natural Local Partner Institutions, (LPI), need for citizens' resources and the growth of population. Cities that participation and city consultation strategy for are unable to manage their natural and human identification of priority issues facing the cities. A resources are rendered poor and deprived. Such typical Orientation Programme was cities experience economic and social decline. conducted as a one-day seminar for the SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 13 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies LPIs of all cities in December 2006 by the AIILSG. administrative departments involved in city Orientation programmes were preceded by development, NGOs, local educational institutes as coordination meetings and followed by working group well as informed citizens and proactive members of sessions. the society including women's groups were invited to 1.5 CITY CONSULTATION attend the city consultation event. In each city, 1.5.1 Motivation around 100-200 participants attended the City Most cities face a number of problems, many of Consultation. which are not resolved in a short time. Besides, cities In the plenary session of the City Consultation, are dynamic entities and always face new and the AIILSG team presented findings from the EP for unexpected challenges. Hence cities have a constant the city. The findings identified the problems faced by need for identifying and prioritising problems and to each city. Next, the participants were asked to select search for solutions. The nature of problems may the most important problems by specifying their also vary within a city. Therefore, prioritising is priorities. For each city, the participants selected 4-5 essential in order to select issues that affect large priority issues. Selected participants then elaborated number of on the issues. During these sessions, the citizens. participants detailed the nature and causes of the Citizenparticipa problems they identified. For instance, a speaker in tion is valuable Latur elaborated on the severe water shortage. He in the described the inadequate and irregular supply of identification water to the city and hardships faced by various and localities, especially those faced by the poor working prioritization of women. city problems. In a follow up session, participants were split into UN-Habitat official & SCP team of By inviting all subject-wise discussion groups, comprising between AIILSG at the City Consultation stakeholders in 10-25 people each. Moderated by the AIILSG team, meet in Jalna, Feb.2007 the cities to participants of each group elaborated on the priority vote for priority of problems, hijacking of limited city issues. The discussions were structured through the resources by special interest groups may also be use of tools such as flip charts, whiteboards etc. controlled. Traffic related issues were discussed in one such 1.5.2 Process and results meeting. The participants listed various categories on After completion the preparation of the a flip chart, listed related subjects under each Environmental Profiles, Consultations were held in category. A problem tree emerged from the each city, the most important event of the SCP discussion and all the participants became aware of process. The city administration of the participating the complexity of the problem. cities publicised the event widely to ensure greater Traffic Problem Tree that emerged in group citizen participation. Elected council members, discussion in Aurangabad is produced below.

TRAFFIC PROBLEMS

INADEQUATE LACKING IN INEFFICIENT LACK OF TRAFFIC SPACE QUALITY CONTROL DESIGN BEHAVIOUR

INADEQUATE ENCROACHME QUALITY OF INAPPROPRIAT HIGHWAYS PHYSICAL LICENCING LAND AVAILABILITY NT ON ROADS CONSTRUCTIO E MATERIALS IN CITIES ROAD DESIGN POLICY N

GAOTHAN ILLEGAL POOR LACK OF LACK OF UTILITIES LICENING AREA BUILDINGS MATERIAL KNOWLEDGE FUNDS UNDER ROADS FEES

SLUMS BY VEHICLES POOR WORK- LACK OF LACK OF SEPARATION VEHICLE MANSHIP AVAILABILITY IMPLEMENTATION OF USERS TAXES

INADEQUATE TEMPORARY POOR ROAD LACK OF LACK OF CONTROL ROAD TAX PROVISION IN DESIGN AND QUALITY TRAINED PLAN ENCROACHERS DETAILING CONTROL PERSONEL SYSTEMS

IMPROPER CHEATING/ LACK OF STREET POLICING OF LAND KNOWLEDGE AQUISITION CORRUPTION AND INFO FURNITURE ROAD

LACK OF SIGNS AND SPECIAL OCCASION VISION INFORMATION MNAGEMENT

LACK OF INTEGRATION INSURANCE WITH TRAFFIC COORDINATION PLAN POLICY

INADEQUATE LAND USE ENFORCING LEGAL AND ROASD PROVISIONS DESIGN MECHANISM SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 14 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Following the session, a smaller working group who possess physical (e.g. land, wells) or knowledge (of 4-5 interested participants) was formed to further resources necessary to implement the strategy for study the issue in all its aspects and prepare a solving a problem. For traffic planning, knowledge of thematic paper. In the concluding plenary session, the areas of crowding, reasons and time of crowding the leader of each working group reported their etc. is a necessary input to identify the appropriate findings to the entire gathering. The City Consultation solution. process is an important strategy for selection of 3. A third group of stakeholders includes those who priority issues faced by the city as well as vital control relevant implementation instruments. In case mechanism in motivating local participation and of the traffic and road planning, traffic police, parking capturing local context. lot agencies, municipal authority which issues 1.5.3 Classification of city problems licenses for street vendors, and utility providers such The problems identified in the City Consultation as water, sewage, cable or telecom operators are fell broadly in one of the following categories: such stakeholders. l Problems of unemployment and under A workable solution to a problem can emerge only if employment, industrial growth or lack of it, all stakeholders are involved in the solution process, closure of industries, problems of agriculture, and their interests are taken into account. The farmers etc are classified as economic problems. identification of stakeholders and an understanding of their position of interest in relation to the problem is l Issues of poverty, inadequate housing, women's an important step in seeking solutions. problems, problem of migrant labour, education etc. are social problems. 1.5.5 Stakeholder Analysis Once all the stakeholders related to the issue are l Environmental problems include famine, de- identified, a comprehensive analysis of their interests forestation, lack of water for drinking, public is the next step. Such analysis allows all stakeholders health, pollution etc. to voice their concerns as well as understand the l Administration problems are related to planning, concerns of other stakeholders and appreciates the implementation, finances, technology etc. complexity of an issue. This enables the stakeholders The list of problems could of course be as long as to identify a range of solutions and reach a workable people wish to make it. A typical city faces multiple position on the final solution. In the process of problems. All citizens may not face all the problems analysis, most stakeholders also learn to compromise at the same scale. However, it is important to list all by debating the issue in a transparent manner. the problems. It must also be acknowledged that However, stakeholders are not always in a position to design solutions and a specialized agency many problems are of a complex nature, and may may be needed to identify a variety of solutions and actually have underlying causes across the above present them to the stakeholders for review. The categories. Various city issues affect people in variety agency also can help stakeholders to understand of ways. While some stakeholders benefit by certain their respective gains and losses from the policies others are adversely affected. Hence in the compromise. SCP process, identification of stakeholders forms an 1.5.6 Identification of a Local Partner Institute important step. In the SCP process, Local Partner Institutions (LPI) play the role of such an agency. A LPI is often a STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION technical or management institute or a local NGO 1.5.4 Identification of stakeholders working in social or environmental field. The LPI may Three kinds of stakeholders are recognized in the utilize its own resources and organize outside SCP process: resources necessary for the SCP process. The local 1. One group of stakeholders are those whose institute can thus act as a central repository of local interests are affected by an issue or whose activities issues, people and resources useful to resolve each strongly affect the issue. Traffic management of the specific issue. It can also lead in preparing detailed roads is an apt example. If footpaths are occupied by papers on local issues and list a variety of technical street vendors, then pedestrian's interests are or management solutions. The LPI can hold adversely affected. In this case the street vendors' stakeholder meetings and build consensus. The LPI activities affect the movement of people and vehicles can provide support to working groups, provide on the streets. facilities to hold meetings and 2. A second group of stakeholders comprises those presentations and arrange training SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 15 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies sessions for participating stakeholders. Training Programme on Environmental Planning Working Groups and Management for Sustainable Development. The LPI is an apex institute to form and sustain A two-days training workshop on 26th and 27th various working groups that work on selected priority October 2005 was organized at the All India Institute city issues. Working groups are fluid temporary of Local Self Government, Fort on Environmental formations that conduct in depth studies of selected Planning and Management for Sustainable and prepare working papers. Development. Shri Nana Saheb Patil, Principal 1.5.7 Formation and representation Secretary, Urban Development Department, GoM The working group members are representatives presided over the workshop and delivered the of various stakeholders related with an issue. For keynote address. The participants included example, a Presidents, Chief Officers and representatives from working group the Local Partner Institutions of the 8 participating formed for cities. The following points were discussed in addressing meeting. traffic problems He enlightened participants on the importance of would have urban areas in the development process and the members to significance of developing a strong economic base represent for the towns and cities. Urban areas benefit from the pedestrians, a principle of agglomeration economics. As many representative people come to cities and stay together it becomes Working GroupExercise of the local easier and economical to provide facilities for vehicle owners association, landlords and education, entertainment, housing, employment and commercial establishment owners, traffic police, other needs of the people. municipal ward officers as well as transportation Agriculture as a main stay of economy has planners and citizen organizations concerned with certain limitations. According to the Angles Law traffic safety and air and noise pollution. though the income of a person rises his expenditure 1.5.8 Training on food remains more or less constant. Though The LPI arranges training for the working group agricultural produce has increased the land holding members that introduces them the variety of tools per capita has reduced and therefore the per capita useful in analyzing city issues. These analytical tools income from agriculture has also reduced leading to help the stakeholders lay out details of the problems, impoverishment of the farmers. Agriculture cannot identify key issues, identify their relative stakes and provide employment to larger number of people and look for appropriate solutions. In an ongoing process, this has given rise to urbanization. the working groups also develop techniques to Towns and cities should develop the capacity to present the issues to all city residents at various support the unemployed and the under employed. forums. The quality of urban services should improve and the 1.5.9 Preparation of subject papers by working Urban Local Bodies should facilitate growth of trade, groups commerce and industries. Business Process The working groups prepare base papers for Outsourcing as an industry has immense potential to issues. The typical subject paper provides base line provide employment to educated youth but cities data, qualitative information, and the nature of a should have necessary infrastructure to foster its problem. It also indicates various possible solutions growth. to address the problem. The paper also lists the The Sustainable Cities Programme should be resources required to implement the solution those able to evolve a framework for sustainable within the city and those needed from outside the development. The Presidents of the Municipal city. It includes a cost-benefit analysis. Preparation of Councils should take the leadership in this. Being a the base paper on selected problem is the most representative of the local people they have better important activity of the working group. The LPI understanding of the local issues and hence can take makes these working papers available to city ownership of the solutions. GIS technology can be residents and publicizes them through media, to used suitably for mapping and maintaining the enhance citizen participation. infrastructure of the city. A yahoo email group should 1.5.10 Training & Capacity Building itiatives by be created to facilitate exchange of AIILSG knowledge and sharing of ideas between all SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 16 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies the stake holders. experts gave an insight on the important aspects of the SCP such as environment conservation, Conclusion economic growth, poverty alleviation and The training programme was useful for the participatory approach. New methodology such as participants in providing a definite direction for preparation of Comprehensive Development successful implementation of the SCP. It gave a Strategy and application of GIS techniques gave platform for the participating cities to discuss various them a different paradigm for sustainable urban issues regarding urban development and learn from development. each others experiences. The presentations by the

Registration and Welcome of Participants Mr. Nanasaheb Patil, Principal Secretary, UDD II, GoM Delivering the Key note Address

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra Presentation by Mr. A.K. Jain, Sr. Advisor

Preparing Poverty Profile of the City Presentation Presentation & Discussion on economic by Dr. Sneha Palnitkar, Director RCUES profiles by participants

Discussions with Mrs. Chitra Chopra, IAS, Secretary Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation, GoI

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 17 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Training Workshop on Sustainable Cities Programme For Local Partner Institutions of SCP Cities On December 4, 2006

A training workshop was organized at the All issues of governance and management of India Institute of Local Self-Government, Andheri on resources. 4th December 2006. The participants included Listing and prioritizing of development representatives from the Local Partner Institutions of issues: Mrs. Mahajan explained that the above the 6 cities. Some of the institutes, which had shown report was to be prepared and presented to larger keen interest in the SCP process were identified city audience along with the list of various problems from the earlier meetings in the respective cities and faced by the city for their discussion. The larger invited for further dialogue. meeting is to be conducted for large participation and Mr. A.K.Jain, explained them what Sustainable finalization of priority issues for detailed projects. Cities Programme is and its implementation in Constitution of working groups: She Maharashtra. He further stated that the All India explained the importance of formation of working Institute of Local Self-Government, Mumbai has groups for further study of priority areas. Process of been implementing and anchoring the UN-HABITAT working group formation, selection of key members supported SCP in Maharashtra since October 2003. and areas of study was explained by her. She also The Phase I of the programme consisting of two pilot explained the need to call experts from that field for cities of Virar and Panvel is complete, and the Phase further enlightenment of the problem and also for II programme is being replicated in eight more cities. suggesting various alternatives available for solving He underlined the Phase II approach of involving the the problems. The indicative areas on which working State Government on one hand and the Local groups could be formed were explained such as Partner Institutions in the City on the other. He water supply, solid waste management, sewage expected the Local Partner Institute (LPI) to lead the disposal, traffic, slum upgradation, development, SCP process in each city as the local people are planning and promotion of economic activities etc. best judges of their city needs, capacities as well as depending on the priority of the issue in each town. limitations than the outside agencies. He explained Preparatory meetings: Mrs. Mahajan explained how the LPIs could become important institutions of the need for Preparatory meetings that were the city to identify, study local urban issues, gather expected to help in crystallizing the priority issues. and disseminate information from local people, She emphasized the need for frequent SCP initiate debates and involve other institutions and committee meetings as well as working groups' people in achieving better city environment. He gave meetings which could help in exploring such issues a fair idea of the SCP to the participants and their in all the aspects significant role in its successful implementation as City Consultation: City consultation meeting is well as sustenance. to be well planned, well organized and advertised The participating Local Partner Institutions then event in the city. A general invitation for all city explained briefly the activities in their respective residents and groups of people is sent through public cities and in respective fields and specializations. media as well as private invitations. Main agenda for Mrs. Sulakshana Mahajan made a detailed such a meeting is to inform all the interested citizens presentation on the SCP process in local Marathi of the SCP process to join hands in variety of language. She explained in detail the steps involved capacities to improve the city's environment, living under the Sustainable cities programme and the standards and also improve management through application of the tools prepared by the UN-Habitat participatory approach. and the discussed in detail. Mrs Mahajan explained all the steps necessary She explained that the EP was to act as a for planning and conducting the city consultation in comprehensive base-data document. City detail. The city consultation was expected to Environment, Economic, social and Poverty Profile is strengthen existing provisional working groups fro an essential step for further work and discussions each subject for further detailing and planning. with larger citizen's groups. This document was also to list all the urban problems related to the city's Conclusion development and non-development including the All the participants expressed their SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 18 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies reservations and hopes regarding the SCP process and discussing common as well as specific issues of and also to seek support to the process from their their cities. respective institutions. The training programme was The presentation by Mrs.Sulakshana gave an found useful to the participants which provided them insight on the important aspects of the SCP such as with clear guidelines for actions, gave them sufficient preparation of environment profile, economic growth, information about SCP and a definite direction for poverty alleviation and participatory approach. successful implementation of the SCP. It provided them with a platform for interacting with each other

Photographs of Training Workshop on 4th Dec.2006

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 19 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Training of Trainers for SCP National Anchor Institutions in Asia Pacific (ToT1) 24-26 October 2006 Bangkok, Thailand

The ToT1 was attended by Mr.A.K.Jain, Sr.Advisor, curriculum. and Mr. Jitendra Lonkar, Programme Officer , All 5. Explore possibilities of integrating the training India institute of Local Self-Government. materials into National Anchor curricula. 6. Agree follow-up national, regional and global ToT1 Training Objectives: support activities The Training programme was 1. Strengthen SCP-Asia National Anchor facilitated by UN-Habitat and IHS. Institutions understanding of SCP/EPM training materials covering the following steps of the EPM The Participants had to prepare bulleted responses process to the following questions for each module. !Stakeholder analysis, identification and 1. How did you introduce this tool in your country? mobilisation, 2. Did you follow all the steps suggested in the tool? !Environmental Profile, Or did you skip /not understand some of them? If !Issue identification and prioritisation, so, how did you customize the application of the !Preparing and conducting a City Consultation, tool? Institutionalising the process. 3. What were the results? 2. Share the Anchor institutions' Practical 4. What bottlenecks did you experience while experience on SCP application and how the tools making use of this tool? How did you overcome were used; identifying issues problems and them? constraints, and how they overcame these as 5. What steps or key principles are not clear for well as how the tools were customised to national you? circumstances. 6. What additional training materials do you find 3. Identify gaps in the available training materials necessary to introduce this tool in your country? that need to be addressed. A Powerpoint presentation was presented by the 4. Agree the next steps to develop a baseline AIILSG responding to the above questions. `0 ToT1 Photographs

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 20 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

2nd Training Of Trainers For SCP National Anchor Institutions In Asia Pacific at Beijing 23-26 November 2006 (ToT2)

The ToT2 was attended by Dr.J.M.Phatak, Municipal national policy guidelines) Commissioner, Mumbai, Mr.A.K.Jain, Sr.Advisor, 3. SCP-Asia Capacity-building strategy, country and Mr. Jitendra Lonkar, Programme Officer, All India follow-up action plans, and Mobilization of Institute of Local Self-Government. Resources. UN-Habitat and representatives of the core group The objectives of the ToT2 were : of experienced National Anchor Institutions shared TheTraining of Trainers 1 held in Bangkok from their practical experience on (1) SCP application October 24-26 andTraining of Trainers 2 are part validating the SCP/EPM tools by sharing what of theUN-HABITAT/SCP efforts to help establish worked, (2) identifying constraints in the use of the EPM capacity, tools and curriculum for institutional tools (3) discussing how the tools were customised anchoring and strengthening process. to national circumstances, (4) sharing new Goal of ToT2: The programme for the second tools that they found useful, (5) integrating the tool Training of Trainers workshop was designed to bring into university-type curricular, and (6) preparing a togetherNational Anchor Institutions to draft SCP-Asia Regional Capacity-Building strategy. strengthen understanding of SCP/EPM training The deliverables were (A) Good Practice “notes” to materials covering the following steps of the EPM update the global sourcebooks, and form the basis process: for country-specific and SCP-Asia sourcebooks, (B) 1. Working Groups, Strategy / Action Planning, Agreed areas for Global-level tool strengthening to Measuring Progress; address the constraints and integrate new tools, (C) 2. Demonstration projects and documentation for Curriculum development framework next steps, and “up-scaling” and institutionalisation (into city-wide (D) a strategy and action plan for SCP capital investments,national replication strategies, at regional level in Asia Pacific.

TOT2 Photographs

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 21 8th January 2007

All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Review Meeting & Training Workshop process as per timelines proposed. held on 8th January 2007 !To devise timeframe and plan targets for A review meeting and training workshop was consultation meetings organized on 8th January 2007 at the Sahyadri !To ascertain support of the Government and State Guest House, Mumbai on Sustainable Cities Government agencies for Technical, Policy and Programme. Shri R.S.Chavan, Director-General of Financial programs All India Institute of Local Self-Government and !To complete priority execution of the programs in Dr. J. M. Phatak, Secretary UDD- II, Government of SCP cities Maharashtra, presided over the workshop and !To think about monitoring and evaluation delivered the welcome and keynote address mechanism respectively. The participants included Presidents, Chief Officers and representatives from the Local Toolkits Partner Institutions of the 8 participating cities. The The Training workshop adopted some simple following points were discussed in the meeting. toolkits developed by the UN-Habitat as explained Shri Chavan spoke about the SCP pilot projects during the training of Trainers held in October and which were successfully carried out in 2003 in November 2006, for identifying the issues based on Panvel and Virar under the guidance of UN-Habitat. the participatory planning, and introducing methods The main aim of the project was to improve city's of specific issues. Simple communication methods Development and Environmental protection aspect were used to convey the above through Powerpoint and resolve issues at local level. Issues developed presentations with graphical representations like due to urbanization reflected into unemployment, maps, charts, images of implemented projects etc. garbage, and unclean roads etc, which were The training also comprised of conducting an resolved through public participation. After opinion poll among the city participants, to identify identification of the issues in the cities, few projects the issue prioritization of their cities. By the end of like solid waste management, slum rehabilitation, the session, these charts were discussed and biogas project, NEERI wetland project, etc. were displayed for public discretion. This training brought into practice and have now started operating encouraged them to conduct similar programmes smoothly. The government agencies realized its among the citizens of their own cities. importance and appealed private parties to get Shri A.K. Jain, Sr. Advisor, AIILSG made a detailed involved. He stressed on paying equal attention to presentation on the aims and objectives of the the present as well as future issues. Sustainable Cities Programme, and highlighted its Dr. Phatak explained the importance of urban significance, the various stake holders and their roles areas and the need for sustainable development of and responsibilities and the plan of action for the same. He explained that water supply is successful implementation of the Phase II of SCP in emerging as an important issue in most urban areas Maharashtra and the outcomes of the SCP. along with waste water management. He also talked Sustainable Development and Development about the growing number of vehicles in small cities, programme: Shri. V.K. Phatak, Former Chief, Town due to lack of suitable public transport system. It is ad Country Planning Division, MMRDA- Mumbai necessary for each city to develop a clean and eco- Metropolitan Region Development Authority spoke friendly public transport system to improve the quality on the efficacy of the process of preparing Master of life in urban areas. He stated that these three Plans / Development plans of a city. He discussed in issues have been predominant and there has been detail the present process of planning being followed maximum expenditure of the municipal budget on in last 55 years with the help of the power point these areas in most cities of the state. The other presentation. He observed that the conventional important issues are solid waste management, roads process of preparing Master Plans with a 20 years and social infrastructure. perspective and its implementation has not given the desired results. Objective of the Training Workshop Participatory Planning / EPM process: Mrs. The main objectives of the training workshop Sulakshana Mahajan, Consultant, AIILSG made a were as follows: Powerpoint presentation on adopting a simple !To get clarity and Consensus regarding the methodology for issue identification of the city. approach and contents of the program. Following points were discussed in an !To get commitment of ULB to implement the EPM interactive manner: SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 22 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

!Environment Profile and EPM Process: system can be adopted by training or educating Conduct a detailed study based on the EPM the local people. process of the city for identifying its capacity in !Working Group Identification: Identification of a terms of its environment, regional setting, working group consisting of people from different development activities, natural resources and its streams, to carry out the analysis and providing response on the growth of the city. The solutions. Public and private involvement should interdependency of city development and its be identified based on the beneficiary party and environment is largely responsible for its further derive options for specific issues. Based on agriculture, occupation and service sector. this, macro level planning can be done only after !The economic development of every city depends understanding the capacity of the city versus its upon its environment planning. The natural dreams. resources of every city should be studied and !Environment Development Matrix: Evaluate the should be prepared against natural calamities like impact of the activity sector on the environment floods, famine, earthquake etc. through a rating system of Development !SWOT Analysis technique: Prepare a SWOT Environment Matrix. This matrix was methodically analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and put forth in the primary, secondary and tertiary Threats) of the identified issues and put them into sector by citing an example of Jalna city. right categories. !All these methods clarified the participants of the !Stakeholder Identification: Identification of the EPM process and would help them pursue similar stakeholders of this process, its well-wishers, methods in their cities. The participants responded opponents, beneficiaries and policy makers. They very positively to the above issue identification should look into the future as well as the present tools and felt the need to carry home a copy of the issues especially of the weaker sections. list of issues to take an opinion in the City. They Infrastructural issues like sanitation, should be were excited and looked towards the City given the top priority, so also emergency disease Consultation as a major event. The LPI's were like Chikangunya, while the private sector, public particularly interested in the tools. and private roads should be tackled in the end. !Issue Identification: Prepare a list of the issues Conclusion in the city, identify particular issues in their cities, The training program was useful for the and prioritize them. Maximum citizens to be participants and the newly elected presidents in involved in the process. providing a definite direction for successful !Problem Tree and Solution Tree: Prepare a implementation of the SCP. It gave a platform for the problem tree of each issue and carry out an participating cities to discuss various issues analysis on the identified problems and prepare a regarding urban development and learn from each solution tree for the same, wherein alternate other's experiences. The presentations by the methods have to be adopted if the main economic experts gave an insight on the development plan, sectors response on the environment is harmful. participatory planning methodology, and installment For example, water problem is linked to the pipes, of specific developmental management systems. A storage, cleanliness, leakage, installation of meter, pact was initiated with the Local Partner Institutes etc. To resolve these issues, rainwater harvesting who would anchor the program at the local level.

Shri A. K. Jain, Dr.J.M.Phatak Dr. Pathak explaining the Mrs. Sulakshana Mahajan Shri R.S.Chavan, Shri Sunil Soni Development And Sustainability speaking on Participatory during the keynote address through a Powerpoint presentation Planning/ EPM process

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 23 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies CHAPTER - 2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILES OF SCP CITIES

2.1 Cities selected for SCP PHASE I !Solid Waste Management The Government of Maharashtra selected Virar !Development planning of cities and Panvel (from the Mumbai Metropolitan Region) !Role of Municipalities for Phase I of the SCP initiated in October 2003. !Capacity building for addressing problems at These cities were selected based on their overall the local level performance and pro-active role in innovating solid 2.2 Basic information of SCP CITIES (PHASE II) waste management system under the leadership of In 2005, following the successful initiation of the local municipality. Local leaders as well as residents SCP in Virar and Panvel, GoM expanded the and the state authorities also showed keen interest in programme to eight cities in Maharashtra. It selected the SCP process. These cities, by actively cities from different regions of Maharashtra, with participating in the SCP, helped test the effectiveness significant differences in size, shape, geography and of the process. development stages. Each of the selected cities has The All India Institute of Local Self-Government a different socio-cultural history. The local economies in cooperation with local municipalities of Virar and and regional setting of these cities also have wide Panvel prepared and presented environmental differences. profiles of the cities to the citizens at City Aurangabad is the largest city in this group with Consultations. Following the presentation, it held a population of close to one million people. Since consultations with local residents, elected 1982, the local body is a Municipal Corporation. representatives and officers of the municipalities of Aurangabad sees a variety of economic activities, each city as well as state bodies such as SICOM, including industry, tourism, education, transport and MJP, MMRDA and CIDCO. These consultations services. Ashta (population < 40,000) is the smallest helped identify and prioritize problems faced by local city selected in Phase II of the SCP. Its economy is citizens. Following the consultations, working groups dominated by agriculture. comprising interested citizens and administrative The growth rates of these cities are also very officers of the government bodies were formed to different. Aurangabad has experienced rapid explore the priority issues in greater detail. Below we population growth in last three decades while Ashta present the issues in order of their priority: has registered negligible population change in the !Water supply and sewage disposal same period.

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 24 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Table 2.1: Basic Information about Phase I and II SCP Cities

Population City Adm. type Area in Population Type Region Density Sq.Km and Class 2001 No/sq.km

M. Council Panvel Raigad 12.17 104031 8548 CIDCO A Virar M. Council A 19.6 118945 6068 Aurangabad Mun.Corp. 138.5 891841 6439 Jalna M.Council A Marathwada 81.64 235529 2885 Latur M.Council A Marathwada 32.55 299828 9211 Ratnagiri M.Council B 10.49 70335 6705 Yavatmal M.Council B 10.17 122906 12085 Ashta M.Council C Kolhapur 83.7 33190 397 Rahuri M.Council C 41.41 34465 832 Warora M.Council C Vidarbha 7.93 42240 5327

Salient observations on the SCP cities: while Ashta does not have any such state ! Aurangabad has the largest area and highest administrative function. population among the SCP cities. Aurangabad ! Among the SCP cities, Warora has the smallest Municipal Corporation is in charge of area. The highest population density is found in administering the city since 1982 when its Yavatmal (12085 persons/sq. km) followed by population exceeded 5 lakh. Latur (9211 persons/sq. km). ! Aurangabad is the headquarter of Marathwada ! Ratnagiri and Yavatmal, both district region while Jalna, Latur, Ratnagiri and headquarters, have very small city areas (just Yavatmal are (Zilla) district headquarters. above 10 sq. km) Rahuri and Warora are taluka headquarters

Table 2.2: Population trends in SCP Cities

City Decadal Population change Decennial growth rate %

1971-81 1981-91 1991-2001 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01 Panvel 58986 116700 76.4 Virar 57600 118945 106.5 Aurangabad 1,34,324 2,02,218 3,86,286 89.26 71.00 79.32 Jalna 31,147 52,739 60,544 34.2 43.1 34.60 Latur 46,250 77,613 1,02,577 62.89 64.79 51.96 Ratnagiri 9,485 9,476 13,871 25.26 20.15 24.54 Yavatmal 24,235 1,95,707 12,185 37.38 21.90 11.22 Ashta 3,168 6,405 5,798 17.77 30.50 21.16 Rahuri 5,760 4,686 6,069 32.07 19.75 21.36 Warora 8,810 9,521 -1,737 33.72 27.85 -3.97 Urban 6283000 8548000 10478000 39.99 38.87 34.31 Maharashtra SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 25 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

!Aurangabad registered highest decadal growth The plans become operational after approval rate (79.32 %) followed by Latur (51.96 %). from the Government of Maharashtra. The local !All the cities from Marathwada region - municipal authorities are entrusted the responsibility Aurangabad, Jalna and Latur - have registered of plan implementation. However, most municipal a greater rate of growth than the State authorities do not allocate adequate funds for this average. activity. Local authorities often lack the necessary !All other SCP cities have registered less than organizational and management skills. Local political average urban growth rate. considerations are often in conflict with the !Warora is the only SCP city, which has implementation of the development plans. registered negative growth rate (a population 2.4 Selected Cities In Maharashtra's Urban decrease of 1,737) during 1991-2001. Context 2.3 City Development Plans As discussed above, the cities covered in the The Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Phase I of the SCP (Panvel and Virar) are a part of Act (MRTP) of 1965, applicable to all cities within the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The physical Maharashtra, govern the city planning process. The growth of these cities may be attributed to the city planning process is initiated by the local city economic growth of the MMR. These cities are well administration. The state town planning department connected by modern transport infrastructure with the prepares city development plans (CDP) with help of MMR. A large number of people in these cities are the local administration and other state departments. employed in the MMR, away from the cities These plans along with Development Control (DC) themselves. regulations guide the physical growth of cities. Plans In contrast, the 8 cities in the Phase II of the SCP for most cities are for duration of 20 years. are geographically distant from the Mumbai-Pune- The city DPs are essentially land use plans. They Nasik region. They have little economic dependence show the physical development aspects of the city on Mumbai or another city. These cities are growth such as roads, industrial, commercial and residential centres of their own region, with the growth being zones and plots reserved for educational, health and due to indigenous economic activity. sports institutions, green areas, playgrounds etc.

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 26 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

CHAPTER - 3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SCP CITIES

Map Showing SCP cities in Maharashtra

3.1 AURANGABAD Aurangabad are: Automobile engineering, Status: Aurangabad is a Municipal Corporation chemical and pharmaceutical industries, each since 1982. with large, medium and small-scale units. Regional setting: Industrial houses such as Bajaj, Ceat Tyres, !Aurangabad is the headquarters of Aurangabad Skoda, Colgate-Palmolive, Garware, Sterlite, district and is located in the Marathwada region Wipro, Kenstar, Wockhardt, Lupin, Johnson and of Maharashtra. Johnson and Orchid Corporation have located !The city is situated on the banks of the Kham their manufacturing units and pharmaceutical River, a tributary of the . plants in Aurangabad. The MIDC has set up a Basic information number of industrial estates in and around the !City area: 138.5 sq. km. city at Waluj, Shendre, Chikhalthana, , !Population 2001: 891841 Khultabad and Vaijapur. Handloom textiles like !Population Density: 6439/ Sq.Km. and other handicrafts items are !Pop. Growth rate during 1990-2001: 79.32 % manufactured in small sector. Brief history ! Aurangabad is a marketplace and forwarding Aurangabad is said to have been developed by centre for agricultural produce from surrounding Malik Ambar, the Prime Minister of Nizam Shah II, rural areas. Major crops in the area are the ruler of Ahmednagar, in the 16th Century. In later and sugarcane. Other traded produce includes periods, the mughal emperor Aurangzeb made wheat, millets, gram, banana etc. A wholesale Aurangabad his home. The city nearly attained a market in Aurangabad provides a large number status of capital of the in the south. of job opportunities. Aurangabad was a part of the Hyderabad State and ! Aurangabad is also a major tourist attraction for became a part of Maharashtra in 1960. The city was both local and foreign tourists. It serves as an designated as divisional headquarter of the entry point to places of attraction including the Aurangabad Region. historical caves at Ajantha and Ellora, and other City economy: tourist attractions such as , Daulatabad ! Agriculture and primary sector in Aurangabad and Paithan. Within Aurangabad, caves, Bibi ka has declined rapidly in the last four decades. makbara and Pan Chakki are the major tourist Agricultural lands within city limits are put to attractions. non-agricultural use due to the urban pressures. ! Education and medical services form a ! The three major industrial segments in large part of service economy. SCP

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!People and housing: water drains. ! Residential construction in Aurangabad can be ! AMC has taken over the CIDCO area for classified in to the informal sector of the old city administration and management, which used to and planned sector in new town areas developed be the Special Planning Authority for the New by CIDCO. Most of the formal housing is Aurangabad Area. constructed for high and middle class families. ! The Income and Expenditure of Aurangabad ! Slums that provide accommodation to migrants Municipal Corporation in 2001 was Rs.109 and labourers of the society have proliferated in crores and expenditure Rs.92 crores respectively the city. The number of notified slum colonies in . the city is 63. These house about 2 lakh people. 23% of the total Aurangabad population live in 3.2 JALNA slums that do not have adequate urban services. Status: Jalna city is an 'A ' Class Municipal Council City infrastructure: Regional setting: ! Water supply to the city is through important ! Jalna is located in the Marathwada region. water resources like the Kham River, Harsool ! In 1981 Jalna became a separate district with Lake and the Salim Lake besides the regular five Talukas and Jalna city as district water supplied by the AMC. Water is lifted from headquarter. about 45 km from the town. Pipelines, pumping, elevated water reservoirs and a distribution network is part of the water supply scheme. ! Aurangabad is a transport hub with national and state highways, railway and an airport. Road, Railways and air services connect Aurangabad to a large number of cities from Maharashtra and other states. ! Aurangabad, as a district and regional headquarter, provides a variety of services to the region. It hosts specialized, modern healthcare facilities of the region. Arts, Science college in Jalna ! Aurangabad has also emerged as an important educational centre in the region and the state. ! The city is located in the basin of the Godavari Primary and higher level school education is River. Two rivers, Kundalika and Sina flow provided by both AMC and private Institutes. Dr. through Jalna. However the district often faces Babasheb Ambedkar University is the regional draught conditions. University. All educational institutions are ! The city has a flat topography. It is at an altitude attached to it. of 508 m. ! Aurangabad is a large cosmopolitan city and Basic information: presents many opportunities for social and ! City area: 81.64 sq. km. cultural interactions. It also has a good tradition ! Population 2001: 235529 of drama. Cinema halls, exhibition grounds, ! Population Density: 2885/ Sq.Km. libraries, Nehru Bal Bhavan, the Sant Eknath ! Pop.Growth rate during 1990-2001:34.6 % Auditorium in Osmanpura and individual auditoriums of the University and the Saraswati Brief history: Bhavan College are a part of the cultural The ancient city of Jalna was a part of the Nizam infrastructure of the city. territory in the 19th century. It was a cantonment Governance area. In 1960, when the Marathwada region was ! The Aurangabad Municipal Corporation has 98 merged with Maharashtra Jalna was a part of electoral wards. Key responsibilities of the AMC Aurangabad district. include implementing and regulating the development plan, maintaining the physical and City economy: social infrastructure such as water supply, ! The primary economy in Jalna is sewerage, open spaces, road construction storm dependant on the surrounding regions SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 28 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies for main crops such as Cotton, Jawar, Lentil (dal) ! Health care facilities are provided by the state run and oil seed. supports horticulture civil hospital and private nursing homes. Private and Jalna APMC trades sweet lime and medical practitioners also provide medical mangoes. services. An eye hospital and research centre ! Jalna has industries which process agricultural has been set up by a private charitable trust. products such as dal and oil seeds, cotton ginning and pressing units, beedi making units Governance: and seed packing industry within the city. Mahyco ! The Jalna Municipal Council looks after the local is an important Jalna based company famous for administration of the city. Key responsibilities of its seeds. Steel rolling is a major industrial the JMC include implementing and regulating the activity in Jalna MIDC with number of re-rolling development plan, maintaining the physical and mills. social infrastructure such as water supply, ! The service sector in Jalna comprises of sewerage, open spaces, road construction storm administration services, central and state water drains. JMC is also entrusted with government departments, banks, credit societies collection of taxes and municipal services. and other financial institutes. Construction, ! In 2001, the income of the Jalna Municipal education and health services are also a major Council was Rs.1606 lakh (Rs. 682 per person) part of the services sector. and its expenditure was Rs. 1617 lakhs (Rs. 687 ! Jalna is one of the poorest districts in per person). Maharashtra, as reflected in the city economy. 3.3 LATUR People and housing: ! Housing in Jalna is made available by the private sector. However the rate of construction does not match the demand. Affordable housing construction is absent. ! According to the 2001 census, 57625 people (26 % of city population) stay in slums. Poverty, illiteracy and unemployment are the major social problems of Jalna. ! Jalna is an agriculturally distressed district. Most young people from nearby villages migrate to Jalna in search of work after monsoon. Jalna provides temporary work opportunities but no place to reside. Thus 17.3 % of Jalna population is found in slums, along the riverbanks and on Rain Water Harvesting in a residential complex the outskirts of the city. Status: Latur is an 'A ' Class Municipal Council formed in 1952. City infrastructure: ! Jalna has piped water supply designed for only Regional setting: ! Latur is the headquarters of and is 1.2 lakh population, which is not adequate for its located in south central Maharashtra of the present population, which is over 2.3 lakh. There Marathwada Region. is no sewage system. Effluent from septic enters ! Latur city is situated at an altitude of 663 m municipal drains by the roadside. above mean sea level. ! Jalna is well connected by railway and highway ! Two rivers namely Manjra and Tawarja to Mumbai, Aurangabad and Secundarabad. ! flow through Latur district. State and private bus services connect to most cities in Maharashtra. The nearest airport is 63 km. away, at Aurangabad. Basic information ! City area: 32.55 Sq.Km. ! Primary school education is provided by the ! Population 2001: 299828 municipal council and by private institutions. ! Population Density: 9211/ Sq.Km. ! Jalna has one Arts and Science College and one ! Population Growth rate during 1990- Engineering college. 2001: 51.96% SCP

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Brief history: due to lack of affordable housing facilities. The name Latur was derived from the ancient ! City infrastructure: name Lattalura. Various rulers like the Satavahanas, ! The main sources of water supply to Latur is the Sakas, the Chalukyas, the Yadavas of Deogiri, through the dams constructed on the Manjra the Delhi Sultans, the Bahamani rulers of South India, River (60 km), Sai KT Weir (8 km) and Nagzari and the Mughals ruled the city. In the 19th century, it KT Weir (12 km). Latur does not have became a part of the independent princely state of underground sewerage system for entire town. All Hyderabad. Earlier known as Naldurg tehsil, it was properties in the city have septic tanks. Septic is merged with surrounding areas and was renamed treated and connected to soak pits or open Latur tehsil, and became part of . drains. In 1960, Latur was separated from Osmanabad to ! Latur is well connected to all parts of form a separate Latur district. Maharashtra through state highways connecting distant cities such as Nagpur, Pune and Mumbai. City economy Latur is connected by railway to a number of ! Agriculture is the main activity of people of Latur cities and towns such as Mumbai, Aurangabad, district. The main crops of the district are jawar, Bidar in etc. Passenger bus service is pulses, soya bean, sunflower and oil seeds. provided by MSRTC. Private bus operators offer Sugarcane is grown in the Valley of Manjara long distance services. The nearest airport from River. Some area within the city limits is under Latur is at Aurangabad, a distance of 290 km. cultivation, however most has been marked for ! Medical services are provided by LMC, charitable urban use in the development plan of Latur. organizations and private hospitals. The public ! Latur has an industrial estate with 280 small and and private hospitals attract a large number of medium industries. Sugar factories located patients from nearby villages. Large public outside the city area are important and are hospitals are managed by GoM and LMC. supported by service sector activities in Latur. ! Education sector is one of the major development ! The formal sector of the Latur City consists of the activities contributing to the economy of the city. city administration, commerce, trade, transport The Latur pattern in school education has and education. The informal sector is larger than attracted many students from nearby places. the formal sector of service economy and Except for a few municipal schools run by LMC, operates retail trade, urban services, construction most of the educational activities are carried out etc. by private and charitable institutions, which are ! APMC of Latur city acts as the main trading regulated by the Government. centre for the agricultural produce. Agro-based ! Latur has community and school halls provided industries such as oil industries, dal making units by institutions, libraries etc. The are used for and sugar factories are located in the city as well marriages or other functions. A stadium and a as peripheral towns having special industrial swimming pool has been constructed and is zones. maintained by LMC. Many small playgrounds are ! Education is an important economic activity in the distributed throughout the city. city with an increasing number of colleges and Governance services catering to the needs of students. The Latur Municipal Council consists of 20 ! Warehousing, new industries, banking, finance, electoral wards. Key responsibilities of the LMC construction, transport and health etc are include implementing and regulating the development emerging activities in the city. plan, maintaining the physical and social People and housing: infrastructure such as water supply, sewerage, open ! After the formation of the Municipality, old spaces, road construction storm water drains. Gaothan settlements were merged, new housing was developed around the old settlements, and 3.4 RATNAGIRI agricultural land was converted into housing Status: Ratnagiri is a B class Municipal Council, colonies. established in 1876. ! The floating population consists of students, Regional setting: seasonal workers, and skilled and unskilled ! The town of Ratnagiri is the headquarters of construction workers. . It is located on the ! Slums are developing within and outside the city western coast in the Konkan Region SCP

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implements are also utilized. Modern fish processing and packing plants have grown near the fishing port. ! Religious and entertainment tourism is important and growing in Ratnagiri. Hotels and resorts are a part of the growth. ! The secondary sector of the economy consists of small and medium scale manufacturing activities involving food processing. Shipbuilding, petrochemical and metal industries and cement are the large modern industries of Ratnagiri. ! Ratnagiri has a number of central and state government department offices. Central government offices include customs and excise Water purification plant in Ratnagiri department, Income Tax, Railways, Post and Telegraph, Maritime board, export promotion of Maharashtra. council etc. State government departments are ! Ratnagiri is located in an undulating terrain of agriculture and animal husbandry, Public works, the western part with an higher altitude rising and all district offices such as those for small- towards the east. scale industries etc., the Zilla Parishad. District Collectorate and revenue, Town and country Basic information: planning department along with district court are ! City area: 10.49 sq. km. the main administrative offices. ! Population 2001: 70335 ! Population Density: 6705/ Sq.Km. People and housing: ! Pop. Growth rate during 1990-2001: 24.54% ! Fishermen's colonies are located near the coastal area. Residences of other local people Brief history: are constructed on higher grounds and gentle Ratnagiri is historically famous for its long slopes. There are coconut wadis near the coast, coastline and convenient harbours and trading ports. which also have the owners' houses. New, large This region was under the rule of the Mauryas, the residential apartment buildings are becoming Nalas, the Silaharas, the Chalukyas, the Kadambas, common in the last two decades. Many the Portuguese, the Marathas and subsequently the industries have constructed colonies of such British. buildings for their employees. In 1948 the independent princely state of ! The growing population is creating pressure on Sawantwadi merged with the Indian union and in the city and pockets of slums have proliferated. 1956 with the Bombay Province, becoming part of The 6500 slum dwellers form 10 % of the city's Ratnagiri district. In 1960, Ratnagiri became a district population. of the newly created state of Maharashtra. In 1981, Ratnagiri district was split and the new district of City infrastructure: Sindhudurg was created. At present, Ratnagiri district ! Water supply to Ratnagiri is provided through a has nine tehsils and eight towns. check dam and jack well constructed near village Nachane and through overhead water tank. In City economy: addition to this water is also brought from Shil ! Ratnagiri city does not have any agricultural and Panval villages. There is no sewage system activity except small paddy land plots. - the sewage is treated by septic tanks. Horticulture is an important economic activity in ! In prior times, Ratnagiri was connected to Ratnagiri. Mango and cashews are planted on Mumbai and other cities on the western coast of the higher grounds and coconut and beetle nut India by sea routes. These have been replaced trees are planted near the coast. Fishing is an by the road infrastructure and Konkan railway important activity. links, which provide flexible and faster ! Ice factories and cold storage facilities have connectivity at a lower cost, connecting become important resources for fishermen in the coastal villages to big cities such recent years. Nylon nets and floats, and other SCP

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as New Delhi in the north and Kanyakumari and Mangalore in the south. ! Private medical facilities include Ayurvedic, Allopathic and modern medicine and hospitals. There is government run district civil hospital. ! Education activities in Ratnagiri consist of pre- primary, primary, and secondary schools. Professional education is also available through ITI, polytechnic, Fisheries College, Environmental Science and Technology institutions. ! Social gatherings and activities in Ratnagiri are held around the temple areas. Most schools and Preparatory meeting in Yavatmal colleges have their own playgrounds and other sports facilities. Basic information ! City area: 10.17 sq. km. ! Ratnagiri is a major tourism destination with ! Population 2001 Pop: 122906 natural scenic beauty, traditional temples such as ! Density: 12085/ sq. km. Ganapatipule, Ganesh and Pawas near ! Pop. Growth rate during 1990-2001: 11.22 % Ratnagiri, historical places like Lokmanya Tilak's home, Sawarkar memorial museum, Thibaw palace and archaeological museum, old Brief history: Various rulers such as Mughals and Marathas Ratnadurga Fort and Bhagavati Mandir, Bhatye prior to the colonial period ruled the town. Yavatmal Beach etc. was the main town of the Berar district of the Central Provinces (CP) under the rule of British East India Governance: Company. Along with other areas of Vidarbha, ! The Ratnagiri Municipal Council consists of 9 Yavatmal was merged in the Maharashtra State in electoral wards and looks after the municipal 1960. functions of the city. Key responsibilities of the RMC include implementing and regulating the development plan, maintaining the physical and City economy: ! The economy of is social infrastructure such as water supply, predominantly based on agriculture. The city sewerage, open spaces, road construction storm provides support for district agriculture through water drains etc. its market functions, information, and ! In 2001, the Ratnagiri Municipal council had an organizational support. Cotton is the main cash income of Rs. 12 crores and expenditure of Rs. crop and other crops are jawar, soyabean and 11 crores. lentil (Tur) and vegetables. ! The secondary sector industrial activity in 3.5 YAVATMAL Yavatmal city includes cotton ginning and Status: Yavatmal is an 'A ' class Municipal Council, pressing mills, timber and oil pressing mills. formed in 1893. Small-scale industries in Yavatmal comprise of workshops, printing press, oil mills and repair Regional setting: shops etc. located within the city and in the ! Yavatmal is the headquarters of Yavatmal peripheral villages. An MIDC estate is located at district. It is located in eastern Maharashtra in Lohra, about 5 km from Yavatmal. the Vidharbha Region. ! The tertiary sector activities consist of a large ! The city is located on a hilly plateau at an number of formal and informal enterprises. elevation of 433.70 m above sea level. Central and state government administrative ! The hill area is located near the watershed of the services have a large scale presence in River on the north and the Penganga on Yavatmal. the south. The city derives its name from this ! Yavatmal is the most important wholesale trading location which means 'row of mountains'. centre for agricultural produce of the district such as cotton, food grains, oil seeds and other produce such as SCP

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pulses. A large weekly market is held at Wani sewerage, open spaces, road construction storm road. water drains etc. ! Education services in Yavatmal are also ! In 2001, the income of the YMC was important for the district population. approximately Rs. 10 crores and expenditure was over Rs. 9 crores. People and housing: ! Residential areas in Yavatmal are of Gaothan old 3.6 ASHTA settlements, government officer's quarters, new residential colonies, and slums. ! There are large numbers of students who find accommodation in student's hostels. ! Slums have proliferated due to unavailability of affordable housing resulting in dense population settlement in gaothan. Government also devises a number of self-help schemes for upgradation.

City infrastructure: ! Yavatmal receives water from the state government-constructed Nilona Dam, which is now maintained by MJP. Water is supplied for YMC to distribute throughout the town. ! There is no underground sewage system in Green house flower beds in Ashta Yavatmal. Sewage is treated by septic tanks in individual premises. Status: Ashta is a 'C 'class Municipal Council, ! Yavatmal is well connected to all parts of established in1853. Maharashtra through state highways. Yavatmal Regional setting: is connected to district towns and villages and ! Ashta is located in Walva Tehsil, of also to Nagpur, Pune and Mumbai. Yavatmal is district. Islampur is the taluka headquarters. not located on the main national highway ! Ashta is located in the fertile valley of Krishna network, and the nearest broad gauge railway river at an altitude of 500 m. station is at Dhamangaon. Narrow gauge Railway connecting Yavatmal is used mainly for Basic information: goods transport. ! City area: 83.7 sq. km. ! Health services are provided in Yavatmal by the ! Population 2001: 33190 government (including the Government Medical ! Population Density: 397/ Sq.Km. College), Municipal council and the private ! Pop. Growth rate during 1990-2001: sector. ! 21.16 % ! The YMC and many private institutions run primary and high schools in the city. Most higher Brief history: education institutes are run by private education It is an old settlement, ruled by various rulers in trusts and institutes. Yavatmal has an historical times. Famous for 'Ashta Linga' meaning Engineering college and a Medical college. 'Eight Shiva temples' from which the city derives its ! Yavatmal has a good public library, and a name 'Ashta'. number of small circulating libraries in residential localities. The YMC has constructed an Olympic City Economy: size Swimming pool in the heart of the city. Ashta is the most prosperous agricultural town among all the SCP cities. Governance: ! The Yavatmal Municipal Council consists of 13 ! Ashta's predominantly agricultural economy is electoral wards. It looks after the municipal influenced by sugarcane production. Other functions of the city. Key responsibilities of the significant crops are Jawar and vegetables. YMC include implementing and regulating the Successful experiments have been carried out in development plan, maintaining the physical and cultivation of grapes, floriculture, and social infrastructure such as water supply, horticulture and teak forestry. 90% land in Ashta is under cultivation and the SCP

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remainder is utilised for other city functions. elected members. The council is entrusted with Farms in Ashta are highly productive due to the duties of implementing development plans, modern agricultural technology and practices. levy and collect municipal taxes, manage basic Irrigation is guaranteed and is managed largely urban services such as water supply, drainage, through farmer's cooperatives. roads and solid waste. It also manages ! Industrial activity in Ashta is limited to three units municipal properties. engaged in production of automobile castings ! The total income of Ashta municipal council in and spare parts. The sugar factory is located 2001, including grants from the state outside the city boundary. government, was Rs. 187 lakhs (Rs. 563 per ! The service sector economy is limited to a few person) and its expenditure was Rs. 109 lakhs. banks, cooperative credit societies, private (Rs. 328 per person) sector, personal, health services and shops. 3.7 RAHURI People and housing: ! Most people live in the old settlement, spread over a 4 sq. km. area. The main city is densely populated, with one or two story houses constructed in the traditional style. The main bazaar and shops are also located in this area, which have narrow roads. A few new houses are located on the outskirts and along the main roads. Rich farmers have constructed large houses near the fields.4150 persons (12.5% of the population) in Ashta were staying in slums according to the 2001 survey. ! Ashta receives a temporary migrant population for three to four months every year. Tents are pitched to accommodate the migrant labourers Status: Rahuri is a 'C 'Class Municipal Council, was who are engaged for cutting the sugar cane. established in 1972. Regional setting: City infrastructure: ! Rahuri is located in the North central part of ! All essential technical services such as water Maharashtra in . It is a supply, sewage system through septic tanks, taluka headquarter. electricity, telecommunication and public ! Rahuri is located on a fairly even terrain at an transport are available in Ashta. altitude of 500m above sea level. ! Sangli, at a distance of 21 km, is the nearest ! It is situated on the banks of the and railway station. It is connected to the rest of the entire town is part of the Mula watershed. Maharashtra. Ashta is connected by public and Basic information: private bus transport to all the major cities of ! City area: 41.41 sq. km. Maharashtra. ! Population 2001: 34465 ! The Zilla Parishad operates public schools in ! Population Density: 832/ Sq.Km. Ashta. Private institutes also provide education ! Pop. Growth rate during 1990-2001: 21.36 % at primary and secondary level. Ashta also has an Engineering College. Brief history: ! Health care is provided by a number of medical Rahuri is an old settlement and traditional market practitioners through private hospitals and place for agriculture produce. maternity homes. The nearest public hospital is at Sangli. City economy ! Ashta has a tradition of wrestling and athletics; ! Agriculture is the most important economic its citizens aspire for modern sports activity of Rahuri. Sugarcane, Jawar and Bajra in infrastructure. Kharif season and groundnut in Rabbi season Governance: are the main crops. Animal husbandry is ! Ashta is a C class municipal council with 9 one of the important economic activities SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 34 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies in Rahuri. Most farmers have farm animals as municipal council and private licensed medical well as milk animals. Mahatma Phule Krushi practitioners provide medical services. Vidyapeeth is located on the opposite bank of ! RMC and private institutes provide primary Mula River. The city produces excellent quality of secondary school and college education in vegetable and fruits. Rahuri. Agricultural University at Rahuri, located ! Rahuri has little industrial activity and no factory outside the city limits, is an important educational is of significant scale. There is a corrugated institution that contributes to the city paperboard factory and a rubber tire-recycling development. unit in Rahuri industrial area. The Rahuri sugar Governance factory is located outside the city boundary. ! Rahuri Municipal Council consists of 6 electoral ! In the service sector, a few government jobs exist wards, to look after the municipal functions of the in Rahuri. Trade and commerce are important city. Key responsibilities of the RMC include activities. The APMC operates the market and implementing and regulating the development large number of farmers from the nearby villages plan, maintaining the physical and social in the region bring their produce to Rahuri for infrastructure such as water supply, sewerage, trading. open spaces, road construction storm water drains etc. People and housing: ! RMC had an income of Rs. 9.5 crores and an ! Main settlement is located on one side of expenditure of Rs. 3.2 crores in the year 2001. Highway. Houses and shops are located in the area in a traditional pattern. 3.8 WARORA ! There are a few low-income localities namely Laxmi Nagar, Janak Nagar, Tanpure wadi, Mulanmatha and Wadargalli. According to the survey there are 663 BPL households having a population of 3051 persons (about 8.5% of the total population). ! Agriculture is a significant economic activity in the town attracting labourers migrating from the nearby areas. These workers live in camps along the fields and do not have access to basic services such as water supply and sanitation. ! There are many settlements of farmers near the fields on the periphery of the city area.

City infrastructure: Mahatma Gandhi Municipal Garden in Warora ! Water supplied to Rahuri is drawn from Mula reservoir, from a distance of 6 km from the town. Status: Warora is a 'B ' Class municipal council, Rahuri does not have a functional underground established in 1867. sewage system (A system was constructed a Regional setting: decade ago at a substantial cost it remains non- ! Warora is located in District of functional). Hence septic tanks and soak pits are eastern Maharashtra in Vidharbha Region. It is the main components of sewage treatment. the headquarters of Warora Tehsil. There is no storm water drain system. The ! flows through Warora, and is Malkan nala carries the bulk of the sewage. located towards the northwest part of the town. ! Nagar-Manmad state highway passes through Basic information: Rahuri. MSRTC runs public bus services to near ! City area: 7.39 sq. km. and distant locations with good frequency. It has ! Population 2001: 42240 a large bus station in on the main road. The ! Population Density: 5327/ Sq.Km. Rahuri railway station is outside the city limits. ! Pop. Growth rate during 1990-2001: -3.97 % ! RMC runs one hospital in the town. Private hospitals and health care units, including Brief history: maternity homes, are present in Rahuri. The In the 18th century, the district was SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 35 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies under the Nagpur rule, which later became ! The town has two slums areas namely, Collier a princely state of British India. In 1853, the British wards and Malviya. According to the survey, annexed the kingdom and established Nagpur there are 2562 BPL households, which forms province as part of British India. The Chandrapur about 29.33% of the total population. district became part of . Warora ! Due to lack of affordable housing, slums have came to prominence in the early 19th Century during emerged around the lake area, which threatens the British Rule when a colliery was established the existence of lake. Slums are located mostly there. The British extended the Railway from Wardha on public or reserved lands that are not to Warora and the town became important as a protected effectively by the authorities. About terminus of the railways. The town was part of the 5000 people (12 %) are found in slums. Vidarbha territory, which merged with Maharashtra in City infrastructure: 1960. ! The main source of water for Warora is the Wardha River, a few open wells and bore wells. City economy There is no sewage system and the buildings ! Agricultural production in the city is limited. have septic tanks. Treated water is either fed to Warora has lime, coal and iron deposits. soak pits or is left to open drains along the However, the coal mines have been closed since streets. 1996. ! Warora lies on the Delhi-Hyderabad Trunk route ! Warora large scale manufacturing activity. Small- of the Central Railway and is well connected to scale units produce oil and dal. Most new Nagpur and Mumbai via Wardha. The Nagpur- industries have grown outside the city boundary Chandrapur state highway passes through of Warora. Warora. The Warora-Wani district highway is ! The tertiary sector of Warora consists of central also another major regional link. and state government services like railway, post ! Warora Municipal Council and private nursing and telegraph, telecommunication, trading etc. homes provide health facilities through hospitals Unskilled workers are engaged in the transport and dispensaries. The nearest Civil hospital is at sector. Transport activity in Warora is well Chandrapur. established by railways as well as by road. Governance: ! Anandvan, a township developed by Dr. Baba ! The Warora Municipal Council consists of 7 Amte is the most famous social service institution electoral wards. Key responsibilities of the WMC near Warora, which houses leprosy patients and include implementing and regulating the believes in self-employment. development plan, maintaining the physical and People and housing: social infrastructure such as water supply, ! New areas are being developed on the outskirts sewerage, open spaces, road construction storm of the old city by converting agricultural lands water drains etc. into housing layouts. Middle class houses are ! WMC income in 2001 was Rs. 5.20 crores and single storey and the old city houses are densely expenditure was Rs. 5 crores. constructed with narrow lanes.

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 36 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

CHAPTER - 4 SCP TOOLKIT AND DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT MATRIX

SCP TOOLKIT 3. Environmental planning and implementation Based on the SCP material developed by the UN- 4. City Consultations: strategy and organization Habitat program, workshops in Bangkok and Beijing 5. Organization and responsibility of working groups and experiences gained during the preliminary 6. Project planning and detailing workshops in 10 selected cities in Maharashtra in 7. Embedding the SCP in City planning and Phase I and II, a tool kit was developed by AIILSG. This administration toolkit is written in (local language of 8. Monitoring and evaluation of SCP Maharashtra, Inida). It is conceptualized as a hand 9. Environment Development Matrix: Evaluate the book which can help city administrations to implement impact of the activity sector on the environment the SCP strategy in their cities. through a rating system of Development Initial draft of the toolkit was circulated among the Environment Matrix. This matrix can methodically participants of the city consultations and working be put forth in the primary, secondary and tertiary groups. Responses were received from participants sector. The impact in the city of Ratnagiri can be which helped in refinement of the final draft. seen from the following Development Stakeholders participating in the Sustainable Cities Environment Matrix. Program expressed their satisfaction for such a 10.Problem Tree and Solution Tree: Prepare a toolkit, which can now be adopted in the future as a problem tree of each issue and carry out an guide for implementing SCP . analysis on the identified problems and prepare a The tool kit has following chapters solution tree for the same, wherein alternate 1. Sustainable Cities Programme methods have to be adopted if the main economic 2. Main Features and guiding principles of SCP sectors response on the environment is harmful.

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 37 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

The Tools can be clear from the following Table

No SCP Stages SCP Tools and Guidelines 1 Preparing u City Introduction, Development Setting (Activity sectors and their impact on Environmental environment), Environment Setting (Environment Resources, their impact on Profile activities and Environmental hazards, Management Settingu Development - Environment Matrixu Stakeholder Analysis, Identification and Mobilization uuMapping and suitability analysis SWOT Analysis of the City

2 Conducting City u Issue Identification and Prioritisation (Proposition Papers)u Delphi Technique Consultation for Issue Identification and Prioritizationu Issue Identification and Prioritisation Graph/ Matrix: Environmental Issue vs Doable at City Level

3 Establishing and uuRole Play Preparing Strategy Papers and Action Plans Operationalizing 4 Negotiating uuStrategy Where you want to go and How to Go Action Plans Follow the Strategies and Bottom Up planning process : Different from conventional Development Plans/ Action Plans Master Plansuuu Goal Options Matrix Problem Tree Objective Tree Mapping and suitability analysis

5 Demonstration uuuFocus on Environment Management Short Tem quick impact Local Origin & Projects Priorityu Focus on Low Income areas

6 Institutionalizing uuIdentifying barriers to Change Overcoming barriers to change u Identifying the EPM Process and Mobilizing Anchor Institutions u Intervention for Institutional Strengthening uuIntervention for Institutional Strengthening Intervention for Institutional Strengtheningu Identifying Potential Change Agents

7 Documentation of Output Report SCP Process u EP,

u Proposition Papers,

u Environment Strategy by issue,

u Action plan by issue;u City consultation proceedings,

uuDemonstration project report, Up scaling strategy city wide by issue City agenda 21 “integrated strategy”,

uuPilot city SCP summarization report, National replication report, City Level Reportu Physical Changes ( more to do with Demo project)

uuAttitudinal Change Capacity Building Approach

u Building a resource network

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 38 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies A Development Environment Matrix Table of the city of Ratnagiri is as follows :

DEVELOPMENT - ENVIRONMENT MATRIX Sustainable Cities Programme - Ratnagiri Table 1 : Primary sector ENVIRONMENT Activity Sector Primary Resource Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource Resource Resource Impact of Activity EP Ref 1 4 5 6 Ch.No. Land Water Air Energy Raw Human Score 2.1 material / Resource Food Agriculture 2.1.1 Horticulture Absent 2.1.2 Lake/ watersorces Poultry Absent Fishing 2.1.3 Forest

DEVELOPMENT Mining Absent Quarrying Total score 9 EP Ref. Chapter No. 3.a 3.b 3.c 3.d 3.e 3.f

Table 2 : Secondary Sector ENVIRONMENT Activity Sector Resource Resource 2 Resource 3 Resource Resource Resource Impact of Activity EP Ref Secondary 1 4 5 6 Ch.No. Land Water AirEnergy Raw Human Score material / Resource Food Large Industries 2.2.1 Cement Ship Building Saw Mills Absent Small scale Industries Food Sea Food Processing Workshops Leather Absent DEVLOPMENT Metal (Rolling Mills) Absent Textile Absent Chemical Pharamaceutical Printing press Absent Total Score EP Ref. 3.a 3.b 3.c 3.d 3.e 3.f 2.1.1

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 39 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Table 3: Tertiary Sector Activity Sector Primary Resource Resource Resource Resource Resource Resource Impact of Activity EP Ref 1 2 3 4 5 6 Land Water Air EnergyRaw Human Score Chap. No. material / Resource Food Govt. Offices 2.3.1 Central & State Govt, City Admn. services Municipal and ward offices Trade & Commerce 2.3.2 Agriculture produce market Cotton Market Food Grain and other warehouses Absent Office buildings Mixed commercial Small services shops Books and stationary Food/confectionary Absent Any other Shopping 2.3.3 Shopping complexes DEVELOPMENT Road side shops Pan shops Retail trade convenient stores, corner shops Hawkers, street vendors Municipal vegetable and fish-meat market Weekly market Residential area 2.3.4 Gaothan Old settlements Absent New layouts Slums Pavement dwellers Absent Boys Hostels/ Student's Girls/ womens hostels Absent Eateries 2.3.5 Restaurants Lunch homes Tea vendors Road side Snacks Transport 2.3.6 Rail Transport Road, highways Vehicle transport Town streets Private colony streets Negligible DEVELOPMENT Lanes/ pathways Public / private bus transport Absent Auto rickshaws, taxi, stands Private vehicles Repair garages Parking area Negligible Truck transport and terminus Hoarding, Advertizing Street Furniture Absent

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 40 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Table 3: Tertiary Sector Activity Sector Primary Resource Resource Resource Resource Resource Resource Impact of Activity EP Ref 1 2 3 4 5 6 Land Water Air EnergyRaw Human Score Chap. No. material / Resource Food Social/Cultural 2.3.9 Marriage halls Community halls Negligible Library, reading rooms Mahila Mandal Sports 2.3.10 Stadium Helath club/ Gym Religious 2.3.11 Temples Mosques Church Festival Activities

DEVELOPMENT Public Religious processions Dahi Handi Negligible Ganesh Festivals Dassera /Dandya festival Plolitical meetings Urban Professions 2.3.12 Construction services: Architects, engineers, contracting Construction sites Electrcial services Social Institutions 2.3.13 Old people’s homes, services Absent Anganwadi/ Balwadis/ Crèches/ child care Destitute homes Working women's hostels Absent Orphanages

DEVELOPMENT Jail Police stations Landscaping Services Garden & landscaping services Urban conservation, beautification Absent Comunications services 2.3.14 Telephone Exchanges Internet cafes Negligible Xerox/ Fax/ Tel. Booths Water and Sewage 2.3.16 Gravity Reservoirs Purification plants Pumping stations Sewage collection/ treatment Rain water Surface drains Rain water harvesting Absent Solid Waste management 2.3.17 DEVELOPMENT Road side bins Compost pits Collections/sorting Dry waste storage Dumping grounds

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 41 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Table 3: Tertiary Sector

Activity Sector Primary Resource Resource Resource Resource Resource Resource Impact of Activity EP Ref 1 2 3 4 5 6 Land Water Air EnergyRaw Human Score Chap. No. material / Resource Food Health Services 2.3.18 Primary Health centres Municipal Hospital Maternity homes Private Dispensaris Poly Clinics Negligible Private hospitals Animal /pets 2.3.19 Veterenery hospital Negligible Vet. Dispensary Educational Institues 2.3.20 Primary schools Highschool Higher education Professional colleges Private tuition classes Libraries, reading rooms, Private tuition classes Negligible DEVELOPMENT Tourism 2.3.21 Hotels Dharamashalas Negligible Guest & Lodging houses Burial Grounds/ Crematorium 2.3.22 Cremation area Burial Grounds Building/ Road Contruction 2.3.23 Building Contruction Roads/ Flyovers Dams/ Power Stations etc Absent EP Ref. 3.a 3.b 3.c 3.d 3.e 3.f SUMMARY OF THE MATRIX TABLES Greens Reds Total Area in Ha % to total Area Primary 12 3 9 96.59 9.66

Secondary 1 3 2 28.3 2.83 Sector Tertiary 21 121 100 721.53 72.1 Sector The primary sector activity shows green stars mainly because activities such as mining and quarrying are very little in Ratnagiri It occupies 9.66% of land. The secondary sector shows 2 reds as the activity Is limited and also occupies very little area of 2.83%. For the purpose of impact some of the industries that are outside the limits are also considered. However this does not reflect in the land use which is available for municipal limits only. The tertiary sector has maximum red stars and also occupies a large area. The red stars here are not to be understood as deterrent for tertiary sector. An urban area is bound to have such a situation It is through planned interventions that these reds are to be converted into greens

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 42 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies CHAPTER - 5 SALIENT FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN SCP CITIES

A comparative analysis of cities covered in Phase II of the SCP is presented here. The analysis is based on detailed Environmental Profiles (EPs) of each of the cities prepared by AIILSG during the project.

5. 1 Administrative Classification and Status of SCP Cities : Cities in India are classified into categories based on the administrative status conferred on them by the respective State governments. The administra- tive classification is partly based on the population of the cities. The table below shows the classification for the cities covered in Phase II of the SCP (henceforth “the SCP cities”).

Table 5.1 No. of state cities in City Administration by Population SCP city same classification Criterion category Municipal Corporation Above 1-5 lakh Aurangabad 22 Municipal Council ‘A‘ Between 50000 to Jalna, Latur 18 Class 1lakh Municipal Council ‘B‘ Between 50,000-1 Ratnagiri, 61 Class lakh Yavatmal Municipal Council ‘C’ Less than 50,000 Ashta, Rahuri, 146 Class Warora

In addition to local administrative functions, these cities are also centres of state and regional administra- tive functions. The table below shows such administrative functions of the SCP cities.

Table 5.2 City Status SCP city Administrative functions

Regional Aurangabad Regional offices of all state departments, High HQ. court, District collector, Police commissioner and district offices of all state departments District HQ.

District HQ Jalna, Latur, District collector, Police commissioner and Yavatmal and district offices of all state departments, Zilla Ratnagiri Parishad, district court

Taluka HQ Rahuri, Warora Taluka level offices of state govt. departments

None Ashta State land revenue office (tahasildar)

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 43 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

5 .2 Regional setting The SCP cities are from five different geographical regions of Maharashtra. Each region has a specific environmental setting and geographical characteristics that impact SCP cities.These regional geographical and environmental differences affect the SCP cities in several ways. Some of the issues and problems of SCP cities are related to the regional differences and climatic impact. Individual city attributes such as area, population, social structure, migration, economy and culture also bear direct relation to these regional settings.

Adm. Aurangabad Amaravati Nagpur Pune Nashik Cities/districts Aurangabad, Yavatmal, Warora Ashta (Dist. Rahuri (Dist Ratnagiri Jalna, Latur Sangli) Ahmadnagar) Climate Hot, dry, Hot, dry, temperate Hot and Hot, dry, Hot, humid temperate moderately temperate humid Annual rainfall <700 mm. <700 mm. 500 mm 550 mm >3000 mm Envt. Threat Occasional Occasional Draught Floods Failure of Water Draught monsoon shortage in summer Earth quake Geographic Deccan Krishna Mula-Pravara Western location plateau river valley river valley coastal belt Altitude and 450-900 m. 600 m. 500 m, 450 to 750 Varied from terrain: gentle slope 0 to 400 m. Geology Blue besalt Blue basalt rock Basalt rock Basalt and coastal lava alluvium, Soil type Medium Black soil, fertile fertile black Black, saline, black cotton soil medium fertile laterite Main rivers: Godavari, Vainganga, Vardha Krishna, Pravara, Mula Vashishti Purna, Painganga, warana, and Savitri Shivna, Koyana Manjara, Kundalika Main irrigation Jayakvadi, Check dams, Lakes, Lift , Wells, Manjara, wells irrigation, Mula minor wells irrigation Negative Poor forest Depleted forest, Over Over Low water Impacts cover, Poor Agriculture distress, irrigation, exploitation of holding, agriculture, migration salinity soil Limited Migration agriculture, Draught in summer

SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 44 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

5.3 History of SCP Cities services, financial, engineering, social, as well as The Aurangabad region had urban centres going cultural services. back to 200 B.C. The Ajantha and near Aurangabad were important centres along north- 5.4.1 Primary Economic Sector In SCP Cities south trade routes during the Buddhist period. ! In all SCP cities except Ashta, the primary sector Paithan, another town in the region, became prosper- does not contribute much to the local economy. ous around 1000 A.D. Later, the region was a part of However, these cities are affected by the regional the Mughal and Nizam kingdoms. During this period agricultural economy because they are centres of of Muslim rule, Aurangabad was a thriving region. the trade in agricultural goods (i.e. act as market During British colonial rule, Vidarbha was famous for centres). These cities also have close socio- its teak and other timber resources as well as wild cultural linkages with surrounding rural areas. animals. Since independence however, the forests Such linkages influence the city economies. and wild life have been under threat due to rapid ! Aurangabad, Jalna and Latur are major trading deforestation. Yavatmal was previously considered a centres for agricultural produce as well as hill station, famous for surrounding rich forests and processing industries (mainly oil seeds, dal and game. Warora was a mining town settled during the fruits). Rahuri was once famous for its mosambi colonial period. A railway line was laid to transport fruits (sweet lime). However in the last 30 to 40 minerals, hence Warora grew as railway and mine years farmers have replaced mosambi orchards town in early twentieth century. with sugarcane plantation. Ratnagiri remains the Both Marathwada and Vidarbha regions were main market in Konkan for mangoes, coconuts, included in Maharashtra in 1960, during the process beetle-nuts, cashews etc. of state reorganization on a common language basis. ! Most SCP cities have agricultural land areas It must be noted that in both these regions, the state within city limits. However due to population and language Marathi is influenced by and . economic pressures, land under agriculture is Along with several other coastal towns in increasingly being utilized for urban activities. As Konkan, Ratnagiri was a well-known trading port prior a result, within city limits the production of grain, to British rule. In the subsequent period, these ports pulses and fruits has declined. declined and people started migrating to Mumbai. ! In Ashta, the choice of crop is constantly The Konkan region also experienced de-forestation changing. There is a shift to either cash crops during the British years as massive tree cutting was (viz. sugarcane) or to advanced farming activities carried out for timber used for railway sleepers. This such as horticulture, floriculture, green houses also led to silting of the rivers and port infrastructure etc. These changes in production can be on the coastal area. The prosperity of Konkan owed attributed to better irrigation facilities, market much to its natural resources. Their destruction has demand, high profitability, and availability of led to depopulation of the region. technology and capital. Ashta and Rahuri were a part of the Mughal and ! Ratnagiri, with its coastal location, has Maratha kingdoms. Historically these cities have not maintained, expanded and modernized its witnessed any significant movement of people. Their traditional fishing activity. Yavatmal and Warora growth is steady and mainly due to natural growth of had fresh water fishing activities in their large population, than by migration. These cities have lakes which has vanished due to neglect of the therefore retained their traditional socio-cultural lakes. characteristics and agrarian economies. ! Animal husbandry is a commercially viable activity in Ashta and Rahuri. It is a secondary activity for 5.4 Economy of SCP Cities the farming community. Often, women from We present here the findings on the economic farming households are engaged in rearing activities in the SCP cities. Economic activities in the animals. Most other cities do not have much of SCP cities are divided into three sectors: animal husbandry. No SCP city has a poultry. ! Primary sector includes agriculture, fishing, ! Mining was once the most important economic horticulture, animal husbandry, forestry and activity in Warora. Rich deposits of coal and mining. limestone still exist in the region. However, ! Secondary sector includes processing and mining activity has closed for reasons not known. manufacturing of goods. As a result of the closure, the economy of ! Tertiary sector includes public administration Warora has declined. No alternative has SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 45 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies yet emerged to replace the loss. located in MIDC (Maharashtra Industrial ! Quarrying for stone is observed in the SCP cities Development Corporation) areas. MIDC estates in or outskirts. Brick making is also common. The Jalna, Aurangabad, Rahuri and Latur are within scale of these is directly proportional to local road city limits. In Yavatmal, Warora and Ratnagiri and building construction activities. Abandoned MIDC areas are outside the city limits. quarries in some cities are now (unfortunately) ! Aurangabad has a number of special industrial being used for solid waste dumping (e.g. Rahuri, estates that host chemical, auto, engineering and Ashta). pharmaceutical manufacturing units. ! In the last two or three decades, most SCP cities ! Ashta is the only city in the group that does not have registered a decline in primary sector have an MIDC area. However, one large forging activities. Only Ashta has registered addition to unit and three ancillary units are located in Ashta. the agricultural workforce. Except for Ashta, These provide parts to auto industries based in Rahuri and Warora, SCP cities have less than 5% Pune. of their population working in the primary sector. ! Informal and small scale manufacturing units are The lowest rate of primary sector employment is present in all the SCP cities. There are a few in Aurangabad (2.07%), as seen in the table production units run by women's self help groups below: (assisted by NGOs). Khadi and Village Industries 5.4.2 Secondary Sector in SCP cities are also present. ! Manufacturing and Industrial activities in SCP ! Latur, Warora and Jalna have processing cities are divided into formal and informal sector. industries for agricultural produce such as dal as

Table 5.4: Primary Sector Employment in SCP cities City Employment Employment Percentage 1981-91 1991-2001 1981-91 1991-2001 Aurangabad 13392 5170 8.27 2.07 Jalna 6354 2094 12.5 3.01 Latur 6113 3956 12.1 4.80 Ratnagiri 31 0.13 Yavatmal 3780 1318 11.7 3.4 Ashta 7386 9411 60.29 62.21 Rahuri 4994 4991 52.23 38.74 Warora 1893 1310 13.60 10.45

Primary Sector Employment 1991-2001 Primary Sector Employment 1991-2001 change in population 1981-91 change in percantage 1981-91

Warora Warora Rahuri Rahuri

Ashta Ashta

Yavatmal Yavatmal

Latur Latur SCP Cities SCP Cities Jalna Jalna Aurangabad Aurangabad 0 5000 10000 15000 0 10203040506070 Employment Population Employment percentage

Formal (registered) industries can be large, well as oil mills. Yavatmal has ginning and medium and small scale, depending on their pressing mills. volume of production and number of employees. ! Jalna has a number of metal re-rolling ! In general, large and medium industries are mills and is also famous for its seed SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 46 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies packing unit (Mahyco). ! Central government: Excise and customs, ! The Rahuri MIDC area has just one paper Income Tax, railways, FCI etc. recycling operation which has remained closed for ! zState government: PWD, Sales Tax, an unknown period. The Rahuri sugar factory is revenue etc. and local municipality, district outside city limits. and high courts etc. ! Industrial activities are growing rapidly in ! Autonomous government organizations: Aurangabad and at a moderate pace in Ratnagiri. MSEB, MIDC, CIDCO, MJP, MSRTC, Industries are closing in Yavatmal, Warora, Jalna Telecom, Railways, banks and financial and Rahuri. institutions ! Manufacturing sector employment is not ! Private sector: Banking, insurance, wholesale and significant in the SCP cities. Employment retail trade, transport, legal and accounts, statistics of secondary sector are: engineering and construction, hospitality and entertainment, tourism, medical and education 5.4.3 Tertiary Sector in SCP Cities services etc. There are special large agricultural The tertiary sector is the most significant economic produce markets (APM) in Jalna, Aurangabad, driver in all SCP cities except Rahuri and Ashta. Rahuri, Latur and Yavatmal. A large proportion of

Table 5.5: Secondary Sector Employment in SCP cities

City Employment Employment Percentage 1981-91 1991-2001 1981-91 1991-2001 Aurangabad 58000 3679 35.80 1.47 Jalna 22615 3251 44.5 4.7 Latur 13215 2225 26.1 2.70 Ratnagiri 511 2.24 Yavatmal 8043 635 25.00 1.7 Ashta 1585 557 12.94 3.68 Rahuri 1456 327 15.23 2.54 Warora 2639 330 20.35 2.63

1991-2001 Secondary Sector Employment Secondary Sector Employment 1991-2001 1981-91 change in population change in percentage 1981-91

Warora Warora

Rahuri Rahuri

Ashta Ashta

Yavatmal Yavatmal

Latur Latur SCP Cities SCP Cities Jalna Jalna

Aurangabad Aurangabad

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 0 1020304050 Employment population Employment percentage

! The tertiary sector provides highest number of economic activity also includes the contribution of employment opportunities in SCP cities, which are self-employed individuals. divided into three main groups: government, ! Non-government and charitable organizations private sector and non-governmental and include social, environmental and charitable charitable organizations. trusts, women's groups, educational institutions, ! Government and public sector offices have a health care providers and religious organizations. significant presence. The government bodies that ! The tertiary sector activities contribute are an important part of the local economy of the substantially to the city economy and region include: provide livelihood to majority of the SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 47 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies people in SCP cities. important reason. Note also that these regions ! Education institutions in Latur, Yavatmal and were not a part of the former Mumbai province Aurangabad attract students from surrounding and became a part of Maharashtra in 1960. As an rural areas. They offer a variety of professional indicator of the relative underdevelopment, one courses and also prepare a large number of may note that cities of these regions have a larger students from the district for competitive proportion of poor people than those in the rest of examinations (UPSC, MPSC, CAT etc.). Maharashtra. ! In Jalna, Latur and Aurangabad, public and ! For these regions as a whole, the state planning private sector medical and health care services commission has identified the lack of investment are an important part of the economy. These in irrigation, local transport, social and education medical centres are also engaged in research infrastructure as the cause of poverty and and development. exclusion. The tertiary sector of the SCP cities is by far the ! A large number of workers are seasonal migrants most important sector in terms of financial turnover, from Marathwada to cities in other regions of the employment and visibility. In larger cities, the tertiary state (including Ashta and Rahuri) during the non- sector is relatively large and varied compared to the agricultural season. They take up transient jobs, smaller cities. typically as construction workers and agricultural 5.5 Poverty and Exclusion labourers.

Table 5.6 Tertiary sector Employment in SCP cities

City Employment Employment Percentage

1981-91 1991-2001 1981-91 1991-2001

Aurangabad 87837 240898 54.21 96.54 Jalna 28846 56.7 Latur 19361 76523 38.3 92.87 Ratnagiri 22254 97.62 Yavatmal 19499 36405 60.5 94.9 Ashta 2387 19.49 34.10 Rahuri 2878 7566 30.10 58.72 Warora 7856 10897 60.59 86.90

Tertiary Sector Employment 1991-2001 Tertiary Sector Employment change in population 1991-2001 1981-91 change in percentage 1981-91

Warora Warora

Rahuri Rahuri

Yavatmal Yavatmal

SCP Cities Latur SCP Cities Latur

Aurangabad Aurangabad

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Employment population Employment percentage

The SCP cities have significant numbers of poor ! Social indicators such as literacy and sex ratio in people who fail to improve their standard of living in the SCP cities help identify the flow and direction spite of available opportunities. of migration. ! The SCP cities of Marathwada and Vidarbha are ! A lower female ratio is generally indicative of relatively underdeveloped compared to Ratnagiri, permanent in-migration of male workers from Ashta and Rahuri. This may be due to multiple outside (as observed in Ratnagiri and factors; however, lack of effective transportation Aurangabad), which is directly related to links to Mumbai (until recently) appears to be an higher level of economic opportunities. SCP Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 48 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies ! A high female ratio is indicative of out-migration of temporary shelters. When these settlements grow men (Yavatmal and Jalna) and lack of in size they get recognized as slums. These slum employment opportunities for male workers. colonies eventually get urban services such as ! Low literacy rates among men and women water and electricity from the local authority. indicates level of under-development. Jalna, ! Seasonal migrants (such as sugarcane farm Latur, Ashta and Rahuri have lower literacy rates workers) stay in tents and have no access to than the state average. An important cause of the municipal services even though they contribute to higher concentration of poor people in the cities of the city's wealth. Marathwada is the migration of illiterate, unskilled ! Most poor people are unskilled and do not have workers to these cities from surrounding rural guaranteed work. They congregate each morning areas. at “labour markets” in cities (as seen in Latur) in search of daily work. Some skilled workers such ! Poverty among people in SCP cities is correlated as bricklayers, carpenters and plumbers also

Table 5.7 Literacy rates and sex ratio in SCP cities in 2001 City Literacy rate Sex ratio Overall Male Female Panvel 89.32 92.92 85.26 893 Virar 88.98 92.38 85.02 865 Aurangabad 84.27 90.34 76.46 902 Jalna, 75.76 83.75 67.22 935 Latur 82.01 90.28 73.02 916 Ratnagiri 90.02 94.47 85.06 898 Yavatmal 89.39 94.33 84.25 956 Ashta 79.13 87.63 70.34 943 Rahuri 80.47 88.20 72.21 931 Warora 87.38 93.12 81.20 926 Urban Maharashtra 85.76% 91.42% 79.25% 874

Literacy Rates Male Literacy Sex Ratio Female

100 980 956 90 960 943 935 80 940 931 926 916 70 920 902 893 898 60 900 50 880 865 40 Ratio 860

percentage 30 840

Literacy rates in 20 820 10 800 0 Virar Jalna Latur Ashta Virar Rahuri Jalna Latur Panvel Ashta Warora Rahuri Panvel Ratnagiri Warora Yavatmal Ratnagiri Yavatmal Aurangabad

Aurangabad SCP Cities SCP Cities

with caste and religion. Poverty, illiteracy and avail of the labour market. exclusion from main city areas appear to be ! Women form a large and special group among interrelated. The Dalit and Muslim population (the poor people. Many dalit women are involved in poorest communities) is segregated from the waste picking activities in the SCP cities (Latur, main city areas (e.g. in Aurangabad) Aurangabad, Yavatmal). Young children also help ! Migrant workers (both permanent as well as women, while men find regular work or jobs in the seasonal) are poorer than the permanent local municipality in the waste management residents of the cities. Migrants tend to settle near departments. ! In some of the cities (Latur, Yavatmal city boundaries, away from main city areas in SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 49 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies and Aurangabad), poor women are getting water supply in Jalna, Warora and Ashta is less organized into small saving groups with the help than 50% of the minimum. of NGOs and social workers. Some organizations ! The distance between the source and the city is are also helping waste workers to organize and large in case of Latur and Aurangabad. get municipal contracts for waste management. ! None of the SCP cities except Aurangabad has New waste management guidelines of the state supply of filtered water. that have specific recommendations for allotting ! Most cities have developed water supply such work to women's groups, are helping poor schemes during last thirty years. Old families in some way. infrastructure in the form of wells, ponds and Most SCP cities have carried out surveys for lakes has been neglected as seen in Latur, identifying residents below poverty line. The table Yavatmal and Warora. below shows numbers of people below poverty line ! The state revenue department owns lakes in the (1997) cities. The local authorities are therefore unable to 5.6 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE use or maintain them.

Table 5.8 People Below Poverty Line in SCP cities

Population below poverty line in SCP Cities 18000 15703 16000

14000

12000

10000 7176 Line 8000

6000

4000 2901 2290 2114 2562 2000 663 Number of People below Poverty 0 Jalna Ashta Rahuri Warora Ratnagiri Yavatmal SCP Cities Aurangabad

5.6.1 Water supply and sewerage ! In all SCP cities, water is supplied at fixed hours The status of water supply, water sources, their by gravity through the ESRs which are filled from distance from the city, and per capita availability of the water source by pumping. However frequent water in the SCP cities is presented below. power cuts affect the pumping and distribution. ! No SCP city except Aurangabad has adequate ! Various state organizations are involved in the water supply to meet the standard minimum of provision of water to SCP cities. Bulk water is 120 litres/per person per day. The per capita supplied from irrigation schemes constructed and

Table 5.9 Details of Water Supply in SCP cities City Availability Duration of water Distance from Length of MLD/day supply per day source of water Distribution supply (kms.) Network (kms.) Aurangabad 140 1 hr. daily 45 967.59 Jalna, 15 1 hr.daily 10 22 Latur 27 1 hr.thrice a week 60 336 Ratnagiri 18.5 3-12 hr.daily 2 -11 47 Yavatmal N.A 4-5 hrs. daily N.A N.A Ashta 1.60 1 hr.twice a day 6 33 Rahuri 3.8 1 hr. daily 7 46 Warora 1 1 hr. daily 4 8 SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 50 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

operated by the PWD. Electricity supply for ! Most SCP cities have good road connectivity to pumping is provided by the MSEB. Bulk water the surrounding regional settlements and to other supply is provided/ to municipal councils by regional cities and the state capital Mumbai. Most Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP). Local cities are located on or near to state highways that administration is in charge of distribution, provide direct link to many parts of India. scheduling and collection of water charges. ! Highways often pass through the cities (Yavatmal, ! Water charges vary from Rs. 3 to Rs. 8 per 1000 Latur, Aurangabad). Heavy vehicular traffic on the litres. However, theft and illegal water connections highways poses serious problems of pollution and are rampant and water charge recovery is very accidents in these cities. Incidences of fatal poor. accident are increasing in the cities of Latur, ! Metering system is absent in all cities except Aurangabad, Yavatmal. Yavatmal, where the charges are recovered from ! Several cities have planned for ring roads to allow the users directly by MJP, bypassing the Yavatmal through traffic to pass without entering city areas. Municipal council. These have not yet been completed. In Latur a fly ! Latur, Yavatmal and Aurangabad are promoting over has been constructed to separate the city rainwater harvesting in their cities, which has traffic from the highway traffic. potential to recharge the ground water sources. ! Internal roads in the cities are planned as per TP 5.6.2 Sewage and drainage standards in newer extensions, however these ! Water supply to the SCP cities is inadequate for have not been constructed to good standards. installation of flushing-based underground sewage Footpaths are mostly absent. Side drains are system and centralised treatment of sewage. generally open gutters and accumulate waste in Besides, sewage systems are expensive to them. construct and maintain. Hence no city except ! Old city areas often have very narrow lanes and (Rahuri) has plans for construction of sewage mixed land use with high population density. system in near future. Scope for road widening is therefore limited. ! Most of the sewage is treated with help of septic Streets in Gaothan are generally cluttered, noisy tanks with or without soak pits. These are and dirty. connected to road side drains or open gutters. ! Roads are often dug up for underground ! Rahuri is the only city where underground sewage infrastructure by various service providers (water has been constructed (by MJP). The MJP has pipes, electric or telephone cables) without charged the RMC for the work, but has not coordination and responsibility of repairing them completed and commissioned the sewage after completion of the work. system. Thus, the money spent appears to be ! Lack (and misappropriation) of funds and wasted (as reported by the RMC). technical capacity are seen as major problems ! The owners of septic tanks do not maintain them related to city roads. regularly. Many households do not have septic tanks and waste water is directly connected to the 5.6.4 Traffic and Transportation natural nalla or river. Intra-city transport ! Local authorities do not have the technical ! Since 2005, the Aurangabad MC provides local capacity to undertake planning and design of a public transport in the city through a public-private sewage system or maintenance. They do not partnership. In the larger SCP cities (Latur, maintain drawings showing sewage system, Yavatmal), MSRTC provides local public transport. drainage and storm water drains etc. ! In the last decade, all SCP cities have reported a ! There is widespread lack of awareness among the dramatic increase in number of motorized vehicles city residents about conservation and payment of across all categories (2,3 and 4 wheelers as well charges. as transport vehicles). Lack of quality public ! Untreated waste water often accumulates at transport, growing incomes and relative low cost various places within the city which then become of personal vehicles and easy access to loans breeding grounds for mosquitoes, leading to have contributed to the increase in number of malaria. Malaria is the main health hazard in vehicles in SCP cities. many SCP cities (Aurangabad, Latur, Yavatmal, ! There are no efforts at regulating the flow of traffic Warora). within cities. Some cities have signalling 5.6.3 Roads systems installed at few cross roads. SCP

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However, traffic police manage most crowded them. junctions at peak hours without involvement of other local bodies. 5.6.6 Housing and Slums ! Most cities lack proper parking facilities in the main business and administration areas. ! Most housing construction is by the private sector ! Incidences of accidents are increasing in Latur - by individual owners or small builders. Most and Aurangabad. Old city areas, business areas houses are one or two story structures, often of and areas near schools are prone to accidents. poor quality. Sufficient land is available for Inter-city transport housing in these cities. ! MSRTC provides public transport facilities to the ! Houses for rent are available for middle class cities. The service is efficient, inexpensive and families. No rental housing is built or promoted on hence availed by a large number of people. large scale for other sectors due to constraints of ! SCP cities (except Ashta) have good railway the Maharashtra Rent control Act. connectivity to distant cities. For Ashta, the ! Jalna, Yavatmal and Ratnagiri have some nearest railway station is Sangli. Most SCP cities apartment house construction. These houses are are connected to Mumbai and Pune by rail. for middle and higher income families. They have Railway links to Marathwada and Konkan are RCC frame work and modern amenities and relatively recent. finishing. ! Aurangabad is the only SCP city with an airport ! In Aurangabad some houses are constructed by and connectivity by air to Mumbai, Pune and Maharashtra Housing Board, a public sector some cities outside of Maharashtra. organization. CIDCO has constructed houses in new Aurangabad area. 5.6.5 Electricity Slums In Maharashtra provision of electricity is the Lack of housing for poor is common. Proliferation regulated monopoly of the state Electricity board. of slums is seen in almost all SCP cities. Data on Recently the activities of power generation, transmis- slum population collected in 2001 is presented in the sion and distribution have been divided and assigned table(Table 5.10) . to three different state corporations. ! Maharashtra is facing acute shortage of electricity. ! Slums are often seen along the nallas, rivers and Power cuts of between 4 to 15 hours in the day on public lands, at a distance from main localities. are common. Most SCP cities have daily power ! Aurangabad and Latur have devised slum cuts of between 4 to 6 hours. rehabilitation schemes. These houses are ! Bulk power for the cities is picked up from the government subsidized and often are of poor Maharashtra power grid and further distributed in quality, but better than slums. the city to retail users. ! Slum dwellers face major problems such as lack ! The amended Electricity Act now permits of water, electricity, public toilets, solid waste generation of electricity through private sector collection and open spaces. participation. Some large industries in ! Municipal Corporation of Aurangabad has Aurangabad have availed of the facility. constructed public toilets. Local authorities have ! City administrations are not aware of energy not taken initiative to construct public toilets as it conservation technologies that could be used for was not considered an obligatory duty until public utilities such as street lighting, signals, recently. water pumping etc. ! Most city administrations have no resources and ! The engineering college of Aurangabad (LPI) has technical capacity. Their capacity to provide basic proposed a timetable for operating street lights to urban services, such as water, toilets and roads to save electricity for the city and also reduce energy slums is also limited by the lack of funds. costs as a SCP initiative. Promotion of energy ! City administrations are unable to check the efficient lights and other power saving methods proliferation of slums. Once the slums are created have been proposed in some cities. the city authorities provide water to them. ! Renewable energy sources such as solar power ! Slums have a negative impact on public health. or methane gas generation from bio-waste are Incidences of malaria (Aurangabad, Jalna, Latur, available options. However, the administrations of Yavatmal) and other contagious SCP cities need external assistance to plan for diseases is high in slums compared to SCP

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Table 5.10 Population And Percentage of Slum Population in SCP cities City %Slum City Slum Population 0Population Population Slum Population

Panvel 104034 76.4 5.2% Warora 5293 Virar 118945 106.5 N.A Rahuri 1539 Aurangabad 891841 209685 23.51% Ashta 4150 Yavatmal 37613 Jalna 235529 42316 17.97% Ratnagiri 6541 Latur 299985 105102 35.04% Latur 105102 SCP Cities Ratnagiri 70383 6541 9.29% Jalna 42316 Yavatmal 120656 37613 31.17% Aurangabad 209685 Panvel 76.4 Ashta 33190 4150 12.50% 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 Rahuri 34465 1539 4.47% Slum population Warora 41971 5293 12.61%

Population in SCP Cities Slum Population percentage

Warora 42240 Warora 12.61% 4.47% Rahuri 34465 Rahuri Ashta 12.50% Ashta 33190 Yavatmal 31.17% Yavatmal 122906 Ratnagiri 9.29% Ratnagiri 70335 Latur 35.04% SCP Cities

SCP Cities Latur 299828 Jalna 17.97% Jalna 235529 Aurangabad 23.51%

Aurangabad 891841 Panvel 5.21% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 % % % % % % % Population percentage Population as per 2001 census

rest of thetci y areas. facilities. 5.6.7 Health ! Typically the civil hospitals are constructed on a Health care facilities in SCP cities are presented large plot of land and also provide accommodation to in the following table. medical staff. ! These hospitals also act as nodal agencies for Table 5.11 Health Facilities in SCP cities primary health centres in surrounding small towns Above health services in the SCP cities are and rural areas. ! Primary health centres provide No. of No. of Hosp. Beds Doctors No. of City Dispensarie Hospital Per 1000 Per 1000 medical facilities in small cities. Ashta, Doctors s and clinics beds people people Rahuri and Warora have primary Aurangabad 110 600 health centres that provide OPD Jalna 85 246 1012 4 1 services. They have no hospitalization Latur 173 333 960 3 1 facilities hence serious cases are Ratnagiri 66 338 520 7 5 referred to the district civil hospitals. Yavatmal 63 490 1200 10 4 Municipal Health facilities Aurangabad is the only Municipal Ashta 38 45 126 4 1 Corporation that provides health Rahuri 164 88 274 8 3 facilities in the city through hospitals Warora 45 59 104 2 1 and dispensaries. provided by municipal, state and private bodies. Private health facilities ! All SCP cities have a number of private State health facilities ! All district headquarters (Aurangabad, Jalna, medical practitioners and specialists. Some private Latur, Yavatmal and Ratnagiri) have state run civil professionals also provide hospitalization facilities. hospitals. These provide services to the entire All the SCP cities have private maternity homes and district. They are multi facility health care centres gynaecological services. ! All district headquarters have many and have a variety of diagnostic and treatment SCP

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kinds of specialists and specialty hospitals. Table 5.12 : Educational Institutes and student Aurangabad has the highest number of private population in SCP cities specialists and specialty hospitals. Latur is also showing signs of development as an important medical centre in Marathwada region. ! Many private charitable trusts also provide medical services in Jalna and Aurangabad. Shri Ganapati Netralaya in Jalna is promoted by the local industrialist Mr. B. B. Barwale. This large eye hospital and training facility was set up in 1992. It has a sprawling campus of 7.5 acres with 1,70,000 sq. ft of built up area and 100 beds. It provides eye care and surgery for a large number of patients. The hospital employs 18 doctors. In 2001 it performed Higher education more than 10000 surgeries. It is one the best ! All SCP cities have at least one education equipped eye hospitals in the region with its state of institute that provides college level education in the art machines and dedicated professionals. It arts, science and commerce streams. also provides free eye care for poor people. ! The larger cities, which are district headquarters, ! Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Vaidyakiya Pratisthan have a number of higher education institutes. has medical facilities in Aurangabad. These They impart professional as well as technical include a 125 bed hospital, blood bank, CT Scan, education. sonography, pathology lab, a medical store and ! Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University of the nursing school with 40 doctors. It provides health Marathwada region is at Aurangabad. care to urban slum dwellers through its slum ! Medical education facilities are available at centres in 3 localities as well as rural centres in Aurangabad, Latur and Yavatmal while all district two nearby villages. Many volunteers help this headquarters (except Ratnagiri) have engineering organization. Since its foundation in 1989, it has colleges. treated more than 20,00,000 patients. 7,00,000 of ! Private institutions in Aurangabad provide these were treated free and others are treated at business and hotel management education. subsidized cost. ! SCP cities host a large student population from The facilities provided by such charitable rural hinterlands. A variety of accommodation organizations are appreciated and supported by the facilities including hostels, dormitories and shared local community and large industries and commercial apartments are available to students. establishments. ! In Aurangabad, Latur and Yavatmal, higher education is the most important part of the service 5.6.8 Education economy. The student population in Latur is Educational infrastructure and services in SCP almost equal to the rest of the the city population. cities are provided by public, private and charitable Rental accommodation, eateries, stationery and institutions. book shops and study rooms have flourished with Primary and secondary education the growth of higher education. ! All SCP municipal administrations (except Ashta) run primary schools. Primary education is 5.6.9 Culture and Sports provided free of cost. These facilities are largely ! All the SCP cities have cinema theatres. utilized by poor families. The primary schools in ! Aurangabad has a drama theatre. Drama theatres Ashta are run by Zilla Parishad. are under construction in Yavatmal and Ratnagiri. ! All SCP cities have private institutes for primary ! Public libraries are an important part of the and secondary education. These institutions are cultural heritage of Yavatmal and Aurangabad. partially aided by the state government. Other cities have private circulating libraries ! All SCP cities have English medium schools run which cater to local residents. These are small in by private institutions. Demand for such schools scale and membership. is growing. The matriculation exams are ! All cities have marriage halls. Large cities have conducted by the respective regional boards. become centres for celebrating marriages. Many villagers avail of the SCP

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Table 5.13 Higher Education Institutes in SCP cities No. of Higher Types of institutes City Educational Institutes Aurangabad 30 Government engineering college, Polytechnic college, College of Architecture, College of Catering, Medical. Nursing and Pharmaceutical colleges in Aurangabad, which are attached to Civil hospital and other institutes Jalna 5 2 Degree colleges, 1 ITI, 1 D.Ed.College, 1 Homeopathic. Latur 30 10Jr.&Sr.colleges,,2FineArtscollege,3 Engg.colleges, 4 Medical colleges, 2 Agricultural colleges, 6 Voc.trg.Institutes,1 Law college, 1 Pharmacy college, 1 College of Social work Ratnagiri 11 1 degree college, 2 Engg.colleges,1 Fisheries college, 2 it is, 5 Teacher’s Trg.Institute Yavatmal 23 There are 23 colleges and institutes of higher education. There is engineering and medical college in Yavatmal. Ashta 3 1 Engineering College, 1 Ayurvedic medical college, 1 Military school with residential facilities. Rahuri 1 1 Arts, Science and Commerce stream college Warora - -

facilities. in promoting sports activities in the city. ! Most cities have temples, mosques and other places of worship. Almost all cities celebrate 5.7 Environmental Resources important Hindu and Muslim festivals. Besides Until recently, local administrations and urban major festivals, many cities have local fairs planners did not attach much importance to thinking dedicated to local deities. In Ashta there is a about the environment. However, the growing crisis special three day festival celebrated every year faced by urban populations is related to the degrada- that is attended by large numbers of people from tion of the surrounding environment. Hence environ- the region. Ashta also has Ashta Linga temples mental analysis is an important part of SCP. where local fairs congregate each year. Most Varying degrees of strain, created by the lack of cities have circuses visiting them for a month or sufficient environmental resources and growing so every alternate year. However this population, is observed in all the SCP cities. entertainment is now becoming less attractive. Environmental issues related to land, water, forests ! Sports stadiums are present in some cities such and other natural resources of SCP cities are as Latur, Aurangabad, Ratnagiri and Yavatmal. considered here alongwith human resources. Human Ratnagiri and Yavatmal municipalities have resources are considered as part of the environmen- constructed swimming pools. tal resources because they have both the ability to ! Playgrounds attached to secondary schools and create as well as solve environmental problems. colleges are available. Ashta has a long tradition in wrestling, which is the favourite sport among 5.8 Land and area of SCP cities local youth. Ashta also boasts of close to 75 ! SCP cities are of different sizes. The population athletes of national level. The city has a sporting density shows great variation, as seen in tradition and aspires to provide modern sports the above table. facilities. Many retired army personnel participate ! Yavatmal has the highest population SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 55 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies density (more than 12000 persons per sq. km). Latur have large lakes for water supply for irrigation and for urban Table 5.14 Land, population density and availability of land in SCP cities use. The lakes are silted and losing their water holding capacity. Sewage finds its way to lake water in Warora. Slums have proliferated around the lake in Yavatmal. ! Ground water was formerly the main water source for the city's population and continues to augment municipal supply today. But the water table has dropped due to overexploitation. ! Old wells have potential for recharging Ashta has the lowest population density (397 ground water systematic rain harvesting. The city persons per sq. km). administrations have ignored this potential. ! Per capita availability of land of 2521 sq. mt. is ! The state revenue department owns the lake highest in Ashta while the lowest availability of areas but does not have sufficient funds or 82.74 sq. mt is in Yavatmal. Availability of land interest in carrying out repairs. Fishing in the per person is an indicator of crowding and lakes has been discontinued. Wells are owned by potential for future expansion. Ashta and Rahuri private property owners though some bore wells have large per capita land but most of it is utilized are public property. for agriculture. Land available for other urban ! Rivers within city limits (Jalna, Rahuri) flow mainly uses is limited. in the monsoon season and act as open ! Almost all SCP cities can be termed compact municipal drains, carry polluted water and solid high density settlements, with very little open waste rest of the year. spaces around residential buildings. Old settlements of SCP cities are located on non- 5.10 Air fertile land areas. But the fast growing cities of ! Heavy vehicular traffic on state highways creates Aurangabad and Latur have usurped agricultural air pollution in Yavatmal, Aurangabad, Latur and lands for a variety of urban uses. Rahuri. Air pollution due to rolling mill industries is ! City lands are losing their natural qualities, observed in Jalna. Ashta and Ratnagiri cities are including fertility, topsoil, tree cover, vegetation completely free of air pollution. and water retention capacity. Human activities ! Aurangabad has an air pollution monitoring and have changed many natural characters pertaining recording system. However there are no to land, including slopes, drainage flows, mitigating measures to control the air pollution. vegetation etc. ! All cities except Ratnagiri have large quantities of ! Some cities also have forest lands (details dust particles in the air due to dry climate, dusty unavailable). Forest plots are not looked after as roads and lack of greenery. an important resource for the cities. Parks and ! Noise pollution in cities is mainly due to the heavy gardens are present in all cities but these do not vehicle traffic on highways. Most cities also have meet required standards. In most SCP cities plots very high levels of noise pollution in marketplaces reserved for public gardens lie unutilised or and other high density areas due to honking of encroached. vehicles, loud music and processions.

5.9 Water resources in SCP cities ! Cities of Yavatmal, Warora and Aurangabad and SCP

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5.11 Forests and Horticulture that help generate and enhance local human ! SCP cities have reserved forest lands owned and resources. However, these institutes are not managed by the state forest department. Most of actively involved in local development issues. these forest lands have few trees and are in need ! Local Partner Institutions could to be important of maintenance. Inventory of forest lands in SCP sources of human skills. These institutes have cities has not been done; it could be important for potential to develop as planning institutions for planning. their respective cities. They could mediate ! Efforts of private commercial forest development between citizens and local administration. The are seen in Latur and Ashta. In many regions of institutes have potential to develop human Maharashtra, there is a tradition of forest land resources for planning, detailing and managing attached to the temples in the cities. Information cities. They can also organize courses for local about such forest lands is not available for the technicians and citizens to improve their SCP cities, but could prove useful. A small forest participation in the local planning process. grove was observed near one of the Ashta Linga Temples in Ashta. 5.13 Municipal Governance ! An inventory of the extent of encroachments on Legal Framework of Governance forest land needs to be undertaken. Protection The SCP cities are governed by The Bombay and regeneration of forest lands within city limits Provisional Municipal Corporation Act 1949 and the could be a very good environmental strategy. The Maharashtra Municipal councils, Nagar Panchayats city administrations need to be made responsible and Industrial Township Act 1965. These state laws for the upkeep of forest lands. were modified in 1994 following the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992. 5.12 Minerals and stone quarries As per the provisions of these Acts, the tenure of ! All cities need building materials for construction elected municipal bodies is stipulated for five years. of buildings, roads and houses. The SCP cities As per Constitutional Amendment Act 1992, 27% of use bricks, stone and aggregates as main seats are reserved for persons belonging to the building materials. Thus stone quarries are found scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. A third of the in or near the cities. seats are reserved for women, including those ! All cities except Ratnagiri have blue basalt rock reserved for SC/ST. Wards as well as offices of areas, which are exploited for quarrying stone. Chairpersons are reserved for women by rotation Ratnagiri has laterite rock available on the and lottery. plateau. This rock is quarried for cutting building Powers, Authority and Responsibilities of blocks, which are commonly used in construction Municipal Corporations and Councils of buildings in Ratnagiri. As per 74 th CAA 1992, 18 work areas are listed in ! In many SCP cities quarries within the city limits the functional domain of urban local bodies. The are exhausted and hence stand abandoned. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are responsible for the Stone cutting and crushing activities are relocated preparation and implementation of plans for eco- to new quarries at a distance from cities. nomic development and social justice. The table ! Warora is the only city that has mineral resources below presents a list of obligatory and discretionary underground. Mining operations within city limits functions. have been discontinued. They still continue in the areas surrounding the city. 1. Public health and sanitation, 2. Lighting the public streets and public 5.12 Human resources places, ! Development of diverse human skills in cities is 3. Drainage and sewerage, construction of the result of complex city functions. Cities attract drains, public latrines, migrants, visitors and tourists from different 4. Fire brigade, regions and different countries. Interactions 5. Hospitals and dispensaries, among diverse people lead to exchanges and 6. Regulating dangerous trades which enhancement of skills related to technology, affect public safety, language and culture help accumulate social 7. Regulation of places for occupation, capital in cities. 8. Disposal of dead bodies, ! The SCP cities have higher education institutes 9. Public vaccination, SCP

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Table 5.15 List of Obligatory & Discretionary functions

10. Reclamation of unhealthy localities, 6. To open museums, art galleries zoos and 11. Taking measures for prevention and botanical gardens spread of dangerous diseases, 7. To set up farm or factory for disposal of waste 12. Construction and maintenance of 8. To supply electricity and domestic gas public streets and bridges, 9. To provide grants, donations to 13. Running and maintaining water supply private primary and secondary schemes, schools and students, hostels. 14. Running schools of primary education, 10. Slum improvement 15. Registration of births and deaths 11. Open maternity homes and infant 16. Providing relief to destitute people in welfare home times of famine and scarcity. 12. To set and run chemical and bacterio logical laboratories for public health. The discretionary functions include - 13. To provide Ambulance service 1. Establishment of institutions for dis 14. Swimming pools and public bath abled and handicapped persons rooms 2. Providing milk to expectant and nursing 15. To destroy harmful animals and birds mothers 16. Calamity relief 3. To provide mechanical transport 17. To open/run essential commodity facilities shops during the period of scarcity. 4. Provide facilities like libraries, 18. To promote welfare of municipal swimming pools etc. servants. 5. To provide facilities like theatres, public gardens, exhibition, sports, ambulance and marriage registration services.

SCP

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5.15 Municipal Finance Municipal Councils and Corporations can raise funds from taxes and grants as listed in the following table.

Table 5.16 Sources of Municipal Finances in SCP cities

Municipal Corporation Municipal Councils

Compulsory Taxes Discretionary Taxes 1. Property Tax includes 1. Consolidated Property 1. Tax on vehicles, a. General Tax Tax includes boats and animals b. Water Tax a. General Tax (Other than vehicles c. Water benefit Tax b. Gen. Water Tax defines in Motor d. Sewerage Tax c. Street lighting Tax Vehicle Act 1939) e. Sewerage benefit Tax d. Gen Sanitary Tax f. Fire brigade Tax e. Special Privy Tax f. Fire brigade Tax g. Environment Tax 2. Taxonvehicles,boatsand 2. Octroi 2. Tax on dogs animals 3. Entertainment taxes on 3. Special sanitary Tx 3. TaxonDramaTheatre cinemas/theatres 4. Drainage Tax 4. Octroi /circus/carnivals, other 5. Water Tax 5. Education Cess performances/shows 6. Special Education 6. Toll Tax/Street Tax 4. Advertisement Tax Cess 7. Improvement Assessments 8. TaxonDogs Sources Other than Taxes 1. Development Fee (under 5.Income derived from rent MRTP Act) for property 2. Bazar Fee 6.Water cess received on 3. Other fees and assessments Meter 4. License fee 7.Tree tax 8.Other fees, assessment, rate etc. 9.Income derived from Interest Other Sources of Income Government Grants Loans Loans provided by f\Financial Institutions/ Banks/ State Government

Incomes derived and expenditures incurred by Municipal Councils in 2000- 20017, of SCP cities are presented below.

SCP

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Table 5.17 Income and Expenditure of local bodies in the SCP cities CCityity Population Total Financial outlay Per capita Outlay Income Expenditure Income Expenditure (Rs. Lakh) (Rs. Lakh) (Rs. per person) (Rs. per person) Aurangabad 891841 10311 9219 1156 1034 Jalna, 235529 1606 1617 682 687 Latur 299828 2627 1964 876 655 Ratnagiri 70335 1213 1103 1725 1568 Yavatmal 141970 995 938 701 661 Ashta 33190 187 109 563 328 Rahuri 34465 957 319 2778 926 Warora 42240 526 519 1245 1229

! The highest revenue (10311 lakhs) is generated in ! There are significant differences in the level of Aurangabad which is the largest city. Least expenditure per sq. km across the cities. revenue (187 lakh) is generated in Ashta. ! Ratnagiri spent Rs. 103 lakh per sq. km. while ! Highest per capita income is in Rahuri (Rs. 2778), Ashta spent just 2 lakh per sq. km in 2000-2001. the lowest is in Ashta (Rs. 563). ! The capacity to generate income from their own ! Per capita expenditure is highest for Ratnagiri resources also varies drastically in cities. Grants (Rs. 1568 per person/year) while it is the lowest received from the state government also vary, for Ashta (Rs. 328 per person/year). depending on the political relationships. At present, the SCP cities have limited capability

Table 5.18 Expenditures incurred by SCP cities for the year 2000- 2001 City Total Area (sq. km.) Expenditure per expenditure (Rs. sq. km. of city area Are a in Sq. km

Lakh) Warora 7.93 Aurangabad 9219 138.5 67 Rahuri 41.41 Ashta 83.7 Jalna 1617 82.5 20 Yavatmal 10.17 Latur 1964 32.53 60 Ratnagiri 10.49 Latur 32.55

Ratnagiri 1103 10.76 103 Area in sq. km Jalna 81.64 Yavatmal 938 10.17 92 Aurangabad 138.5 Ashta 109 57.84 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Rahuri 319 41.42 8 SCP Cities Warora 519 7.93 65

Expenditure Expenditure per Sq. km

Warora 519 Warora 65

Rahuri 319 Rahuri 8

Ashta 109 Ashta 2

Yavatmal 938 Yavatmal 92

Ratnagiri 1103 Ratnagiri 103 SCP Cities SCP Cities Latur 1964 Latur 60

Jalna 1617 Jalna 20

Aurangabad 9219 Aurangabad 67

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Total Expenditure in Rs. Lakh Area in sq. km

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 60 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies of generating for city development and are heavily To motivate them to the new tasks is therefore a dependant on assistance from the state government. challenge. The present status of town planning is Keeping this in mind, we discuss the recommenda- presented below. tions of the state finance commission below: ! Existing town planning schemes were prepared 4.15 Recommendations of First Finance according to the Maharashtra Regional and Town Commission (1999) Planning Act 1966. The Act itself is based on the The State Finance Commission was set up in 1994 to so called town planning ideals of early twentieth review the financial position of municipal bodies. It century. Also, the Act does not empower local completed its report in 1997. The commission gave administrations to enforce the plan. Such recommendations on various issues related with schemes also ignore developments in the theory resources generated by ULBs. Specific recommen- and practice of planning city development in the dations were made for property tax, octroi, other last four decades. taxes, rates of taxes, administrative improvements, ! Town planning in SCP cities are basically land use audits etc. The commission made a total of 93 plans. None of these plans have land recommendations. 82 of these were accepted fully by characteristics or contours mapped. Areas are the State government, 8 were partially accepted and reserved and marked on drawings as schools, 3 were rejected. opens spaces in zones marked as residential, A second Finance commission was constituted in commercial, industrial etc. 1999, and its recommendations are presently under ! In most cases, these plans are typically prepared consideration. by the state town planning departments at the The financial position of SCP cities is very weak, initiation of local authorities. The local authority's with a heavy dependence on the State Government. role then becomes to allow the building The ULBs are reluctant to increase taxes due to developments as per plan and to restrain any political reasons. The most important revenue source deviation from it. It aims at controlling for any local authority is Property Tax. However, the development rather than facilitating it. taxation base for calculating the property tax is still ! Preparing and sanctioning town plans is a the rateable value frozen by the rent control Act or time consuming process. Typically, plans are the value of its construction, neither of which reflects prepared for 20 year durations based on the true market value of properties. population projections and corresponding Municipalities are also unable to fully recover the estimate of requirements. water charges, user charges for services such as ! State government typically takes a very long time parking, market, solid waste disposal etc. It is to sanction the plans - anywhere between 5 and therefore essential for the SCP cities to get more 10 years. freedom to raise finances, loans and grants from ! Little attempt is made to involve local residents in various resources. In case of water supply schemes, the planning process. The planners are generally all the ULBs depend upon the MWSSB. As per the not local residents and lack insight, knowledge Commission's recommendations the ULBs have a and understanding about a particular city. right to approach other organizations in the public or ! Plans are often amended with or without the private sector for financial assistance. In these cases, consent of local authorities - usually for political they have to make their proposals bankable. City reasons. administrations lack the necessary knowledge to ! Development plans do not show or integrate utility prepare such proposals. services. They do not make any attempt to address to conflicting interests of stakeholders. 5.16 Development Planning Plans are often influenced by political interests or As per 74 th CAA 1992, ULBs are made respon- powerful local groups. sible for preparation and implementation of plans for ! This kind of planning has very little flexibility to economic development and social justice along with accommodate new and unexpected demands. traditional town planning. ! The implementation of plans (i.e to develop sites None of the ULBs have prepared economic or reserved for amenities) is the responsibility of social development plans so far. They are not yet respective municipalities. However they often lack aware of the strategies to be adopted to prepare the funds and expertise needed to implement the such plans. City administrations are not aware of the plan proposals. Most cities have lands specific economic and social character of their cities. reserved for schools, hospital, SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 61 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

playgrounds, housing for poor etc.; however, very the Cidco development has now been integrated few of these get developed. with the old city for administration. Thus city ! Acquisition of land for roads is haphazard often, planning is fractured and has little impact on the land is acquired where there is little development efficient functioning of the cities. (due to legal notices from land owners) while in ! Popular perception about town planning is limited developed areas roads are not constructed. to development control rules such as FSI, building ! In many SCP cities unplanned, non-priority urban bye laws and site regulations. infrastructure schemes such as flyovers, ! Town planning schemes do not provide for area swimming pools etc. are implemented ignoring a for sewerage schemes, public toilet provisions in real need for development and improvement of poor slum areas, solid waste management, schools, gardens, sewerage etc. hawkers zones, sufficient public parking in ! Most municipal authorities act as sanctioning commercial areas, truck parking, private bus authorities for building proposals put forth by operator areas etc. citizens and businesses. The sanctioning ! Specific characteristics of the city's environment, procedure is often time consuming and influenced its special requirements, growth rates and by corrupt practices, leading to unauthorized directions, cultural and social histories and real constructions. Such illegal constructions are priority issues are often ignored. common in most SCP cities. These constructions ! The citizens, supposed beneficiaries of planning flout rules and evade taxes. However, most illegal are neither informed nor is their participation buildings manage to get basic urban services sought in the planning process. There is little through political pressure. effort to train and empower people to participate in ! Multiple authorities do not get or provide city planning. coordination and cooperation from public Ineffective planning outcomes can be seen from rganizations such as MIDC, MJP, MSRDC. the following table. It gives a summary of the actual ! In Aurangabad, a new city was planned and implementation of development proposals by SCP constructed by Cidco, without any support from cities. the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation. However

Table 5.19 SCP cities, their development plans and level of implementation during plan period

Date of Date of No. of No. of DP City Preparation sanction implemented reservations of DP by GoM reservations Panvel 1993 28 Virar 1998 Aurangabad 1995 1997 198 33 Jalna, 1985 1986 Latur 1998 219 Ratnagiri 2007 Yavatmal 1989 74 13 Ashta 1975 1978 81 Rahuri 2000 2004 25 19 Warora

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 62 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

CHAPTER - 6 OUTCOME OF EPM PROCESS IN SCP CITIES

The SCP process described earlier in the report The government engineering college of above was carried out in all the Phase II cities during Aurangabad has taken a lead in the study of the the project period. Elected members of municipali- problems related to water, sewage and energy. Main ties, administrators, professionals and common thrust areas identified in the strategic action plan are citizens and their organizations participated in City development technical skills and expertise in the field Consultation and group discussions. Some of the of rain water harvesting through roof and run off rain salient observations from these meetings are:. water collection, filtration and recharging of ground a. Smaller cities were rather more enthusiastic, water with the same. ready to learn and participate in the SCP. They Sewage treatment alternatives for recycling of could explain their city's problems better, and waste water are also explored. in more details. Citizens participated as Energy conservation through technological individuals. means, development of renewable energy resources b. In larger cities, participants were citizens and is considered. members of NGO's and professionals who Tourism: could articulate cities problems. It made Development of tourism as a most promising participation of common citizens rather economic development strategy needs to be consid- difficult. ered while planning the city infrastructure. The c. Participation from Elected members from committee expects to work closely with MTDC, smaller cities of Ashta, Warora and Rahuri Archeological survey of India as well as heritage was more. On the other hand very few elected building owner/management organizations to members participated enthusiastically in SCP develop integrated approach for historically important process in larger cities. sites within and outside city. Architectural skills d. Municipal and Government department staff necessary for conservation and development of members were sceptical about the process. heritage buildings in Aurangabad is available locally, They could not articulate their problems about which has taken responsibility of making proposals. administrative constraints. Environment: Aurangabad city has environmental assets in the 6.1 STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN form of lakes and gardens, zoo and parks as well as As part of the Sustainable City process, City forest lands. A committee is formed to plan for an Consultations were held in each of the selected cities integrated strategy to develop and maintain the same where interested citizens, organizations, institutions for better efficiency and control. Local Partner and various departments involved in city develop- Institute, Engineering college of Aurangabad took an ment were invited to discuss problems faced by their initiative and has prepared two reports, which have city. After the plenary discussions, each of the been submitted to the AMC are briefly described prioritised city problems was discussed in detail in here. smaller groups. Working groups were formed for : Water of historical Salim Ali lake studying each important problem of the city and was was found to be contaminated due to sewage lines asked to prepare strategic action plans based on passing near it. The LPI studied the area and them. Summary of issues for which action plans are identified locations of leaks and submitted its findings prepared by each city is as follows:. to AMC. AMC also initiated appropriate remedial As of today Action plans are not ready in any of action and stopped the contamination on priority. the SCP cities. Electricity Saving measures: The LPI also undertook the study of street lighting in the city AURANGABAD and prepared a schedule for operation of Water, Waste Water Disposal and Energy: street lights indicating switch on and off SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 63 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies timings based on sun-set (20 min. before) and facilities have potential to expand in Jalna sunrise timings (40 min before). It is expected to citythrough which Jalna could become an important reduce electricity consumption and charges for AMC. health care and education centre in other medical AMC is yet to take action on the same. fields. Pollution measurements: LPI has also taken up Infrastructure development: measurement of noise and air Direct railway link to Mumbai has been an Pollution levels at various places in the city at important factor in recent economic growth of Jalna. various timings and have prepared a city pollution The link needs to be strengthened and expanded to map. It is also expected that AMC will devise some link other cities in India, which could prove beneficial action to control the same. for agricultural sector as well as industries. Similarly LPI has also organized a workshop on Rain need for improvement of internal road was also felt water harvesting (RWH) for the benefit of local essential for improvement of the city. engineers, plumbers and plumbing contractors. It is Water conservation and Solid Waste expected that these technicians would popularize Management: and implement appropriate measures for RWH for Jalna faced acute shortage of water during summer individuals and institutions. months and needs to improve the same if the city is Roads: to grow and become livable. Need to improve the Need for improvement in road infrastructure was river passing through the city was expressed. strongly expressed by the citizens during the City Present management and delivery system of both Consultation. A working group is formed to study water and solid waste was found to be inadequate and present the problems related to planning of and hence need to address the issue through roads, their adequacy in terms of quality and design, working group was felt. management, parking, as well as questions about Industrial Growth: maintenance. It was felt that if Aurangabad is to be Jalna industrial estate is dominated by steel developed as a tourist centre as well as industries; rolling mills. However the industry is rather stagnat- its road infrastructure has to be of safe as well as ing and industrial job opportunities are declining. efficient. Hence need to expand industrial activities into other, Solid waste management: cleaner areas was felt. The industrial area is man- Every one present at the City Consultation aged by MIDC and need to coordinate the city expressed urgent need to improve the solid waste development with it was found to be an essential management so as to deal with growing quantity of strategy. A working group is formed to make sugges- waste and its relation to public health, cleanliness tions for the same. and attractiveness. Desire for recovering valuable recycling material was also expressed by all. LATUR Inclusion of poverty alleviation program into solid Development of Education Hub: waste management was also proposed and a In last decade Latur has emerged as an impor- working group is formed to make suggestions. tant center of education and the local community felt that this could be further strengthened and has JALNA potential to diversify into new areas such as competi- Education: tive examinations. A working group is exploring this Need for improvement of existing education facilities area and is expected to draft an action plan. as well as expansion and diversification into new Water Supply and Sewage: areas was felt by local people. This was to take Latur has a perpetual problem of water supply advantage of growing demand in IT sector for and need for augmenting is foremost for the citizens. students from Jalna district as well as city. It was also A working group is formed to devise and action plan felt that availability of suitable manpower would to do the same. Water harvesting, conservation, attract IT industries to Jalna. A working group is recycling and creating new resources are considered formed to study and suggest measures for the same. along with management and financial issues. Health: Employment and Poverty: Jalna has been successful in the field of Eye care Latur has experienced high rate of migration in due to the large facility made available to it by the last two decades and hence facing the problem of Netralaya trust, which is serving the people from employment generation as well as poverty. district. Such technologically advance health care Industrial and IT sector have not been able SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 64 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies to add to the employment substantially; hence the cold storage, packing, bottling etc need to be looked working group is searching for alternatives in tertiary into. sector. Environment and Solid Waste Management: YAVATMAL Creation of green areas with tree plantation Environment: within the city was identified as most urgent environ- Yavatmal was once famous as a hill station due mental problem. It was found necessary to tackle to surrounding rich forest, flora and fauna. It was also problem of dust, heat, reduction in water retention by famous for its teak logging. However today its forest soil and associated reduction in percolation to has been destroyed, economy has been declining ground water. Working group is expected to provide and environmental problems are mounting. Poverty plan along with management of solid waste where by of people is thus associated with environmental to create more jobs for poor women engaged in rag degradation, which needs urgent attention. The picking. action plan is going to focus of restoration of all this. Infrastructure: Lake Conservation: Old meter gauge railway connection is severed. The sweet water lake which traps the rainwater New broad gauge line station is getting ready on the needs to cleaned, de-silted and repaired so as to outskirts. This necessitates rethinking of co- save it from further damage. It is also necessary to ordination urban activities including the wholesale make necessary arrangement to maintain it and use market as well as thinking of alternative use for the it for economic development as well as a water space made available near the old station. Working source. Action plan is expected to suggest remedies group is expected to explore needs of infrastructure for the same. for new and prospective land uses. Water Management: Water shortage is a perpetual problem and need RATNAGIRI augmentation. The action plan is to suggest reme- Environment: dies including rainwater harvesting, conservation of Environmental protection and care is most lake, recycling of water etc. important for development of horticulture, fishery as Traffic and Transportation: well as tourism. Hence a strategy is needed to The major state highways passing through address the environmental issues on priority. Water Yavatmal city create traffic congestion and unsafe and sewage treatment is expected to be used for the conditions. Lack of local public transport and inade- environmental management by the action plan. quate design of roads is to be addressed through the Tourism: study and action plan undertaken by the working Ratnagiri is experiencing tourism growth and hence groups. to develop it as economic development strategy. Poverty and employment: Tourism associated with religion, nature as well as Poverty is associated with distressed agriculture horticulture has potential to develop in Ratnagiri, and of the district, migration and loss of industrial jobs. is explored by the working group. Poverty issue needs to be explored in detail and Urban poverty: action plan is expected to provide some solution to Urban poverty related to migration and seasonal the plan. nature of employment needs to be understood and Slum Rehabilitation: addressed in Ratangiri. Action plan is formulated with Slums have proliferated along the water body this in mind. and periphery, which is being studied by the working Infrastructure: group. Action plan is also expected after the study. Ratnagiri is experiencing more action since the development of Konkan railway. Transport, water ASHTA supply and drainage as well as sewage treatment Agriculture and related job opportunities: infrastructure needs to be developed on urgent Though Ashta has well developed agriculture, basis. Ratnagiri also needs to expand its boundary to much of it depends upon sugarcane. Agricultural job tackle the governance issues with the villages. opportunities are limited and citizens felt that there is Development of Local industries: scope for diversification and expansion of agriculture Potential to develop local industries based on in Ashta. Citizens decided consider the direction of local agricultural and horticulture production is the same and prepare strategic action plan untapped and has scope for expansion. Facilities for Tourism: SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 65 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Ashta has potential for development of tourism market road. Regulation and control of development related to traditional shrines in and around Ashta. In of this area along with traffic management was addition to this it can also promote agricultural identified for study and strategic action plan. tourism and decoded to evolve a plan for the same. Education: Women development: Rahuri has education institutes however the Women development is lagging due to lack of municipal schools need to have better facilities as employment opportunities and education. Women well as good quality teaching. A working group is wished to explore new avenues of employment in studying the problem and is expected to suggest small scale and service sector and wished to develop action plan for revamping education in Rahuri. a plan for the same. Agriculture and dairy development Education and Sports: Self-help groups and poverty: Ashta has a long tradition of wrestling and Women self help groups as strategy for over- athletics. The citizens wished to create modern coming poverty is considered important by Rahuri training facilities for the same in Ashta. An action citizen's working group. Self help group formation, plan is being prepared by the working group, which activity selection and management of the same are consists of sports teachers, retired teachers and the issues which will be addressed by the action military persons. plan. Environment: Ashta as such did not face much of environmen- WARORA tal problems in general but expected to rejuvenate Waste Water Management: existing environmental resources such as lake and Warora does not have any sewage system and groves containing trees, which then could also prove poses threat to public health. The need is urgent and attractive to tourism promotion. Presently the lake hence the working group is expected to suggest and groves are not in good condition and need to be action plan to overcome this deficiency as well as repaired. The working group is expected to prepare construction, monitoring etc. with NEERI. plans for Ashta Lings as environmental strategy. Infrastructure development: Lack of Employment opportunities/ poverty: Sewage treatment and roads are the infrastruc- Employment opportunities in Warora have ture issues, which citizens want to be addressed. declined and need to be created to address the Narrow roads, old gaothan areas and markets problem of loss of population. The working group is needed better planned roads as well as drainage and formed to devise strategy and suggest alternative job sewage system. Areas for immediate action are creation venues. Members from Anandwan, a colony being selected by the working group. settled by Dr. Baba Amte for rehabilitation and employment of leprosy patients is involved in the RAHURI strategic action planning. Health and Sanitation: Conservation of Gandhi Sagar Lake: Public health issues were related to the absence Gandhi Sagar lake is in bad shape and needs to of sanitation facilities. Malaria and other diseases are be saved from encroachment. It also needs to be de- commonly found. Cleanliness of the city was thus silted and cleaned so as to make is useful as water main issue related to it and working group wished to source as well as fishing and recreation. Action plan study and propose a strategic action plan. is being develop to suggest strategy for the same by Water Supply and Sewage Management: the working group. Water supply scheme is not efficient and incom- Solid Waste Management: plete sewage scheme laid by the Jeevan Pradhikarn Lack of effective measures and infrastructure to needs to be completed urgently. An action plan would tackle solid waste management is a major urban devise a strategy to pursue this with the state problem of Warora and needs urgent action. government along with the RMC. Strategic action plan is being be prepared with help City and Gaothan development: for AIILSG by the working group. Rahuri is an old city with narrow roads in gaothan area, which get clogged with uncontrolled traffic, vehicles and handcarts, especially the main

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 66 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

6.2 CITY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME view to upgrading infrastructure therein, shifting 6.2.1 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN industrial and commercial establishments to conform- RENEWAL MISSION (JNNURM ) ing areas etc. The Government of India has initiated the Basic services to the urban poor: The main thrust Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission to of the sub-Mission is on integrated development of develop urban infrastructure, provide basic infrastruc- slums through projects for providing shelter, basic ture facilities and urban services to 63 cities all over services and other related civic amenities with a view the country. to providing utilities to the urban poor. The main focus of JNNURM is integrated Sectors eligible for assistance under JNNURM development of infrastructure services in cities-and a include urban renewal, water supply, sanitation and better life for urban dwellers. Estimated to involve a sewerage, solid waste management, storm water capital outlay of Rs 120,536 crore over a seven-year drains, urban transportation, development of heritage period starting 2005-06, the thrust of JNNURM is to areas, prevention and rehabilitation of soil erosion ensure improvement in urban governance and and landslides; and preservation of water bodies. service delivery so that Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) The submission of detailed project report is become financially sound and sustainable for prerequisite for assistance under JNNURM. The undertaking new programmes. This is the first mega Mission Directorate has prepared and circulated nationwide urban improvement investment various guidelines and tool kits to facilitate implemen- programme requiring states to undertake several tation of JNNURM. reforms, including the repeal of the Urban Land So far Rs 1,353 crore ha been released as the (Ceiling & Regulation) Act 1976, to be eligible for first installment of Central assistance for the projects Central assistance for improvement in urban infra- under JNNURM during 2006-07. Out of the approved structure and the urban poor. projects, 64 are for water supply, 39 for sewerage, 39 Substantial Central assistance is proposed for roads and flyovers, 27 for drainage and 20 for through JNNURM to ULBs which could deploy these solid waste management. 205 projects have been funds for implementing the projects themselves or approved involving a total cost of Rs 17,000 crore. through special purpose vehicles (SPVs). Additional These projects will get Central assistance of about Central assistance is provided as grant (100 per cent) Rs 8,300 crore. to the implementing agencies. Assistance could be In all 62 cities have prepared city development for (1) Capacity Building, City Development Plan plans, 49 cities have signed memorandum of agree- (CDP), Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) etc, and (2) ment with the urban development ministry with regard Investment Support Component for (a) enhancing to reform agenda and implementation schedule; 28 resource availability (b) Enhancing Commercial cities and union territories have submitted their Viability of Projects and (c) Ensuring Bankability of detailed project reports with regard to urban infra- Projects. structure and governance. India's urbanisation was 28 per cent in 2001 and Under the Integrated Housing Slum Development is expected to reach a level of 34 per cent by 2021 Programme (IHSDP), DPR of 635 projects were and 38.2 per cent by 2026. By 2026 a minimum of submitted till March 19 last and as of the same date five states will be predominantly urban with Tamil 211 projects for Rs 12,200 crore were submitted Nadu leading with over 75 per cent of its population under the Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP). expected to reside in urban areas. About 60 per cent The government has approved the setting up of a of the country's GDP originates in urban areas. Urban Pooled Finance Development Fund (PFDF), whose economic activities are dependent on infrastructure, objectives is to facilitate development of bankable such as power, telecom, roads, water supply and urban infrastructure projects through appropriate mass transportation, coupled with civic infrastructure, capacity building measures and financial structuring such as sanitation and solid waste management. of projects and facilitate development of Municipal The JNNURM comprises two sub-Missions, Bond Market. A tentative allocation of Rs 400 crore namely: under the 10th Five-Year Plan has been made for the Urban infrastructure and governance: The main scheme. However, no expenditure could be made till thrust of the sub-Mission is on infrastructure projects March as the scheme was approved only on relating to water supply and sanitation, sewerage, September 29, 2006. solid waste management, road network, urban A provision of Rs 50,000 crore was to transport and redevelopment of old city areas with a be made available as reform linked Central SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 67 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies assistance over the Mission period of seven years. for projects under UIDSSMT during 2006-07. 328 The allocation of Rs 30 crore for 2006-07 (RE) and projects have been approved for 274 towns involving 2007-08 (BE) covers the expenditure for preparation a total cost of Rs 4,204.62 crore. of CDP, detailed project reports and organising The government will soon come out with a National technical seminars, consultancy etc. Urban Sanitation Policy that aims to bring about a Credit Analysis and Research Ltd, New Delhi; ICRA qualitative change in the sanitation situation and Ltd, Gurgaon; CRISIL Ltd, New Delhi; and Fitch health of the people in urban areas. Rating India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, have been selected 137 cities and towns are covered under the for assessing the credit worthiness of urban local National Urban Information System (NUIS) scheme bodies. to develop spatial information database for urban The Centre-sponsored scheme for infrastructure planning, urban indices and for capacity building, development in mega cities was initiated during according to information tabled in the . The 1993-94, covering Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, scheme has two components, one is to meet the Bangalore and Hyderabad. As the Mega City Scheme spatial requirements of urban planning and the subsumed in JNNURM launched on December 3, second is to develop town level urban database. 2005, it has been decided that no new proposal will be taken up under the existing mega city scheme 6.2.2 IHSDP SCHEME during 2005-06. Only the ongoing projects sanctioned The scheme “Integrated Housing and Slum up to March 31, 2005, are provided Central assis- Development Programmes (IHSDP)” has tance to meet the committed liabilities. The total been introduced by the Government of India for Central share released under this scheme up to improvement of slums in the March 31, 2006, was Rs 1,508.94 crore. cities/towns not covered under JNNURM in the Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for country. The cities municipalities to prepare the detail Small & Medium Towns aims at improvement in project reports for the various projects covered under urban infrastructure in towns and cities in a planned slum up gradation, slum relocation plan. The munici- manner. It has subsumed the existing schemes of palities should study the background, before making Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns the Detailed Project Report (DPR). (IDSMT) and Accelerated Urban Water Supply Program (AUWSP). 6.2.3 VALMIKI AMBEDKAR AWAS YOJNA The duration of the scheme will be for seven years (VAMBAY) beginning 2005-06. The scheme will apply to all Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna (VAMBAY) was cities/towns as per 2001 census, excepting cit- launched by Govt. Of India in 2001-02 to provide ies/towns covered under JNNURM. Allocation of shelter or upgrade the existing shelter for people funds among states will be on the basis of the state's living below poverty line in urban slums which will urban population (excluding cities covered under help in making cities slum free. JNNURM) to total urban population in the country This scheme has an objective to provide shelter (excluding cities covered under JNNURM). The and upgrade the existing shelter for below poverty components for assistance under the scheme will line families in urban slums. The scheme is shared include all urban infrastructure development projects on 50:50 basis with states. Preference is given to including water supply and sewerage. Land cost will women headed households. The govt. will release not be financed except for certain projects/schemes. subsidy on a 1:1 basis with loan. Also a National City The sharing of funds would be in the ratio of 80:10 Sanitation project under one title of "Nirmal Bharat between the Central government and state govern- Abhiyan" is an integral sub component of VAMBAY in ments and the balance 10 per cent could be raised which 20% of total allocation under VAMBAY will be by the nodal/implementing agencies from the used. financial institutions. Rs 1,184 crore has been released as the first installment of Central assistance

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 68 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Table 6.1 Summary of priority issues selected by SCP cities:

City Economic Social Environmental Panvel Infrastructure Community participation Waste water management and awareness building. Development Planning Water supply Resource mobilization Solid waste management Virar Infrastructure Day care Centers Waste water management Development Planning Community participation Water supply and awareness building. Resource mobilization Solid waste management Aurangabad Tourism development Poverty Waste water management Road development Environmental quality Solid waste management Jalna Infrastructure Education Waste water management Industrial economic Health Solid waste management growth Poverty alleviation and job opportunities Latur Development as Employment and poverty Waste water management Education hub Women self help group Solid waste management Industries and Business City infrastructure Ratnagiri Tourism Women’s development Environmental planning and urban poverty Infrastructure Waste water management development Local industrial growth Yavatmal Slum rehabilitation Poverty Environmental degradation Traffic and transportation Unemployment Lake conservation Ashta New Agro employment Women development Salination of land Tourism Education and sports Infrastructure Rahuri City, Gaothan Education Water supply and sewage management Agriculture, dairy Self help groups Poverty development Health and sanitation Warora Public toilets Unemployment Conservation of lake Poverty Waste water management Solid waste management

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 69 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

CHAPTER - 7 OBSERVATIONS AND LEARNINGS

7.1 STATE SUPPORT FOR SCP AND EPM Policy support to guide user charges for urban PROCESS services is also needed for ascertaining services in UN-HABITAT and the Government of sustainable manner. Maharashtra had supported the Phase I and II EPM process in selected SCP cities. The process would 7.3 MANAGING CHANGE IN CITY not have been possible without the financial, admin- DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY istrative, technical and logistical support from the two A time-bound programme is needed to make institutes. UN-Habitat also facilitated the training of necessary change from present planning practices to the participating officials, site visits of SCP city sustainable planning strategy. This programme will representatives to various cities implementing SCP. need financial and technical support from the State The toolkits giving complete guidelines and Government. sequence of actions provided by the UN-Habitat Retraining of present administrators at city levels were extremely useful in planning and directing the to undertake planning functions will need state process in each city. This support for initiating the support. selected the changes in city development strategies will need to continue for some time in future. It will 7.4 DELINEATION OF CITY BOUNDARIES also be necessary for replication of the process in Presently there are no rational parameters to new cities, which will be selected in future. The decide city boundaries. Populations from peripheral Government of Maharashtra will need to create an rural areas often strain city services and infrastruc- institutional structure to expand and implement the ture. This puts constrains on municipal finances as programme to other cities. well as city infrastructure such as water, sewage, roads and transport. A system needs to be developed 7.2 SCP WILL NEED POLICY SUPPORT to decide on the parameters to include the peripheral Present policies of urban development are found areas under the municipal administrative control. to be insufficient in many ways. For one, the develop- This problem was raised by SCP city administra- ment of cities is presently limited to physical or town tions which are experiencing rapid growth outside planning. Comprehensive development expected in their city boundaries. SCP will have to consider economic, social and environmental issues related to city planning which is 7.5 DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP FOR SCP already included in 74th constitutional amendment. Sustainable city planning will need the leadership However there is a need for capacity building to who will have knowledge about local realm, techni- implement the planning at the municipal levels. cal capacity to participate in planning and manage- Engineering, town planning, urban management, ment skills to resolve conflicts inherent in urban financial management institutes need to introduce stakeholders. This can be done at local level with courses for such comprehensive planning. This can help of local participating institutions. be done by the policy support by the education department of the state. 7.6 COORDINATION OF URBAN SERVICE Policy measures would also be necessary to PROVIDERS institutionalise participation of local residents. A Urban city services such as water supply, policy is also needed to mandate collection of transport is provided by state level organizations information at city level, which could help planning as such as MJP, MSSRTC. State highways passing a continuous process. through the cities put strain and are designed, Policy is also needed to mandate planning for maintained by PWD without consulting the local transport in ‘A’ class municipal councils and authorities. Similarly there is lack of co- Municipal corporation. ordination between central government SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 70 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies departments of telecom, railways and the local 5. Institutionalize the culture of Sustainable City authorities. There is an urgent need to create planning and facilitate exchanges of ideas and planning organizations at local level as mandated by experiences generated by the process on a wider the 74 the amendment. However unless the state scale within the state as well as in outside states. and central level service providing organizations and departments are mandated to coordinate at local 7.9.2 All India Institute Of Local Self-Government level The comprehensive planning cannot take ( AIILSG) shape. 1. Publish the documentation for wider use, aware- ness, training and base material for future 7.7 PRIORITISATION OF LOCAL ISSUES FOR planning of cities in Maharashtra and India. ACTIONS 2. Expand the programme to study additional cities It is observed that each department takes actions in remaining regions of Maharashtra. as per their priorities ignoring local needs and 3. Continue to co-ordinate with UN-Habitat SCP and demands of the people and planning. The mecha- participate into spread of the SCP in third world nism of implementation of priorities need to be countries. devised at the local administration level which then is 4. Provide training and material to the local self followed by all other agencies. governments in actualizing of SCP strategy.

7.8 INSTITUTIONALIZATION 7.9.3 Local Municipalities Institutionalization of city planning process is to 1. Municipalities of SCP cities have a responsibility be taken up on urgent basis. A planning cell, guided to carry the Sustainable city process as a continu- by the state cell needs to be set up in each city to ous strategy of city improvement and planning. take up SCP process beyond and should become a 2. It should also develop rapport with various groups permanent feature of local administration. of citizens and encourage them to participate in the Sustainable Cities Programme. 7.9 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION 3. It should support local partnership institute to help Recommendations for action are based on the it in Sustainable city process financially and above observations and are specific to various strengthen the process of gathering information organizations so as to enhance their participation about the city, prepare documents and help it train and define their role in the Sustainable Cities local citizens and administrators to take up Programme. responsibilities in maintenance of city's economy and environment. 7.9.1 The State Government of Maharashtra 1. Make changes in Maharashtra Regional Town 7.9.4 Local Partner Institutions Planning Act facilitate and mandate Sustainable City 1. Develop technical expertise in collection of data, Process as part of the town planning and develop- analysis, mapping, GIS and participatory ment strategy. approach. Facilitate the access of this information 2.Amend Municipality Act to mandate Sustainable on a wider scale. City process for planning of all the cities in 2. Arrange training programmes for citizens, stu- Maharashtra. dents, NGOs and technicians to enable their 3. Provide support for GIS application to all cities. participation in the goals of Sustainable Cities Create in house research and development cess Programme. dedicated to Sustainable City processes. 3. Identify and train variety of stakeholders involved 4. Promote Sustainable City Planning and process in selected programmes. Provide platform to all through higher education courses the citizens to participate in debates.

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 71 ANNEXURE - 1

72 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE CORE GROUP ON DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

key issues in this context are as follows:

The Core Group was constituted by the (a)The planning process is very long drawn and Government of Maharashtra vide GR No.TPBP- takes years together for final notification and 4304/2312/UD-11, dated 19th September 2005. The approval, by which time the plan becomes All India Institute of Local Self Government, which quite outdated in the context of its has anchored the Core Group, organized several perspectives. workshops and meetings to solicit views, opinions (b)Despite the provision of Development Plan and, experiences of several well-informed people and Regional Plan, there is inadequate and experts in the field. Following is the Executive integration of geographical areas in the Summary of the Report of the Core Group. process, except in the Metropolitan region to 1. Town Planning was introduced in Maharashtra in some extent. There is practically no Authority 1915 with the Town Planning Act 1915, which for peri-urban areas around the city limits, for provided for preparation of Town Planning controlling and regulating the development; schemes for parts of the town in course of which grow haphazardly, without adequate development. In 1954 the concept of infrastructure. Such areas cast huge liability comprehensive city development plan was on the city resources on their subsequent introduced featuring land use zoning, advance merger within the mother city.. reservation of land required for amenities and (c) The focus of the development plan is largely facilities, infrastructure planning for projected on the designation of land use and population and development control rules for reservations of plots of land for amenities controlling future development to ensure that it according to the projected population and the would be healthy and satisfying. The dimension development control mechanism. There is of Regional plan was introduced in 1966. This inadequate reference to the socio-economic was aimed to provide a rural-urban continuum needs of the people based on the strengths of and an integrated development of the region. and opportunities in the local area. Thus the Town Planning process has been (d)The present planning process has failed to evolved from part to the whole. preempt large scale migration from rural and semi-urban areas and the problems related 2. The Town Planning schemes inspired by the there to, such as low-income housing and British Town Planning system went into disrepute employment opportunities infrastructure and due mainly to inordinate delays. Under the services to the migrant population. This system of comprehensive development plan contributes to proliferation of slums in the nearly all the cities evolved their plans with the cities, degradation of environment as also the support of the Directorate of Town Planning of the urbanization of poverty. State of Maharashtra. The Metropolitan Regional (e)The system of advance reservations of land for Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Region was future public needs results in inter-personal prepared by the BMRP Board and later revised inequities as the person whose land is by MMRDA and the district regional plans for reserved is permanently deprived of the other Regions have also been prepared by Ad- economic benefits of the land. The system of Hoc Regional Planning Boards constituted by the plot reservation is largely responsible for the Government. manoeuvres for deservation and also for the delayed and long drawn planning process. 3. The city development plans have however, (f) Though the planning process is participatory, suffered from problems, partially innate in the the participation is confined to planning process itself and largely due to the raising objections from the citizens constraints in their implementation. Some of the whose lands are reserved. Such SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 73 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

citizens raise objections, and become the define the major road links, broad zoning and arch enemies of the plan and create all city level open spaces and amenities. The possible impediments in its preparation and second would be the 5-year action plan, which implementation as well. would include both the investment plan to (g) According to the Maharashtra Regional Town implement the structure plan and the Town Planning Act the responsibility of the Planning schemes for parts of the town in implementation of the town plan lies with the order to provide amenities at the urban local bodies, however, there is no time neighbourhood level. frame for implementation or obligation on (c) Rather than wholesale acquisition of plots for them to make adequate financial provision to amenities, option of Area Development acquire land and develop the infrastructure or Schemes or Town Planning Schemes based amenities. The ULBs are not questioned for on land sharing and cost sharing or non implementation of the development plan betterment sharing should be considered as nor do they have any investment plan to an alternative. implement the infrastructure plan included in (d) In order to make the planning process more the development plan. There is hardly any participatory the city level planning Committee monitoring and review of the plans either by which is currently constituted after the draft the ULB itself or by the State Government. All plan stage should be constituted right at the this results in indifference towards the stage of declaration of intention to make the implementation of development plan. plan. The representatives of different (h)Under the present scheme, the plots are stakeholder groups such as industrialists, reserved for a very long list of amenities, traders, academic institutions, professional related to both obligatory and discretionary groups, architects, slum dwellers etc. should functions of the local bodies. The area norms be actively associated in different Advisory for these amenities are also rather, liberal and Committees to assist the ULBs to assess city that much land is difficult to acquire in the needs and evolve the draft plan. already congested cities. A committee (e) It should be mandatory for the ULBs to make appointed by the Government under the necessary investment plan to implement the 5 former Chief Secretary, Shri D.M. years action plan, based on the priorities Sukhthankar, proposed revised planning determined through civic engagements. standards which have been referred to by the (f) The ULBs should also be accountable to Core Group and the report of which is implement the plan. They should set up a ring enclosed with this report. fenced development fund and make necessary budgetary provisions to leverage 4. The Core Group recommends the following external resources. They should draw up a changes in the Development Plan process: work plan to implement key infrastructure (a) Integrated planning - The Core Group agrees projects in the time frame of the financial that the Metropolitan Region Plan /District year. They should also be compelled to Plan, City Development Plan and the Plan of prepare an Annual Development report Peri-urban areas should be integrated. In tune reflecting the status of the implementation of with the mandate of 74th Constitutional the Development Plan. Amendment the Metropolitan Region /District (g) Town Planning Schemes should be prepared Plans should be prepared by the Metropolitan and implemented to create necessary Planning Committee/District Planning infrastructure, particularly in the peripheral Committee respectively. The Development areas of cities and towns, which can secure Plan along with the Town Planning Schemes planned development without much financial should be prepared by the Urban Local burden on the ULBs' budget. The same Bodies and the Plans of Peri-Urban areas should be tried out particularly in fast should be prepared by the MPC/DPC as the urbanizing peri-urban areas around the cities Special Planning Authorities for that area. to develop new townships. The TPS can be a (b) The Development Plan should be split into two more viable alternative to urban renewal in the parts; the first one should be the Structure core area of the city though the Plan (Outline Development Plan), which would approach in such areas for financing SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 74 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies the scheme would be different. from all the land holders involved in the scheme. (h) Preparation time for making a plan should be In exceptional cases when the original plot is very reduced to 3 years for Metropolitan Regional small and there is chance of the entire plot going Plan and District Plan. The time limit should under infrastructure an exemption may be be 3 years for the corporation cities and 2 granted years for other cities and towns. This can only + The TPS should be looked at as a project and be possible if the land use and other non handled as a project using project management spatial database information is available on a techniques. It should be a self financing project by Spatial digitized GIS platform. A time bound cost sharing or land sharing or benefit sharing. campaign of digitization of survey sheets, geo The compensation for land, and cost of works in referencing with remote sensing data and the scheme could be financed through levy of overlaying land use data is imperative. betterment charges and / or sale proceeds from (i) For the purpose of approval it is proposed that the state of certain percentage of land. Structure Plan Metropolitan Regional Plan + Development of infrastructure may start /District Plans would require approval of the immediately after preliminary TPS scheme is in State Government. The Town Planning place. Expenditure from the development Schemes could be approved by the State fund/capital budget of the ULB could be incurred Govt./Director of Town Planning. and recoveries from the beneficiaries could be (j) The non-governmental professional bodies made in one or more of the following options:- such as Association of Architects, Institute of + Recovery of Betterment Charges upfront or in Town Planners, School of Planning, as easy installments based on the cost of all works in empanelled professionals should be the scheme. associated in the preparation of the draft + And / or Sale proceeds from the sale of certain Development Plan and Town Planning percentage of plots reserved for this purpose. Schemes. + The Gujarat Act provides for splitting up the (k) One of the issues discussed in the Group was scheme into three parts the draft scheme, to rationalize the Development Control preliminary scheme and the final scheme. The process. The same should be possibly be preliminary scheme stage ends immediately after achieved through involvement of the above- the Arbitrator declares his award. Like in case of mentioned groups. the Land Acquisition Act the Acquiring body can (l) The group also felt a need to involve public take possession of the acquired land and start its private partnership in infrastructure works and appeals on the quantum of development, implementation of Town compensation can thereafter be heard and Planning Schemes for low-income housing decided in course of time. In the case of a T.P. and also in development of new townships, Scheme the works of physical infrastructure under with the framework of the mandate of the 74th the scheme can start immediately after sanction Amendment. of draft scheme and the other works can start after sanction of preliminary scheme. This 5. Proposed modifications for making Town procedures would avoid delay in the preparation Planning Schemes more effective: and implementation of TPS. + The scheme area should be kept manageable + In Gujarat Act, the valuation and calculation of about 100 to 200 ha and also the number of betterment charges and compensation is a owners should not be more than 200 to 400. subjective issue left at the discretion of the Town + The Area Planning Officer incharge should not Planning officer, however to avoid problems in handle more than 2 schemes at a time. this, the scheme is so worked out that the cost of Appointment of Retired Dy. Directors / Assistant of scheme balances the betterment to be received Town Planning could be considered for providing from the owners and the compensation to be paid additional manpower and expediting the process. to the owner. This can be made more transparent + TPS can be undertaken for commercial as well as by using instruments like Stamp Duty Ready industrial layouts also Reckoner. + The time frame for preparation of TPS to be + The Gujarat Act giv0es explicit details on the brought down to a maximum of 18 months items to be considered while calculating + There should be a proportionate sharing of lands the cost of the scheme, which is often SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 75 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

another area of contention between the the State can be followed. The Environment Government and the owner. Planning and Management process comprises the + The Gujarat Act also lays down rules about what following stages of participatory planning process: maximum percentage of the gross area can be (a) Preparation of a City and Environment acquired and how it will be utilized how much for profile; identification of key issues at the city roads, how much for public sites and how much level and identifying related stakeholder for low income housing etc. It also has the groups provision of acquiring 10% for the plot area of low (b) Holding city consultations and setting up income housing and 15% land for sale by working groups for each issues planning authority for financing the capital. (c) Developing issue wise strategy and city + The Core Group discussed the improvements development strategy required in the TPS model by comparing the (d) Evolving of Action Plans including investment existing provisions of TPS in MRTP Act, the plan and monitoring and evaluation of the provisions for TPS in the Gujarat Act and process modifications required in the MRTP Act. The (e) The participation of the stake holders should modifications are required in light of the new be duly structured and in a time frame. kinds of development envisaged through the creation of Special Economic Zone, Special 8. The Development Plan must balance inclusive Townships and the large scale private sector development of cities with environmental involvement in these areas. sustainability. The land use plan must carefully + The procedure for preparing and approving the provide for not only Water Supply but also for Town Planning Schemes needs to be modified to Waste Water Management, Solid Waste reduce the time in finalizing the schemes due to Management and promote Waste Recycling and arbitrations, settlement claims etc. The use of GIS Resource Recovery. Eco-housing should be techniques will also reduce the time required in encouraged through the Development Control preparing the TPS. Regulations. The plan must meet the requirement of informal sector both in terms of 6. Use of Information Technology for GIS application housing and in livelihoods related activities and is considered to be an urgent need of all the strategize alleviation of urban poverty along with cities. Considering the initiative already taken by economic growth. the State Urban Development Department, Survey and Settlement Commissioner and 9. In the context of transportation issues the Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Centre planning standards must be re visited with a view (MRSAC), both digitization of survey sheets, to provide adequate road spaces for mass geographical referencing with satellite images and transportation, non-motorized transport, integration with the digitized survey sheets should pedestrian traffic and proper hierarchy of roads. be completed in a time bound manner. There can There is need to prepare comprehensive Traffic be system of updating this data (annually), so that and Transportation Plan at least for all Municipal the land use information is readily available Corporation and `A' Class Municipal Council while whenever any review of Development Plan is preparing the structure plan. This should be considered. The agencies both public and private based on the principle of “diagnostic survey and can be associated in developing land use record. conservative surgery”.

7. In order to make public private partnership The Group would urge the Government to give meaningful and effective, the environmental this important issue the early attention that it planning process advocated by the Sustainable deserves and take immediate steps for the legislative Cities Programme, which is being implemented in and other reforms necessary.

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 76 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies

Photopgraphs of various Workshops on Townplanning

Stake Holder Consultations Meeting with Elected Representatives

Workshop on Governance &Planning

Experience Sharing - Cleveland

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Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 77 All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sustainable Development Strategies ITPI - Workshop

Discussion with Jt. Sec UD, GoI

Discussion with Prof. Dowal, University of California at Berkley

Seminar on Town Planning & Infrstaructure (Experience sharing with Gujarat & Cleveland) SCP

Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharashtra - II UN-HABITAT-GOM-AIILSG 78 SUSTAINABLE CITIES PROGRAMME IN MAHARASHTRA

The fundamental objective of the Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) is to promote environmentally sustainable urban development. The EPM approach is based on and supports the efforts that cities make in developing their environments by improving their environmental information and expertise, their strategies and decision making and effective implementation of these strategies. On a broader scale, this helps to reduce poverty by more efficiently and equitably managing the use of available resources to reduce the environmental impacts and promoting employment through improved environmental service delivery.

In all activities and phases, institutionalizing the process remains the overarching objective which will continue to engage cities long after the SCP demonstration projects have been completed. Although the SCP activities (preparing the Environmental Profile, conducting the City Consultation, establishing Working Groups, formulating strategies and institutionalizing the process) are logically portrayed in a sequence of phases and stages, which by themselves represent a complex, multi-track process.

The All India Institute of Local Self Government (AIILSG), Mumbai has been anchoring the Sustainable Cities Programme in Maharahstra since October 2003 in two phases. Phase I was a pilot phase involving two cities to test and demonstrate the EPM process tools. The programme was launched in two cities in Mumbai Metropolitan region viz. Panvel and Virar. In the second phase, the SCP process has been replicated in eight other cities representing different geographical and administrative regions of the state. During the experience sharing seminar on the SCP in Mumbai in March 2005, and the follow up meetings at the policy level, it was agreed that the selection of cities for phase II should be based on the participation and performance of the cities in the Urban City cleanliness campaign which the State of Maharahstra launched in 2002. This campaign was called as the “Sant Gadge Baba Urban Sanitation Campaign”

Learning from the experience and building on the foundation of Phase I, approach to second phase of the SCP has been reviewed and revised. The change was in terms of greater and more direct engagement of the state government, widening the scope of EPM process to address all critical urban issues ab initio, and net working with other capacity building institutions both at the state and local levels.

______All India Institute of Local Self-Government Sthanikraj Bhavan, C.D.Barfiwala Marg, Andheri (West), Mumbai-400 058 (INDIA) Tel.Nos.91-22-26206716/26571713/22642993/26573796 Fax : 91-22-22626889/26572115/26573973 Email: [email protected] / [email protected]