DOCSLIB.ORG

The Metabolism of Corticosterone in Man

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Metabolism of Corticosterone in Man THE METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTERONE IN MAN Ralph E. Peterson, Charles E. Pierce J Clin Invest. 1960;39(5):741-757. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI104091. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/104091/pdf THE METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTERONE IN MAN By RALPH E. PETERSON * AND CHARLES E. PIERCE * (From the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.) (Submitted for publication November 5, 1959; accepted December 4, 1959) Corticosterone was the first biologically active MATERIALS AND METHODS to be isolated from adrenal gland ex- hormone Seventeen normal subj ects, one bilaterally adrenalec- tracts (1, 2). Although contributing little to the tomized subject, and patients with cirrhosis, myxedema, body pool of adrenocortical steroids in man, it is and thyrotoxicosis were studied. one of the major adrenocortical secretory products Corticosterone was prepared for intravenous adminis- in some animals, e.g., rodents (3). In man the tration by dissolving 50, 100 or 200 mg of the crystalline is cortisol and the ma- steroid in 10 to 15 ml ethanol, which was added to 300 major glucocorticosteroid ml sterile 5 per cent dextrose in water. The solution jor mineralocorticosteroid is probably aldosterone; was infused over a period of 10 to 20 minutes. The nevertheless, corticosterone has been identified orally administered corticosterone was suspended in and measured in human adrenal tissue (4), saline or given in a gelatin capsule. Corticosterone-4-C"4 adrenal gland perfusates (5), adrenal vein blood (0.004 ,uc per ,g) was administered intravenously in (6-8), and peripheral blood (9-16). In all of trace quantities (100 to 400 ,ug) in a small volume of 5 per cent ethanol in sterile distilled water over a period these tissues the corticosterone concentration was of 5 minutes. Corticosterone-HW (1.5 utc per lAg) was found to be lower than that of cortisol, although administered in trace quantities (7 to 30 ,ug) in a small the concentration of the biologically important volume of 5 per cent ethanol in sterile distilled water. aldosterone has been found to be even less than After injection of the steroids, heparinized blood samples of the corticosterone (17, 18). were collected at 20 to 30 minute intervals. that The extraction procedures for the plasma cortico- Unlike cortisol, little is known about the rates sterone were similar to those described previously for of secretion of corticosterone in the normal sub- cortisol (19). Following the infusion of the pharma- ject, or its alteration in disease. This paucity of calogical quantities of the steroid, two different methods knowledge stems largely from the fact that there were used to determine the plasma corticosterone con- are no or semi- centration. readily available quantitative Fluorometric assay. Five-tenths ml plasma was ex- quantitative methods for determining even a tracted with 5 ml dichloromethane [purified by passage single fraction of the metabolites of corticosterone through a column of silica gel (21)]. The plasma was in the urine. removed by aspiration, and the dichloromethane extract In previous reports we have described studies on the physiological disposition and metabolic fate 21-trihydroxy-1,4-pregnene-3,20-dione) ; 11-dehydrotetra- hydrocorticosterone (3a,21-dihydroxy-pregnane-11,20-di- of cortisol (19) and cortisone (20) in man. This one); 3a-allotetrahydrocorticosterone (3a,1 1p,21-trihy- paper describes similar studies with corticosterone droxy-allopregnane-20-one); 11-dehydroallotetrahydro- using corticosterone, corticosterone-4-C14, and H3- corticosterone (3a,21 -dihydroxy-allopregnane- 11,20 -di - labeled corticosterone.1 one); 11-dehydro-corticosterone (21-hydroxy-4-pregnene- 3-11,20-trione); 1 1-desoxycortisol (17a,21-dihydroxy- * Present address: Cornell University Medical Center, 4-pregnene-3,20-dione); 20a-hydroxycorticosterone (11,B,- Department of Medicine, New York 21, N. Y. 20a,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one); 20j8-hydroxycorti- 1 In this paper the trivial names of the steroids have costerone (1 1fi,20,8,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one); 11- been used: cortisol (1 lp,17a,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnene- epicorticosterone (1 la,21 -dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-di- 3,20-dione); cortisone (17a,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,- one); allotetrahydrocortisol (3a,1 1,,17a,21-tetrahydroxy- 11,20-trione); corticosterone (11f,21-dihydroxy-4-preg- allopregnane-20-one); allotetrahydrocortisone (3a,17a,21- nene-3,20-dione); tetrahydrocortisone (3a,17a,21-trihy- trihydroxy-all pregnane-11, 20-dione); A1-9a-fluoro-16a- droxy-pregnane-11,20-dione); tetrahydrocortisol (3a,11X8,- hydroxycortisol diac (16a,21-diacetoxy-1 la,17a-dihydroxy- 17a,21 -tetrahydroxy-pregnane,20-one); tetrahydrocorti- 9a-fluoro-1,4 - pregnene - 3,20 - dione) ; 2a - methylcortisone costerone (3a,11p8,21-trihydroxy-pregnane-20-one); 9a- (2a-methyl-11,8,17a,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione); fluorocortisol (9ca-fluoro-11#,17a,21 -trihydroxy-4-preg- 20,8-hydroxycortisone (17a,208,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnene- nene-3,20-dione); A1-9a-fluorocortisol (9a-fluoro-1 l,,17a,- 3,1 1-dione). 741 742 RALPH E. PETERSON AND CHARLES E. PIERCE washed with 0.5 ml 0.1 N NaOH. Each of two 2 ml per cent (vol/vol) acetic anhydride-1-C" (2 mc per aliquots of the extract was transferred to a small conical mmole) in benzene and in pyridine for 24 hours at room test tube and shaken with 1 ml of a sulfuric acid-ethanol temperature. The unused acetic anhydride was removed (redistilled ethanol) reagent (65: 35 vol/vol). The by partitioning twice between a small volume of 20 per solvent was removed by aspiration and the acid-alcohol cent ethanol and dichloromethane. The aqueous layer reagent transferred to a small cuvet for fluorescence was removed by aspiration into an alkali trap. After determination in a Farrand fluorometer by a previously addition of 20 /Ag of corticosterone acetate, the dichloro- described modification (12) of the method of Sweat (22). methane was evaporated to dryness. The residue was Isotope dilution assay. The plasma samples were also chromatographed successively in the following systems: assayed for corticosterone by the isotope dilution proce- 1) cyclohexane 100: benzene 50: methanol 100: water dure as previously described (12), except that 5 ml of 25, 15 hours; 2) cyclohexane 100: dioxane 100: methanol plasma was used for each determination. Radioactivity 50: water 25, 18 hours; and 3) cyclohexane 100: benzene measurements were made in a Tri-Carb liquid scintilla- 50: methanol 100: water 25, 15 hours. After elution from tion spectrometer (Packard Instrument Co.). the second chromatographic purification and prior to the Determination of plasma corticosterone-H' and labeled third and final chromatography, the residue was oxidized imetabolites. The disappearance of HW-labeled cortico- to 11-dehydrocorticosterone acetate with 0.1 ml 0.5 per sterone from the plasma was determined by first adding cent CrO3 in redistilled glacial acetic acid. After ex- a known number of counts of corticosterone-4-C" (500 posure to the CrO3 for 1 minute at room temperature, cpm at an efficiency of 30 per cent) to a known volume 1 ml of 20 per cent ethanol-water was added and the of each plasma sample collected after the infusion of the steroid acetate was extracted with dichloromethane. The labeled steroid. The plasma was extracted with di- dichloromethane was evaporated to dryness and the resi- chloromethane and the residue chromatographed in a due applied to paper for the third chromatographic modified Bush-type system (23) (cyclohexane 100: ben- purification. zene 100: methanol 100: water 50) for 24 hours at room The 11-dehydrocorticosterone acetate was eluted into a temperature using unlabeled corticosterone (20 ,sg) as a counting vial, dried, and 5 ml toluene containing 0.4 per marker. The corticosterone was then located with ultra- cent DPO (diphenyloxazole) and 0.004 per cent POPOP violet light, eluted, and assayed for C" and H' in a [1,4-bis-2- (5-phenyloxazolyl) -benzene] phosphor added. liquid scintillation spectrometer. The C" in this case The samples were assayed for C" and H' in a liquid was used to correct for losses of corticosterone-H' dur- scintillation spectrometer. The calculations of the spe- ing the extraction, evaporation, chromatography, and cific activities have been described previously (24). elution steps. The mixtures of C" and H' were counted From a knowledge of the specific activity of the acetic by previously described methods (24). The combined anhydride-1-C" and the C" counts in the counting vial, plasma "free" corticosterone and its metabolites were it was possible to determine the micrograms of corticos- measured by direct counts of an aliquot of the dichloro- terone in the vial. From the counts of tritium and the methane extract of the plasma. The plasma radioactive micrograms of corticosterone in the vill, the specific metabolites of corticosterone conjugated with glucuronic activity of the corticosterone was determined. The frac- acid were determined by a previously described method tional rate of turnover of corticosterone and the miscible (19). pool size were determined as previously described for Determination of specific activity of labeled plasma cortisol (25). corticosterone. Fifteen to 20 ml of heparinized plasma Comparison of in vivo metabolism of H'- and C"-la- collected serially after injection of corticosterone-H' was beled corticosterone. A solution of 320 ,ug corticosterone extracted with 7 volumes of dichloromethane. The labeled with both H' and C" was injected into a normal plasma was removed by aspiration, and the dichloro- subject (N. K.) who was receiving a continuous intra- methane washed successively with 1/10 volume 0.1 N venous infusion of corticotropin (4 units per hour) for NaOH and 1/10 volume of 0.1 M acetic acid. The di- 36 hours. The labeled steroid was given 12 hours after chloromethane extract was evaporated to dryness.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quantification of Hair Corticosterone, DHEA and Testosterone As
    animals Article Quantification of Hair Corticosterone, DHEA and Testosterone as a Potential Tool for Welfare Assessment in Male Laboratory Mice Alberto Elmi 1 , Viola Galligioni 2, Nadia Govoni 1 , Martina Bertocchi 1 , Camilla Aniballi 1 , Maria Laura Bacci 1 , José M. Sánchez-Morgado 2 and Domenico Ventrella 1,* 1 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; [email protected] (A.E.); [email protected] (N.G.); [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (C.A.); [email protected] (M.L.B.) 2 Comparative Medicine Unit, Trinity College Dublin, D02 Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] (V.G.); [email protected] (J.M.S.-M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-051-2097-926 Received: 11 November 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 16 December 2020 Simple Summary: Mice is the most used species in the biomedical research laboratory setting. Scientists are constantly striving to find new tools to assess their welfare, in order to ameliorate husbandry conditions, leading to a better life and scientific data. Steroid hormones can provide information regarding different behavioral tracts of laboratory animals but their quantification often require stressful sampling procedures. Hair represents a good, less invasive, alternative in such scenario and is also indicative of longer timespan due to hormones’ accumulation. The aim of the work was to quantify steroid hormones in the hair of male laboratory mice and to look for differences imputable to age and housing conditions (pairs VS groups). Age influenced all analysed hormones by increasing testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels and decreasing corticosterone.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Common Steroid Identification—GC-MS Mass Spectra
    Appendix: Common Steroid Identification—GC-MS Mass Spectra Gary Woodward, Francis Lam, and Gill Rumsby As described in Chap. 3, steroid profiling in the context of steroidogenic conditions is performed by GC-MS analysis following conjugate hydrolysis and derivatisation. Below are the mass spectra used for identification of urine steroids described throughout this book, and compiled during routine practice within our laboratory. Steroids are given in approximate order of their retention times. Androstanediol (internal standard) % 100 129 256 346 107 241 331 436 215 287 372 484 516 569 637 677 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 70 Pregnadienol % 129 50 243 267 372 173 357 0 421 494 525 556 620 665 7 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 70 G. Woodward · G. Rumsby Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Hospitals, London, UK F. Lam Level 2-Chemistry, Health Services Laboratories, London, UK © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 177 G. Rumsby, G. M. Woodward (eds.), Disorders of Steroidogenesis, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96364-8 178 Appendix: Common Steroid Identification—GC-MS Mass Spectra Androsterone % 100 270 360 107 147 213 253 362 0 434 461 546 610 687 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 Aetiocholanolone % 100 270 360 105 131 213 422 0 255 362 460 506 564 644 679 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 Dehydroepiandrosterone % 100 129 268 260 358 105 374 0 211 432 459 523 592 642 682 7 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Understanding the Steroid Pathway: New Insights and Diagnostic Implications
    Clinical Biochemistry 47 (2014) 5–15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Biochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinbiochem A guide to understanding the steroid pathway: New insights and diagnostic implications Ronda F. Greaves a,b,⁎,GaneshJevalikarc, Jacqueline K. Hewitt b,d,e, Margaret R. Zacharin b,d,e a School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia b Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia c Medanta Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon Haryana, India d Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, The Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia e Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia article info abstract Article history: Steroid analysis has always been complicated requiring a clear understanding of both the clinical and analytical Received 3 May 2014 aspects in order to accurately interpret results. The literature relating to this specialised area spans many decades Received in revised form 17 July 2014 and the intricacies of the steroid pathway have evolved with time. A number of key changes, including discovery Accepted 19 July 2014 of the alternative androgen pathway, have occurred in the last decade, potentially changing our understanding Available online 31 July 2014 and approach to investigating disorders of sexual development. Such investigation usually occurs in specialised paediatric centres and although preterm infants represent only a small percentage of the patient population, Keywords: Steroid pathways consideration of the persistence of the foetal adrenal zone is an additional important consideration when under- Alternative steroid pathway taking steroid hormone investigations. The recent expanded role of mass spectrometry and molecular diagnostic Tissue specific steroid metabolism methods provides significant improvements for accurate steroid quantification and identification of enzyme Steroid methods deficiencies.
    [Show full text]
  • 5Alpha-Tetrahydrocorticosterone: a Novel Topical Anti-Inflammatory Agent with Improved Therapeutic Index
    Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society at http://www.pA2online.org/abstracts/Vol11Issue3abst082P.pdf 5alpha-Tetrahydrocorticosterone: A Novel Topical Anti-inflammatory Agent With Improved Therapeutic Index DE Livingstone, C Sykes, L Hollis, BR Walker, R Andrew. Univeristy of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Topical steroids are the mainstay of treatment of inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema, but their use is limited by negative effects on skin integrity. Furthermore, chronic topical treatment is sometimes associated with systemic effects on metabolic function. There is therefore a need for novel steroid treatments with dissociated anti- inflammatory vs metabolic effects. We have previously identified 5alpha- tetrahydrocorticosterone (5aTHB) as a novel glucocorticoid receptor ligand(1) which displays dissociated effects in vitro(2). The aim here was to determine the anti- inflammatory efficacy of 5aTHB in vivo, along with effects on skin thickness, in comparison with the most commonly used topical steroid, hydrocortisone (HC). Anti-inflammatory efficacy was determined in adult male C57Bl6 mice. Inflammation was stimulated by topical treatment with croton oil to the right ear (300ug in 95:5 ethanol:isopropylmyristate) and swelling assessed at cull after 24 hr by ear weight vs untreated ear. Dose-responses to 5aTHB and hydrocortisone (0-100ug) were determined by co-administration of steroid with croton oil, and IC50 calculated by curve fitting of %maximal inflammation (n=6-12/dose). To ascertain the effect of 5aTHB on skin thickness, 5aTHB or HC (0,25,100,200ug in 95:5 ethanol:isopropylmyristate) was applied to the right ear of mice daily for 4wks (n=6/group). Doses were selected following dose response studies as efficacious (25ug), high therapeutic (100ug) and pharmacological (200ug).
    [Show full text]
  • Distinctive Profile of the 17-Hydroxylase and 17,20-Lyase Activities Revealed by Urinary Steroid Metabolomes of Patients with CY
    original article Distinctive profile of the 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities revealed by urinary steroid metabolomes of patients with CYP17 deficiency Perfil característico das atividades 17-hidroxilase e 17,20-liase reveladas por meio do metaboloma de esteroides urinários de pacientes com deficiência de CYP17 Marcos S. Neres1, Richard J. Auchus2, Cedric H. L. Shackleton3, Claudio E. Kater1 ABSTRACT 1 Adrenal and Hypertension Objectives: (1) Characterize serum (S) and urinary (U) steroid metabolites in complete CYP17 defi- Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department ciency (cCYP17D); (2) analyze the relative 17α-hydroxylase (17OH) and 17,20-lyase (17,20L) activities of Medicine, Universidade in vivo; and (3) comparedata from the two most prevalent mutations in Brazil. Subjects and me- Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), thods: 20 genotyped cCYP17D patients from a previously reported cohort were homozygous for São Paulo, SP, Brazil W406R or R362C; 11 controls were CYP17 wild types (WT). WT and cCYP17D patients had S and 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas U samples drawn to measure: cortisol (F), corticosterone (B), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18OH-B, Southwestern Medical Center, 18OH-DOC, and 17OHP; and tetrahydro (TH)-B, THA, THDOC, THF+5α-THF, TH-cortisone, androstero- Dallas, Texas, United States ne, etiocholanolone, 5-pregnenediol, 17OH-pregnenolone and pregnanetriol. Results: Compared to 3 Children’s Hospital of Oakland Research Institute, WT, cCYP17D patients had marked elevations of B, DOC, 18OH-B and 18OH-DOC, whereas 17OHP, F Oakland, CA, USA, Division of and adrenal androgens (AA) were reduced; U steroids parallel S findings. Metabolite ratios revealed Medical Sciences, University that both 17OH and 17,20L activities were impaired in cCYP17D.
    [Show full text]
  • Tissue Steroid Levels in Response to Reduced Testicular Estrogen Synthesis in the Male Pig, Sus
    1 Tissue steroid levels in response to reduced testicular estrogen synthesis in the male pig, Sus 2 scrofa 3 Heidi Kucera1, Birgit Puschner1, Alan Conley2, Trish Berger3* 4 5 1 Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 6 Davis, CA 7 2 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University 8 of California, Davis, CA 9 3 Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 10 University of California, Davis, CA 11 12 Short title: Estrogen sulfates, aromatase activity and free estrogen concentrations in prostate, 13 testis and liver 14 15 * Corresponding author 16 E-mail: [email protected] (TB) 17 1 18 Abstract 19 Production of steroid hormones is complex and dependent upon steroidogenic enzymes, 20 cofactors, receptors, and transporters expressed within a tissue. Collectively, these factors create 21 an environment for tissue-specific steroid hormone profiles and potentially tissue-specific 22 responses to drug administration. Our objective was to assess steroid production, including 23 sulfated steroid metabolites in the boar testis, prostate, and liver following inhibition of 24 aromatase, the enzyme that converts androgen precursors to estrogens. Boars were treated with 25 the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole from 11 to 16 weeks of age and littermate boars received the 26 canola oil vehicle. Steroid profiles were evaluated in testes, prostate, and livers of 16, 20, and 40 27 week old boars using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Testis, prostate, and liver had 28 unique steroid profiles in vehicle-treated animals. Only C18 steroid hormones were altered by 29 treatment with the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole; no significant differences were detected in any 30 of the C19 or C21 steroids evaluated.
    [Show full text]
  • Safer Topical Treatment for Inflammation Using 5Î
    Biochemical Pharmacology 129 (2017) 73–84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biochemical Pharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biochempharm Safer topical treatment for inflammation using 5a-tetrahydrocorticosterone in mouse models Annalisa Gastaldello a, Dawn E.W. Livingstone a,b, Amber J. Abernethie a, Nicola Tsang a, Brian R. Walker a, ⇑ Patrick W.F. Hadoke a, Ruth Andrew a, a University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom b Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Use of topical glucocorticoid for inflammatory skin conditions is limited by systemic and local side- Received 2 November 2016 effects. This investigation addressed the hypothesis that topical 5a-tetrahydrocorticosterone (5aTHB, a Accepted 17 January 2017 corticosterone metabolite) inhibits dermal inflammation without affecting processes responsible for skin Available online 24 January 2017 thinning and impaired wound healing. The topical anti-inflammatory properties of 5aTHB were com- pared with those of corticosterone in C57Bl/6 male mice with irritant dermatitis induced by croton oil, Chemical compounds studied in this article: whereas its effects on angiogenesis, inflammation, and collagen deposition were investigated by subcu- 5a-Tetrahydrocorticosterone (PubChem taneous sponge implantation. 5aTHB decreased dermal swelling and total cell infiltration associated with CID: 101790) dermatitis similarly to corticosterone after 24 h, although at a five fold higher dose, but in contrast did Corticosterone (PubChem CID: 5753) Mifepristone (PubChem CID: 55245) not have any effects after 6 h.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolomic Biomarkers in Urine of Cushing's Syndrome Patients
    Article Metabolomic Biomarkers in Urine of Cushing’s Syndrome Patients Alicja Kotłowska 1,*, Tomasz Puzyn 2, Krzysztof Sworczak 3, Piotr Stepnowski 4 and Piotr Szefer 1 1 Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; [email protected] 2 Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Environmental Analytics, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +48-58-349-3110 Academic Editors: Ting-Li (Morgan) Han Received: 5 December 2016; Accepted: 19 January 2017; Published: 29 January 2017 Abstract: Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a disease which results from excessive levels of cortisol in the human body. The disorder is associated with various signs and symptoms which are also common for the general population not suffering from compound hypersecretion. Thus, more sensitive and selective methods are required for the diagnosis of CS. This follow-up study was conducted to determine which steroid metabolites could serve as potential indicators of CS and possible subclinical hypercortisolism in patients diagnosed with so called non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas (AIs). Urine samples from negative controls (n = 37), patients with CS characterized by hypercortisolism and excluding iatrogenic CS (n = 16), and patients with non-functioning AIs with possible subclinical Cushing’s syndrome (n = 25) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector (GC/FID).
    [Show full text]
  • Adrenocortical Steroid Metabolism and Adrenal Cortical Function in Liver Disease
    ADRENOCORTICAL STEROID METABOLISM AND ADRENAL CORTICAL FUNCTION IN LIVER DISEASE Ralph E. Peterson J Clin Invest. 1960;39(2):320-331. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI104043. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/104043/pdf ADRENOCORTICAL STEROID METABOLISM AND ADRENAL CORTICAL FUNCTION IN LIVER DISEASE BY RALPH E. PETERSON * (From The National Institute of Arthritis and MVetabolic Diseases, Bethesda, Md.) (Submitted for publication July 27, 1959; accepted October 1, 1959) Zondek (1) as early as 1934 demonstrated that to man disappear rapidly from the blood (15, 16). enzymes of the liver destroyed the biological ac- Only minimal quantities are lost via the expired tivity of the estrogens. Since then both in tivo CO2 (17) or the biliary or gastrointestinal tract and in vitro studies have provided much evidence (15, 16). Also, practically all of the administered to show that the liver is the organ primarily re- steroid is metabolized prior to its excretion in the sponsible for the catabolism of the steroid hor- urine (15, 16), and thus it is apparent that urinary mones: estrogens, androgens, progesterone, and excretion plays a relatively minor part in elimi- the corticosteroids (2). However, not until the nating the biologically active steroid. Thus, meta- development of improved methods for measure- bolic transformation by the liver must play the pre- ment of certain of the adrenocortical steroids and dominant role in terminating the action of the their metabolites, and the availability of labeled steroids. radioactive cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone Because of the major role of the liver in the has it been possible accurately to evaluate the in- catabolism of the corticosteroids, it might be ex- fluence of liver disease on the rate of degradation pected that this organ could indirectly influence and synthesis of the steroids in man.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Variations of Faecal Cortisol Metabolites in Koalas in South East Queensland
    animals Article Seasonal Variations of Faecal Cortisol Metabolites in Koalas in South East Queensland Flavia Santamaria 1,* , Rupert Palme 2 , Rolf Schlagloth 1 , Edith Klobetz-Rassam 2 and Joerg Henning 3 1 Koala Research-Central Queensland and Flora, Fauna and Freshwater Research, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia; [email protected] 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (R.P.); [email protected] (E.K.-R.) 3 School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Koala habitat is threatened by urbanisation, agricultural activities and by in- creased temperatures and droughts caused by climate change. Habitat loss may cause stress in koalas, which, in turn, may exacerbate disease occurrence. Stress is associated with an increase of gluco- corticoids, of which cortisol is the main one in most mammals. Cortisol is heavily metabolized and excreted via the faeces, where its metabolites can be measured, without interfering with the animal. However, before a link between events causing stress in koalas can be established, baseline levels in stress-free koalas need to be established. Our study has established which diagnostic procedure is best suited to measure these metabolites and has evaluated the physiological baselines levels in male and female koalas and in koalas during the breeding and non-breeding season. Citation: Santamaria, F.; Palme, R.; Abstract: The Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an endemic marsupial inhabiting four states of Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Test Selection and Interpretation the Quest Diagnostics
    The Quest Diagnostics Manual Endocrinology Test Selection and Interpretation Fourth Edition The Quest Diagnostics Manual Endocrinology Test Selection and Interpretation Fourth Edition Edited by: Delbert A. Fisher, MD Senior Science Officer Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute Professor Emeritus, Pediatrics and Medicine UCLA School of Medicine Consulting Editors: Wael Salameh, MD, FACP Medical Director, Endocrinology/Metabolism Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute San Juan Capistrano, CA Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Richard W. Furlanetto, MD, PhD Medical Director, Endocrinology/Metabolism Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute Chantilly, VA ©2007 Quest Diagnostics Incorporated. All rights reserved. Fourth Edition Printed in the United States of America Quest, Quest Diagnostics, the associated logo, Nichols Institute, and all associated Quest Diagnostics marks are the trademarks of Quest Diagnostics. All third party marks − ®' and ™' − are the property of their respective owners. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, and information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Address inquiries to the Medical Information Department, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690-6130. Previous editions copyrighted in 1996, 1998, and 2004. Re-order # IG1984 Forward Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute has been
    [Show full text]
  • Safer Topical Treatment for Inflammation Using 5Î
    Gastaldello A, Livingstone DEW, Abernethie AJ, Tsang N, Walker BR, Hadoke PWF, Andrew R. Safer topical treatment for inflammation using 5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone in mouse models. Biochemical Pharmacology 2017, 129, 73-84. Copyright: © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). DOI link to article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.008 Date deposited: 22/12/2017 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Newcastle University ePrints - eprint.ncl.ac.uk Biochemical Pharmacology 129 (2017) 73–84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biochemical Pharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biochempharm Safer topical treatment for inflammation using 5a-tetrahydrocorticosterone in mouse models Annalisa Gastaldello a, Dawn E.W. Livingstone a,b, Amber J. Abernethie a, Nicola Tsang a, Brian R. Walker a, ⇑ Patrick W.F. Hadoke a, Ruth Andrew a, a University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom b Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, 15 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Use of topical glucocorticoid for inflammatory skin conditions is limited by systemic and local side- Received 2 November 2016 effects. This investigation addressed the hypothesis that topical 5a-tetrahydrocorticosterone (5aTHB, a Accepted 17 January 2017 corticosterone metabolite) inhibits dermal inflammation without affecting processes responsible for skin Available online 24 January 2017 thinning and impaired wound healing.
    [Show full text]