Adorno and Art This Page Intentionally Left Blank Adorno and Art Aesthetic Theory Contra Critical Theory

Adorno and Art This page intentionally left blank Adorno and Art Aesthetic Theory Contra Critical Theory

James Hellings School of Art, BIAD, Birmingham City University, UK © James Hellings 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-0-230-34788-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-34509-0 ISBN 978-1-137-31571-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137315717 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

For Andi, Ben and Laura, Betty, Elsie, and in memory of Rod This page intentionally left blank Contents

Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations xi

Anti-Introduction: Paint It Black 1

Part I Messages in a Bottle: Aesthetic Theory Contra Critical Theory 21 1 Critical Messages in a Bottle and Restoration 23 2 Excursus I – The Prevalence of a View: Being Uncompromisingly Critical at the Grand Hotel Abyss 31 3 Excursus II – The Prevalence of a View: ‘Don’t Participate:’ The Politics of Social Praxis 38 4 Aesthetic Messages in a Bottle and Progress 55 5 Messages in a Bottle as the Work of Art 71

Part II Art Itself Thinks: The Politics of Aesthetic (Mis-)Education 79

6 The Politics of Artistic Practice: ‘What artist isn’t socially engaged?’ 83 7 The Politics of Spectatorship: Shocking Spectators 102 8 The Politics of Aesthetic (Mis-)Education 111 9 Contemporary Art Itself Thinking: Making the Invisible Visible? 129 Anti-Conclusion: The Russian Ending 144

Notes 153 Index 195

vii Acknowledgements

I dedicate this book to teachers, particularly at a time when education is under daily threat by philistines bent on politicking. To Mrs Howells for encouraging me to pursue post-studio practice (when all I really wanted was to skip sitting my A-level art exam in class, an academic exercise which I knew to be phony). To Mr Beresford for the example of his curiosity and for his commitment to interdisciplinarity (and for inviting me to a theatre party, which seemed very sophisticated, staff and students mixing as equals – who’d have thought it). To Sam and Brian for pursuing an open approach to making and thinking about art and life (and for painting a picture of successful class-war waged, in all perplexity, on a punt in Cambridge). To Vera Dieterich for her elegant resistance to antagonistic debate (German cake, baked in East London and imported into group crits in South Yorkshire – to pacify dissenters – seemed very chic), and for introducing me to Roland Barthes. To Steve Dutton for challenging everything about art (I well recall conservatively lamenting the lack of Art (i.e., life drawing) during my BA (Hons) Fine Art first year assessment when Steve said, ‘It was all going so well until then’), and for introducing me to Jacques Derrida. To Sharon Kivland for channelling the mystery of Jacques Lacan into decrepit huts in Sheffield, for introducing me to Sigmund Freud, desire and knowledge, and for her continued support (when I suggested that she might have had an invisible hand in a project, her response ‘it is all your own work’ still seems wonderfully generous). To Antony Griffiths for scaring me to death (with British Museum catalogues Jorge-Luis Borges would have recoiled from describing), and for his example of prioritising objects (the value of keepers and their collections). To Frances Carey for connecting a profound knowledge of art history with a critical exactitude, which escapes many (no, most) art professionals (and for being so kind and gracious when my father passed). To Mark McDonald for the example of his dedica- tion and hard work (for scandal, provocation, but mostly for making me laugh a lot when I shouldn’t). To Edgar Schmitz for being magnanimous about my essay on Kant’s sensus communis (and for teaching me an enor- mous amount about teaching). To Norman Bryson for warm-heartedly warning me against the perils of ‘internalising the authority’ of philosophy and philosophers (in this instance Derrida, Bataille, and Hegel),

viii Acknowledgements ix and for his touching conversations about loss and mourning. To Howard Caygill for introducing me to Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, et al. but above all to Gillian Rose (his Contemporary Thought class was an event). To Irit Rogoff for her inspirational commitment to thinking art both poetically and politically (and for conversations about the absurd twists and turns of intimacy). To Peter Hallward for his example (crystal clear exegesis), and for his commitment (and for his generosity when examining my PhD). To Alexander García Düttmann for tirelessly pursuing uncompromisingly critical thinking, for his provocation and his support, and for our ongoing conversation (all of which is made more remarkable by the fact that he supervised my PhD). To Simon O’Sullivan for his creative and engaging teaching, which did exactly what Deleuze said of Sartre’s teaching – ‘fresh air’ in the academy – and for his support, mentoring and friendship. To all of my colleagues at the Birmingham School of Art: Chris O’Neil, John Butler, John Wigley, Johnny Golding, Henry Rogers, Jenny Wright, David Cheeseman, Yvonne Hindle, Mona Casey, Françoise Dupré, Janet Hodgson, Lois Wallace, Sue May, Andrew Kulman, Beth Derbyshire and, particularly, Janice and Ervin in the library for locating articles and getting them to me. I would like to acknowledge my debt of gratitude to all the members of the BIAD Research Funding Scrutiny Committee who awarded me a 12-week sabbatical, without which the book would not have been possible. I would especially like to thank Ole Hagen, who attentively read early drafts of the Anti-introduction, Part 2, and Anti-conclusion and whose critical comments were generous and exacting. Thanks to Oliver Klimpel, Johannes Maier, Lucy Steeds, Sam Clayton, Mark Jacobs, Charlotte Ginsborg, Nigel Grimmer, David Hoskings, and Flora Lait – all of whose friendships and conversations about Adorno and art have helped more than they know. I would especially like to thank Kevin Biderman who has been a touchstone for much of my thinking about Adorno and art, for reading early (and late) drafts, and for our continued camaraderie. Previous versions of parts of this book have appeared in Telos (2012), The Magic City: Liverpool Biennial (2012), and Transmission Annual: Provocation (2011). I would like to thank Russell Berman, Mary Piccone and Telos Press, Gavin Wade and Eastside Projects, and Sharon Kivland and Artwords Press for these opportunities. Parts of this book have also drawn on various conference papers, lectures and seminars I have given at the Association of Art Historians Annual Conference (2012), and School of Art MA Seminar (2012–2013). I would like to thank Tacita Dean for her kind generosity in giving me permission to use one of her hauntingly beautiful images for the x Acknowledgements cover of this book. Thanks also to Cleo, from Tacita Dean’s Studio, for providing the image and to Frith Street Gallery, London and to Mariam Goodman Gallery, New York/Paris. I would also like to thank Jacqueline Rose, Alison Rose, and Howard Caygill for giving me permission to use Gillian Rose’s wonderful words as an epigraph for this book, and to Anthony Rudolf at Menard Press for printing them so handsomely. At Palgrave Macmillan, I would like to thank my editors Brendan George, Pri Gibbons, and Melanie Blair for all their support. Finally, I would like to thank all of my students at Goldsmiths, Teeside, and Birmingham whose own example shows that teaching teaches teachers more than they know. List of Abbreviations

Works by Theodor W. Adorno

(K ) Adorno, T. W. [1933], Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic , Trans. and Ed. Robert Hullot-Kentor (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989). (LWB ) Adorno, T. W. [1935/1970] ‘Letters to Walter Benjamin,’ Trans. Harry Zohn, Aesthetics and Politics: The Key Texts of the Classic Debate within German Marxism, Trans. Ed. Ronald Taylor, Ed. Rodney Livingstone, Perry Anderson, and Francis Mulhern (London: Verso, 1977). (TAR ) Adorno, T. W. [1945], ‘Theses Upon Art and Religion Today,’ Ed. Notes to Literature: Volume Two, Ed. Rolf Tiedemann (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992). (Written in English). (PNM ) Adorno, T. W. [1949], Philosophy of New Music, Trans. and Ed. Robert Hullot-Kentor (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006). (MM ) Adorno, T. W. [1951], Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life , Trans. E. F. N. Jephcott (London: Verso, 1974). (MNM ) Adorno, T. W. [1960], ‘Music and New Music,’ Trans. Rodney Livingstone, Quasi una Fantasia: Essays on Modern Music (London: Verso, 1998). (RUD ) Adorno, T. W. [1961], ‘Reconciliation under Duress,’ Trans. Rodney Livingstone, Aesthetics and Politics: The Key Texts of the Classic Debate within German Marxism , Trans. Ed. Ronald Taylor, Ed. Rodney Livingstone, Perry Anderson, and Francis Mulhern (London: Verso, 1977). (C ) Adorno, T. W. [1962], ‘Commitment,’ Trans. Shierry Weber Nicholsen, Notes to Literature: Volume Two , Ed. Rolf Tiedemann (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992). (ND ) Adorno, T. W. [1966], Negative Dialectics , Trans. E. B. Ashton (London: Routledge, 1973). (IMO ) Adorno, T. W. ‘Is Marx Obsolete?’ Trans. Nicolas Slater, Diogenes: A Quarterly Publication of The International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, Number 64, Winter 1968 (Montreal: Mario Casalini Ltd).

xi xii List of Abbreviations

(R ) Adorno, T. W. [1969], ‘Resignation,’ Trans. Henry W. Pickford, Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005). (BIT ) Adorno, T. W. ‘Of Barricades & Ivory Towers: Interview with T. W. Adorno,’ Encounter , Volume XXXIII, Number 3, September 1969 (London: Encounter Ltd). (MTP ) Adorno, T. W. [1969], ‘Marginalia to Theory and Praxis,’ Trans. Henry W. Pickford, Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005). (GSM ) Adorno, T. W. ‘Correspondence on the German Student Movement,’ Trans. Esther Leslie, New Left Review, Volume I, Number 233, January/February 1999 (London: New Left Review Ltd). (AT ) Adorno, T. W. [1970], Aesthetic Theory , Trans. Robert Hullot- Kentor, Eds Gretel Adorno and Rolf Tiedemann (London: The Athlone Press, 1997). (TSA ) Adorno, T. W. [1967], ‘Theses on the Sociology of Art,’ Trans. Brian Trench, Working Papers in Cultural Studies , Number 2, Spring 1972 (Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham). (CCS ) Adorno, T. W. [1967], ‘Cultural Criticism and Society,’ Trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber, Prisms (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1983). (AHU ) Adorno, T. W. [1967], ‘Aldous Huxley and Utopia,’ Trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber, Prisms (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1983). (AS ) Adorno, T. W. [1967], ‘Arnold Schoenberg, 1874–1951,’ Trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber, Prisms (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1983). (VPM ) Adorno, T. W. [1967], ‘Valéry Proust Museum,’ Trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber, Prisms (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1983). (GHC ) Adorno, T. W. [1967], ‘The George-Hofmannstahl Correspond- ence, 1891–1906,’ Trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber, Prisms (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1983). (NK ) Adorno, T. W. [1967], ‘Notes on Kafka,’ Trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber, Prisms (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1983).

Works by Theodor W. Adorno and others

(DE ) Horkheimer, M. and Adorno, T. W. [1944], Dialectic of Enlight- enment: Philosophical Fragments, Trans. Edmund Jephcott, Ed. Gunzelin Schmid Noerr (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002). List of Abbreviations xiii

Other Works

(CJ ) Kant, I. [1790], Critique of Judgement , Trans. Werner S. Pluhar (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987). (PS ) Hegel, G. W. F. [1807], Phenomenology of Spirit, Trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977). (Ai ) Hegel, G. W. F. [1835], Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art: Volume I , Trans. T. M. Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975 (paperback edition 1998)). (Aii ) Hegel, G. W. F. [1835], Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art: Volume II , Trans. T. M. Knox (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1975 (paperback edition 1998)). (CA ) Arnold, M. [1867–9], ‘Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism,’ Culture and Anarchy and Other Writings , Ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). (BT ) Nietzsche, F. [1872/1886], ‘The Birth of Tragedy,’ Trans. Ronald Speirs, The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings, Ed. Raymond Geusss (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). (LA ) Trotsky, L. On Literature and Art, Trans. Rose Strunsky et al., Ed. Paul N. Siegel (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970). (NL ) Rancière, J. [1981], The Nights of Labor: The Workers’ Dream in Nineteenth-Century France , Trans. John Drury (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989). (IS ) Rancière, J. [1987], The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation, Trans. Kristin Ross (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991). (PA ) Rancière, J. [2000], The Politics of Aesthetics: The Distribution of the Sensible , Trans. Gabriel Rockhill (London: Continuum, 2004). (PA I ) Rancière, J. and Hallward, P. ‘Politics and Aesthetics: An Interview,’ Trans. Forbes Morlock, Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities , Volume 8, Number 2, 2003 (Oxford: Taylor & Francis Journals). (AD ) Rancière, J. [2004], Aesthetics and its Discontents , Trans. Steven Corcoran (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009). (ES ) Rancière, J. [2008], The Emancipated Spectator , Trans. Gregory Elliott (London: Verso, 2009).

To be a philosopher you need only three things. First, infinite intellectual eros: endless curiosity about everything. Second, the ability to pay attention: to be rapt by what is in front of you without seizing it yourself, the care of concentration (…). Third, acceptance of pathlessness (aporia ): that there may be no solutions to questions, only the clarification of their statement. Eros, attention, acceptance. Gillian Rose, Paradiso , 42.

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