NCUR Proceedings

NCUR 2021 Proceedings

Tau Pathology and Recurrent Seizures in Experiment Model of Epilepsy Biology - Time: Mon 3:00pm-4:00pm - Session Number: 2647 Name of Author: Candide Mafuta Faculty mentor: Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy Ph.D. Graduate Student Mentor: Marson Putra Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010 Address: 2036 Vet Med Telephone: 515-294-2571 Candide Mafuta

ABSTRACT

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes individuals to have recurring seizures. It can affect people of all ages, with an increased incidence reported in both young and elderly populations. Approximately 50 million people worldwide are affected by epilepsy (Epilepsy. (n.d.)). As some individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) also experience seizures, AD and epilepsy have been reported to share some commonalities in brain pathology mediated by hyperphosphorylated Tau (Putra et alt., 2020). Therefore, it is necessary to understand whether hyperphosphorylated Tau is associated with the seizure symptomology in seizures-related disorders, specifically epilepsy. In this study, telemetry implanted rats (animal model) were challenged with kainic acid to induce seizures. Recurring seizures and spikes were monitored 24/7 for a 3 to 4 months period. The number and duration of seizures and spikes were then quantified using the NeuroScore software.

At the end of the telemetry study, rat’s brains were harvested and processed for immunohistochemistry to assess Tau's pathology. The results demonstrated a direct correlation between increased hyperphosphorylated Tau and seizure occurrence using a linear regression model. This study aimed to understand whether hyperphosphorylated Tau can be used as a biomarker to assess seizure outcomes in individuals with epilepsy. Thus, this study may contribute to the betterment of seizure management and design specific interventions to target Tau in epilepsy.

Reference

Epilepsy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2020, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/epilepsy

Putra, M., Puttachary, S., Liu, G., Lee, G., & Thippeswamy, T. (2020, November 16). FYN-TAU ABLATION MODIFIES PTZ-INDUCED SEIZURES AND POST-SEIZURE HALLMARKS OF EARLY EPILEPTOGENESIS. Retrieved December 01, 2020, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2020.592374/abstract

ABSTRACT

Reference

Epilepsy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2020, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/epilepsy

A Spatial Analysis of Socio-economic Characteristics and COVID-19 Cases in California’s Counties Health & Human Development - Time: Tue 3:30pm-4:30pm - Session Number: 5131 Alexandra Bohlin, Monica Haddad, Department of Community and Regional Planning, Iowa State University, College of Design, 715 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA 50011 Alexandra Bohlin

The Coronavirus pandemic has severely affected people worldwide, but disparities for Black and Latino infections continue to increase with each day in the United States. To illustrate, data indicate that for coronavirus cases per 10,000 people, 73 are Latino, 62 are Black, and 23 are White in the U.S. Higher dependence on public transportation, small or multigenerational homes and front-line jobs put these races at higher risk of infection. Moreover, one study in Michigan found that while Black and Latino people only make up 20% of Kent County’s population, they account for 63% of infections, proving that disparities do not exist only in completely urban settings. Even though the state of California is not ranked very high among all American states, Imperial County, located in the southern part of the state, is currently one of the highest in the country, with 7,195 per 100,000 cases and 186 per 100,000 deaths. Within this context, this study will have two main objectives. First, it will explore the spatial distributions of several socio-economic variables, including race, and COVID-19 infection and death rates at the county level in the state of California. Second, it will focus on Imperial County and Riverside County, which is located to the north, but has only with 2,760 per 100,000 cases and 53 per 100,000 deaths. This intra-county focused analysis will bring more detailed variables in order to compare these two counties that even though are neighbors, have such a difference when it comes to Coronavirus cases. This study will provide information for planners in communities that have similar socio-economic makeup and can ultimately aid the livelihoods of the people who reside there, especially during situations like the current global crisis. Attention will be given to the fact the Imperial County is located in the US-Mexico border.

Accounting for Seasonality in Intraday Volume for Forex Volatility Measures Mathematics - Time: Tue 5:00pm-6:00pm - Session Number: 5588 Devin Scott and Dr. Tingting Liu, Department of Finance, Iowa State University Ivy College of Business, 2200 Gerdin Building 2167 Union Drive, Ames IA 50011-2027 Devin Scott

Volatility measures are a critical part of understanding any financial market. However, because some markets do not close in the evenings, volatility measures that work for 8-hour markets are not sufficient in measuring and predicting the volatility of 24-hour markets. Specifically, this project will seek to address the seasonality in volatility that comes from the varying degrees of volume throughout the 24-hour foreign exchange market trading day. Statistical methods used in other areas will be applied to the volatility indicator known as average true range, a technical analysis tool that is used to track and predict the difference between a trading period’s high and low by taking a running average of previous periods’ differences. Using the pairs EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, USD/CHF, and USD/CAD with 10 years of intraday historical data for each pair, the project will attempt to deseasonalize the time series data and build a better model for the average true range indicator. Expectations for a result of this research and model include the creation of a much more accurate model for measuring volatility in markets where volatility and volume has a distinct seasonality that correlates with repeating intraday time-periods. Analysis of the data will be done in Python and JMP, with multiple iterative phases as the model develops. Final analysis and visualizations will be performed through Python, JMP, Excel, and Tableau. Lastly, the project will be expanded with a brief analysis of applications in other financial markets, such as the futures and cryptocurrency markets, and the viability of the model’s usefulness to retail traders in these markets, as well. Volatility measures are a critical part of understanding any financial market. However, because some markets do not close in the evenings, volatility measures that work for 8-hour markets are not sufficient in measuring and predicting the volatility of 24-hour markets. Specifically, this project will seek to address the seasonality in volatility that comes from the varying degrees of volume throughout the 24-hour foreign exchange market trading day. Statistical methods used in other areas will be applied to the volatility indicator known as average true range, a technical analysis tool that is used to track and predict the difference between a trading period’s high and low by taking a running average of previous periods’ differences. Using the pairs EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, USD/CHF, and USD/CAD with 10 years of intraday historical data for each pair, the project will attempt to deseasonalize the time series data and build a better model for the average true range indicator. Expectations for a result of this research and model include the creation of a much more accurate model for measuring volatility in markets where volatility and volume has a distinct seasonality that correlates with repeating intraday time-periods. Analysis of the data will be done in Python and JMP, with multiple iterative phases as the model develops. Final analysis and visualizations will be performed through Python, JMP, Excel, and Tableau. Lastly, the project will be expanded with a brief analysis of applications in other financial markets, such as the futures and cryptocurrency markets, and the viability of the model’s usefulness to retail traders in these markets, as well.

Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Double Façades to Mitigate Wind-Induced Effects on Tall Buildings Civil Engineering - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 3631 Michael Huntley, Dr. Alice Alipour, and Dr. Mohammad Jafari. Department of Civil Engineering, Iowa State University, 813 Bissell Rd, Ames IA 50011 Michael Huntley

The growing urbanization worldwide and advancement in construction technology has led to an increase in developing taller and more slender high-rise buildings. These high-aspect-ratio structures are especially susceptible to wind loading, as the wind speed increases exponentially with the height. Wind loading can induce vibrations in the building, which can cause severe damage to both structural and non-structural components of the building, as well as occupant discomfort. So far, many strategies have been tested to mitigate wind loading and the effects of the wind-induced vibrations. These approaches include aerodynamic modifications, such as corner chamfering and rounding, auxiliary damping devices, and structural design adjustments. Until very recently, double skin facades have been researched and utilized primarily for energy saving applications. Recent studies prove that double-skin facades can considerably reduce the wind loads exerted on tall buildings and such structures can modify the building’s aerodynamic properties. This project seeks to explore smart morphing double-skin façade systems as a possible solution to the wind-induced vibration problem using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) technique to simulate the response of various double-skin façade designs under numerous wind loading conditions. This research focuses on machine learning applications in predicting flow characteristics around tall buildings based on a CFD database simulated for the elliptical, triangle, and rectangular buildings. For this purpose, the convolutional and deconvolutional neural networks are supposed to be used for predicting the pressure and velocity contours along with aerodynamic coefficients at different Reynolds numbers, angles of attack, and aspect ratios of the building’ cross-section. Such a framework helps to come up with better aerodynamic shapes for double façade or even building in the design stage. Additionally, this open-source prediction model can be employed to optimize the overall shape providing the least wind-induced load and response. The growing urbanization worldwide and advancement in construction technology has led to an increase in developing taller and more slender high-rise buildings. These high-aspect-ratio structures are especially susceptible to wind loading, as the wind speed increases exponentially with the height. Wind loading can induce vibrations in the building, which can cause severe damage to both structural and non-structural components of the building, as well as occupant discomfort. So far, many strategies have been tested to mitigate wind loading and the effects of the wind-induced vibrations. These approaches include aerodynamic modifications, such as corner chamfering and rounding, auxiliary damping devices, and structural design adjustments. Until very recently, double skin facades have been researched and utilized primarily for energy saving applications. Recent studies prove that double-skin facades can considerably reduce the wind loads exerted on tall buildings and such structures can modify the building’s aerodynamic properties. This project seeks to explore smart morphing double-skin façade systems as a possible solution to the wind-induced vibration problem using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) technique to simulate the response of various double-skin façade designs under numerous wind loading conditions. This research focuses on machine learning applications in predicting flow characteristics around tall buildings based on a CFD database simulated for the elliptical, triangle, and rectangular buildings. For this purpose, the convolutional and deconvolutional neural networks are supposed to be used for predicting the pressure and velocity contours along with aerodynamic coefficients at different Reynolds numbers, angles of attack, and aspect ratios of the building’ cross-section. Such a framework helps to come up with better aerodynamic shapes for double façade or even building in the design stage. Additionally, this open-source prediction model can be employed to optimize the overall shape providing the least wind-induced load and response.

Analysis of Plant Height in Zea mays Biology - Time: Mon 4:30pm-5:30pm - Session Number: 3006 Chase Krug, Dr. Matthew Hufford, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 3410 Beardshear Hall, Ames, IA 50011 Chase Krug

The genetic diversity between two parental lines of maize can influence heterosis. Heterosis is the process in which traits in the offspring surpass those of parents. However, correlation between heterosis and the cross direction (i.e., which line is used as male and which as female) and genetic distance remains unknown. All possible combinations of four maize groups (flint, tropical, stiff-stalk and non-stiff stalk), spanning a range of genetic distance were crossed to one another, resulting in 16 distinct cross types. We directly tested the effect of maternal and paternal background and genetic distance on heterosis using a diallel experiment, which is a mating scheme in which lines are crossed in all possible directions. The diallel consisted of 158 crosses which were replicated in three blocks. Mid-parent and high-parent heterosis were calculated using both plant height and ear height data. Mid-parent heterosis is when plant height of the cross is greater than the average height of both parents. High parent heterosis is when height of the cross is greater than that of the best performing parent. Heterosis was compared using statistical contrasts which test the significance of the direction of the cross and different combinations of heterotic groups. Our results indicate significant mid-parent/high-parent heterosis across all heterotic groups. Additionally, specific reciprocal crosses show a significant difference in mid-parent/high-parent heterosis. Statistical analyses were conducted, and plots were created in the R programming language. Our increased understanding of the phenomenon of heterosis will facilitate prediction of its occurrence in, for example, cultivar improvement.

APOE and TOMM40 variants in mitochondria dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease Biology - Time: Tue 2:00pm-3:00pm - Session Number: 606 Sau Qwan Yap, Scott Caso, and Dr. Qian Wang, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, IA. Sau Qwan Yap

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that commonly leads to dementia in senior population. It is the only top 10 leading cause of death in the US with no known cure. The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, specifically the ε4 allele, is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Translocase of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 40 (TOMM40) encodes for a protein on mitochondrial outer membrane that regulates the transport of critical pre-proteins for ATP production. TOMM40 rs2075650 (rs’650) polymorphism shares strong linkage disequilibrium with APOE and is associated with AD neuropathology. APOE facilitates the metabolism of cholesterol in the brain, and dysregulation of this process promotes mitochondrial dysfunction. Given the importance of mitochondria in aging, it is critical to examine the roles of APOE and TOMM40 mutations in mitochondrial dysfunction. Our hypothesis is that APOE ε4 and its interactions with TOMM40 rs’650 negatively affect cholesterol homeostasis and mitochondrial function, resulting in impaired dendrite and axon development. To test this hypothesis, we will develop stem cell lines carrying permutations of APOE ε4 and TOMM40 rs’650. We will examine the effects of these genetic variants on mitochondrial health and cholesterol distribution by measuring ATP production and cholesterol transport in induced neurons from our stem cell lines. Besides, we will conduct live imaging of the induced neurons at different development phases in vitro to evaluate the effects of these genetic variants on dendrite and axon development. We expect to see neurons with APOE ε4 and TOMM40 variants to have impaired mitochondrial health, thus slow dendrite and axon development. In vitro studies utilizing stem cells would offer a unique opportunity to look over all permutations of genetic variants under the same genetic background and further facilitate the development of novel AD therapeutic targets.

Application to Analyze Color Calibration Needed for Automated Grinding of Metalcastings Engineering - Time: Tue 2:00pm-3:00pm - Session Number: 4596 Aaron Bodenham and Dr. Frank Peters, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Riggs Ct, Ames, IA 50010. Aaron Bodenham

Manual grinding of a metalcasting is a difficult task, which motivated the development of an automated grinding system for use in foundries. Automation of this process would improve work conditions within the foundry. The automated grinding method utilizes markings on castings drawn by operators to automatically create a path plan for material removal. A 3D scanner mounted to the robot records an XYZ point cloud of the casting as well as the color information. The color information will be used to isolate the markings made by the operator, which will identify the areas to be ground and used to segment the point cloud. Color thresholds must be established accurately in order for the automated system to function. Due to light conditions, surface finish, and marker color, not all operator marks will be detected through the scanner without setting proper thresholds. An application was developed using MATLAB that will be used by foundries to assist in setting up automated grinding systems, starting with a scan of the casting and its environment. The user will begin with picking three points from the cloud and recording the RGB values. An average of these values will be used, then have a dynamic increment and decrement applied to each color section, based on the range of values within the points selected. This app allows users to use either RGB or HSV color spaces, depending on preference. Testing will be conducted using this app, providing an initial recommendation to foundries for optimal color choice. Once the optimal color is determined for marking anomalies, the grinding program can be used to accurately interpret colored marks on the casting and begin removing material.

Applications of thoracic ultrasonography to evaluate progression and severity of bovine respiratory disease Animal Sciences - Time: Mon 1:30pm-2:30pm - Session Number: 2006 Madison Porter, Paiton McDonald, Dr. Jodi McGill, Ph.D., and Dr. Amanda Kreuder, DVM Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 2182 Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 Madison Porter, Paiton McDonald

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex syndrome that can cause severe or even fatal pneumonia in neonatal calves. While there are preventative measures against BRD, early detection is key to treatment success. Early detection of subclinical disease in calves is challenging, however, which often results in delayed treatment and progression to severe clinical illness or reduced animal performance. BRD is commonly initiated by a primary viral infection, associated with subclinical pneumonia, followed by a secondary bacterial infection which can result in severe clinical disease. Recent research suggests that thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) can be used to improve early detection of subclinical pneumonia, however, it is unknown how TUS results correlate with other common parameters of disease progression (i.e. pathogen shedding, pathogen lung burden, clinical disease) when comparing viral versus bacterial pneumonia. Therefore, the objective of the study was to compare the progression of lung disease, as measured by TUS, between viral and bacterial models of infection in young calves, and determine correlations between pathogen shedding, manifestations of clinical disease, and gross pathology at necropsy. Three-week-old calves were infected with either Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), as a model of viral pneumonia, or Mannheimia haemolytica, as a model of bacterial pneumonia. TUS videos were collected at designated time points following challenge, and disease progression was scored based upon the total area and location of pneumonic lesions. TUS results were correlated with daily clinical illness scores, viral or bacterial shedding (determined by qPCR or quantitative culture), and gross lung pathology scoring. Results point toward a positive correlation between TUS, clinical observations, and pathogen shedding and burden, and suggest that TUS is a valuable tool for assessment of disease presence and progression. Thus, TUS may provide a rapid and reliable method for improving diagnosis of subclinical pneumonia on-farm and increasing treatment success.

Architectural Clay Formworks Architecture & Interior Design - Time: Mon 3:00pm-4:00pm - Session Number: 202 Jacob Gasper, Cyle King, and Shelby Doyle, Department of Architecture, Iowa State University, 715 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA 50011 Jacob Gasper, Cyle King

This body of work explores 3d printing clay as a reusable formwork for concrete applications. Additive manufacturing or 3D printing clay is a growing body of knowledge occurring at the intersection of engineering, ceramics, and design. Jenny Sabin Labs of Cornell University and Ron Rael of the University of California Berkeley are two researchers at the forefront of additive clay workflows to create architectural elements and sustainable building technologies.

This project began with a literature review and case studies to scope a research agenda and expand upon the possibility of 3D printing clay for the design and production of reusable concrete formwork. This research develops methods and mock-ups for unfired clay 3D printing, both for its geometric possibilities and limitations as a reusable architectural formwork. The hypothesis of this project is that clay can be 3D printed to produce a mold, poured into to produce a concrete cast, then dissolved, remixed, and then used to produce new prints and molds. The project methodology relies upon iterative digital fabrication to combine robotic fabrication knowledge, computational design, and ceramic knowledge. The resulting work is evaluated for replicability and aesthetics. The outcome is mock-ups of architectural elements that reduce formwork material use and demonstrate the viability of the proposed methods.

Beginning in 2019 as a series of seminars and independent studies this work began with the design and development of a pressurized air extrusion system that works with a KUKA industrial robotic arm located in the ISU Student Innovation Center. Initial iterative studies focused on clay consistency, end-effector design, compressed air calculations for pressuring clay, and robotic arm travel velocity to produce clay prints. Expected results for Spring 2021 will include material mock-ups and an 8’ concrete cast column that tests the methods developed here.

Assisting Forensic Image Comparison Experts: a Study to Help Verification of Object Matching by Computer Algorithm Mathematics - Time: Mon 4:30pm-5:30pm - Session Number: 329 Liliana Delgado, Dr. Jennifer Newman, Iowa State University, 50010 Liliana Delgado

Over the past few decades, with the rise of technology and advanced camera systems, there is an increased need for image comparison work within the criminal justice system. While the work that image comparison experts do is delicate, it is surprisingly unscientific. This means that the methods these experts use have not been validated in a scientific way. Since 1989, more than 2,000 people have been wrongly convicted for incorrect identification by image comparison experts. In order to address this problem, this research developed a potential solution for examiners to validate their results. An algorithm was created to compare arbitrary objects within an image in the programming language Matlab. An objective procedure will be used to take an image of this object and compare it with affine transformations of this shape. This research is particularly concerned with the corners of the shape. The expected outcome would be an algorithm that produces a strong match within a reasonable amount of error. The current climate of the criminal justice system disproportionately impacts Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) by wrongfully convicting them at higher rates than White people. Through the enhancement of mathematical and statistical measures, this research could begin to narrow the gap of wrongful convictions due to faulty evidence that impacts BIPOC.

City Leisure and Play Architecture & Interior Design - Time: Mon 1:30pm-2:30pm - Session Number: 2046 Nick Cheung and Dr. Benjamin Shirtcliff, Department of Landscape Architecture, Iowa State University, 715 Bissell Road, Ames IA 50011 Nick Cheung

The City Leisure and Play research project analyzes how urban public spaces prompt pro-social behavior. This is achieved by studying everyday activities in urban spaces, looking for evidence of social interactions influenced by space. Evaluating the abundance of visual data social media provides, an understanding of the appropriation of public places is obtained as people create and interact with places of play. Adolescent behavior became the primary subject given their prominent usage of social media and unique interaction with the built environment. Observing young people shows flexibility in pro-social behaviors and captures diverse interpretations of play in perceived play spaces. The relevance of this research is augmented by the implications of a global pandemic, requiring a refined analysis of how people interact with public spaces. A crisis of this scale provides an opportunity to observe the resilience and equitability of existing urban design. This project employs an inductive research approach, requiring the collaboration of four different teams each responsible for an aspect of the research process: searching for visual data, coding identified behaviors, mapping locations, and creating illustrations of discovered play patterns. Examining public places through the lens of social media reveals that youth and space appropriation are vital in creating more inclusive spaces that contrast with dominant social constructs within urban environments. As innovators of play in public space, adolescent insights obtained from social media prove that opportunities for urban design to accommodate play in a post-pandemic era are possible. Ephemeral experiences in appropriated spaces prove that public places can be transformed to allow for social opportunities anywhere and anytime. The presentation of these collective findings will address how urban design can engage social interaction and equitable rights to the city, allowing diverse demographics to inform and experience public spaces.

Clover Vail: A Forgotten Avant Garde Art History & Visual Arts - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 438 Delaney Kennedy, Dr. John Cunnally, Department of Art and Visual Culture, Iowa State University, 156 College of Design Ames, IA, 50011 Delaney Kennedy

Working in the 1970s and 1980s, artist Clover Vail fused 20th-century artistic movements into a unique vision of feminist art. Modern styles that she specifically utilized include abstract expressionism, pop art, post-minimalism, and neo-expressionism. Her piece Twain exemplifies these artistic techniques and shows how they were used to create an energetic feminist commentary.

My research consists of analyzing the sculpture Twain by comparing and observing its similarities with the art movements mentioned above, and the way the piece represents feminist ideology. Twain exemplifies the fragmentation and deep crevices used by Abstract Expressionist artists Willem de Kooning and John Chamberlain. Pop art is seen in her theme of the shoe, a subject depicted in other versions of the pop art genre. The shoe theme allows the artist to make a feminist commentary, since this object is associated with the feminine sphere. Twain has a close similarity to gilded baby shoes, an activity that mothers would do to immortalize their child’s first footwear. Neo-expressionism revitalized abstract expressionism and older German expressionism. The Neo-expressionist movement was especially interested in de Kooning, and his influence on Vail has been mentioned above. My research in the critical and art historical literature of these styles and ideologies further clarifies their influence on Vail and how she used materials to construct her artworks.

Vail’s sculpture Twain reveals that she stepped out of the boundaries of the feminist art of her time, creating an abstract piece to express the ideal that "the personal is political." While other feminist artists focused on the female body in their abstractions, Vail focuses on aspects of the body common to both genders, and on objects associated with femininity. Owing to her private demeanor Vail has remained obscure up to now, but her contributions and creativity should not be overlooked.

Could Wasps Be Pollinators? a Study on Body Pollen Carriage and Floral Fidelity Ecology - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 411 Paola Soto Mendez, Kate Borchardt, Dr. Amy Toth, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Dr Ames IA 50011 Paola Soto Mendez

Pollination is an important ecosystem service and facilitates the sexual reproduction of many plants in native and restored prairie systems of Iowa. Wasps visit flowers to forage on nectar similar to other pollinators, but the potential ability and efficiency of Northern paper wasps (Polistes fuscatus) has not been investigated. We measured pollen abundance and diversity on wild-caught Polistes and compared these measures to known pollinators, both native bees and soldier beetles. To determine if wasps could be pollinators, we used indicators such as amount of pollen on the body (pollen carriage), as well as whether the composition of pollen grains was predominantly from a single plant species (floral fidelity). Pollen was washed from each specimen and mounted on a microscope slide to be counted and identified. We predicted that wasps will have a similar amount of body pollen grains to native bee species, but they may show lower floral diversity and higher floral fidelity, such that wasps could be considered a possible pollinator. We found similar amounts of pollen on wasps as we did native bees and beetles, and a high proportion of and fidelity to Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) This supports that wasps could be pollinators of the genus, but further studies are required.

Creating a Transgenic Drosophila Line Expressing mRFPruby in Primordial Germ Cells Biology - Time: Tue 2:00pm-3:00pm - Session Number: 635 William Crow, Clark Coffman, Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 William Crow

During Drosophila embryogenesis, the germline, the eggs and sperm that are the founders of the next generation, begins with the formation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the posterior end of the embryo in an extraembryonic location. The PGCs must enter the embryo and colonize the gonads within the embryo. This process of migration involves active and targeted migration as well as programmed cell death, a situation that is highly analogous to cancer metastasis. To better understand the mechanisms of these cell migrations and programmed cell death, we need to be able to visualize the PGCs as they move and die. We have created transgenic lines of flies that express mRFPruby specifically within the PGCs. Initial observations of these lines showed insufficient levels of expression of the mRFPruby for proper imaging during the initial phases of cell migration. In order to increase expression levels, we are using meiotic recombination to increase the copy number of the transgenes within the genome of these flies. To accomplish this, we must first know the location of the initial insertion sites of the transgenes in two of the lines with the highest levels of mRFPruby expression, 1-3 and 1-7. By performing inverse PCR using genomic DNA, we can obtain the sequence of the genomic region flanking the transgene and map the insertion sites. With this data, we will set up recombination crosses and screen for individuals with two copies of the transgene. Flies that carry multiple copies will be imaged using multiphoton microscopy of live embryos to determine if there is increased fluorescence of PGCs. If successful, the fly lines produced in this study can be used in future studies on the function of the Tre-1 G protein-coupled receptor in PGC migration and the Outsiders monocarboxylate transporter in PGC death.

Design of Quantum-classical Computing Hybrid Algorithms for Materials Simulation Physics/Astronomy - Time: Wed 12:00pm-1:00pm - Session Number: 6146 Noah Berthusen, Feng Zhang, Yongxin Yao, Peter P. Orth, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ames Laboratory, Ames IA 50011 Noah Berthusen

Accurately predicting properties of strongly correlated quantum materials is one of the grand challenges in many-body physics research. Classical methods for correlated materials simulation such as the state-of-the-art method (DFT+DMFT), which combines density functional theory (DFT) with dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) are computationally costly, in particular for complex materials with multi-orbitals and strong spin-orbit coupling. This complexity is intrinsic to the many-electron problem and arises from the exponential growth of the complexity of the electronic many-body wave function. To overcome these limitations, this project aims to leverage existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer technology to achieve highly accurate total energy calculations and to simulate quantum dynamics in correlated multi-orbital quantum materials. Specifically, we are determining the ground state solution of the Gutzwiller interacting quantum embedding Hamiltonian by implementing a variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) that runs on state-of-the-art quantum cloud services of our partner company Rigetti Quantum Computing. This is feasible on NISQ devices, as it takes advantage of relatively shallow quantum circuits for error mitigation. We aim to construct a variational ansatz for the VQE that approximates the non-commuting Hamiltonian terms using a Trotter-Suzuki method. By first applying the variational method to a smaller part of the full Hubbard cluster, we can efficiently and accurately solve interacting models that are computationally too costly to be solved on classical computers.

Direct 3D Printing of CT Scan Data Mechanical & Industrial Engineering - Time: Tue 2:00pm-3:00pm - Session Number: 625 Anushrut Jignasu, Sambit Ghadai, and Dr. Adarsh Krishnamurthy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames IA 50011 Anushrut Jignasu

3D printing has become an integral part of the design process and is used to test and validate the design of complex components. 3D printing allows a designer to physically manufacture a virtual model generated using computer-aided design (CAD) tools. A commonly used 3D printing process is fused deposition modeling (FDM), where a 3D object is created layer by layer using a heated nozzle that directs molten thermoplastic material at the correct location in the printer. However, to successfully create a 3D printed part, the CAD model needs to be pre-processed into a layer by layer format using specialized software. The CAD model is traditionally represented using a triangular surface mesh, which is converted into the motion of the 3D printer nozzle called Gcode. This conversion is done using a ‘slicing’ software, which slices the model and stores information about the movement of the printer nozzle in a Gcode file. Oftentimes this process can introduce errors that reduce the print quality. In this work, we have devised a novel method of 3D printing CAD models directly using their voxelized representations, without the need for the slicing operation. We represent the CAD model using voxels or 3D pixels; voxels physically represent a tiny cube of material (similar to Minecraft blocks). We use this voxelized representation to position the 3D printer nozzle and directly print the part by generating a custom Gcode. By using such a method, we can maintain print quality while printing complex CAD parts. In a broad context, this method can be used for direct 3D printing of volumetric data from MRI/CT scans, making it easier for doctors to visualize internal bodily structures. This presentation will focus on discussing the experimental system and the process involved in directly generating accurate 3D prints of CT scan data.

Animals use a variety of morphologically diverse eyes to perform a wide range of tasks, such as navigation, interaction with other organisms, and detection of environmental cues. In marine bivalve molluscs alone, there are five types of eye structures: cap eyespot, pigmented cup, compound, mirror, and invaginated. For most animal eyes, it is known that opsins are light-sensitive proteins, but we do not have a concrete understanding of how bivalve vision works on the molecular level. In this study, we obtained raw RNA sequences for three different limid species with invaginated eyes (Ctenoides ales, C. mitis, and C. scaber), and assembled transcriptomes for each species. We identified opsin genes using known opsins from the scallop, Argopecten irradians. All candidate opsins were analyzed phylogenetically to determine their relationship with other bivalve opsins. The opsin gene tree indicates that limid opsins have undergone a lineage-specific diversification such that many of these opsins are paralogous, rather than orthologous. We identified conserved motifs within the opsin genes to try to further understand possible opsin structure and function.

Economic Pressure Across Generations: The Impact on HCC Health & Human Development - Time: Tue 3:30pm-4:30pm - Session Number: 5135 Megan Carty, Olivia Diggs, and Tricia Neppl, Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University 2330 Palmer Building, 2222 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011 Megan Carty

Research indicates hair samples provide a non-invasive measurement of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC), which have been linked with excessive amounts of stress. Results are mixed regarding the association between economic adversity and HCC. Additionally, few studies examine intergenerational predictors of HCC. Thus, the current study examined the relation between Generation (G1) economic pressure during Generation 2 (G2) adolescence on G2 adult economic pressure and HCC. The current study also examined G2 gender differences. Sample: Questionnaire data was collected from a longitudinal White sample of adolescents and their biological parent(s) from the Family Transitions Project, a study merged from 2 prior projects: Iowa Youth and Families Project and Iowa Single Parents Project, which began in 1989 and 1991 respectively. During the 2018 data collection, G2s, aged 41, completed online questionnaires through Qualtrics survey software. From their responses, G2s were recruited to provide a hair sample for a pilot study involving the examination and measurement of HCC levels (n = 47). Measures: Economic pressure felt by G1 in 1991 and 1992 was measured by three indicators of financial strain: unmet material needs, can’t make ends meet, and painful cutbacks. G2s responded to the same set of questions collected in 2018. G2s also provided 3 cm of hair from the posterior vortex region of the head for HCC extraction (pg/mg). Results: Correlations were obtained in SPSS. The economic pressure felt by G1 correlated with G2’s economic pressure 27 years later. Higher levels of G1, but not G2, economic pressure were correlated with higher levels of G2 HCC. G2 males had higher levels of HCC than females. Conclusions: Results highlight the detrimental effect of early life economic stress across generations and lend support for hair cortisol to be used as a biomarker of chronic stress.

Effects of Basil in Controlling Post-harvest Loss Against Maize Weevils Agriculture & Extension - Time: Mon 1:30pm-2:30pm - Session Number: 100 Jayna Misra, Dr. Thomas Brumm, and Dr Carl Bern, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 Jayna Misra

Sitophilus Zeamais or better known as the maize weevil is one of the leading causes of grain spoilage in Sub-Saharan regions of Africa. The maize weevil is a species of beetle that is highly resistant to hot temperatures and consumes corn as the main staple of its diet. The damage done by weevils is so severe, that often the infested corn has to be completely discarded. The objective of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of basil leaves on controlling maize weevil populations in post-harvest storage. The tests were conducted to find a sustainable local method for farmers to utilize during post-harvest procedures in place of harmful pesticides. This experiment involved investigating the effects of wet (freshly harvested) and air-dried basil leaves.

Sample jars with 200 grams of maize and 25 weevils mixed with wet and dry basil leaves were prepared. All samples were then placed in a controlled environment at roughly 75 degrees Fahrenheit with high humidity. This experiment was conducted for a forty-day period, giving time for two complete cycles of reproduction of weevils. The exponential growth of the maize weevil populations was measured, and the physical damage to the maize was recorded.

Results showed that the wet basil leaves did not provide any benefit over the control sample, most likely due to higher moisture levels. The maize mixed with dry leaves, on the other hand, had a better appearance, fewer numbers of holes, and less discoloration. The number of weevils in the maize mixed with dry basil leaves had roughly the same amount as the control. This indicates that the dry basil leaves provided benefits in terms of grain quality. The mechanism of how dry basil leaves protects maize quality from weevils requires further study in the future.

The objective of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of basil leaves on controlling maize weevil populations in post-harvest storage. The tests were conducted to find a sustainable local method for farmers to utilize during post-harvest procedures in place of harmful pesticides. This experiment involved investigating the effects of wet (freshly harvested) and air-dried basil leaves.

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product supplementation on the acute-phase response during bovine respiratory disease in neonatal calves Animal Sciences - Time: Mon 1:30pm-2:30pm - Session Number: 2007 Paiton McDonald, Dr. Jodi McGill, Ph.D Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 2182 Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 Paiton McDonald

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multi-pathogenic interaction often resulting in lower respiratory tract infections in cattle. BRDC commonly presents as a primary viral infection, followed by a secondary bacterial infection, resulting in clinically severe disease that can be fatal in neonatal calves. There has been research on the calves’ immune response to individual infections, but little has been done to study the immune response to a viral-bacterial co-infection. Supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) has shown to have positive effects on performance, health, and immunity in cattle. A recent study demonstrated that supplementation of neonatal calves with the SCFP products, NutriTek and SmartCare, modulated the immune response in calves and improved the outcome of an experimental bovine respiratory syncytial viral (BRSV) infection. This study’s objective is to evaluate the effects of SCFPs on the acute phase response through quantitative gene expression for inflammatory cytokines: TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 from tissue using qPCR in a viral and bacterial co-infection in neonatal calves and correlate the findings with immune function and performance. Current results suggest that with a minimal increase in cytokine response, treated calves cleared the infection(s) with a better success rate following peak viral load.

Evaluating Iowa State University Writing and Media Center’s relationship with English as an additional language(EAL) students Diversity Studies - Time: Tue 12:30pm-1:30pm - Session Number: 4078 Yahan Chang, Dr. Joseph Cheatle, The Writing and Media Center, Iowa State University, 515 Morrill Rd, Ames IA 50011 Yahan Chang

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between Iowa State University’s Writing and Media Center(WMC) and English as an additional language(EAL) students through survey data collection. In the 2019-2020 academic year, the ISU WMC saw 1695 appointments encompassing 545 clients who identified their first/home language as other than English. Although there has been substantial research conducted on EAL students in writing centers across the United States, ISU’s own EAL student body remains a population that needs to be explored further in-depth. This project will explicitly measure the WMC’s effectiveness and delineate EAL student perception of its services. The research results will provide a comprehensive review of EAL student interaction with the WMC - starting from the fundamental usage of its services, previous consultation encounters, preferences for future sessions, and finally their impression of the WMC environment and resources for fellow EAL students. The first focus is to determine EAL student usage of the WMC through demographic questions such as visit frequency and who recommended them. The second objective is to assess the consultation experience and effectiveness by asking questions about the student’s interactions with consultant feedback and writing retention. The third factor examines EAL student preferences such as online versus in-person consultation and hands-on versus hands-off tutoring approaches. The final part concludes with general feedback on the diversity and support of the WMC. This multi-level understanding aims to improve communication between WMC staff and EAL students. The study results will gauge the WMC’s current standing with EAL students, specifically identify sectors that are lacking in support, and provide evidence for future adaptations and resolutions. This study can also promote future research between the WMC and EAL students, and as well as other student populations.

Evaluating the Use of Autonomous Recording Units for Monitoring Northern Bobwhite Coveys Ecology - Time: Tue 12:30pm-1:30pm - Session Number: 4091 Elke Windschitl and Dr. Adam Janke, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Elke Windschitl

Northern bobwhite fall distribution is monitored annually as part of the National Bobwhite Conservation Initiative. Typically, fall monitoring is done by point count surveys of bobwhite covey calls, but this is logistically difficult. Autonomous Recording Units (ARUs) are increasingly being used to record avian acoustics and estimate bird abundances. Here, we evaluate the use of ARUs to monitor coveys by addressing three critical questions. First, we played recorded calls to an array of ARUs to evaluate whether units detected calling coveys. Second, we paired ARUs with human observers during point count surveys to compare abundance and ARU metrics. Third, we evaluated processing methods to determine whether they were non biased and efficient between processors. Detectability of calls on ARUs decreased as distance increased to 575 meters, but never dropped below 60%. Field observers and ARU processors had nearly the same estimates of occupancy supporting that ARUs accurately detected when a covey called. Finally, we observed minimal processor bias in covey detection and found a shorter survey window yielded consistent results. Our work demonstrates that application of ARUs for monitoring northern bobwhites has some promise for occupancy and efficiency but has limitations compared to abundance metrics derived from human observers.

Examining the effects of socioeconomic factors and activity-related behaviors on severity of depressive symptoms in young adults during implementation of COVID-19 restrictions Psychology - Time: Wed 3:00pm-4:00pm - Session Number: 7057 Reed Tisdell, Seana Perkins, Dr. Jeni Lansing, and Dr. Jacob Meyer, Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, 534 Wallace Rd, Ames IA 50011 Reed Tisdell

The COVID-19 mitigation efforts have affected mental health. How socioeconomic factors and activity-related behaviors relate to depressive symptoms during COVID-19 is not well understood. Individuals aged 25-34 may be especially vulnerable due to early positions within the workforce and low incomes. The purpose of this study was to examine how socioeconomic factors (i.e. income, education), demographics (i.e. sex, race), and activity-related behaviors (i.e. sitting time, screen time, and moderate/vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) were related to depressive symptoms in adults aged 25-34 during implementation of COVID-19 public health restrictions. Survey data from 559 US adults (age 25-34; 76% female) during the COVID-19 pandemic was collected April 3rd-8th. Participants self-reported socio-demographic variables, COVID-19 restrictions (i.e. self-isolation/quarantine, shelter-in-place/stay-at-home order, or social distancing), current daily minutes of activity-related behaviors, and current depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II). A multiple linear regression examined associations between income (categorized <$25k, 25-50k, 50-75, or >75k), education (high school/some college, college degree, or graduate degree), race (non-white or white), and activity-related behaviors with severity of depressive symptoms. Covariates included sex and COVID-19 restrictions. The overall model significantly predicted depressive symptoms (F(12,517)=8.28, p<0.001; r2=0.16). An income >25k (β=-0.26 to -0.43, all p<0.001), being male (β=-0.19, p<0.001), sitting time (β=0.16, p<0.01), and reporting isolation/quarantining (β=0.11, p=0.02) were associated with depressive symptom severity, while race, screen time, education, and MVPA were not (all p>0.05). Depressive symptoms were most notable in adults in low-income households and increased as sitting time increased. Financial instability, limited access to mental health resources (e.g., during isolation), and excessive sitting time may prevent management of depressive symptoms. These behaviors and populations may be important targets for future interventions.

Examining the Thermal Stability of Rice Bran Wax-Gelatin Bigels Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry Chemistry - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 440 Celeste Chadwick, Ariana Saffold, Dr. Nuria Acevedo, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, 536 Farm House Ln., Ames, IA, 50011. Celeste Chadwick

A bigel is a semi-solid formulation containing two gelled phases; organogel (OG) and hydrogel (HG). These hybrid systems have recently become a topic of interest in many research fields such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical applications due to their improved properties. Their amphipathic characteristic gives them several unique properties including water washability, spreadability, enhanced drug delivery, and the potential to manipulate the release rate of entrapped bioactives. This study aimed to explore the thermodynamic stability of bigels with different OG:HG ratios (60:40, 70:30, & 80:20) with the addition of emulsifiers (tween80, mono/diglycerides, and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)) at 1% and 5% concentrations. A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to analyze the thermal properties of the formulated bigels during heating and cooling cycles and to establish a connection between temperature and specific physical properties. The thermograms showed the presence of two enthalpy peaks corresponding to the gel-sol (heating cycle) or sol-gel (cooling cycle) transition of both, organogel and hydrogel phases. Interestingly, sol-gel transitions that occurred during cooling were affected by the presence of emulsifiers. Results showed that PGPR inhibits the gelation of gelatin whereas mono/diglycerides promote it. Neither of these two emulsifiers appears to have an effect on the gelation of rice bran wax. Based on the data collected thus far, we can also conclude that the thermograms show the bigels remain stable over the two heating and cooling cycles.

Fetch: a Pipeline to Parse NCBI and Organize Data into a Multiple Forms Based on Biopython Biology - Time: Mon 4:30pm-5:30pm - Session Number: 3037 Bill Winnett, Viraj Muthye, Department of Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 201 Bessey, Ames, Iowa 50011 William Winnett

With the advent of better technology, biological research has innumerable different forms to represent data. Formerly impossible tasks are now possible thanks to sequences stored virtually along with other representations such as protein models and computationally made phylogenetic trees. Many sequences are located in the public domain such as the NCBI gene database in a raw format. While a scientist can alter the format based on the task; it is much more convenient to utilize a pipeline to gather all information through tailored parameters.

For this project, we wanted to work with data manipulation programs to provide a pipeline to hasten the retrieval process. We hypothesized that with biopython, any record from NCBI based on an accession number, text file of accession numbers, or boolean search operators, could be fetched and manipulated with one single program later named FETCH. We combined features such as fetching from NCBI, writing to other forms, recording information to an index, and compiling (pulling) data which resulted in the following files to be written: genbank, fasta of every gene together or individually, their translated variants, and the full genome as a fasta. Each gene and species has an index to record what is saved in storage. Records in indexes were altered to pull out each instance of a gene or species (i.e ATP6 will pull all ATP6). All work was done in python using libraries such as Entrez via Biopython, as well as command line tools argparse and configparser. While this project is intended for mitochondrial genomic research, it is applicable to any form of biological science since each record is quick and effective while being customizable. This program can be used for storage purposes or to pull a quick sequence from NCBI.

Functional Annotation of the Grape Genome Biology - Time: Mon 3:00pm-4:00pm - Session Number: 2645 Haley Dostalik, Carolyn Lawrence-Dill, Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 202 Catt Hall, 2224 Osborn Dr., Ames, IA 50011-1301 Haley Dostalik

The purpose of this project is to update the functional annotation for the grape genome. Previous work that created a functional annotation of the grape genome has been shown to be not very accurate as time has passed. The methods used to create the annotation are not reproducible, which takes away from the credibility of the annotations. As technology has improved, there is more accurate data available for functional annotations, and it is important to update old annotations to reflect new discoveries. Over the past couple of years, Dr. Carolyn Lawrence-Dill's lab has been working on creating updated functional genome annotations of many different species of plants using a software they developed called Gene Ontology Meta Annotator for Plants (GOMAP). This involves finding and manipulating a protein fasta file to the correct format, creating slurm files to run the software, and reviewing the gene ontology annotations output by the software to check for accuracy. This project is expected to result in a new data set containing functional annotations for the grape with updated Gene Ontology terms and will discuss the accuracy of the generated annotations compared to older versions. The purpose of this project is to update the functional annotation for the grape genome. Previous work that created a functional annotation of the grape genome has been shown to be not very accurate as time has passed. The methods used to create the annotation are not reproducible, which takes away from the credibility of the annotations. As technology has improved, there is more accurate data available for functional annotations, and it is important to update old annotations to reflect new discoveries. Over the past couple of years, Dr. Carolyn Lawrence-Dill's lab has been working on creating updated functional genome annotations of many different species of plants using a software they developed called Gene Ontology Meta Annotator for Plants (GOMAP). This involves finding and manipulating a protein fasta file to the correct format, creating slurm files to run the software, and reviewing the gene ontology annotations output by the software to check for accuracy. This project is expected to result in a new data set containing functional annotations for the grape with updated Gene Ontology terms and will discuss the accuracy of the generated annotations compared to older versions.

Hand hygiene knowledge and practices of college students before and during Covid-19 pandemic Nursing & Public Health - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 429 Laurice Chewouo, Department of Chemistry and Dr. Angela Shaw, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011 Laurice Verlaine Chewouo

Every year 30,000 hospital infections have been linked to poor hand hygiene practices. The Center for Disease Control has focused education on the importance of hand hygiene practices (i.e. hand washing and hand sanitizing) to reduce the spread of COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to determine the hand hygiene knowledge and practice of Iowa State University (ISU) students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and understand where ISU students receive public health information. A human subject approved self-administered survey was provided via email to ISU students over a two week period. Multiple choice and open-ended survey questions were used to determine previous education on hand hygiene, sources of public health information, demographics information, and verified the current hand hygiene knowledge and practices of the students. Data will be analyzed using SPS for frequency of responses and ANOVA analysis of multiple choice questions, while Atlas.it program will be used for theming open-ended questions. The results of this study will provide insight on how college students receive public health education information and what hand hygiene knowledge and practice gaps still exist. This data will also be used for the development of future hand hygiene educational programs.

In automated safety-critical systems, there is a need for system health management to ensure the system behaves as intended. Runtime Verification (RV) is an application of formal methods that provides a framework for a computer to reason over to determine whether or not its data intake makes sense. To do so, specifications in a formal logic are necessary to set constraints on what the system is capable of doing. If these specifications are violated, RV alerts the system and can pursue an appropriate course of action. The concept of RV has existed for over a decade in a perfect theoretical sense, but few legitimate efforts have been made to put the concept into practice. NASA’s Realizable Responsive Unobtrusive Unit (R2U2) represents such an attempt, and we are seeking to implement the technology onto a commercial helicopter drone. The bulk of our efforts have been devoted to developing formal specifications in Mission-time Linear Temporal Logic (MLTL) which governs the helicopter system behavior. We develop these specifications from a physical understanding of physics, flight dynamics, sensor behavior, and computer science. Broadly, they are built such that they ward against the unforeseen, such as computational error, sensor malfunction, sudden weather changes, and security breaches. These specifications have helped to locate and are attempting to prevent errors in a simulated joint mission conduction with the University of Iowa’s Operator Performance Laboratory and the University of Michigan. Implementing RV specifications in a situation where errors are rampant is perfecting the methods for which specifications are writing and how they are implemented in a complex scenario.

Improving the Sustainability of Animal and Crop Production Agriculture: Evaluation of Biochar-Manure Mixture Impact on Soil Nutrient Availability and Plant Uptake Environmental Science & Sustainability - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 417 1) Darcy Bonds, Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University - 4350 Ellings Hall, 605 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA, 50011, USA 2) Jacek A Koziel, Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University - 4350 Ellings Hall, 605 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA, 50011, USA 3) Chumki Banik, Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University - 4350 Ellings Hall, 605 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA, 50011, USA 4) Mringanka De, Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University - 140 Trafton Science Center South, Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN, 56001, USA 5) Baitong Chen, Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University - 4350 Ellings Hall, 605 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA, 50011, USA 6) Asheesh Singh, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University - 1501 Agronomy Hall, 716 Farmhouse Ln, Ames, IA, 50011, USA 7) Mark A Licht, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University - 2104 Agronomy Hall, 716 Farmhouse Ln, Ames, IA, 50011, USA Darcy Bonds

Manure serves as an effective alternative to synthetic soil fertilizers. However, the manure-to-soil application also presents a risk of run-off nitrogen and phosphorus contamination of rivers and streams as well as the release of carbon to the atmosphere. Our working hypothesis is that biochar (a carbon-rich material) mixed with manure would improve soil quality, reduce nutrient movement, and increase plant nutrient availability. The research objective was to assess the effect of a biochar-manure mixture on both (1) nutrient leaching loss from soil (therefore affecting plant nutrient availability) and (2) releasing additional nutrients to plants over time. Specifically, we evaluated the physicochemical properties of the biochar-manure mixture and its effect on plant-available macro/micronutrients, soil quality, plant biomass yield, and nutrient uptake. We incubated three different types of biochar with manure. The experiment had two parts: a soil leaching trial (Part 1) and a greenhouse trial (Part 2). In Part 1, the three biochar-manure mixtures were applied (n=3) to the soil, then leached with water periodically over 30 days. The physicochemical soil properties and nutrient availability of each biochar-manure treatments were then compared against each other and soil control & manure control. In Part 2, the three biochar-manure mixtures along with soil and manure controls were applied (n=4) to grow both corn and soybean. Both Parts 1 and 2 showed that biochar-manure mixture improved soil quality and nutrient availability when compared to conventional manure application. Soil organic matter significantly (p<0.05) increased for all biochar-manure treatments. We recommend that a more long-term field study be conducted to examine the longitudinal effects of biochar-manure mixture on both plant and soil properties. This proof-of-the-concept study suggests that biochars could be used to solve both environmental and agronomic challenges and further improve the sustainability of animal and crop production agriculture.

Improving the Sustainability of Bioethanol Production by Integrating Thermochemical Treatment of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles Environmental Science & Sustainability - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 417 Samuel O’Brien 1,Jacek A. Koziel 1,Chumki Banik 1, and Andrzej Białowiec 1,2 1: Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA 2: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, The Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland Samuel O'Brien

The bioethanol industry is continuously working to become more sustainable, specifically regarding plant energy and GHG emission management. Dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of ethanol fermentation used for animal feed. DDGS is a relatively low-value bulk product that decays, causes odor, and is challenging to manage. The aim of this research was to find an alternative, value-added-type concept for DDGS utilization. Specifically, we aimed to explore the techno-economic feasibility of torrefaction, i.e., a thermochemical treatment of DDGS requiring low energy input, less sophisticated equipment, and resulting in fuel-quality biochar. Therefore, we developed a research model that addresses both bioethanol production sustainability and profitability due to synergy with the torrefaction of DDGS and using produced biochar as marketable fuel for the plant. Our experiments showed that the lower calorific value of DDGS-based biochar (CSF—carbonized solid fuel) may reach up to 27 MJ∙kg−1 d.m. (dry matter). Modeling indicated that the valorized CSF could be produced and used as a source of energy for bioethanol production plants. The heat generated from CSF incineration could supply the entire heat demand of the torrefaction unit and the heat demand of bioethanol production (15–30% of the mass of CSF depending on the lower heating value (LHV) of the CSF produced). The excess 70–85% of the CSF produced can potentially be marketed for energetic, agricultural, and other applications. Preliminary results show the relationship between the reduction of the environmental footprint (~24% reduction in CO2 emissions) with the introduction of comprehensive on-site valorization of DDGS. The application of DDGS torrefaction and CSF recycling may be a source of new, more valuable revenues and can bring new perspectives on how the bioethanol industry can be more sustainable and profitable, including during the COVID-19 pandemic and other shocks to market conditions.

Mental Health Among College Athletes Health & Human Development - Time: Tue 3:30pm-4:30pm - Session Number: 5134 Elizabeth Cuvelier, Sydney Cindrich, Dr. Jacob Meyer, Human Sciences, Iowa State University, 1901 Stange Road Ames, IA 50011 Elizabeth Cuvelier

Athletic identity describes the extent to which an individual identifies as an athlete. Athletic retirement or the inability to participate for those with high athletic identity may lead to feelings of loneliness and other mental health struggles. The purpose of this project was to analyze the relationship between athletic identity, loneliness, and mental health resource utilization in college athletes. Via online survey, current and past college athletes (n=178) self-reported demographic information, completed the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) and the UCLA 3-Item Loneliness Scale, and were asked questions regarding mental health utilization (e.g., frequency of mental health resource utilization). A logistic regression model provided a non-significant association between athletic identity and loneliness with mental health resource utilization. However, 42% reported they were unaware of the resources available to them. Additionally, there was a weak, negative relationship between athletic identity and loneliness (rspearman(176)= -0.16, p<.05), suggesting a buffering effect of athletic participation for those with high athletic identity. Athletes might experience an increase in loneliness once they transition out of their athlete role. This highlights a large gap in awareness of athlete mental health resources and indicates the need to provide mental health outreach to athletes with high athletic identity.

Monitoring subclinical pneumonia progression via thoracic ultrasonography in neonatal calves Animal Sciences - Time: Mon 3:00pm-4:00pm - Session Number: 227 Madison Porter, Dr. Jodi McGill, Ph.D, and Dr. Amanda Kreuder, DVM Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 2182 Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 Madison Porter

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex interaction between viral and bacterial infections coupled with environmental stressors that can have substantial negative effects on herd health. There are treatment options available for BRD, however, most of them rely on early detection for the best results. Early detection can be difficult using current detection methods which rely on rectal temperature, coughing, and eye or nose drainage. If BRD is not caught early on in it can lead to severe pneumonia and even death. BRD typically presents as a primary viral infection, followed by a secondary bacterial infection that progresses to clinical disease. Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) is an additional form of detection that can be easily performed calf side, on-farm without the need for sedatives. Recent research has shown that TUS can be used in the identification of subclinical pneumonia that is missed using current clinical scoring techniques, however, few studies have focused specifically on the progression of subclinical pneumonia in controlled infections. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine how subclinical disease, as measured by TUS, in young calves manifests and progresses in viral, bacterial, and co-infection models. Three-week-old calves were infected with either Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), a model of viral pneumonia, Mannheimia haemolytica, a model of bacterial pneumonia, or BRSV and Pasteurella multocida, a model of viral and bacterial co-infection. TUS videos were collected at designated time points following infection and scored based on the presence of comet tails and the depth of consolidated lung tissue. Calves were then sorted into four groups based on their clinical score and TUS score for a given day. Results suggest that subclinical pneumonia occurs following clinical pneumonia and may be part of the resolution of disease as opposed to the onset of disease.

Nesting ecology of the leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea Biology - Time: Mon 4:30pm-5:30pm - Session Number: 3035 Kathryn Burda, Laura Romero, and Nicole Valenzuela, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Kathryn Burda

Many turtles and other reptiles produce temperature-dependent characteristics in embryos, and sea turtles are no exception. Here we review salient observations accumulated over 35 years of research on Dermochelys coriacea to discern how nest environment influences its sex determination, development, and basic biology. Environmental temperature during a critical period of embryogenesis determines whether an egg develops as male or female. Sex ratios are diagnosed by examining the gonads of some hatchlings, whereas others are released into the ocean. Most studies report a pivotal temperature of 29.5°C (which produces 1:1 sex ratios), whereas the transitional range of temperature (TRT, which produces mixed sex ratios) vary by populations (<1°C in some and >3°C in others). Incubation temperatures higher than the TRT produce 100% females, and lower values produce 100% males. The recorded incubation temperature ranges ultimately depend on the experimental treatment type used in various studies. Treatments reported include natural nests, hatcheries, styrofoam boxes, and incubators or temperature-controlled ovens. Some treatments were designed to mimic natural nest conditions in an attempt to avoid deviating largely from the environmental characteristics of the original female nesting site. The placement of each nest on the beach can also affect the temperature range that a particular nest experiences due to factors such as how much sun or shade the sand receives at a particular area, and how far of a distance the nest is to high tide. Internal factors can also regulate sand temperature. These include nest depth, egg position within the egg chamber, and metabolic heat generated by developing embryos. Other external large-scale factors such as annual and seasonal differences in the climate affect the sand temperature to the greatest extent. Thus, contemporary climate change is predicted to have detrimental feminization effects on sea turtle populations that could pose a risk for their survival.

Oak Tatter Severity and Proximity to Agricultural Fields in Iowa Plant Sciences - Time: Wed 1:30pm-2:30pm - Session Number: 6500 Elizabeth Smith, Dr. Thomas Jurik, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. Iowa State University 137 Bessey, 2200 Osborn Dr Ames, Iowa, 50011-4009 Elizabeth Smith

Oak tatters describes a condition of loss of interveinal tissues in newly emerged leaves, primarily of oak species but sometimes in other species. The cause of oak tatters is unknown, although herbicide drift from agricultural fields and cold temperatures have been suggested as reasons. Is distance from agricultural fields, where herbicides are often used, related to frequency of oak tatters? I measured incidence of oak tatters versus distance of plots to the closest field at Blackhawk Wildlife Rehabilitation Center near Cedar Falls, Iowa using a five-point visual scale ranging from 1 (<5% damage) to 5 (>95% damage). Plots included red oak, black oak, and bur oak. There was no significant difference in incidence among species in most plots, so species were then combined for regression analyses. In 2017, 2018, and 2019, overall mean tatter incidence was 2.59, 1.57 and 1.52 scale units, respectively. In all three years, there was a significant decrease in plot mean tatter incidence as log of distance from the nearest field increased. In 2020, with lowest overall incidence (mean=1.18), there was no significant trend. While these results do not indicate a causal mechanism, the decrease in tatters with distance from fields suggests a potential relationship with agricultural practices.

Oral Health, Diet, and Gender at the Archaeological Site of Cerro del Teul, Zacatecas, Mexico Anthropology & Archeology - Time: Mon 4:30pm-5:30pm - Session Number: 300 Aridania Gerardo, Andrew D. Somerville, Luis Martínez Méndez, Laura Solar Valverde, Peter Jiménez Betts Aridania Gerardo

Dietary practices can reveal meaningful information about past social dynamics, including gender roles. Here we explore the dietary practices of the pre-Hispanic inhabitants of Cerro del Teul in southern, Zacatecas, Mexico through the analysis of dental caries and calculus. In total, we studied 73 burial but our study focused on characterizing differences between adult male (N=18) and female (N=16) skeletons. Of these, 14 males and 11 females had some degree of calculus present. Only fully erupted teeth were examined for calculus. The buccal and lingual sides were scored for the presence of calculus from 0 (absent) to 3 (extreme)(following Greene et al. 2005). To obtain a mean for each quadrant of the dentition, we divided the total calculus score by the number of surfaces scored per each quadrant. The results show that male values of the upper anterior quadrant (.45), upper posteriors quadrant (.81), lower anterior quadrant (.83) and lower posterior quadrant (.83) are higher than the corresponding female upper anterior quadrant (.30), upper posterior quadrant (.49), lower anterior quadrant (.66) and lower posterior quadrant (.62). For caries, we evaluated how many people had at least 1 carie present, and explored these data by sex. In total 10 males and 11 females had at least one carie present. There is a similar prevalence of caries between male (52.63%) and females (61.11%). The data indicates that males had a more carbohydrate rich diet than did females, suggesting a gendered difference in dietary practices.

Origin of carbonate concretions in Iowa's loess soils Geography/Geology - Time: Mon 3:00pm-4:00pm - Session Number: 226 Jazlyn Beeck (1), Dr. Mark Rasmussen (2), Dr. Elizabeth D. Swanner (1), (1) - Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50014; (2) - Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011 Jazlyn Beeck

While glaciers normally leave their mark in the United States Midwest in the form of glacial till, moraines, and glacial lakes, one unique feature in Iowa is the Loess Hills. These bluffs were carved from the fine-grained, wind-blown sediment sourced from the adjacent Missouri River Valley. Glacial melt water made the Missouri River a major waterway and as the melt water receded, the exposed fine-grained sediment was transported by westerly winds and deposited with the largest accumulation adjacent in the modern Loess Hills. Pedogenic carbonate concretions are ubiquitous in these loess soils but little is known of their origins.

Our main goals include determining what these concretions are, their mode of formation, if they are a relic or currently forming, and their role as a soil carbon sink. Our methodologies include X-ray diffraction (XRD), δ13C and δ18O stable isotopic analyses on carbonate concretions and soils, radiocarbon dating, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.

XRD indicated that the concretions are primarily calcite and dolomite with detrital minerals including quartz and feldspars with SEM confirming the carbonate matrix with majority quartz detritus. Stable isotope analysis point to a marine origin for the carbonate. This is consistent with loess being sourced from Paleozoic limestone formations that were eroded and transported with the glaciers. The radiocarbon age of these concretions is around 2,500 years old, placing a possible time of formation well after the last glacial period. We propose that the concretions formed after soil respiration caused the primary carbonate to dissolve and then were driven to reprecipitate around roots due tophotosynthesis. Optical and scanning electron microscopy showed no laminations, meaning no obvious successive growth events. However, future microscale isotopic measurements could indicate whether the carbon source has changed through time.

Paper-Based 2-3D Piezoelectric Devices Engineering - Time: Tue 2:00pm-3:00pm - Session Number: 4597 Yahriel Salinas-Reyes, Martin Thuo, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 2220 Hoover , 528 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA 50011 Yahriel Salinas-Reyes

In an era where electronic devices are becoming rapidly more complex and expensive. High efficiency (i.e. performance/cost ratio) in devices becomes harder to achieve as fabrication costs escalate as the assemblies of elegant high-performance devices require more sophisticated material systems. Conceptually, however, devices such as piezoresistors simply create connections between mechanical stimuli and electrical resistance changes, which, can be achieved through simple, well-designed device architectures. Piezoresistive micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensor devices are examples of elegant, simple, efficient architectures that can be utilized to create various, more complex devices using a plethora of material selections. Here, we use material that is abundant, green and low-cost such as paper for a platform to build these devices. Utilizing the fundamentals of piezoresistive effects, paper-based devices can proof to be a highly efficient and facile option for electronic devices. Furthermore, the deformability of papers leads to easier access to wider, more unique form factors, without increasing the cost of fabrication significantly, leading to simple assemblies of 2- or 3- dimensional devices.

Parallels of the Evolution of Beekeeping and Printmaking Art History & Visual Arts - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 401 Dahlia Hensley, John Cunnally, Art and Visual Cultural Department, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 Dahlia Hensley

In the 18th and 19th century beekeeping was in the process of evolving the most efficient and profitable hives. The designers and innovators who developed the artificial homes for the bees, documented them in books and prints. In this essay, I analyze the parallels between the evolution of beekeeping and that of printmaking by examining three books published during three critical periods of both of these technologies. These beekeeping books, located in the Special Collections Department of the Library at Iowa State University, are: John Thorley's The Female Monarchy (1744), William Cotton's My Bee Book (1842), and A. I. Root's ABCs of Bee Culture (1899). I trace the development of the beekeepers' inventions, along with their use of printing processes, from straw hives and copperplates to the imagery of lithography and the modern-day movable hive. The science of beekeeping was able to progress in part thanks to the parallel progress of the technology of printmaking. In the 18th and 19th century beekeeping was in the process of evolving the most efficient and profitable hives. The designers and innovators who developed the artificial homes for the bees, documented them in books and prints. In this essay, I analyze the parallels between the evolution of beekeeping and that of printmaking by examining three books published during three critical periods of both of these technologies. These beekeeping books, located in the Special Collections Department of the Library at Iowa State University, are: John Thorley's The Female Monarchy (1744), William Cotton's My Bee Book (1842), and A. I. Root's ABCs of Bee Culture (1899). I trace the development of the beekeepers' inventions, along with their use of printing processes, from straw hives and copperplates to the imagery of lithography and the modern-day movable hive. The science of beekeeping was able to progress in part thanks to the parallel progress of the technology of printmaking.

Patient-Specific Four Chamber Cardiac Modeling Mechanical & Industrial Engineering - Time: Tue 5:00pm-6:00pm - Session Number: 5612 Remy Braun, Arian Jafari, Mehdi Saraeian, and Adarsh Krishnamurthy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2025 Black Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011 Remy Braun

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the United States and includes disease conditions such as blockage of the coronary artery, which often lead to myocardial infarction (commonly known as heart attacks). There is an increasing need to analyze the effects of cardiac geometry in such disease conditions on the cardiac output to develop effective treatments for patients at risk or currently recovering from a heart attack. Constructing a four-chamber patient-specific heart model allows researchers to analyze the cardiac anatomy under stresses caused by cardiovascular disease using simulations. Cardiac Tomography (CT) scan data can provide patient-specific images of the cardiac system throughout the cardiac cycle. Using patient CT data and segmentation software, the heart chambers can be isolated, and a model of the four chambers can be generated. One process for model generation requires creating a bitmap and manual segmentation of the cardiac structures from a CT scan, followed by rendering each chamber’s volume created by the segmentation. This method can be used to calculate chamber volumes and visualize geometries throughout the cardiac cycle, in both healthy patients and patients suffering from cardiovascular disease. We have developed a pipeline to create the segmentation of all four chambers of the heart from CT scan data and then use them in simulations. These models provide an opportunity to study the anatomical effects of heart disease and develop patient-specific treatments.

Phase Transition of a Statistical Mechanics Competition Model in Ecology Mathematics - Time: Tue 5:00pm-6:00pm - Session Number: 5589 Zizheng Yang, Jonathan D. H. Smith, Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, 411 Morrill Rd, Ames IA 50011. Zizheng Yang

This work expands the application of Gibb's canonical ensemble to ecological modeling. Previously, the ensemble was used to model species competing for resources in an environment with a fixed carrying capacity. Now, we extend the model to also cover the population growth before the carrying capacity is reached, by assuming the existence of an imaginary species, and observe a phase transition to the previously studied resource-limited situation. Standard quantities from statistical mechanics are reinterpreted in our biological context. For example, energies become growth rates, temperature becomes time, and the continuous thermodynamic potential gives a normalized logarithmic total population count before the phase transition, and a mortality count afterwards. In addition, when a phase space interpretation is given to the quasilinearization used for a classical solution of the differential equations governing the resource-limited situation, it is possible to extend the interpretation regularly to the period of unconstrained growth that precedes the phase transition.

Reaction Energetics of 1,2,3-Propenetriol Bonding on Metal Catalyst Surfaces Engineering - Time: Tue 2:00pm-3:00pm - Session Number: 616 Jesse Gallegos, Dr. Luke Roling, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 Jesse Gallegos

With glycerol being used heavily in the food, hygienic, and cosmetic industry, there are numerous byproducts considered “waste” in every one of these industries. Looking into the reaction energetics of 1,2,3-propenetriol, one of these byproducts, it is possible to identify a cost, energy, and time efficient reaction to repurpose this component. The objective of this research was to study surface bond energies of 1,2,3-propenetriol on catalyst structures that involve gold, copper, palladium, platinum, and rhodium. Through the use of state of the art density functional theory calculations, energy scaling approaches were designed in order to understand reactivity trends and develop catalysts with optimized structures. Computations, on a program called VASP, used data on the geometry, individual energies of atoms, and various python script instructions to return new geometries with new energies required of reactions. Here, the lowest binding energies introducing the most energy efficient reactions to replicate. This is still an ongoing study and the purpose of this study is to show the total energies of the 1,2,3-propenetriol molecule binding to each of the aforementioned metals on their 111 and 100 type surfaces, with varying coordination numbers of 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Restoration of the Three-ridge Mussel, Amblema plicata, to the Cedar River Ecology - Time: Tue 2:00pm-3:00pm - Session Number: 613 Toni Sleugh, Kevin Roe, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University 50011 Toni Sleugh

Freshwater mussels are a keystone species in aquatic ecosystems because they are an important link in the food web and provide valuable ecosystem services. However, mussel populations are rapidly declining because of their sensitivity to environmental changes. One strategy to help slow the decline is to introduce hatchery-raised individuals into rivers where they have been eliminated. It’s essential to ensure that introduced populations are genetically diverse because it allows populations to better adapt to environmental changes. In order to restore declining populations of three-ridge mussels, Amblema plicata, in Iowa’s Cedar River, we are analyzing genetic diversity of both native and propagated populations before introducing propagated individuals back into their habitat. We are using polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to genotype A. plicata individuals at 16 microsatellite loci. The allele size will be determined using capillary electrophoresis, and allelic richness and expected heterozygosity will be calculated to estimate genetic diversity. While genetic analysis is still underway, we expect to find comparable and representative genetic diversity between the native and propagated populations. Juveniles have been released in four sites along the Cedar River and will be monitored over a period of several years for growth and survival.

Retrospective Analysis of Porcine Circovirus 2 and Porcine Circovirus 3 in the U.S. Swine Industry Animal Sciences - Time: Mon 1:30pm-2:30pm - Session Number: 2005 Christa Heffern, 614 Billy Sunday Rd Ames, IA 50014 Pablo Pineyro, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, 1850 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA 50011 Rodger Main, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, 1850 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA 50011 Eric Bush, National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMs) Margaret Parker, National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMs) Jean Paul Cano, Pig Improvement Company (PIC) Jack Creel, Merck Animal Health Christa Heffern

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) virus was recently described in the swine industry worldwide. Although it is considered a new member of the circovirus family, it is believed that it is not a newly emerging pathogen but has been circulating undetected while before its first description. During its first description, PCV3 was first found associated with reproductive and respiratory diseases in pigs. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is one of the most devastating and economically significant diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide. In 2006, a commercial vaccine became available worldwide and alleviated the clinical impact of this virus. However, this vaccine does not prevent viral circulation. Thus, this virus still remains highly prevalent and has shown tremendous genetic variation over the years. My research is focused on evaluating the presence of PCV3 in swine serum before its first description in 2015. I obtained a pool of 8000 serum samples in collaboration with the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) from national surveillance held in 2000, 2006, and 2012. Samples were sorted by production age and aliquot for qPCR analysis. Fifteen representative sera per farm were pooled in 3 pools of 5 for PCV2 and PCV3 detection by qPCR. All samples were submitted to the ISU-VDL for PCR detection. Finally, the results were aggregated by farm and state, and the national prevalence was determined. Preliminary results showed that PCV3 was highly prevalent since 2000. Also, this virus was co-circulating with PCV2 in the swine population in the US. In conclusion, PCV3 was circulating in the US swine population before its first description. My future work includes analyzing the genetic evolution of PCV3 and PCV2 since 2000 and evaluates the national distribution of its prevalence.

SafeWalk: Software Engineering of a Jetpack Simulator Computer Science - Time: Tue 12:30pm-1:30pm - Session Number: 4033 Kathryn Rohlfing, Cameron Brecount, James I. Lathrop, Robyn R. Lutz, Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, 2434 Osborn Dr, Ames IA 50011 Kathryn Rohlfing, Cameron Brecount

SafeWalk is a project in the Department of Computer Science at Iowa State University that is developing a simple software simulator of a “jetpack” for teaching and research purposes. SafeWalk involves the simulated self-rescue of an astronaut in space. It is inspired by an actual NASA backpack propulsion unit used by astronauts if their tether fails during a spacewalk. SafeWalk aims to simulate the close collaboration needed between a human astronaut who uses a hand controller to steer themself back to the space station, the computational components that communicate, monitor, and control fuel and battery levels to achieve this, and the physical components that propel the astronaut to the safety of the airlock.

The SafeWalk project has developed a variety of software artifacts needed for research into safety-critical cyber-physical systems and product lines. Artifacts that have been developed or are in development include software requirements, software architectural design, detailed design, source code, tests, and documentation, including traceability links. We describe in our poster how we have used the capabilities of the Unity game engine to achieve our simulation goals. The project recently has focused on developing the software needed to simulate the scenario in which an astronaut must return back to a space station if the astronaut’s tether fails during a spacewalk. Project software artifacts are planned for open-source delivery and use. Early results from using SafeWalk for teaching, prior to its implementation in Unity, were reported in [1]. This research is supported in part by NSF grant 1513717 and its Research Experience for Undergraduates funding.

Sequencing of the Sf1 Gene in Apalone spinifera Softshell Turtles Biology - Time: Mon 4:30pm-5:30pm - Session Number: 3008 Katherine Flatt, Thea Gessler, and Dr. Nicole Valenzuela, Department of Ecology, Evolutional, and Organismal Biology, 239 Bessey Hall, Ames IA 50011 Katherine Flatt

Turtles exhibit high variability in sex determination, with many species exhibiting environmental sex determination (ESD), more specifically temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Under ESD, the sexual fate of developing embryos is controlled by external factors rather than by sex chromosomes. An exception is the softshell turtle Apalone spinifera, a species which exhibits genotypic sex determination (GSD) with ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes. The Steroidogenic factor 1, also known as the Sf1 gene, functions to regulate the transcription of several other genes contributing to the individual’s reproduction and male sex differentiation. Our lab discovered that Sf1 moved to the ZW chromosomes from its ancestral location in a pair of autosomes, but it is unclear if the Sf1 copy on the W has mutated during the divergence of this chromosome from the Z over evolutionary time. Here we test the hypothesis that the Sf1 sequence differs in males and females, and that mutations in the W-Sf1 may impair its function. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with varying conditions were run to amplify the segment of DNA encompassing the Sf1 gene from DNA template, extracted from tissue of males and females. PCR reactions varied in their annealing temperatures, extension times, mastermix reagent amounts (MgCl2 or template DNA), and primer sets. Amplified segments (amplicons) were separated via agarose gel electrophoresis to identify clean products for Sanger sequencing. Results will be discussed and will provide a greater understanding of the contributing factors to the evolution of GSD in this species.

Sequencing of the Sf1 Gene in Apalone spinifera Softshell Turtles Biology Katherine Flatt, Thea Gessler, and Dr. Nicole Valenzuela, Department of Ecology, Evolutional, and Organismal Biology, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames IA 50011 Katherine Flatt

Solid state synthesis is a method used to prepare materials that can be used in a variety of energy applications. Previously reported air-stable phosphide, Ag6Ge10P12, crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric crystal structure. Ag6Ge10P12 was synthesized and characterized via powder (PXRD) and single crystal (SCXRD) X-ray diffraction methods. The reported transport properties of the Ag6Ge10P12 show promise for the future development of thermoelectrics. We hypothesized that partial substitution of arsenic in place of phosphorous will result in an improvement of the thermoelectric properties. Substituted phases of Ag6Ge10P12-xAsx (x=2-12) were synthesized from elements and characterized using PXRD. The PXRD analysis showed a shift of the diffraction peaks for produced Ag6 Ge10P12-xAsx in the PXRD patterns, as the arsenic content increased, suggesting that the crystal structure unit cell has increased, and the substitution was successful. Since the arsenide phases have been shown to be less stable, compared to the parent phosphide phases, the synthesis of As-rich Ag6Ge 10P12-xAsx (x=8-12) required lower synthetic temperatures. The compositions of the synthesized materials were confirmed via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The thermal stabilities were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The properties of the synthesized materials are examined to determine the structure-property relationship of these silver tetrel pnictide materials.

The Digital Service Industry Economics - Time: Mon 4:30pm-5:30pm - Session Number: 315 Pedro Vieira Marasciulo, Peter Orazem, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 1800 South Fourth Street, Ames IA 50011 Pedro Vieira Marasciulo

Introduction

Nowadays, many workers from developing nations have access to the internet; and consequently, the ones who can speak English and possess high skills or a sufficient education can ask for lower wages than their counterparts from developed nations. Through websites such as Freelancer, they can offer their services directly to employers from developing nations legally and avoiding the restrictions nations impose on foreign labor. Therefore, it is important to analyze how the two sectors interact by drawing insights that can help us understand the effects the digital service industry has on wages of the in-person service industry, and how wages in the digital service industry are determined.

Methodology

The information regarding the U.S. digital service industry was obtained through the BLS, while the information on PPP and GDP per capita was obtained from the Penn World Table, courtesy of the University of Groningen. We used web scrapping to collect information on the digital service industry.

We have been making use of Excel and JMP to analyze the correlation between wages and GDP per capita. Furthermore, we also believed it was important to analyze whether or not workers from different locations want to specialize in specific fields, so we analyzed how many people are involved in each field of the digital service industry per nation.

Conclusion

We expect to obtain valuable information regarding the digital service industry. From the statistical analysis conducted, we found a positive correlation between wages in the digital service industry and GDP per capita of the corresponding country. Furthermore, it seems like workers from different nations tend to specialize in different areas of expertise. Lastly, we expect to see more employers from developed nations, and more employees from developing nations.

Introduction

Methodology

Conclusion

The Effects of Irradiation on Transposable Elements in Maize and Arabidopsis Genomes Biology - Time: Mon 4:30pm-5:30pm - Session Number: 3036 Megan Davis, Raegan Hoefler, and Dr. Thomas Peterson, Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames IA 50011 Megan Davis

Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome. While many TEs have negligible effects, others may interrupt genes or induce mutations. In the Maize and Arabidopsis genomes, most TEs are inactive, but it’s been suggested that environmental stressors may cause an increase in transposition events. Understanding the relationship between environmental stressors and TEs is important as we explore growing crops and sending humans to planets, like Mars, that have increased levels of irradiation in comparison to Earth. Here, we used X-ray radiation on both maize (W22) and Arabidopsis (TAIR10) and then assembled a bioinformatic pipeline to test the hypothesis that this stress will cause an increase in transposition events. Arabidopsis was exposed to 80 Gy of radiation while the Maize was exposed to 10 Gy of radiation. Each plant was grown and self-crossed for three generations before sample collection was performed in the third generation in order to ensure the fixation of activated transposable elements. Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing was performed for both species and then reads were aligned to their respective reference genome using minimap2. SVIM, a bioinformatics tool designed to detect structural variants in long-read sequences, was used to find instances of novel insertions in the genomes. The novel insertions were then compared to the reference genome using the BLAST software, and the BLAST hits showed where the novel insertions aligned with the reference genome. The BLAST hits were then compared to the annotated transposons via bedtools intersect software and custom R code. Instances where the start and endpoints of the BLAST hits are close to the start and endpoints of the annotated transposons will be identified in order to locate active transposons. The results will indicate whether or not stress caused by irradiation will lead to an increase in transposon activity.

The Myth of Universal Sisterhood: An Examination of The Complexities of Gender, Race, and Class Gender, Ethnicity, & Cultural Studies - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 419 Antonio D. Ball and Dr. Rita Mookerjee. Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, 2433 Union Drive, Ames IA 50011-2011 Antonio Ball

W.E.B. DuBois, in his 1903 work, The Souls of Black Folk, coined the term double consciousness. He defined it as a "sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity" (DuBois 1903/1968, p.8). Dubois used the term to explain the internal conflict experienced by African Americans subjected to a subordinate status while living in a predominately White society. In later years, Dubois's notion of double consciousness would be expanded upon by scholars, such as Angela Davis and bell hooks. They would incorporate aspects such as gender and class to explain the unique peculiarities of oppression as specifically endeavored by Black women. They did this while at the same time, critiquing and combating the notion of Universal Sisterhood. Universal Sisterhood implies that all women are oppressed as women and that all women, universally speaking, share a common bond in their oppression. However, the idea of Universal Sisterhood either explicitly or implicitly boils the idea of oppression down to a single categorical axis and ignores how women of different classes, races, etc., may experience oppression differently. These aspects continuously act in concert to constitute peoples' identities, aspirations, and experiences. This paper will use textual analysis of various historical and contemporary documents and examine the topic from a Marxist theoretical viewpoint to consider three specific discussion points: 1) How the notion of Universal Sisterhood became a predominant feature within mainstream feminist thought; 2) How the notion of Universal Sisterhood has historically made the discourse surrounding topics and issues relating to individuals from marginalized backgrounds, such as Black women, invisible; and 3) The attempts made by Black feminist scholars, activists, and working-class women to reject the idea of Universal Sisterhood.

The Role of Artificial Selection in Developing Plastic Degrading Microbes Microbiology - Time: Tue 5:00pm-6:00pm - Session Number: 5653 Lexie O'Brien, Leonor Leandro, Department of Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Lexie O'Brien

The crisis of plastics that are building up in our oceans and terrestrial environments is widely recognized as the source of many issues such as the destruction of ocean ecosystems. Finding ways to reverse this man-made problem should be a high priority for humanity. The key to tackling an issue as large and diverse as plastic buildup is to have an army of microbes that is equally as large and diverse. Discovering naturally occurring microbes is time consuming and expensive, but finding a method to develop new strains with plastic degrading ability would be more efficient. In this study, we grow bacteria and fungi using a laboratory method that selects for mutants that may be able to break down plastics. To do this we grew microbes in media with gradually decreasing concentrations of sugars with poly-ethylene integrated in the media as the only remaining carbon source. Our hypothesis is that in a carbon-poor environment such as this, the microbes will turn to breaking down the plastic as a source of nutrition. Photographs taken of the plates under a dissecting microscope before and after allowing the microbes to grow are used as a way to measure change. The most exciting part about this experiment is that the microbes used are common microbes found in our area. Samples were taken from places that may already be likely to have hydrocarbon metabolism such as the surface of plants with thick waxy cuticles and the soils surrounding garbage collection sites. This study concludes that selective pressure may be an important tool for the future of biodegradation and biotechnology. If we are able to derive biodegraders from ordinary microbes, it will lead to the diverse microbe population necessary to solve earth’s plastic problem.

Tomato Quality Effects in Reduced Tillage and Cover-Crop-Based Rotations in Organic Tomato Production Agriculture & Extension - Time: Mon 1:30pm-2:30pm - Session Number: 2000 Lauren Bilek, Thanh Nguyen, Daniel Korhonen, Lester Wilson, and Dr. Kathleen Delate, Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, 147 Horticulture Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1100 Lauren Bilek

By 2016, organic production increased to 5,019,496 acres in the U.S., with 186,178 acres in organic vegetable production. In the most recent Iowa survey (2018), Iowa had 902 acres of certified organic vegetables, contributing $4.2 million in annual sales. Organic farming has been shown to improve soil quality and contribute to food safety and quality. This experiment, conducted in 2019, at the ISU Neely-Kinyon Farm in Greenfield, IA, examined the effect of cover crops and reduced tillage on organic tomato production and postharvest quality. Food quality analysis was performed in the ISU Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition. Results showed no significant differences in color of fruit, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) or pH between treatments, but a trend towards lower SSC in the treatment without cover crops or mulch. Yields were lower in organic no-till plots, but previous research has shown greater soil quality in this treatment.

Using Virtual Reality to Increase Resistance to E. coli Infection in Chickens Microbiology - Time: Tue 5:00pm-6:00pm - Session Number: 5654 Sasha Celada, Graham Redweik, Dr. Melha Mellata, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011 Sasha Celada

Nine in ten Americans consume poultry meat or eggs on a regular basis. The increasing awareness of concentrated animal feeding operations and animal welfare is leading consumers to purchase cage-free or free-range poultry products. Cage-free birds are susceptible to opportunistic infections and stress; free-range chickens are susceptible to environmental factors. We combined the visual stimuli of a free-range farm and the security of an indoor facility by placing chickens in pens with a free-range virtual reality (VR) simulation, hypothesizing that VR would reduce stress thus improve resistance to infection, such as avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Hens were split into VR receiving treatment and control (CON). After five days in the pens, blood and serum samples were collected for subsequent analyses. To measure APEC killing, fresh blood was inoculated with APEC strains APEC-O2, APEC-O1, X7122, as well as MG1655, a non-pathogenic control, in vitro. To calculate heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, a biological marker of stress, cells were measured using Giemsa staining and light microscopy. A student’s t-test was used to calculate significance between groups. Chickens exposed to VR had greater E. coli killing ability. More specifically, VR chickens killed all APEC strains tested. H/L ratios were low in VR group yet statistically identical between groups. The VR treatment improved broad resistance to APEC infections, crucial given that APEC causes extraintestinal diseases in poultry and foodborne outbreaks. Improving resistance to APEC has great potential to save millions of dollars for the poultry industry. The blood assay showed greater antibacterial response to a common pathogen in the VR group. From this, we infer that stress levels decreased due to VR exposure. We find VR positively impacted immune responses against APEC in the blood. Future studies should be replicated with a longer observation time and investigate the mechanisms behind increased resistance.

Validating the impact of vegetative wall coverings on building cooling loads using heat-flux sensors and infrared images Architecture & Interior Design - Time: Mon 1:30pm-2:30pm - Session Number: 2047 Authors: Oluwatobiloba Fagbule (Architecture) and Rushi Patel (Mechanical Engineering) Faculty Mentor: Ulrike Passe, Department of Architecture, Director for Building Energy Research, Iowa State University, 146 College of Design. Ames Iowa, 50011 Funded by the Center for Building Energy Research Oluwatobilba Fagbule, Rushi Patel

Building cooling loads are driven by heat gains through enclosures. This research looks at ways of reducing the building cooling load, we look at a method through Vegetative shading. Vegetative shading reduces these gains by blocking radiation and by evaporative air cooling. Few measured data exists. We aimed at gathering thermal data from the vegetative wall and heat flux sensors through the Mobile Diagnostics Lab (MDL), a trailer that collects thermal data from heat flux sensors and thermistors inside its walls. A variety of plants were cultivated in an ISU greenhouse in spring 2020 and planted in front of the south façade of the MDL, which is placed in direct sunlight so it can collect heat flux data. The plants on the south façade act as a barrier for the solar radiation to reduce the amount of heat energy falling onto the surface of the south wall of the trailer. We collected data through the 16 heat flux sensors and continuous infrared images measuring surface temperatures. The infrared images were used to capture surface temperatures with and without plant cover. Thermal data from the pictures were tabulated showing the relation of the surface temperature with and without plant cover per month. The results were analyzed using direct comparison and sol-air temperature calculations. So far the results show the façade surface beneath the plants has a lower temperature (10°C-30°C) than the exposed façade In the MDL, heat flux and temperature data is continuously collected into the winter season using 16 sets of heat flux sensors and thermistors. The heat flux data will be compared with the IR temperature and weather data collected at Ames weather station to calibrate an energy model and prepare the heat flux data as an input for our CFD models.

What is the Better Motivator? : Token Economy System and Autism Spectrum Disorder Education - Time: Tue 11:00am-12:00pm - Session Number: 441 Donielle McGruder, Dr. Alyssa Emery, School of Education, Ames, IA 50011 Donielle McGruder, Donielle McGruder

This study is a systematic review of the scholarship on the effectiveness of the token economy system on children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Token economies are a common reward strategy used to reinforce target behaviors in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), which is a therapy used for behavior modification. The purpose of this research is to identify the effects of motivation from using applied token economy systems and comparing these systems to suggestions made by those who endorse the self-determination theory of students with ASD in grade school settings. The effectiveness of self -determination theory is determined by the motivation of students with ASD, through three components: autonomy, competency, and relatedness. Scholarship from each topic was reviewed to understand which practice will increase student’s motivation in educational settings, including analyzing qualitative and quantitative methods. Keywords used to find articles were: Autism Spectrum Disorder, token economy system, applied behavior analysis, self-determination theory, motivation, behavior modification, and grade school. Results are ongoing, however, while gathering literature, preliminary results indicate that the token economy system showed a positive association in promoting effectiveness with target behaviors within classrooms in primary level education. Self-determination theory also showed a positive association in promoting the effectiveness of motivation among students with ASD. This research will add to the literature on self-determination theory in elementary-aged children, which has previously been focused on secondary level students with ASD.