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Physics Research Project. a New Relativistic Approach in The Physics Research Project. A new relativistic approach in the continuity of the work of Henri Poincaré, Maurice Allais and Pierre Fuerxer Pierre Fuerxer, Jean-Charles Fuerxer To cite this version: Pierre Fuerxer, Jean-Charles Fuerxer. Physics Research Project. A new relativistic approach in the continuity of the work of Henri Poincaré, Maurice Allais and Pierre Fuerxer. 2021. hal-03283715 HAL Id: hal-03283715 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03283715 Preprint submitted on 12 Jul 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 April 2020 Physics Research Project. A new relativistic approach in the continuity of the work of Henri Poincaré, Maurice Allais and Pierre Fuerxer. Pierre Fuerxer, Jean-Charles Fuerxer In memory of Pierre Fuerxer 1 Prologue: In this paper we will approach relativity from a new perspective. Henri Poincaré has distinguished himself by a set of important contributions in the construction of the theory of relativity. Maurice Allais focused his work on the strength of the experimentation and highlighted, among other things, the Allais effect. Pierre Fuerxer, on the other hand, sought to take up the continuity of their work and apply his vision as a radarist. The principle of relativity affirms that the laws of physics are expressed in the same way in all inertial frame. An inertial reference frame is a frame moving in a straight line at constant speed. In his Principia Newton (Newton, 1687) distinguishes true and mathematical absolute space and relative space, absolute time and relative time. Absolute space is independent, unrelated to external things, it is immutable; relative space is a moving dimension or simply a measure of absolute spaces. As for time, absolute or mathematical time is the measure of the duration that also flows unrelated to anything outside itself; relative time, apparent and common, is a sensitive and external measure of the duration that is performed by means of movement and is used in place of true time, such as an hour, a day. The principle of low equivalence says that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal regardless of the body subject to the choice of an appropriate unit system. This means that all bodies subjected to the same gravitational field (and without any other external influence, therefore in the void) fall simultaneously when they are released simultaneously. What their internal compositions are. Many experiments are regularly carried out, including one of the last 2 carried out on board a satellite in orbit with the Microscope mission aiming for a measurement accuracy of around 10-15 (Onera, 2016). All of those principles are based on a key concept. What does the experimenter see in his position? Whether it's in a lab or in a straight-line train at constant speed. The notion of a inertial frame and the comparison of results between different observers and/or referential is the common denominator in all these reflections. The main point to remember is that when an observer positions himself in a inertial frame, it implies to him that the expression of forces is made regarding the origin of his frame. It also leads to a supplementary question: Do we study science in the most relevant frame? The choice of a system is also dictated by the need to simplify the calculations. We place ourselves in the most interesting system and then transpose the result into the observer's system. We therefore guess that the judicious choice of a frame and/or geometry can have a significant impact on our approach to a problem. Initially, scientists worked very well on Galilean frame. James Clerk Maxwell's work on electromagnetic waves has shown the "c" propagation speed of (Maxwell, 1861) electromagnetic waves in the vacuum as a constant. Raising then the problem of the system in which these waves move, since this constant came in opposition to what had been planned according to the laws of classical kinematics. If the rate of propagation of the waves is a constant then it should be in a reference frame in which its velocity is expressed. It was there that Michelson and Morley attempted to deduce the earth's velocity in relation to this absolute frame. The result considered "zero" of the experimentation of the interferometer leading them to conclude that they could not highlight the presence of this reference frame (the Ether) (Morley, 1887) Many scientists have mobilized and we find Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz with the contractions of Lorentz that allow to define equations of change of system taking into account a contraction effect of lengths as well as a dilation of time. (Poincaré, Sur la dynamique de l'électron, 1905) The purpose of this introduction is to remind us of our basic need. Define a set of frames that allow us to express physical laws and thus understand our world. That is, to allow an observer to describe with completeness and reliability his environment near and far. I suggest that you re- explore a few references frame and their passing formulas together. The last important point is that there is relativity only if and only if there is a change of coordinate system. The principle of relativity being that the laws of physics are invariant by change of inertial system. 3 2 Recall and state of the art 2.1 The different formulas of passage: For each type of coordinate system, there are formulas linking the space and time coordinates of mobiles between different systems, relativity will say "coordinates in space- time". We will therefore analyze the formulas established for all existing coordinate system, both Galilean and introduced by the theory of restricted relativity. We will then discuss the relationships linking the coordinates and apparent speeds in the moving coordinate system to those observed in a reference system that we will arbitrarily refer to as the "fixed coordinate system". Before describing the different coordinate system and the formulas of passage between them, an introductory remark is necessary. We must never forget that the reference frame we are going to talk about are theoretical constructs. In reality, we are often unable to make the topography and build them. We are talking about time, Cartesian coordinates, whereas we can measure only directions and in a few special cases, the travel time of light on a segment as well as the doppler shift. Finally, as we shall see, since the gravitational curvature of the light rays has been confirmed, the optical observations themselves will be questionable. (B. Bertotti, 2003) That said, we will study successively the Galilean reference frame, a first type of system designated by Pierre Fuerxer of "electromagnetic reference frame" and then relativistic reference frame. Finally, since we know that gravitation is undulating, I will end by introducing a new type of reference frame, the "undulating reference frame" (al., 2016), built by Pierre Fuerxer on a fully undulating physics. 2.1.1 Galilean reference frame: The formulas corresponding to the Galilean reference frame are so simple that they are rarely explained. We do this so that the differences introduced by the other coordinate system appear more clearly. These equations are written: x = x − v t y = y z = z t = t This is a change of reference between four-dimensional vector spaces, even if time plays a slightly different role than other coordinates. The choice of these changes of coordinate system, 4 however, has a serious drawback: the choice of a universal time forbids fixing at the value "C" the maximum speed of any mobile, and in particular that of light. This would mean that for a system (x',y',z',t') moving at the "C" speed, any object launched into the system (x',y',z',t') at the ox' axis v speed would have a speed in the system (x,y,z,t) greater than "C" (Figure 1). Figure 1: Situation Scheme 2.1.2 A first type of electromagnetic reference frame: In the sense of the current theory of relativity, these electromagnetic coordinate system are pre-relativistic systems in which the reference clock of a moving system would be synchronized to the time of a supposedly fixed system, supposedly known in all places. This time would be related to the medium of propagation of electromagnetic waves. In these times, a local time is obtained in a mobile location by exchanging optical messages with the fixed system clock. There is then an absolute time, linked to the fixed transmission medium. In the mobile system, it is possible to define a local time, different from that of the fixed system, as soon as the X' coordinate is not zero. The passage formulas are obtained by introducing into the passage formulas the defect of synchronicity due to the process of broadcasting the time in the mobile coordinate system: v x t = t − c 2 − v 2 avec : x = x − v t The formulas for passage are therefore, with β v/c: x = x − v t y = y z = z 1 v x t = t − 1− 2 c 2 At point O', the origin of the mobile coordinate system, it is clear that the clock of the mobile framework is synchronized to the time of the fixed system, but this synchronicity is not achieved at any point.
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