MUNICIPAL Feed the Future District Profile Series - February 2017 - Issue 1

DISTRICT PROFILE CONTENT Bawku Municipal is one of the districts in the . It shares boundaries with District to the 1. Cover Page North, District to the South, Garu- to the East and Bawku West to the west. The district covers 2. USAID Project Data an estimated land area of 247.23 km2 and has a 3-5. Agricultural Data population of 106,154 of which 55,247 are females and 50,906 are males . The average household size in the 6. Health, Nutrition and Sanitation district is 6.2 persons. The boxes below contain relevant 7. USAID Presence economic indicators such as per capita expenditure and poverty prevalence for a better understanding of its 8. Demographic and Weather Data development. 9. Discussion Questions

Poverty Prevalence 10.9 % Daily per capita expenditure 3.62 USD Households with moderate or severe hunger 51.9% Household Size 6.2 members Poverty7 Depth 3.3 % Total Population of the Poor 11,571

1 USAID PROJECT DATA

This section contains data and information related to USAID sponsored interventions in Bawku Municipal

The number of direct USAID beneficiaries* Table 1: USAID Projects Info, Bawku Municipal, 2014-2016 Beneficiaries Data 2014 2015 2016 remained low during the observed period as Table 1 Direct Beneficiaries 236 2 3 2 73 Male 2 0 5 7 shows. No nucleus farmer is currently operating in Female 111 2 3 2 16 Undefined 123 Nucleus Farmers 0 0 n/a the Municipality and no demonstration plot has Male Female been established to support beneficiary training. No Undefined Demoplots 0 0 n/a Male agricultural loan was facilitated by USAID Female Undefined intervention as shown in Table 1. Investment and Impact Ag. Rural loans 0 0 0 USAID Projects Present 1 Beneficiaries Score 1.0 0.0 0.0 Presence Score 2014-2016 0.7 Direct beneficiaries yields and gross margins for the District Flag 2014-2016 Yellow Source: USAID Project Reporting, 2014-2016 Source: USAID Project Reporting, 2014-2015 Municipality are not made available in Table1. The

presence of USAID development work is low, with

a low number of beneficiaries, no demo plots and

agricultural loans during 2014-2016. This resulted in

a USAID presence score** of 0.7 out of 4. In

The presence calculation addition, the district is flagged YELLOW**** includes the number of direct beneficiaries and Agricultural Rural loans. indicating that while the project presence or

intervention is low, the impact indicators signal

progress of the area as compared to 2012. Find

more details on USAID Presence vs. Impact scoring

on page 7.

* “Direct Beneficiary, an individual who comes in direct contact with a set of interventions” FTF Handbook, 2016 , ** and ***Presence and Flag Ranges are explained in page 7

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 2 AGRICULTURAL DATA

This section contains agricultural data for Bawku Municipal, such as production by commodity, gross margins and yields.

Several commodities constitute agricultural Figure 1: Share of Agricultural Production, by Commodity, in Bawku Municipal, 2010 - 2015 production in Bawku Municipal, such as maize, rice, Sweet Potato Cowpea 9.3% 3.7% groundnut, sorghum, sweet potato and others Soybean 8.9% produced during 2010-2015 as shown in Figure 1. Sorghum Bawku Municipal is the largest producer of agricul- 9.6% Maize tural commodities in the Upper East Region, 24.1% accounting for 21.7% of the regional agricultural Rice 21.0% production in 2015. It is ranked first in the produc- Millet 12.6% tion of maize in the Region. Source: Agriculture Report 2012, 2013, 2014, MOFA

Gross margins and yields of USAID beneficiaries for maize and rice are not available for the Municipality. Yield data, presented in Figure 3, contain values of yields of three commodities: maize, rice and Figure 2: Yields of Maize, Rice and Soybean, beneficaries and district's average, MT/ha, 2013-2015 5 4.4 soybean in 2015, 2014 and 2013 as reported from 4.5 4 3.5 two sources: MOFA and APS. 3 2.51 2.45 2.5 2.37 2.38 2 1.68 1.31 1.25 1.43 1.43 1.5 0.99 1 0.59 0.5 0.19 0 The infographic below shows a summary of agricul- Maize Soybean Rice Maize Soybean Rice Maize Soybean Rice 2015 2014 2013 tural statistics for Bawku Municipal, as captured in USG Beneficiaries Others-APS Others-MofA the Agriculture Production Survey, 2013. Source: Agriculture Project Reporting 2015, Agriculture Report 2014, MOFA, Agriculture Production Survey, 2013, Kansas State University

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 3 AGRICULTURAL DATA

This section contains agricultural data for Bawku Municipal, such as production by commodity, gross margins and yields.

Table 2: Agricultural Production and Yields in Bawku Municipal, 2010-2015, in MT and MT/ha Commodity 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Total Cowpea 2,525 2,572 2,677 5,296 2,064 3,430 18,564 Groundnut 7,720 8,575 10,902 4,109 11,207 12,816 55,329 Maize 17,503 17,184 17,290 15,949 28,566 25,893 122,385 Millet 9,388 9,370 8,885 10,183 11,750 14,160 63,736 Rice 21,149 19,109 18,008 17,276 13,000 17,920 106,462 Sorghum 7,648 8,428 8,900 8,806 6,952 7,830 48,564 Soybean 7,554 8,069 9,454 1,766 8,635 9,420 44,898 Sweet Potato 11,160 13,427 328 11,124 11,187 47,226 Yields in MT/Ha 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Cowpea 0.79 0.80 0.70 1.30 0.60 1.00 Groundnut 0.62 0.70 0.86 0.90 0.70 0.80 Maize 1.39 1.36 1.30 1.20 2.30 2.10 Millet 0.96 0.96 0.90 0.98 1.00 1.20 Rice 3.72 3.51 3.44 3.35 2.00 2.80 Sorghum 0.88 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.80 0.90 Soybean 1.16 1.23 1.25 1.43 1.10 1.20 Sweet Potato 9.00 10.02 9.94 10.80 9.90

Infographic 2: Average Land size, Yields, Sales and other Farm indicators in Bawku Municipal, 2013

$ - $ 220.9 0.81 1.42 8% 121.2 135.2

$ - $ 0.51 1.35 47% 194.6 46.3 72.7 TOTAL TOTAL 0.41 118.9 19.2 385.6 0.41 61% Average Land Size, ha Yied, MT/ha Sales, % Gross Margin*, USD/ha Variable Costs*, USD/farm Revenue in USD/farm

Source: Agriculture Production Survey, Kansas State University, 2013 *Gross margin, variable cost and farm revenue captured from the APS in infographic 2 have been converted to USD using 2012 exchange rates (1.88 GHC to $1 USD) to align with the ‘farmer recall’ survey methodology deployed.

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 4 AGRICULTURAL DATA

This section contains information on domains of empowerment of Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index for Bawku Municipal

What is the Women Empowerment in Bawku Municipal Results Agriculture Index? Women play a prominent role in agriculture. Yet they The results of both male and female respondents on the face persistent economic and social constraints. Wom- four domains are displayed in Figure 3. en’s empowerment is a main focus of Feed the Future in Production Domain: women feel comfortable with order to achieve its objectives of inclusive agriculture providing input related to production decisions as sector growth and improved nutritional status. The indicated by 79.2% of the women of the survey sample. WEAI is comprised of two weighted sub-indexes: However, they have less control over the use of Domains Empowerment Index (5DE) and Gender Parity household income– only 56.9% of women vs. 88.1% of Index (GPI). The 5DE examines the five domains of male respondents. empowerment: production, resources, income, leader- ship and time. The GPI compares the empowerment of Resource Domain: a good majority of the women women to the empowerment of their male counterpart have a right to asset ownership and to purchase and in the household. This section presents the results from move assets– 72.8% and 77.5% respectively. Only 19.4% of the women have the right to decide or have access to these empowerment indicators of the 5DE for Bawku credit, compared to 23.5% of the male respondents. Municipal, part of a bigger survey conducted by Kansas State University. Leadership Domain: A majority of women, 66.1% and The Domains: what do they represent? 75%, have the right to group membership and public The Production domain assesses the ability of individuals speaking respectively. to provide input and autonomously make decisions about agricultural production. The Resources domain Time Domain: A majority of women and men in reflects individuals’ control over and access to produc- Bawku Municipal are satisfied with the workload in their tive resources. The Income domain monitors individuals’ everyday life– 68.3% and 70.6% respectively. The values ability to direct the financial resources derived from remain more or less the same with respect to agricultural production or other sources. The Leadership satisfaction with leisure time; 76.1% of women and 75.9% domain reflects individuals’ social capital and comfort of men are satisfied with the amount of leisure time at speaking in public within their community. The Time their disposal. domain reflects individuals’ workload and satisfaction with leisure time.

Figure 3: Results of Domains of Empowerment from WEAI 2015, in Adequacy & percent, Bawku Municial, 2015 Differences 120 97.8 97.7 Highest differences between male and female respondents 89.7 100 88.1 84.2 79.2 75.9 72.9 77.5 72.3 75 70.6 76.1 observed within production and income domain: control 80 66.1 68.3 56.9 60 over use of income and resources domain: asset owner- 40 23.5 ship and right to purchase and sell assets. 19.4 20 Adequacy: Together, men and women achieve adequacy in 0 Input in Control Over Asset Right to Access to and Group Public Satisfaction Satisfaction all indicators but access to and decision on credit, group Production Use of Ownership Purchase Sell Decision on Membership Speaking with with Leisure Decision Household and Transfer Credit Workload Time membership and satisfaction with workload and leisure Income Assets time. In addition men achieve adequacy in input in Production and Income Resources Domain Leadership Domain Time Domain Domain production decision, control over use of income, asset Women Men ownership right to purchase and sell assets, public Source: PBS, 2015, Kansas State University, METSS speaking, while women do not.

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 5 HEALTH, NUTRITION AND SANITATION

This section contains facts and figures related to Health, Nutrition and Sanitation in Bawku Municipal

Infograph 3 focuses on the health and nutrition of

Infograph 3: Health and Nutrition Figures, Bawku Municipal, 2015 women and children in the district. Percentages and

absolute numbers are revealed in the respective circles Children Stunting, 17.9%, 2,566 for stunting, wasting, children and women underweight

Women Dietary Diversity Score, 4, only 32.6%, 8,603 women reach minimum Children Underweight as well as Women Dietary Diversity Score: The WDDS is dietary diversity 17.9%, 2,566 based on nine food groups.

A woman’s score is based on the sum of different food

Women Underweight, Wasting in Children, 9.6% 2,533 17.9%, 2,566 groups consumed in the 24 hours prior to the interview.

Women Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD-W)

Source: PBS 2015, Kansas State University, 2015, represents the proportion of women consuming a

minimum of five food groups out of the possible ten food

groups based on their dietary intake. The Dietary

diversity score of women in Bawku Municipal is 4, which

Figure 4: Household dwelling Characteristics, Bawku means that women consume on average 4 types of food Municipal, 2015 out of 10. Only one third (32.6%) reach the minimum Access to Electricity 51.2 dietary diversity of 5 food groups. The Women Dietary Access to Solid Fuel 97.7 Diversity Score is the highest in the Upper East Region. Persons Per Sleep Room 1.3

Improved Sanitation 24.1

Access to Improved Water Source 97.7 Figure 4 displays specifics of household dwelling,

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Percent evaluated based on sources of water, energy, waste

disposal, cooking fuel source, and the number of people

Source: PBS 2015, Kansas State University, 2015, per sleep room as measured from the PBS Survey, 2015.

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 6 PRESENCE VS. IMPACT MATRIX

This section provides an analysis of USAID presence vis-a-vis impact indicators in Bawku Municipal

Presence vs. Impact reveals in more detail the presence of the Feed the Future Implementing Partners in the field, in combination with impact indicators measured by the Population Based Survey in 2012 and 2015: per capita expenditure & prevalence of poverty. This combination aims to show relevance of the presence of key indicators measuring progress/regress in the area. The following graphs are a print screen of the Presence vs. Impact Dashboard focusing on Bawku Municipal. Both key impact indicators, ‘prevalence of poverty’ and ‘per capita expenditure’, have improved. See Figure 5 and 7. In 2015, poverty decreased by 54.2 percentage points to 10.9% compared to 2012, leaving the population of the poor at 11,571 persons. In addition, in 2015 per capita expenditure increased by 21.9 percent to 3.62 USD. This is accompanied by a low USAID presence score of 0.7 out of 4. Therefore, the Municipality is flagged YELLOW (low presence and improving impact indicators). Bawku Municipal is a typical district in which clear signs of improvement can be observed amid very little intervention from USAID. That said, the GOG and other donors interventions have not been captured in the calculation. However, there is the need to explore the type of interventions that must be offered to give a further push to the existing development pace in Bawku Municipal.

Figure 5: Poverty in % and Poverty Change in percentage points, 2012,2015, USAID District Presence Score Bawku Municipal

40.0% 0.0% s 23.80% t

Poverty Change i n 20.0% 10.90% o 2012-2015 p

NO USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE e

t --52.2% a g

n 0.0% t e n c e r c e

-20.0% Bawku Municipal r P e

P n

LOW USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE i -40.0% -40.0% i n y

t r e e g

v -60.0% a n o h P

BELOW AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE C

-80.0% y t r

-100.0% e v o AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE -120.0% -80.0% P Poverty/ 2012 Poverty/2015 Poverty Change 2012-2015 ABOVE AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE Figure 6: Population of Poor, Non - Poor Bawku HIGH USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE 160000 140000 r s

e 120000 b m u

n 100000

i n

USAID District Presence Vs. Impact Flag

n 80000

i o 94,582 t l a

u 60000 p o BELOW AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND P 40000 CONTRADICTING IMPACT INDICATORS 20000 11,571 0 ABOVE AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND BAWKU MUNICIPAL Population Poor 2015 Population of NonPoor 2015 CONTRADICTING IMPACT INDICATORS BELOW AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND Figure 7: Per Capita Expenditure in 2012 and 2015, in USD/day; Per Capita REGRESSING IMPACT INDICATORS Expenditure Change in percent, Bawku Municipal Per Capita Exp.

Change t n

21.9% e

ABOVE AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND c y 7 40% r a e d

20% P 3.62USD

IMPROVING IMPACT INDICATORS D / 6 n i

0% e U S

-20% g n

i 5 a n 2.97USD s BELOW AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND -40% h e C r

u -60% 4 s t i e r IMPROVING IMPACT INDICATORS d -80% u n t i e 3 d

p -100% n x e E -120% p

ABOVE AVERAGE USAID DISTRICT PRESENCE AND a

2 x t i

-140% E a a p t

-160% i REGRESSING IMPACT INDICATORS C 1

r -180% a p e C P

0 -200% r e Bawku Municipal P PC Exp. 2012 PC Exp. 2015 PC/Change Source: Figure 9,10,11, Population based Survey, 2012,2015, Kansas State University, METSS, USAID Project Reporting 2014,2015

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 7 DEMOGRAPHICS & WEATHER

This section contains facts and figures related to Bawku Municipal demographics, religious affiliation, literacy and weather indicators

Figure 8: Household composition by groupage, Bawku Municipal, 2015 Bawku Municipal has a population of 106,154 of which Children 0 to 4 12.9% 55,247 are females and 50,906 are males. The average Adult Males 27.4% household size in the Municipality is 6.2 persons.

Bawku Municipal lies in the tropical continental climacteric zone. Average precipitation and temperature Children 5 to 17 35.5% are similar to the other districts in the Upper East

Adult Females Region. Figure 8 shows the average maximal and minimal 24.2% temperatures as well as yearly average precipitation. Source: PBS, 2015, Kansas State University, METSS Bawku Municipal, like many other districts in the Upper Figure 9: Religious Affiliation, Bawku Municipal, 2010 in % East Region has a relatively young population as shown in Figure 5 with almost 50% of the population falling in the No Religion 0.6% age range: 0 to 17 years old. Others 0.1% Traditionalist CatholicProtestant Pentecostal/Charismatic In terms of religious affiliation, the majority of the 3.7% 6.1% 3.0% 4.0% population are Muslims (80.9%) followed by Christians, Other Christians who account for 14.6% of the population. For more 1.5% details refer to Figure 6.

The Municipality accounts for an adult illiteracy rate of 78.2%. 7.8% went through primary school only while 12.5% made it further to secondary school. Islam 80.9%

Source: Bawku Municipal Analytical Report, GSS, 2010

Figure 10: Education Attainment in Bawku Figure 11: Average Accumulated Precipitation in mm and Municipal, 2015, in % Average Temperature in Celcius, in Bawku Municipal, 2008-2015

Secondary Level Education, 1400 1,333.08 38

12.50% 36 s m 1200 i u m l c 34

1000 e i n C

Primary Level 32

i n Education, 7.8% 800 706.89

ti o 30 e r a

544.10 u i t 532.68 28 600 479.34 473.33 t a i p 400.55 396.33 r

c 26 e e

400 p r 24 m P

200 e 22 T 0 20 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Accumulated Percipitation, in mm Average Max. Temperature Average Min. Temperature No Educaton, 78.2%

Source: awhere Weather Platform, AWhere, 2016 Source: PBS 2015, Kansas State University

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 8 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This section contains discussion questions and potential research topics as a result of the data and analysis presented on Bawku Municipal

QUESTION I QUESTION 2

Given Bawku Municipal’s agricultural production, What other agricultural or nutrition focused health and sanitation figures, as well as results from development partner or GoG interventions have the presence vs impact matrix, where should previously been implemented, are ongoing, USAID development work focus on in the next and/or are in the pipeline that may impact Bawku two years? What future development assistance Municipal’s development? would be helpful for Bawku Municipal in order to change the district flag to green?

QUESTION 3

Bawku Municipal has some very good development indicators: poverty is the lowest in the Upper West Region and has even decreased further, per capita has increased and boasts better agricultural production than the other districts. Yet intervention in this district is low. Why?

The Feed the Future Ghana District Profile Series is produced for the USAID Office of Economic Growth in Ghana by the Monitoring, Evaluation and Technical Support Services (METSS) Project. The METSS Project is implemented through:

The information provided is not official U.S. government information and does not represent the views or positions of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S. Government.

All data and information including full citations can be accessed at www.ghanalinks.org 9