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Black Women Candidates and the Democratic Party

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Black Women Candidates and the Democratic Party “LIFE FOR ME AIN’T BEEN NO CRYSTAL STAIR”: BLACK WOMEN CANDIDATES AND THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY NADIA E. BROWN & DANIELLE C. LEMI CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1612 I. BLACK WOMEN CANDIDATES AND PARTY POLITICS ........................ 1615 A. Democratic Party ...................................................................... 1615 B. Black Women Candidates .......................................................... 1618 II. DATA AND METHODS ........................................................................ 1621 A. The Sample ................................................................................ 1621 B. The Method ................................................................................ 1624 III. BLACK WOMEN CANDIDATES’ EXPERIENCES WITH THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY ......................................................................... 1624 A. The Democratic Party: Gatekeeping and Racial Politics ....................................................................................... 1624 B. The Democratic Party: Hurt and Misgivings ............................ 1627 C. The Democratic Party: Pushback and Agency .......................... 1629 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION..................................................................... 1631 University Faculty Scholar; Associate Professor of Political Science and African American Studies & Affialiate Faculty in Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Purdue University. Tower Center Fellow, John G. Tower Center for Political Studies, Southern Methodist University. 1611 1612 BOSTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 100:1611 INTRODUCTION “I got into my first fight, Democrat versus Republican, in second grade. I won.” —Stacey Abrams1 In 1939, Crystal Dreda Bird Fauset (D-PA) became the first duly elected Black woman to earn a seat in a state legislature.2 Bird Fauset, an advocate for women’s rights, was dedicated to a life of public service and political action. She organized the Philadelphia Democratic Women’s League, and in 1936 she became the director of Black women’s activities for the National Democratic Committee.3 The Philadelphia Record reported that she was charged with “selling ‘Roosevelt humanitarianism’ to Negro housewives.”4 Bird Fauset later ran for the Pennsylvania legislature as a Democrat with the support of the Party’s leadership.5 A close friend of Eleanor Roosevelt, Bird Fauset assisted with President Franklin Roosevelt’s reelection campaign.6 However, Bird Fauset later resigned from the Democratic National Committee due to a dispute with the party’s leadership, switching her support to Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the Republican candidate for President.7 Bird Fauset’s partisan experiences speak to a tenuous relationship with party leadership that other Black women political elites have also faced. While Bird Fauset ultimately became disenchanted with politics, she remained active in political pursuits for the remainder of her life. Was the Democratic Party itself an impediment to Bird Fauset’s political career? How do Black women candidates view their experiences with the Democratic Party? The Democratic Party (the “Democratic Party” or “Party”) is home to the majority of Black women political elites. In 2018, over four hundred and sixty Black women ran for political office, mostly as Democrats.8 However, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee endorsed only three Black women who were running for Congress.9 This came on the heels of Tom Perez’s 1 Jennifer Schuessler, A Date with History for Stacey Abrams, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 10, 2019, at C1. 2 NOTABLE BLACK AMERICAN WOMEN 334-35 (Jesse Carney Smith ed., 1992). 3 Id. at 334. 4 Id. (quoting Sight of Breadlines Drove Mrs. Fauset into Politics, PHILA. REC., Nov. 13, 1938). 5 Id. 6 Id. at 335. 7 Id. 8 Black Women Candidates Running for Office, BLACK WOMEN POLITICS https://database.blackwomeninpolitics.com/ [https://perma.cc/GEC5-ZL2W] (last visited Sept. 27, 2020). 9 Marie Solis, Democrats Are Only Backing 3 Black Women on Their List of 73 House 2020] LIFE FOR ME AIN’T BEEN NO CRYSTAL STAIR 1613 2017 thank you to Black women voters for delivering key electoral victories in Alabama and Virginia. Perez, the chairman of the Democratic National Committee, said that “Black women are the backbone of the Democratic Party, and we can’t take that for granted. Period.”10 Yet, Black women Democrats have called on the Party to be more inclusive and to rebuke transactional-style politics. For instance, Alencia Johnson, a spokeswoman for the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, lauded the recognition that Black women voters gained for the role in delivering important races to the Democrats.11 Still, Johnson noted that the Democratic Party should “[l]et Black women lead on strategy and engagement; support Black women candidates, resource campaigns geared toward our issues. And talk about the issues.”12 The dissatisfaction that Black women have voiced towards the Democratic Party was palpable in 2018. Although Black women continue to seek elected office as Democrats, they remain dissatisfied with the Party’s level of engagement with their candidacies. As we move deeper into the 2020 election season, we focus on the accounts of Black women Democratic candidates for elected office to learn about their experiences with the Party. Like Bird Fauset, we find that the Democratic Party has been a source of frustration for many Black women in American politics.13 However, much of the scholarly discussion of Black women’s experiences as candidates does not outright point to the Democratic Party as an impediment to their advancement.14 We draw from data collected from a focus group of Black women political elites Candidates, VICE (Aug. 16, 2018, 1:53 PM), https://www.vice.com /en_us/article/wjkkyy/black-women-candidates-jahana-hayes-dccc [https://perma.cc/5ZT8- 6YGR]. 10 Tom Perez (@TomPerez), TWITTER (Dec. 13, 2017, 10:35 AM), https://twitter.com/TomPerez/status/940968519088386049 [https://perma.cc/X26A-QW24]. 11 Eugene Scott, Black Women Are Demanding More Than a Thank You from the Democratic Party, WASH. POST (Dec. 14, 2017, 12:13 PM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/12/14/black-women-are- demanding-more-than-a-thank-you-from-the-democratic-party/. 12 Id. 13 See NADIA E. BROWN, SISTERS IN THE STATEHOUSE: BLACK WOMEN AND LEGISLATIVE DECISION MAKING 106-07 (2014) (discussing rift between Democratic women—particularly between the Women’s Caucus and Black women—over domestic violence legislation); Nadia E. Brown & Pearl K. Dowe, Late to the Party: Black Women’s Inconsistent Support from Political Parties, in GOOD REASONS TO RUN: WOMEN AND POLITICAL CANDIDACY 153, 154 (Shauna L. Shames et al. eds., 2020). 14 See, e.g., SUSAN J. CARROLL & KIRA SANBONMATSU, MORE WOMEN CAN RUN: GENDER AND PATHWAYS TO THE STATE LEGISLATURES 2 (2013) (arguing that women candidates are held back by assumption of single pathway of candidate emergence, constricting their ability to forge their own path to candidacy). 1614 BOSTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 100:1611 to argue that the Democratic Party is largely seen as impeding their electoral victories. Centering the narratives of Black women political elites helps to elucidate how they have had to navigate the Democratic Party as either a stepping stone or stumbling block. In the view of our participants, the Democratic Party, in essence, is practicing a form of electoral disenfranchisement that is seemingly based on the race and gender of the candidate. Yet, Democratic Black women candidates win their races or continue running in spite of the Democratic Party. As exemplified in the quote by Stacey Abrams in the epigraph, Black women may have a party affiliation but are often fighting for victories as individuals rather than as partisans. The fight for women’s suffrage is often lauded as a mark of progress in the American political system. Yet, even arguments to extend the franchise to women were not devoid of using the right to vote to protect White heteropatriarchy and White women’s place in upholding White supremacy15 and oppressing Black political empowerment.16 Despite White suffragettes’ attempts to keep Black men and women outside of the franchise, ironically, today Black women are key to the success of the party best situated to protect women’s rights—the Democratic Party. By contrast, White women, who lean Republican, are key to the success of the party best situated to retract women’s rights.17 Black women’s incorporation into American politics, and the Democratic Party more specifically, has been fraught. However, progress in the American political system lies with empowering Black women political leaders. As we celebrate the anniversary of women’s suffrage, it is imperative to recognize the experiences of Black women political elites who benefit from the conscientious exercise of the vote, often by Black women.18 15 See generally Maegan Parker, Desiring Citizenship: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Wells/Willard Controversy, 31 WOMEN’S STUD. COMM. 56 (2008) (discussing public dispute between Frances E. Willard and Ida B. Wells about practice of lynching, which featured “issues confronting white masculinity in the 1890s: women’s suffrage and black men’s ability to fully exercise their political rights”); Dara Z. Strolovitch, Janelle S. Wong & Andrew Proctor, A Possessive Investment in White Heteropatriarchy? The 2016 Election and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Sexuality, 5 POL. GROUPS & IDENTITIES
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