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Evaluation of Exposure to and Human Health Risks from Pcpps in Drinking Water from Lake Erie

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Evaluation of Exposure to and Human Health Risks from Pcpps in Drinking Water from Lake Erie Evaluation of Exposure to and Human Health Risks from PCPPs in Drinking Water from Lake Erie FINAL REPORT By: Michelle Homan, Ph.D. Hwidong Kim, Ph.D. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Gannon University November 14, 2018 Project Period: February 1, 2016 - September 30, 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Background ................................................................................................................................. 3 Project Goals and Objectives ...................................................................................................... 4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 5 OBJECTIVE 1: Determination of the concentrations of target PPCPs ...................................... 5 1. Sampling site .................................................................................................................... 6 2. Sampling methods ............................................................................................................ 8 3. Analytical methods ......................................................................................................... 13 4. Determination of PPCP concentration in water phase from POCIS analytical results .. 13 OBJECTIVE 2: Comparison of ELISA with Lab Analysis Results ......................................... 15 OBJECTIVE 3: Human Health Risk Assessment .................................................................... 17 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................. 19 OBJECTIVE 1: Determination of the concentrations of target PPCPs .................................... 19 1. General water quality ..................................................................................................... 19 2. Sampling rates ................................................................................................................ 20 3. PPCPs in Grab samples .................................................................................................. 23 4. POCIS sampler results ................................................................................................... 25 Objective 2: ELISA versus Analytical Results ......................................................................... 30 Objective 3: Human Health Risk Assessment .......................................................................... 32 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 35 Future Research ........................................................................................................................ 35 i Citations ........................................................................................................................................ 37 Appendix A: Metrics..................................................................................................................... 40 Appendix B: Impact and/or Accomplishment Statement(s) ......................................................... 41 Appendix C: Raw Data ................................................................................................................. 43 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. (a) Location of the Wasielewski water treatment plant and (b) sampling points within the Wasielewski water treatment plant ............................................................................... 7 Figure 2. (a) an assembly of membrane discs and holder (b) and (c) sampling canister with POCIS membrane discs and holder .................................................................................... 9 Figure 3. A schematic of POCIS deployment setup (treated water) ............................................. 10 Figure 4. Sampling containers installed at (a) water treatment plant and (b) low duty pump station ................................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 5. Sampling schedule for grab samples and POCIS sampler deployment ........................ 12 Figure 6. Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations of water samples over time .......... 19 Figure 7. Frequency of detection of PPCPs in raw and treated samples (grab samples) .............. 24 Figure 8. Frequency of detection of PPCPs in POCIS sampler .................................................... 27 Figure 9. Comparison of atrazine, caffeine and simazine concentrations in raw and treated water samples (retrieved from POCIS sampler analytical results) ............................................. 29 Figure 10. Scatterplot and Bland-Altman plots from LC-MS/MS and ELISA test for Atrazine at various dilutions (3 replicates) .......................................................................................... 30 Figure 11. Scatterplot and Bland-Altman plots from LC-MS/MS and ELISA test for Triclosan at various dilutions (3 replicates) .......................................................................................... 31 Figure 12. Scatterplot of results from LC-MS/MS and ELISA test for caffeine at various dilutions (3 replicates)....................................................................................................... 31 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Summary of PPCPs Included in this Study ...................................................................... 5 Table 2. A summary of experimental setup for determination of sampling rates......................... 14 Table 3. Summary of Dilutions and Replicates for Validation Study .......................................... 15 Table 4. Summary of RfD values for Target PPCPs .................................................................... 18 Table 5. Analytical results of raw- and treated water samples for basic water quality parameters (total number of samples = 45) ...................................................................................... 20 Table 6. POCIS sampling rates results estimated from analytes remained in the solution .......... 21 Table 7. A summary of PPCPs in grab samples .......................................................................... 25 Table 8. A summary of concentrations of PPCPs estimated based on POCIS analytical results . 28 Table 9. Summary of Risk Calculations using Maximum PPCP Values in Treated Drinking Water .............................................................................................................................. 33 Table 10 (Appendix). PPCP concentrations in grab samples ....................................................... 43 Table 11 (Appendix). PPCP concentrations in POCIS samplers .................................................. 46 Table 12 (Appendix). Water quality data (raw water samples) .................................................... 52 Table 13 (Appendix). Water quality data (treated water samples) ............................................... 53 iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The overall goal of this research project was to evaluate the exposure to and human health risks associated with pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water originating from Lake Erie. Three specific research objectives were identified and completed as part of this project including: ● to determine the concentrations of 8 target PPCPs (acetaminophen, ampicillin, caffeine, metformin, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole, triclosan, and trimethoprim) and an additional 10 analytes in raw and treated drinking water from Lake Erie; ● to evaluate whether the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an effective method for screening and characterizing PPCPs in drinking water; and ● to quantify the human health risks from exposure to trace levels of PPCPs in drinking water from Lake Erie. To achieve the first objective, raw and treated water samples were collected from the Wasielewski Water Treatment Plant in Erie, Pennsylvania between October 2016 and August 2017. Along with grab samples, long-term samples were collected using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS). Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography- mass spectroscopy (LC-MS-MS) by an accredited laboratory. For short-term samples, six of the 18 PPCPs were found at detectable levels in raw or treated drinking water including atrazine, bisphenol-A, caffeine, ibuprofen, metformin and simazine. In the majority of cases, analyte levels in treated water were lower compared to raw water samples. For long-term samples, an additional four PPCPs (ten total) were found at detectable levels including gemfibrozil, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Aqueous phase concentrations of PPCPs were estimated using sampling rates, deployment periods and analytical results of POCIS samplers. Similar to the grab sample results, the concentration of
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