DOCSLIB.ORG

ARE MINIMUM WAGES a SILENT KILLER? NEW EVIDENCE on DRUNK DRIVING FATALITIES Joseph J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ARE MINIMUM WAGES a SILENT KILLER? NEW EVIDENCE on DRUNK DRIVING FATALITIES Joseph J ARE MINIMUM WAGES A SILENT KILLER? NEW EVIDENCE ON DRUNK DRIVING FATALITIES Joseph J. Sabia, M. Melinda Pitts, and Laura M. Argys* Abstract—In volume 94 of this REVIEW, Adams, Blackburn, and Cotti alcohol-related traffic fatalities involving teen drivers. (ABC), using Fatal Accident Reporting System data from 1998 to 2006, find that a 10% increase in the minimum wage is associated with a 7% to Across a wide set of specifications, estimated alcohol-related 11% increase in alcohol-related fatal traffic accidents involving teen dri- fatal accident elasticities are very small and consistently vers. We find this result does not hold when the analysis period is indistinguishable from 0 at conventional statistical levels. expanded to include 1991 through 2013. In addition, auxiliary analyses provide no support for income-driven increases in alcohol consumption, Auxiliary analyses of data from the Current Population Sur- the primary mechanism posited by ABC. Together, our results suggest vey (CPS), the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), and the that minimum wage increases are not a silent killer. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) also provide little support for ABC’s proposed mechanism of I. Introduction income-induced increases in alcohol consumption. In fact, our results show that minimum wage increases are associated N volume 94, number 3 of this REVIEW. Adams, Black- with modest declines in teen alcohol consumption, likely due I burn, and Cotti (2012, hereafter ABC), use data on fatal to adverse labor demand effects. Together, our results sug- accidents from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System gest that minimum wage increases are not a silent killer. (FARS) between 1998 and 2006 and find that minimum wage increases are associated with increases in alcohol- II. Fatal Accidents Involving Teen Drivers related fatal traffic accidents involving drivers aged 16 to 20.1 They estimate elasticities ranging from 0.72 to 1.1, Our analysis begins with data from FARS, the same which suggest that a 10% increase in the minimum wage source as ABC. The FARS is a census of all accidents on would lead to an additional 115 to 176 fatal accidents invol- U.S. public roads that resulted in one or more fatalities ving teen drivers. These elasticities are surprisingly large within thirty days of the accident. Information from police given much smaller estimates of the impact of the minimum reports, medical records, driver licensing registries, state wage on earnings.2 The authors’ findings persist after con- highway departments, and medical examiners is combined trolling for changes in non-alcohol-related teen fatal acci- to provide a detailed picture of drivers, vehicles, and the dents, which they interpret as evidence that minimum wage circumstances surrounding each fatal accident.3 hikes increase alcohol consumption. We draw data from 1991 to 2013 and estimate an empiri- We reinvestigate ABC’s intriguing finding over a longer cal model identical to that of ABC: time period that includes many large state and federal mini- À1 0 mum wage increases, 1991 to 2013, and find little support for U ðÞ¼Fst Xstb1 þ b2MWst þ gs þ dt þ lst; (1) the claim that higher minimum wages lead to an increase in where Fst is the alcohol-related fatal accident rate for dri- vers ages 16 to 20 in state s during year t, using the National Received for publication February 10, 2017. Revision accepted for pub- lication December 11, 2017. Editor: Amitabh Chandra. Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) imputed * Sabia: San Diego State University, University of New Hampshire, values when there is missing information on the blood alco- ESSPRI, and IZA; Pitts: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta; Argys: Univer- 4 hol content (BAC) of drivers ; Xst is a vector of controls sity of Colorado Denver and IZA. We thank Dhaval Dave, Jesse Hinde, and participants at the European used in the ABC study (beer taxes, BAC .08 driving law, Health Economics Association meetings at the University of Hamburg in teen unemployment rate, per capita income, non-alcohol- Hamburg, Germany, and the International Health Economics World Con- related teen traffic accidents, and state population); MW is gress at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, for useful comments and sug- st gestions on an earlier draft of this paper. J.S. acknowledges grant funding the higher of the state or federal minimum wage (averaged from the Charles Koch Foundation used to support graduate research over the calendar year in 2006 dollars); Zs is a time-invar- assistants on this project at the University of New Hampshire and San iant state effect; d is a state-invariant year effect; and FÀ1 Diego State University. We thank Brittany Bass, Thanh Tam Nguyen, and t Timothy Young for excellent research assistance. The views expressed here are our own and do not necessarily represent the views of the Federal 3 The intent of including BAC reports in the FARS data is to provide an Reserve Bank of Atlanta or the Federal Reserve System. accurate measure of alcohol content and the frequency of alcohol- A supplemental appendix is available online at http://www.mitpress impaired accidents. In the FARS data, 53.2% of all drivers involved in journals.org/doi/suppl/10.1162/rest_a_00761. fatal accidents since 1991 included no BAC test result. For these drivers, 1 This age range includes typical drivers below the legal drinking age. an imputed BAC, which depends on a number of observed characteristics, Though this group includes 20-year-olds, following ABC we refer to including driver age, gender, and driving record, an indicator of the tim- these as ‘‘teen drivers’’ throughout the paper. ing and nature of the crash, and an indicator that the officer at the scene 2 An extensive body of literature suggests that estimated hourly earn- suspected alcohol involvement, is estimated (see Subramanian, 2002, and ings elasticities with respect to the minimum wage range from 0.1 to 0.2 Subramanian & Utter, 2003, for a description of the imputation process). in recent studies of teens (Allegretto, Dube, & Reich, 2011; Neumark & 4 ABC describe their dependent variable as ‘‘the number of fatal acci- Wascher, 2008; Sabia, 2009). The magnitude of ABC’s estimated alco- dents in a state for which a 16- 20-year-old had a blood alcohol concentra- hol-related fatal accident elasticity is nearly four times larger than the tion that was greater than 0.’’ We infer that they count accidents in which expected hourly earnings elasticity. a 16- to 20-year-old driver has a positive BAC. The Review of Economics and Statistics, March 2019, 101(1): 192–199 Ó 2019 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology doi:10.1162/rest_a_00761 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/rest_a_00761 by guest on 26 September 2021 ARE MINIMUM WAGES A SILENT KILLER? 193 TABLE 1.—SUMMARY STATISTICS Means (Standard Deviation) [N] FARS (annual state-level counts for drivers ages 16–20) Average imputed alcohol-related fatal accidents 30.764 (33.273) [1,173] Total fatal accidents 129.15 (131.05) [1,173] Nighttime fatal accidents 70.633 (75.072) [1,173] Daytime fatal accidents 57.848 (56.615) [1,173] Weekend fatal accidents 58.219 (61.750) [1,173] Weekday fatal accidents 70.263 (69.541) [1,173] YRBS (individuals ages 16–18) Alcohol consumption in last 30 Days 0.486 (0.500) [640,017] Binge drinking in last 30 days 0.313 (0.464) [666,035] Binge drinking 3 or more times in last 30 days 0.147 (0.354) [666,035] Drunk driving 0.140 (0.347) [651,680] BRFSS (individuals ages 18–20) Alcohol consumption in last 30 days 0.418 (0.493) [114,958] Binge drinking in last 30 days 0.212 (0.409) [113,735] Binge drinking 3 or more times in last 30 days 0.106 (0.308) [113,735] Drunk driving 0.034 (0.180) [60,729] CPS (individuals ages 16–20) Hourly earnings/employment 7.29 (4.53) [233,336] Usual weekly earnings 80.33 (144.70) [588,180] Employment 0.384 (0.486) [588,180] Usual weekly hours/employment 26.72 (12.42) [233,336] Independent variables (state-level characteristics) MW (2006$) 6.19 (0.58) [1,173] Non-alcohol-related fatalities 98.385 (100.03) [1,173] rate per individual ages 16–20 0.0003 (0.0001) [1,173] State population 5,618,179 (6,268,267) [1,173] Beer tax (2006$) 0.284 (0.229) [1,173] .08 BAC law 0.626 (0.484) [1,173] Per capita personal income 31,552.62 (9,487.44) [1,173] Unemployment rates ages 16–20 (%) 15.863 (5.525) [1,173] Estimates from the BRFSS and CPS are weighted using relevant survey-provided sample weights. Estimates from the YRBS are weighted using SEER population weights. TABLE 2.—ESTIMATES OF EFFECT OF MINIMUM WAGE ON ALCOHOL-RELATED TRAFFIC FATALITIES FOR INDIVIDUALS AGES 16 TO 20, 1991–2013 OLS with Transformed WLS with Transformed WLS with Dependent Variable Dependent Variable Log-Log (1) (2) (3) Average imputed alcohol-related fatal accidents 0.012 0.006 0.129 (0.011) (0.007) (0.135) Total fatal accidents 0.001 0.001 0.035 (0.003) (0.003) (0.035) Nighttime fatal accidents À0.002 À0.001 0.023 (0.006) (0.006) (0.076) Daytime fatal accidents 0.004 0.003 0.016 (0.006) (0.004) (0.068) Weekend fatal accidents 0.006 0.005 0.114 (0.006) (0.006) (0.089) Weekday fatal accidents À0.003 À0.003 À0.051 (0.004) (0.004) (0.044) N 1,173 1,173 1,173 Significant at ***1%, **5%, and *10%.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Current Trends and Indicators of Alcohol Problems in California
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. CURRENT TRENDS AND INDICATORS OF ALCOHOL PROBLEMS IN CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROGRAMS DIVISION OF ADMINISTRATION DATA MANAGEMENT SERVICES BRANCH STATISTICS AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES SECTION & dmscc82:1aura.dms:081189:1g/aa INDICATORS OF ALCOHOL PROBLEMS DEPARTMENT OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROGRAMS DIVISION OF ADMINISTRATION DATA MANAGEMENT SERVICES BRANCH STATISTICS AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES SECTION 120265 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official pOSition or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by California Dept. of Alcohol and Drug Programs to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ sion of the copyright owner. FOREWORD As the use of alcohol and the problems related to alcohol abuse increase in our society, so does public concern. The socioeconomic costs (crime, treatment lost employment, reduced productivity, social programs) confronting California's citizens as a result of the problems related to alcohol abuse is conservatively estimated at more than $11 billion annually. This is a cost of over $400 for every man, woman, and child in California. As a result, citizen and parent groups, youth and student organizations, civic groups, law enforcement agencies, educators, health care providers, business leaders, and the community at large are joining together to battle this problem and its consequences to our citizens, especially our youth.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanctions for Drunk Driving Accidents Resulting in Serious Injuries And/Or Death
    Sanctions for Drunk Driving Accidents Resulting in Serious Injuries and/or Death State Statutory Citation Description of Penalty Alabama Ala. Code §§ 13A-6-20 & Serious Bodily Injury: Driving under the influence that result in the 13A-5-6(a)(2) serious bodily injury of another person is assault in the first degree, Ala. Code § 13A-6-4 which is a Class B felony. These felonies are punishable by no more than 20 years and no less than two years incarceration. Criminally Negligent Homicide: A person commits the crime of criminally negligent homicide by causing the death of another through criminally negligent conduct. If the death is caused while operating a motor vehicle while under the influence, the punishment is increased to a Class C felony, which is punishable by a prison term of no more than 10 years or less than 1 year and one day. Alaska Alaska Stat. §§ Homicide by Vehicle: Vehicular homicide can be second degree 11.41.110(a)(2), murder, manslaughter, or criminally negligent homicide, depending 11.41.120(a), & on the facts surrounding the death (see Puzewicz v. State, 856 P.2d 11.41.130(a) 1178, 1181 (Alaska App. 1993). Alaska Stat. Ann. § Second degree murder is an unclassified felony and shall be 12.55.125 (West) imprisoned for not less than 15 years nor more than 99 years Manslaughter is a class A felony and punishable by a sentence of not more than 20 years in prison. Criminally Negligent Homicide is a class B felony and punishable by a term of imprisonment of not more than 10 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Ending Drunk Driving with a Flash of Light Andrew Sullivan University of Richmond
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Law Student Publications School of Law 2015 Ending Drunk Driving with a Flash of Light Andrew Sullivan University of Richmond Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/law-student-publications Part of the Food and Drug Law Commons, and the Transportation Law Commons Recommended Citation Andrew Sullivan, Ending Drunk Driving with a Flash of Light, 21 Rich. J.L. & Tech. 15 (2015). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law Student Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Richmond Journal of Law & Technology Volume XXI, Issue 4 ENDING DRUNK DRIVING WITH A FLASH OF LIGHT Andrew Sullivan* Cite as: Andrew Sullivan, Ending Drunk Driving with a Flash of Light, 21 RICH. J.L. & TECH. 15 (2015), http://jolt.richmond.edu/v21i3/article15.pdf. I. INTRODUCTION [1] Drunk driving exacts an enormous toll on our society. Every year, alcohol-driven1 crashes kill over ten thousand people, injure hundreds of thousands more, and cost the national economy tens of billions of dollars.2 States largely have been left to combat this problem through their own criminal regimes. Among the methods used to combat drunk driving is mandating a person convicted of driving under the influence/driving while intoxicated3 install an ignition interlock device (“IID”) in her vehicle as a condition of restoring her driving privileges. Installing an IID prevents a person convicted of a DUI from starting her car if she has a certain amount * J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Effects of Alcohol Consumption
    Alcohol 2018 Alcohol CONTENTS 1 Overview _________________________________________________________________ 3 2 Prevalence and risks associated with alcohol consumption _________________________ 4 2.1 Alcohol consumption ___________________________________________________________ 4 2.2 Drinking and driving ____________________________________________________________ 6 2.3 The legal limit _______________________________________________________________ 10 2.4 Crashes and injuries ___________________________________________________________ 12 2.5 Characteristics of alcohol-impaired drivers ________________________________________ 18 3 Effects of alcohol consumption ______________________________________________ 19 3.1 Acute impairments due to alcohol consumption _____________________________________ 19 3.2 Chronic impairments due to prolonged alcohol consumption over time __________________ 20 3.3 Effects on driver capabilities ____________________________________________________ 20 4 Measures ________________________________________________________________ 23 4.1 Reducing the availability of alcohol ______________________________________________ 23 4.2 Separating drinking from driving _________________________________________________ 24 4.3 Designated driver programmes __________________________________________________ 27 4.4 Police enforcement ___________________________________________________________ 28 4.5 Education and information _____________________________________________________ 33 4.6 Summary of effective measures _________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • 6.14 Alcohol Use Disorders and Alcoholic Liver Disease
    6. Priority diseases and reasons for inclusion 6.14 Alcohol use disorders and alcoholic liver disease See Background Paper 6.14 (BP6_14Alcohol.pdf) Background The WHO estimates that alcohol is now the third highest risk factor for premature mortality, disability and loss of health worldwide.1 Between 2004 to 2006, alcohol use accounted for about 3.8% of all deaths (2.5 million) and about 4.5% (69.4 million) of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYS).2 Europe is the largest consumer of alcohol in the world and alcohol consumption in this region emerges as the third leading risk factor for disease and mortality.3 In European countries in 2004, an estimated one in seven male deaths (95 000) and one in 13 female deaths (over 25 000) in the 15 to 64 age group were due to alcohol-related causes.3 Alcohol is a causal factor in 60 types of diseases and injuries and a contributing factor in 200 others, and accounts for 20% to 50% of the prevalence of cirrhosis of the liver. Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) account for a major part of neuropsychiatric disorders and contribute substantially to the global burden of disease. Alcohol dependence accounts for 71% of all alcohol-related deaths and for about 60% of social costs attributable to alcohol.4 The acute effects of alcohol consumption on the risk of both unintentional and intentional injuries also have a sizeable impact on the global burden of disease.2 Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the commonest cause of cirrhosis in the western world, and is currently one of the ten most common causes of death.5 Liver fibrosis caused by alcohol abuse and its end stage, cirrhosis, present enormous problems for health care worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • World Journal of Gastroenterology
    World Journal of W J G Gastroenterology Submit a Manuscript: https://www.f6publishing.com World J Gastroenterol 2019 March 28; 25(12): 1445-1456 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i12.1445 ISSN 1007-9327 (print) ISSN 2219-2840 (online) REVIEW Growing burden of alcoholic liver disease in China: A review Wen-Jun Wang, Peng Xiao, Hong-Qin Xu, Jun-Qi Niu, Yan-Hang Gao ORCID number: Wen-Jun Wang Wen-Jun Wang, Peng Xiao, Hong-Qin Xu, Jun-Qi Niu, Yan-Hang Gao, Department of Hepatology, (0000-0003-1302-694X); Peng Xiao First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China (0000-0002-5570-1985); Hong-Qin Xu (0000-0002-7022-7732); Jun-Qi Corresponding author: Yan-Hang Gao, MD, PhD, Chief Doctor, Department of Hepatology, Niu (0000-0002-5187-7297); Yan- First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Hang Gao (0000-0002-6836-0614). Jilin Province, China. [email protected] Telephone: +86-431-81875121 Author contributions: Gao YH and Fax: +86-431-81875106 Niu JQ designed the research; Wang WJ and Xiao P performed the data analyses; Gao YH and Wang WJ drafted the manuscript; Gao YH and Xu HQ revised the Abstract paper; All authors approved the Explosive economic growth and increasing social openness in China over the last final version. 30 years have significantly boosted alcohol consumption, and consequently, the Supported by the National Science incidence of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in China has increased. Because the and Technology Major Project, No. epidemiologic and clinical features of ALD in the Chinese population may differ 2017ZX10202202 and No.
    [Show full text]
  • ADDICTIONS: Alcohol-Related Harm in the United States
    ADDICTIONS: Alcohol-related harm in the United States Posted: Wednesday, May 3, 2017 JoAnn Hummers When considering the impact of alcohol and other drugs on communities, one common response is “I only drink alcohol, but don’t use drugs!” or “It’s only beer.” A group called Alcohol Justice describes its mission as promoting “evidence-based public health policies and organiz[ing] campaigns with diverse communities and youth against the alcohol industry’s harmful practices.” Here is their description of the problem: ––– Globally, alcohol consumption causes an estimated 2.5 million deaths every year. Alcohol has been found the most harmful drug in terms of harm to both users and to other people. A 2013 study found alcohol caused nine times as many deaths annually as other drugs. Alcohol contributes to a wide range of negative societal and personal consequences, and causes more harm than any other drug in the U.S. Despite the alcohol industry’s claims, alcohol-related harm goes far beyond drunk driving or underage drinking. In the United States: • Alcohol is the third leading cause of preventable death. • Nine percent of all deaths were attributed to alcohol consumption in 2005. • Approximately 4,300 people under the legal drinking age of 21 die annually from injuries caused by drinking alcohol. Alcohol consumption accounts for approximately 88,000 deaths each year. • Alcohol use is associated with physical and sexual assault, unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, violence, vandalism, crime, overdose, other substance use, and high-risk behavior. • Alcohol contributes to various illnesses such as hypertension, liver cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis and cancers of the breast, esophagus, larynx, pancreas and liver.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL COMMISSION AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING CONFERENCE on RECIDIVISM ATLANTA, GEORGIA Seprrember 16, 1986
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. BIPIA! ZIBOIRG IR OR BIPIA! OfflRDIBS BIPIA! NATIONAL COMMISSION AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING CONFERENCE ON RECIDIVISM 119586 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating It. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by Allstate Insurance Corngany C\R-SENT (Cor]2orate Re.l.at.~) 0(- 05- gO to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ ~ r~~ sion of the copyright owner. ~ Atlanta, Georgia Septernber16,1986 V\.. ....." National Commission Against Drunk Driving The National Commission Against Drunk Driving was established on January 1, 1984, as the successor to the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving. Among the 30 recommendations made in its Final Report of December 1983, the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving called for a non-governmental body to ensure a continuing focus on the national campaign against drunk driving. GovernorJohnA. Volpe ofMassachusetts served as its first chairman, as he had chaired the Presidential Commission. V,J. "Jim" Adduci is the present chairman with Lawrence H. vVilliford, vice chairman. The National Commission has held state hearings on the value of administrative license revocation; tracked state activities on key legislative measures; testified in support of the age 21 drinking laws; published model programs that have proven effective as educational/preventive tools; and serves as a clearinghouse on national efforts to counter drunk driving.
    [Show full text]
  • A Title 4 Off-Sale Basic Training Provider Approved by the Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control
    AACEA Welcome to America’s Alcohol Certified Education Association, Inc; a Title 4 Off-Sale Basic Training Provider approved by the Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control. AACEA is a group of Hospitality Industry Professionals who are well versed in all aspects of Alcohol Sales and Service. The founder of AACEA is considered to be an "Expert" in the field of Alcohol Service amongst the legal community. Our philosophy is to provide Alcohol Server Education focused on customer safety by Promoting Responsible Alcohol Sales and Service. You can be assured that with AACEA you will be given quality information to help you in your employment as a seller server of alcohol. Thank you so much for choosing AACEA for your online training. The Arizona DLLC requires that all persons who work in the capacity of an alcohol seller, server, bartender etc. know the laws pertaining to Spirituous Liquor sales and service. The best way to ensure this is to attend an approved Title 4 training seminar. In fact some employers, for the condition of employment, require this training in order to be considered for a job at their establishment. You as an employee, of either an on-sale licensed location, or an off-sale licensed location have a responsibility to your customers and to your establishment to maintain a safe environment. This fact is taken so seriously that a liquor license could be revoked if the licensee or staff doesn’t take reasonable steps to protect the customer. The tools you will need to accomplish this will be learned in this seminar.
    [Show full text]
  • Finn, Peter; Platt, Judith TITLE Alcohol and Alcohol Safety
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 012 384 CG 007 776 AUTHOR Finn, Peter; Platt, Judith TITLE Alcohol and Alcohol Safety.. VolumeII of II. A . purriaUlUM Manual. fbr:EleMentary Level.A Teadher!s Activities INSTITUTION National `Highway Traffic Safety, Administration(DOT) , Waghingtone D. c.National Inst. of Alcohol Abu Se and Alcoholithh .(Nim4), Roakville,'Md. rREPORT NO DOT-HS=800-_-706 Sep. 12 A4OTE 1;20.;. Prepared undercontract_-by *Abt-ASSociates, ,Human_ beVelOpiiient. ;CairibridgeMass ;AVAiLABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents,. U.S. -Government Printing Office; -iiashingtOni -D.C. :2040 Et*St -_PRICE_ DESCRIPTORS -314404fiol_ -*U-O0iOn;, AlaoholiaMt: ACuri-idulOut.GUides;: -Efementary-'-pride0t,,-*$ieMelitary: tOhOOk -01e_4100.t.4Y-01,6*):4,_=-d***ti-t, -Mantiai#;, 41e0i-14-14ei:h6ci, 40-StAct This Ma_ nual for' the :elementary Schciol level: s the firSt ina series on alcohol .ana_.alcdohOl safety and is . designed as a teacher's- activities guide.tack- adtivity provided isa fSeif_contained learning eiperienOe which requiresvarying nUmbers. of diaOyper-i-od and focuses On, -oneor :lore objedtiVeS: AttiVitiet- are ,nUoiberea= donS'ecutiVely and areorganized by alt0h6/ t_ OPic areas:. safety( general -and, _inter0ereonal),; attitudestoward alcohol -and _reasons::people drink; -effects; indUstry;- and intorperSonal(general, parents,and -peers).. Within each topic the activities are divided alphabetically by teaching method: These Methods'are art; audio visual;- isdussion;7 drania; including gaineS and role.-plays;- independent study,- including interviews, polls;research, and teaching;- lecture; reading; science; and Writing: Eadticlass period is-- clearly and concisely outlined for 'the-teacher-_;core activity, objeatiVe, ,preliminary considerationS, activities,variations and supplementary activities, and eValOation_ methodsare ptcivided and make -the-manual readily adaptable .to the claSSrooM.(See CG 007 774 and CG" 007 775)_.(SES) FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY DOT HS 800 708 September.
    [Show full text]
  • 05 BAC Research Facts
    Studies on the Effectiveness of .05 BAC Visit MADD.ORG/05 for more information .05 BAC Research Facts .05 BAC saves lives • If all states implemented a .05 BAC level, 538 to 1,790 lives would be saved each year. (Wagenaar, 2007) (Fell, 2018). • If .05 BAC is implemented in the U.S., alcohol-related fatalities would decrease by 11.1 percent. (Fell, 2018) • Reduces alcohol-related deaths from 5 to 18 percent. (Mann et al, 2001, Fell & Voas, 2006, NTSB 2017). (Fell, 2017) (Bartl, 2002) (Mercier-Guyon, 1998) (Henstridge, 1997) (Norstrom, 1997) (Smith, 1996) (Noordzij, 1994) Driving at a .05 BAC increases crash risk significantly • For drivers with BACs of .05–.079, the risk of being in a fatal crash (single-vehicle) is at least seven times higher than for drivers with no alcohol in their system. (Zador et al 2000, NIH/NIAAA Alcohol Alert 2001, Voas et al 2012, NTSB, 2017). • At .05, crash risk is 38 to 40 percent higher than it is at zero alcohol concentration. (National Safety Council, 2016). (Compton, 2002). • Risk of being killed as a driver in a single vehicle crash is 6 to 17 times greater for drivers at BACs between .05 and .07 compared to drivers with .00 BACs. (Zador, 2000) In the United States, a majority of the public supports a .05 BAC • 63 percent of people support lowering the illegal BAC level from .08 to .05. (AAA Foundation, 2015). Research on .05 BAC Fell, James, Presentation at 2018 Lifesavers Conference, San Antonio, TX, “Rationale for Lowering the BAC Limit to .05 in the US,” April 22-24, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol and Drug Impaired Driver Enforcement Manual 2008
    State of Colorado Alcohol and Drug Impaired Driver Enforcement Manual 2008 This Page Blank 2 Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol (D.U.I.) Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (D.U.I.D.) D.U.I./D.U.I.D. ENFORCEMENT MANUAL FOR THE STATE OF COLORADO Prepared by COLORADO OFFICE OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY August, 1977 Revision August, 1980 Revision August, 1984 Revision August, 1986 Revision October, 1989 Revision October, 1996 Revision September, 2005 Revision July, 2007 Endorsed By GOVERNOR’S TASK FORCE ON DRUNK DRIVING PEACE OFFICERS STANDARDS AND TRAINING BOARD COUNTY SHERIFFS OF COLORADO, INC. COLORADO ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICES, INC. COLORADO STATE PATROL 3 This Page Blank 4 INTRODUCTION In Colorado , and across the nation, approximately 50% of all highway traffic accident fatalities are alcohol or controlled substance related! In fact, DUI and DUID crashes in the United States have killed more people since 1982 than the total number of Americans killed in battle since 1950. This includes the Korean War, the Viet Nam war, Desert Storm, and Operation Iraqi Freedom combined. (Statistical Summary – America’s Major Wars) Every 2 minutes, someone is injured in an alcohol related crash in America. In Colorado, one person dies every sixteen hours from injuries received in a motor vehicle related crash. The National Safety Council currently estimates each fatal crash to cost $1,150,000, each injury crash to cost $52,900, and each property damage crash to cost about $7,500. (Drunk Driving Task Force 2007 report) It is clear the economic and human toll involved is catastrophic and affects all of society.
    [Show full text]