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WHO WAS Z-BEST OLYMPIAN in 2008 and 2012?
Journal of Student Research (2014) Volume 3, Issue 1: pp. 1-12 WHO WAS z-BEST OLYMPIAN IN 2008 AND 2012? Ian D. MacKaya, Jack W. Markusena, Paul M. Sommersa The authors examine athletes’ performances in swimming, track, and gymnastic events during the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics with the purpose of discovering the most dominant performance. By standardizing great athletic performances using a z-score (the number of standard deviations from the average performance in the finals of a particular event), winners were compared amongst the three sports. The most dominant athlete (with the highest z-score, calculated with or without the last place finisher) was neither celebrated swimmer Michael Phelps nor sprinter Usain Bolt, but rather American LaShawn Merritt in the 400 meter run. Keywords: z-scores; 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics; best performances Who were the most dominant athletes at the 2008 winner, we also report his or her “adjusted” z-score, that is, Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics? Multiple gold the winner’s z-score is recalculated after dropping the finalist medal winners Michael Phelps (swimming), Usain Bolt who finished in last place (and hence had the lowest z-score). (track), and Kai Zou (gymnastics)?1,2,3 In swimming, how For example, in a swimming event where the last place would one decide whether the woman who won the 200 meter finisher badly trails the pack, the standard deviation of the backstroke was more dominant than the man who won the 50 times of all eight finalists will be much larger than when the meter freestyle? And, how would one compare a gold-medal- last place finisher is excluded from our calculations. -
Novos Recordes
NOVOS RECORDES 28/09/2014 – ATLETISMO Maratona de Berlim Distância Novo/a Recordista Recordista Anterior Novo Recorde Recorde Anterior Data e Local Recorde Ant. Maratona Dennis Kimetto (QUE) Wilson Kipsang (QUE) 2:02:57 2:03:23 29/09/13 - Berlim 15/02/2014 – ATLETISMO INDOOR Donetsk, Ucrânia Prova Novo/a Recordista Recordista Anterior Novo Recorde Recorde Anterior Data e Local Recorde Ant. Salto com Renaud Lavillenie Sergey Bubka (UKR) 6:16 6:15 21/02/93 - Vara (indoor) (FRA) Donetsk 29/09/2013 – ATLETISMO Maratona de Berlim Distância Novo/a Recordista Recordista Anterior Novo Recorde Recorde Anterior Data e Local Recorde Ant. Maratona Wilson Kipsang (QUE) Patrick Makau (QUE) 2:03:23 2:03:38 25/09/11 - Berlim 07/09/2012 – ATLETISMO Diamond League, Bruxelas Prova Novo/a Recordista Recordista Anterior Novo Recorde Recorde Anterior Data e Local Recorde Ant. 110m com Aries Merrit (USA) Dayron Robles (CUB) 12.80 12.87 12/06/08 - barreiras Ostrava masc 11/08/2012 – ATLETISMO Olimpíadas de Londres Prova Novo/a Recordista Recordista Anterior Novo Recorde Recorde Anterior Data e Local Recorde Ant. 4x100 masc Jamaica (Nesta Carter, Jamaica (Nesta Carter, 36.84 37.04 04/09/11 – Michael Frater, Yohan Michael Frater, Yohan Daegu Blake, Usain Bolt) Blake, Usain Bolt) Marcha Yelena Vera Sokolova (RUS) 01:25:02 01:25:08 26/02/11 - 20km fem Lashmanova(RUS) Sochi 10/08/2012 – ATLETISMO Olimpíadas de Londres Prova Novo/a Recordista Recordista Anterior Novo Recorde Recorde Anterior Data e Local Recorde Ant. 4x100 fem USA (Tianna Madison, Alemanha Oriental 40.82 41.37 06/10/85 – Allyson Felix, Bianca Canberra Knight, Carmelita Jeter) 09/08/2012 – ATLETISMO Olimpíadas de Londres Prova Novo/a Recordista Recordista Anterior Novo Recorde Recorde Anterior Data e Local Recorde Ant. -
Full Day 3 Results
Olympic Aquatics Stadium Swimming Estádio Aquático Olímpico Natação / Natation Stade Aquatique Olympique Women's 200m Freestyle 200m livre feminino / 200 m nage libre - femmes MON 8 AUG 2016 Semifinals Start Time 22:03 semifinais / 1/2 finales Results Summary Resumo dos resultados / Résumé des résultats EVENT NUMBER 13 Record Splits Name NOC Code Location Date WR 1:52.98 27.34 55.60 1:24.38 PELLEGRINI Federica ITA Rome (ITA) 29 JUL 2009 OR 1:53.61 27.18 55.38 1:24.35 SCHMITT Allison USA London (GBR) 31 JUL 2012 WJ 1:56.12 SHEN Duo CHN Nanjing (CHN) 20 AUG 2014 Year of NOC Time Rank Heat Lane Name R.T. 50m 100m 150m Time Birth Code Behind 1 2 5 SJOSTROM Sarah 1993 SWE 0.76 27.07 56.23 1:25.65 1:54.65 Q 29.16 29.42 29.00 2 2 4 LEDECKY Katie 1997 USA 0.70 27.20 56.21 1:25.78 1:54.81 0.16 Q 29.01 29.57 29.03 3 2 3 PELLEGRINI Federica 1988 ITA 0.70 26.98 56.25 1:25.76 1:55.42 0.77 Q 29.27 29.51 29.66 4 1 3 SHEN Duo 1997 CHN 0.74 27.00 56.81 1:26.36 1:56.03 1.38 Q 29.81 29.55 29.67 5 2 6 COLEMAN Michelle 1993 SWE 0.77 27.17 56.47 1:26.32 1:56.05 1.40 Q 29.30 29.85 29.73 6 1 4 McKEON Emma 1994 AUS 0.75 26.94 56.54 1:26.49 1:56.29 1.64 Q 29.60 29.95 29.80 7 1 5 BONNET Charlotte 1995 FRA 0.68 27.04 56.42 1:26.57 1:56.38 1.73 Q 29.38 30.15 29.81 8 1 2 BARRATT Bronte 1989 AUS 0.66 27.02 56.61 1:26.41 1:56.63 1.98 Q 29.59 29.80 30.22 9 2 7 POPOVA Veronika 1991 RUS 0.76 27.52 56.71 1:26.93 1:57.22 2.57 29.19 30.22 30.29 10 1 8 MACLEAN Brittany 1994 CAN 0.70 27.82 57.19 1:27.79 1:57.36 2.71 29.37 30.60 29.57 11 1 6 AI Yanhan 2002 CHN 0.65 27.26 56.68 -
OLYMPIC FOCUS at WORLD CHAMPS Page 7
HIGH SCHOOL NATIONAL TEAM CHAMPIONS AND ALL-AMERICANS SEPTEMBER 2011 —VOLUME 52 NO. 9 OLYMPIC FOCUS AT WORLD CHAMPS page 7 “The daily news of swimming” Check us out online at: www.SwimmingWorldMagazine.com fΰxÊ1-ÊUÊf{°xäÊ NIKE.COM INSIDE THIS ISSUE of 7131830 7 LET THE HYPE BEGIN! by John Lohn After what took place at the World Championships in Shanghai, the hype for London will now build and build, eventually hitting a crescendo when July rolls around. 14 SWIMMER OF YEAR LEADS DEPARTMENTS: TEAM OF YEAR by Jeff Commings 6 A VOICE Ê-Õ«iÀÃÌ>ÀÊ >Û`Ê >Êi`Ê ÃÊ for the SPORT Hershey High School (Pa.) team to : 38 FOR THE RECORD ON THE COVER ÌÃÊvÀÃÌÊ ÞÃ½Ê >Ì>Ê} Ê-V Ê 39 NISCA ALL-AMERICANS Ryan Lochte, with Championship. 45 CALENDAR four individual gold 18 TWO AT THE TOP by Emily Sampl medals—including 46 PARTING SHOT For only the second time since a world record Swimming World began crowning a national high school in the 200 meter V >«ÊÊÌ iÊi>ÀÞÊ£ÇäÃÊLÞÃ]ʣǣÆÊ}ÀÃ]Ê£ÇÈ®]Ê IM—plus a gold and two schools have tied as the top team: The Baylor School bronze in relays, left Shanghai’s Oriental (Tenn.) and Carmel High School (Ind.) girls. Sports Center’s 22 POOL’S EDGE: Messages in Water by Karlyn Pipes-Neilsen Indoor Stadium in China, site of the 24 DRYSIDE TRAINING: Swim Exercises to Do at Home 14th FINA World by J.R. Rosania Championships, as 27 Q&A WITH COACH CHARLIE GRIFFITHS, the current No. -
MON ALL WINNERS 84~13.Xlsx
Meeting International de Monte Carlo Vainqueurs par épreuve et par année de 1984 à 2013 Liste des records battus de 1984 à 2013 Statistiques préparées par Georges Kiehl, Service de Presse Men Meeting International de Monte Carlo • 1984-2013 Messieurs Winners & Records • Vainqueurs & Records wr = world record / record du monde er = European record / record d'Europe © = Meet record / record du Meeting Year 50m Freestyle / Nage Libre 100m Freestyle / Nage Libre 200m Freestyle / Nage Libre 400m Freestyle / Nage Libre 50m Backstroke / Dos Année 1983 ?? ?? ?? ?? - - - - - - - 1983 1984 HALSALL Dano SUI 23.37 HALSALL Dano SUI 52.24 ORSONI David FRA 1:54.44 SCHNEBERGER Alain FRA 4:03.68 - - - - - - - 1984 1985 HALSALL Dano SUI © 23.12 CARON Stephan FRA © 51.38 LODZIEWSKI Sven GDR © 1:50.81 LODZIEWSKI Sven GDR © 3:56.82 - - - - - - - 1985 1986 HALSALL Dano SUI 23.22 CARON Stephan FRA © 51.35 CARON Stephan FRA 1:51.83 FAHRNER Thomas FRG 4:01.45 - - - - - - - 1986 1987 HALSALL Dano SUI © 22.69 CARON Stephan FRA © 51.04 STACHEWICZ Tom AUS © 1:50.09 HOLMERTZ Anders SWE © 3:55.06 HOFFMEISTER Berndt FRG © 26.96 1987 1988 HALSALL Dano SUI 22.90 KALFAYAN Christophe FRA © 51.03 CARON Stephan FRA 1:51.57 BOYD Kevin GBR © 3:52.82 KROES Hans NED 27.61 1988 (Halsall: Prelims © 22.67) 1989 HALSALL Dano SUI 22.85 WERNER Tommy SWE © 50.89 WERNER Tommy SWE 1:51.01 SZILAGYI Zoltan HUN 3:55.74 KAISER Torsten GDR © 26.33 1989 1990 JAGER Tom USA 23.34 TROEGER Christian FRG 51.17 DASSLER Uwe GDR 1:51.30 DASSLER Uwe GDR 3:53.43 LIN Laijiu CHN 26.77 1990 1991 POPOV Alexander -
Results Summary Synthèse Des Résultats EVENT NO
Aquatics Centre Swimming Centre Aquatique Natation Women's 100m Freestyle WED 1 AUG 2012 100 m nage libre - femmes 10:00 Heats Séries Results Summary Synthèse des résultats EVENT NO. 20 Record Split Name NOC Code Location Date WR 52.0725.46 STEFFEN Britta GER Rome (ITA) 31 JUL 2009 OR 53.1226.04 STEFFEN Britta GER Beijing (CHN) 15 AUG 2008 NOC Time RankHeat Lane Name Year of R.T. 50m Time Birth Code Behind 1 5 3 TANG Yi 1993 CHN 0.72 25.81 53.28 Q 27.47 2 7 6 SCHLANGER Melanie 1986 AUS 0.71 26.35 53.50 0.22 Q 27.15 3 5 4 OTTESEN GRAY Jeanette 1987 DEN 0.70 25.62 53.51 0.23 Q 27.89 4 7 5 HERASIMENIA Aliaksandra 1985 BLR 0.70 25.76 53.63 0.35 Q 27.87 5 7 4 KROMOWIDJOJO Ranomi 1990 NED 0.75 26.37 53.66 0.38 Q 27.29 6 6 7 VANDERPOOL-WALLACE Arianna 1990 BAH 0.65 25.60 53.73 0.45 Q 28.13 7 6 5 HALSALL Francesca 1990 GBR 0.69 26.03 54.02 0.74 Q 27.99 8 5 6 HARDY Jessica 1987 USA 0.71 26.06 54.09 0.81 Q 28.03 9 6 1 WILKINSON Julia 1987 CAN 0.71 26.17 54.16 0.88 Q 27.99 10 6 4 SJOSTROM Sarah 1993 SWE 0.71 26.48 54.26 0.98 Q 27.78 10 7 3 FRANKLIN Missy 1995 USA 0.78 26.52 54.26 0.98 Q 27.74 12 7 2 UEDA Haruka 1988 JPN 0.76 26.48 54.35 1.07 Q 27.87 13 6 2 SMITH Amy 1987 GBR 0.65 26.05 54.37 1.09 Q 28.32 14 6 3 STEFFEN Britta 1983 GER 0.72 26.32 54.42 1.14 Q 28.10 15 5 5 HEEMSKERK Femke 1987 NED 0.81 26.23 54.43 1.15 Q 28.20 15 5 7 SCHREIBER Daniela 1989 GER 0.79 26.18 54.43 1.15 Q 28.25 17 7 7 POPOVA Veronika 1991 RUS 0.73 26.81 54.66 1.38 27.85 18 6 8 SEPPALA Hanna-Maria 1984 FIN 0.72 26.24 54.93 1.65 28.69 19 5 2 BLUME Pernille 1994 DEN 0.69 -
LONDON 2012 Swimming Results at the Olympics
NIC - Il Nuoto in Cifre LONDON 2012 Swimming results at the Olympics FREESTYLE 50 M MEN 100 M MEN 200 M MEN MANAUDOU FLORENT FRA 1° 21,34 ADRIAN NATHAN USA 1° 47,52 AGNEL YANNICK FRA 1° 1,43,14 JONES CULLEN USA 2° 21,54 MAGNUSSEN JAMES AUS 2° 47,53 PARK TAE-HWAN KOR 2° 1,44,93 CIELO FILHO CÉSAR BRA 3° 21,59 HAYDEN BRENT CAN 3° 47,80 SUN YANG CHN 2° 1,44,93 FRATUS BRUNO BRA 4° 21,61 AGNEL YANNICK FRA 4° 47,84 LOCHTE RYAN USA 4° 1,45,04 ERVIN ANTHONY USA 5° 21,78 VERSCHUREN SEBASTIAAN NED 5° 47,88 BIEDERMANN PAUL GER 5° 1,45,53 SCHOEMAN ROLAND RSA 6° 21,80 CIELO FILHO CÉSAR BRA 6° 47,92 RENWICK ROBBIE GBR 6° 1,46,53 BOVELL GEORGE III TRI 7° 21,82 GARCÍA HERNÁNDEZ HANSER CUB 7° 48,04 FRASER-HOLMES THOMAS AUS 7° 1,46,93 SULLIVAN EAMON AUS 8° 21,98 LOBINTSEV NIKITA RUS 8° 48,44 IZOTOV DANILA RUS 8° 1,47,75 400 M MEN 1500 M MEN SUN YANG CHN 1° 3,40,14 SUN YANG CHN 1° 14,31,02 PARK TAE-HWAN KOR 2° 3,42,06 COCHRANE RYAN CAN 2° 14,39,63 VANDERKAAY PETER USA 3° 3,44,69 MELLOULI OUSSAMA TUN 3° 14,40,31 HAO YUN CHN 4° 3,46,02 PARK TAE-HWAN KOR 4° 14,50,61 DWYER CONOR USA 5° 3,46,39 PALTRINIERI GREGORIO ITA 5° 14,51,92 KIS GERGŐ HUN 6° 3,47,03 JAEGER CONNOR USA 6° 14,52,99 CARRY DAVID GBR 7° 3,48,62 SAWRYMOWICZ MATEUSZ POL 7° 14,54,32 NAPOLEON RYAN AUS 8° 3,49,25 FOGG DANIEL GBR 8° 15,00,76 BACKSTROKE 100 M MEN 200 M MEN GREVERS MATTHEW USA 1° 52,16 CLARY SCOTT TYLER USA 1° 1,53,41 THOMAN NICK USA 2° 52,92 IRIE RYŌSUKE JPN 2° 1,53,78 IRIE RYŌSUKE JPN 3° 52,97 LOCHTE RYAN USA 3° 1,53,94 LACOURT CAMILLE FRA 4° 53,08 KAWĘCKI RADOSŁAW POL 4° 1,55,59 TANCOCK -
Olympics THURSDAY, AUGUST 9, 2012 CHINA DAILY
6 olympics THURSDAY, AUGUST 9, 2012 CHINA DAILY HOTONWEB @Qin Kai “I beat myself... but lost to destiny ...Thank you for supporting the Chinese diving team. We all have tried our best.” Chinese diver Qin Kai on losing the gold in the men’s 3m springboard fi nals @Yi Siling “I hope everyone can take part in sports, we all do sports exercise!” Chinese shooting champion Yi Siling on National Fitness Day @Liu Xuan “Wait for me, Catalina Ponor. We can participate in the Olympics together after I give birth in two years.” Former Chinese gymnastics Olympic champion Liu Xuan after watching the women’s fl oor exercise GIVE HUNGARY A HAND @Chen Yibing JAVIER SORIANO “My performance in the Olympics was PHOTO BY / AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE perfect, but also a great pity. When I Iceland’s pivot Robert Gunnarsson shoots during a men’s quarterfi nal handball match against Hungary at the London Games on Wednesday. saw teammates hanging the Chinese national fl ag in the highest place and Hungary went on to win, 34-33, aft er extra time to reach the semifi nals. singing the national anthem, my heart was really aching...I have dreamed of this moment countless times... You guys say yes to the performance I have had in the Olympics so far. But I still think there is one thing left SWIMMING uncompleted...and I have no chance to fi nish anymore...This is also a lifelong IS GOOD; regret. A deepest pain in my heart… A great time at the pool, Goodbye, London!” THINKING IS Chinese gymnast Chen Yibing on BETTER losing the rings gold at the London Olympics Natalie Coughlin trains hard, @TomDaley1994 but she also trains smart. -
Southern California Swimming, Inc
$6 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SWIMMING, INC. a local swimming committee of USA SWIMMING, INC 2011 Swim Guide Published by the House of Delegates of Southern California Swimming Jeri Marshburn, General Chairman Mary J. Swalley, Executive Director SWIM OFFICE 41 Hitchcock Way, Suite B Santa Barbara, California 93105-3101 Post Office Box 30530 Santa Barbara, CA 93130-0530 (805) 682-0135 In Southern California: (800) 824-6206 Monday - Friday, 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. FAX: (805) 687-4175 Visit SCS on the internet at www.socalswim.org Email: [email protected] 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Southern California Swimming Directory Page 3 Board of Directors & Board of Review Page 4 Committee Officers Page 6 Club Rosters Page 13 Swim Calendar Page 28 Rules and Procedures Page 43 Glossary for Southern California Swimming Page 44 Part One-General Rules and Procedures Page 47 I. Authority and Relationships Page 47 II. Integrity of the Competition Page 48 III. Registration and Affiliation Page 49 IV. Entry into the Competition Page 51 V. Administrative Procedures Page 53 VI. Southern California Swimming Funds Page 54 Part Two-Conduct of the Competition Page 58 I. Conduct of Meets, General Page 58 II. Conduct of Meets, "Timed Finals" Page 58 III. Conduct of Meets, "Heats and Finals" Page 59 IV. Conduct of Meets, "Time Trials" Page 60 V. Submission of Entries Page 60 VI. Limitation on Entries Page 61 VII. Entry Times Page 61 VIII. Errors Related to Entries Page 62 IX. Administration Page 62 Part Three-Senior Competition Page 64 I. Eligibility Page 64 II. Senior Invitationals Page 64 III. -
Event Number 118/01 Extended Start List
Tokyo Aquatics Centre Swimming 東京アクアティクスセンター 競泳 / Natation Centre aquatique de Tokyo Women's 200m Butterfly 女子200mバタフライ / 200 m papillon - femmes THU 29 JUL 2021 Final Start Time 11:28 決勝 / Finale Extended Start List 拡張スタートリスト / Liste de départ détaillée Event Number 118/01 NOC Record Splits Name Code Location Date WR 2:01.81 27.19 58.08 1:30.20 LIU Zige CHN Jinan (CHN) 21 OCT 2009 OR 2:04.06 28.49 1:00.62 1:32.75 JIAO Liuyang CHN London (GBR) 1 AUG 2012 Lane Name NOC Code Date of Birth Qualifying Time Time Rank 1 CHIMROVA Svetlana ROC 15 APR 1996 2:08.62 Qualified 7th from SF. Placed 7th at 2019 WCh, 20th in 2017. Bronze at 2021 European Ch, silver in 2018. Placed 3rd at 2020 Beijing Champions Swim Series event, 4th at Shenzhen. Silver at 2019 Canet-en-Roussillon, Monaco Mare Nostrum events. In other events - 11th in 100m fly at 2020 OG, 19th at 2016 OG, 6th in 4x100m medley relay at 2016 OG. She also serves in the Army. 2 YU Liyan CHN 1 JUN 2000 2:07.04 Qualified 5th from SF. First-time Olympian. Placed 6th at 2018 Asian Games. Placed 6th at 2018 Beijing WCup event. Her father YU Jingang is a swimming coach at provincial level in China and influenced her to take up the sport. She enjoys painting in spare time. 3 KAPAS Boglarka HUN 22 APR 1993 2:06.59 Qualified 3rd from SF. Gold at 2019 WCh. Gold at 2021, 2018 European Ch. -
Swimming World Magazine August 2010 Issue
Maintaining Pain-Free Shoulders N The Kick—Building Block for Better Swimming FINDING SUCCESS AS A 2-WAY SWIMMER See page 15 AUGUST 2010 —VOLUME 51 NO. 8 VLADIMIR MOROZOV: A LONG ROAD TO MALE HIGH SCHOOL SWIMMER OF THE YEAR page 8 “The daily news of swimming” Check us out online at: www.SwimmingWorldMagazine.com fΰxÊ1-ÊUÊf{°xäÊ Turnmaster Pro: Optimize Pool Space for Turn Training, Practices, and Lessons Focus on Turns: Divides one lane into two adding more walls to practice on Vinyl Ester Chlorine Resistant Fiberglass: Aerospace material is built to withstand race speed turns and is resistant to chlorine damage Simple 2-Person Installation: Easy to install in minutes For more information call 888.333.4647 INSIDE THIS ISSUE of 12 15 21 27 8 FROM SIBERIA TO BEST IN THE U.S. by Jeff Commings Vladimir Morozov left the Arctic elements of Siberia three years ago for Southern California, where he has become the fastest high school swimmer in the country and Swimming World’s Male High School Swimmer of the Year. DEPARTMENTS: 12 CONTINUING GREATNESS by Jason Marsteller 6 A VOICE Dagny Knutson becomes only the fifth female for the SPORT ON THE COVER: to win back-to-back titles as Swimming World’s Female High School Swimmer of the Year. 36 FOR THE RECORD Senior Vladimir 15 A DUAL STAR by John Lohn 43 CALENDAR Morozov of Torrance She’s an international open water champion 46 PARTING SHOT High School in who also has competed in the pool at the Southern California World Championships. -
EUROPEAN SHORT COURSE Swimming Championships Finalists
EUROPEAN SHORT COURSE Swimming Championships Finalists 20191 Some of the stars of the European Short Course Championships in Copenhagen- top row, left Kirill Prigoda (Russia), centre, Adam Peaty (Great Britain), right, Ruta Meilutyte (Lithuania); middle row, left, Radoslaw Kawecki (Poland), centre, Maxence Orange (France), right, Fanny Lecluyse (Belgium); bottom, left, Andri Govorov (Ukraine), centre, Sarah Koehler (Germany) and Julia Hassler (Liechtenstein), right, Matteo Rivolta (Italy) (Photos: Giorgio Scala & Andrea Staccioli, Deepbluemedia/Insidefoto) 2 European Short Course Swimming Championships Finalists Contents European Sprint Results - Men 4 European Sprint Results - Women 7 European Short Course Championship Venues 10 Short Course Results - Men 11 Short Course Results - Women 88 Short Course Results - Mixed 164 European Sprint Championships Medals Tables - by country 167 European Sprint Championships Medals Tables - by event 169 European Short Course Medals Tables - by country 172 European Short Course Medals Tables - by event 178 European Short Course Leading Medallists - all time 191 Please note that, unless stated otherwise, the photos in this book were taken at the 2017 European Short Course Championships in Copenhagen 3 European Sprints Results 1991 to 1994 This book is in two sections. The first The first European Sprints were held section deals with the European Sprint between December 6th and 8th 1991 at Championships held between 1991 and Gelsenkirchen, Germany when the city 1994; the second, with the European agreed to organise the event with only Short Course Championships from 1996 to four months notice. The first European the present time. The tables of individual Short Course Championships in Rostock medals and event medal tables at the end in 1996 saw a significant expansion with of this publication, therefore, treats them some 36 events.