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Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar

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Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld Academia Grammaticorum Salensis Tertia Decima July 31 – August 7, 2016 Salos, Lithuania Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar Kees Hengeveld ACLC-University of Amsterdam Functional Discourse Grammar: 3 words FDG as one of four components • Functional • The grammatical component – Oriented primarily to linguistic forms that reflect the – The FDG itself, the central component instrumentality of language in human interaction – Embraces formulation and encoding • Discourse – Not an account of discourse, but of the Discourse Act and its • The conceptual component morphosyntactic and phonological encoding – Develops communicative intention – Focus on discourse-impacted overt grammatical phenomena • The contextual component • Grammar – Concerned with the organizational principles behind the – The model’s “eyes”, “memory”, “social awareness” systematicity of languages • The output component – Form-oriented function-to-form approach (H&M 39) – Conversion to acoustic, graphic or signed form Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 3 Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 4 The overall architecture of the grammatical component Top-down architecture • Formulation • Various top-down pathways through the – Interpersonal level grammar • rhetoric and pragmatics (evocation) – All communicative utterances involve the interpersonal and phonological levels – Representational level • semantics (designation) • Three degrees of complexity • Encoding – From interpersonal level to phonological encoding – From interpersonal level to morphosyntactic and – Morphosyntactic level then phonological encoding • syntax and morphology – From interpersonal and representational levels to – Phonological level morphosyntactic and phonological encoding • prosody and segmental phonology Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 5 Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 6 1 Layered architecture Goals of FDG • All levels involve internal layering • Account of morphosyntactically and/or phonologically – Discourse Acts group into Moves codified phenomena in languages – correlation with interpersonal or representational formulation – Discourse Acts consist of smaller units – ... or with inherent properties of encoding mechanisms – These smaller units may themselves have layers • Balance between functionalism and formalism – Similarly for other levels, in both formulation and – not “text grammar” but concerned with impact of textuality encoding on morphosyntactic and phonological form – There are default relations between layers across – not “syntacto-centric” but keen to display the interplay levels among phonology, morphosyntax, semantic and pragmatics in organizing human languages • Discourse Act (IL) ≈ Proposition (RL) ≈ Clause (ML) ≈ Intonational Phrase (PL) – formal, but treating formalisms as subservient to insight Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 7 Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 8 Link with language typology • Language user has knowledge of functional and formal units and the relations between them – stability > systematicity – limited variety across the systems > typology General architecture • FDG provides framework for enunciating universals – absolute vs relative • FDG provides framework for writing grammars – these feed into typological investigations • FDG cannot provide explanations – but links into 3 flanking components that reflect human mental and physical capacities Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 9 Conceptual Component Conceptual Component C C Frames, Formulation o Frames, Formulation o Lexemes, n Lexemes, n G G Operators t Operators t r Pragmatics, Semantics e r Pragmatics, Semantics e a x a x m t m t m u m u a Templates, Encoding a a Templates, Encoding a r Grammatical l r Grammatical l elements Morphosyntax, Phonology C elements Morphosyntax, Phonology C o o m m p p O o O o u Articulation n u Articulation n t e t e p n p n u Output t u Output t t t 2 Conceptual Component Frames, Formulation Lexemes, Frames, C Interpersonal & Formulation o Interpersonal Level Lexemes, n Representational G Operators t Operators r Pragmatics, Semantics e Representational Level a x m t m u Templates, Morphosyntactic a Templates, Encoding a Grammatical r Encoding Grammatical l morphemes, elements Morphosyntax, Phonology C M’syntactic Morphosyntactic Level o operators m p O o Phonological u Articulation n Templates, Encoding t e Suppletive forms, p n u Output t Phon. operators Phonological Level t Frames, Formulation Frames, Formulation Lexemes, Lexemes, Interpersonal & Interpersonal & Representational Interpersonal Level Representational Interpersonal Level Operators Representational Level Operators Representational Level Templates, Morphosyntactic Templates, Morphosyntactic Grammatical Encoding Grammatical Encoding morphemes, morphemes, M’syntactic Morphosyntactic Morphosyntactic Level Morphosyntactic Level operators operators Templates, Phonological Templates, Phonological Suppletive forms, Encoding Suppletive forms, Encoding Phon. operators Phonological Phonological Level Operators Phonological Level Frames, Formulation Lexemes, Structure of all layers Interpersonal & Representational Interpersonal Level Operators Representational Level (π v1: [head (v1)Φ]: [σ (v1)Φ]) – v = variable of relevant layer Templates, Morphosyntactic 1 – restricted by a head taking that variable as its argument Grammatical Encoding morphemes, • “v1, such that “head” of v1” Morphosyntactic – subscript index indicates coreference, and thereby also the Morphosyntactic Level position of the variable in a sequence of such variables operators – subscript Φ indicates the rhetorical, pragmatic (IL), Templates, Phonological semantic (RL) or syntactic function (ML) Suppletive forms, Encoding – v1 may be specified by an operator π Phonological – v1 may be further restricted by a modifier σ that takes the variable as its argument operators Phonological Level Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 18 3 Levels and Layers: Interpersonal Level Levels & Layers: Representational Level (M1: (A1: [(F1: ILL (F1)) (P1)S (P2)A (C1: [(T1) (R1)] (C1))] (A1)) (M1)) (p1: (ep1: (e1: (f1: [(f2: (f2)) (x1) ...] (f1)) (e1)) (ep1)) (p1)) M = Move p = Propositional Content A = Discourse Act ep = Episode F = Illocution e = State-of-Affairs P1, P2 = Participants f = Property C = Communicated Content Configurational Property (f1) T = AscripTive Subact Lexical Property (f2) R = Referential Subact x = Individual ... = {l, t, m, q, r} Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 19 Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 20 Levels and Layers: Morphosyntactic Level Levels and Layers: Phonological Level (Le1: (Cl1: (Xp1: (Xw1: [(Xs1) (aff1)] (Xw1)) (Xp1)) (Cl1)) (Le1)) (U1: (IP1: (PP1: (PW1: (F1: (S1) (F1)) (PW1)) (PP1)) (IP1)) (U1)) Le = Linguistic Expression U = Utterance Cl = Clause IP = Intonational Phrase Xp = Phrase (of type X) PP = Phonological Phrase Xw = Word (of type X) PW = Phonological Word Xs = Stem (of type X) F = Foot aff = Affix S = Syllable Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 21 Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 22 Frames, Formulation Lexemes, An example Interpersonal & (M1: (A1: [(F1: ILL (F1)) (P1)S (P2)A (C1: [(T1) (R1)] (C1))] (A1)) (M1)) Representational Operators (p1: (ep1: (e1: (f1: [(f2: (f2)) (x1) ...] (f1)) (e1)) (ep1)) (p1)) I like these bananas (id R ) Templates, Morphosyntactic I Grammatical Encoding (prox m x : [(f : /bə′nɑ:nə/ (f )) (x ) ]) morphemes, i i N i i Φ Morphosyntactic (Le1: (Cl1: (Xp1: (Xw1: [(Xs1) (aff1)] (Xw1)) (Xp1)) (Cl1)) (Le1)) (Npi: [(Gwi: this-pl (Gwi)) (Nwi: /bə′nɑ:nə/-pl (Nwi))] (Npi)) operators (PPi: [(PWi: /ði:z/ (PWi)) (PWj: /bə′nɑ:nəz/ (PWj))] (PPi)) Templates, Phonological Suppletive forms, Encoding Phonological operators (U1: (IP1: (PP1: (PW1: (F1: (S1) (F1)) (PW1)) (PP1)) (IP1)) (U1)) Introduction to Functional Discourse Grammar 24 4 Contents The Interpersonal Level in Functional Discourse Grammar • Linguistic action • Hierarchy of actions Kees Hengeveld • The Move ACLC -University of Amsterdam • The Discourse Act • The Illocution • The Participants • The Communicated Content • Subacts The Interpersonal Level 2 Linguistic action • The Interpersonal Level captures all distinctions of Formulation that pertain to the interaction between Speaker and Addressee (H&M: 46) • Not a model of actions but of the opportunities for Linguistic action and constraints on linguistic action • Rhetoric and pragmatics • Conceptual Component engenders ideas and intentions; available primitives (frames, lexemes, operators) restrict Speaker’s options • Distinction between Conceptual Component and Interpersonal Level underlies indirect speech acts (see H&M: 39-40; 73) The Interpersonal Level 4 Formalization: vertical dimension (π M1: Move (π A1: [ Discourse Act (π F1: ILL (F1): Σ (F1)) Illocution Hierarchy of actions (π P1: ... (P1): Σ (P1))S Speaker (π P2: ... (P2): Σ (P2))A Addressee (π C1: [ Comm’ d Content (π T1: [...] (T1): Σ (T1))Φ Ascriptive Subact (π R1: [...] (R1): Σ (R1))Φ Referential Subact ] (C1): Σ (C1))Φ Comm’d Content ] (A1): Σ (A1))Φ Discourse Act (M1): Σ (M1)) Move The Interpersonal Level 6 1 Formalization: horizontal dimension • Reflects temporal succession • Easy with Moves, but … • … gradually tougher with Discourse Acts (H&M: 49) • … and irrelevant with Subacts (arbitrary ordering; The Move H&M: 49) • Issue of relation between grammar and production – Left-to-right ordering required at ML and PL – In some cases, attractive
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