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Potencial Fitopatogénico De Hongos Asociados a Arvenses En Cultivos Del Altiplano Oriente De Antioquia, Colombia

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Potencial Fitopatogénico De Hongos Asociados a Arvenses En Cultivos Del Altiplano Oriente De Antioquia, Colombia POTENCIAL FITOPATOGÉNICO DE HONGOS ASOCIADOS A ARVENSES EN CULTIVOS DEL ALTIPLANO ORIENTE DE ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA Yerly Dayana Mira Taborda Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Medellín, Colombia 2020 POTENCIAL FITOPATOGÉNICO DE HONGOS ASOCIADOS A ARVENSES EN CULTIVOS DEL ALTIPLANO ORIENTE DE ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA Yerly Dayana Mira Taborda Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magíster en Ciencias Agrarias Director: PhD Darío Antonio Castañeda Sánchez Codirector(es): PhD Juan Gonzalo Morales Osorio MSc Luis Fernando Patiño Hoyos Línea de Investigación: Salud Pública Vegetal Grupo de Investigación: Fitotecnia Tropical Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Medellín, Colombia 2020 A mi abuela Luz Elena, por su incondicional complicidad e increíble bondad. A mis padres, que han fortalecido mi camino. Agradecimientos A mis profesores, Darío Antonio Castañeda Sánchez, Juan Gonzalo Morales Osorio y Luis Fernando Patiño Hoyos, por toda su disposición, orientación y apoyo durante mi formación profesional e investigativa. Al Grupo de Investigación Fitotecnia Tropical por acompañar mi investigación, dedicar tiempo, interés y apoyo logístico para el desarrollo de las actividades. A los agricultores del Oriente de Antioquia por abrirme las puertas de sus cultivos, permitir la realización de los muestreos, acompañar e intercambiar conocimientos y por las sonrisas compartidas. Al equipo del Herbario Joaquín Antonio Uribe (JAUM), del Jardín botánico de Medellín, por compartir sus conocimientos y brindar la mejor disposición en la identificación botánica de las especies. A mi amiga Lizeth Rodríguez por sus valiosas enseñanzas en microbiología y bioinformática, por resolver mis dudas y acompañar paso a paso mi investigación. A mi amigo Yasir Álvarez por su orientación estadística. A mis compañeras del laboratorio de Fitotecnia Tropical: Carolina, Daniela, Diana y Paola y al Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en especial a Isabel Cristina. A la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y el Politécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid, por brindarme el acceso a una educación de calidad, por contribuir con mi formación y crecimiento profesional y por apoyar la financiación de la investigación. A mi familia y amigos de la vida, por sus buenos deseos y sus abrazos sinceros. A mí. Resumen y Abstract VII Resumen El primer paso para el desarrollo de programas de control biológico de arvenses consiste en determinar las plantas y enemigos naturales con más afinidad y potencial para alcanzar un biocontrol efectivo. Se evaluó el potencial patogénico de hongos sobre cuatro arvenses de importancia económica en cultivos del Altiplano del Oriente de Antioquia, Colombia. Para la elección de las plantas se realizó un muestreo en campo sobre 35 predios agrícolas, distribuidos en 10 cultivos, determinando el estado ecológico, fitosanitario y percepción de daño de estas; lo cual se integró para asignar una puntuación numérica y clasificarlas según su aptitud para estudios de control biológico. Las plantas elegidas fueron: Rumex crispus, Digitaria horizontalis, Persicaria nepalensis y Thunbergia alata. Los hongos se aislaron en medio PDA a partir de tejidos foliares sintomáticos obtenidos de campo y se sometieron a pruebas de patogenicidad en hoja desprendida sobre sus respectivas hospederas, mediante dos métodos de inoculación (discos y suspensión), y sus respectivos controles, determinando el periodo de incubación, la incidencia y el ABCPE. El aislamiento más virulento de cada arvense, se evaluó sobre plántulas, mediante una aspersión de inóculo a 1 x 106 esporas-micelio/mL en cámara bioclimática. Los hongos patogénicos se identificaron mediante descripciones morfológicas y estudios filogenéticos, a partir de la amplificación del DNA y secuenciación de las regiones ITS, β- Tub2 y TEF1-α. Se confirmó la patogenicidad de Colletotrichum cigarro, Epicoccum draconis y Didymella rumicicola sobre R. crispus; Bipolaris sp., sobre D. horizontalis; Bipolaris zeicola, Phialemoniopsis curvata y Stemphylium beticola sobre P. nepalensis; Alternaria thunbergiae y Nigrospora sphaerica sobre T. alata. Estos son los primeros reportes mundiales de tales interacciones, a excepción de A. thunbergiae y Bipolaris sp. De acuerdo con el ABCPE, las interacciones más virulentas correspondieron con: (R. crispus × D. rumicicola), (D. horizontalis × Bipolaris sp.), (P. nepalensis × S. beticola) y (T. alata × A. thunbergiae). Estas cepas se proponen como potenciales agentes de biocontrol. Palabras clave: control biológico de arvenses, micoherbicidas, protección de plantas, manejo de arvenses. Abstract Phytopathological potential of fungi associated with weeds in crops in the East of Antioquia, Colombia. The first step in developing weed biological control programs is to determine the plants and natural enemies with the highest affinity and potential to achieve effective biocontrol. The objective of this research was to evaluate the pathogenic potential of fungi on four weeds of economic importance associated with crops from the East of Antioquia, Colombia. For the choice of plants, a field sampling was carried out on 35 farms, distributed in 10 crops, determining the ecological, phytosanitary status and perception of damage; which was integrated to score and classify them according to their aptitude for biological control studies. The plants chosen were: Rumex crispus, Digitaria horizontalis, Persicaria nepalensis and Thunbergia alata. The fungi were isolated in PDA medium from symptomatic foliar tissues obtained from the field and subjected to detached leaf pathogenicity tests on their respective hosts, using two inoculation methods (discs and suspension), and their respective controls, determining the incubation period, incidence, and AUDPC. The most virulent isolation of each weed was evaluated on young plants, by spraying the inoculum at 1 x 106 spores-mycelium/mL in a bioclimatic cabin. The fungi that showed pathogenicity were identified by morphological descriptions and phylogenetic studies, based on DNA amplification and sequencing of the ITS, β-Tub2 and TEF1-α region. The following pathogenicities were confirmed: Colletotrichum cigarro, Epicoccum draconis and Didymella rumicicola on R. crispus; Bipolaris sp., on D. horizontalis; Bipolaris zeicola, Phialemoniopsis curvata and Stemphylium beticola on P. nepalensis; Alternaria thunbergiae and Nigrospora sphaerica on T. alata. As far as we know, these are the first worldwide reports of such interactions, except for A. thunbergiae and Bipolaris sp. According to AUDPC, the most virulent interactions corresponded with: (R. crispus × D. rumicicola), (D. horizontalis × Bipolaris sp.), (P. nepalensis × S. beticola) and (T. alata × A. thunbergiae). These strains are proposed as potential biocontrol agents. Keywords: biological control of weeds, mycoherbicide, plant protection, weed management. Contenido IX Contenido Pág. Resumen ....................................................................................................................... XII Contenido ...................................................................................................................... IX Lista de figuras ............................................................................................................. XII Lista de tablas ............................................................................................................. XIV Lista de anexos ............................................................................................................ XV Introducción .................................................................................................................... 1 Objetivos .......................................................................................................................... 5 Capítulo 1. Estado ecológico, fitosanitario y agronómico de la flora arvense asociada a los cultivos del Altiplano del Oriente de Antioquia .................................................... 7 Resumen .................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Introducción ..................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Materiales y métodos ....................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Área de estudio ..................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Selección de predios ........................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Evaluación de la flora arvense ............................................................ 12 1.2.3.1 Composición floristica ......................................................................... 12 1.2.3.2 Estado fitosanitario de arvenses (EFS) ............................................... 14 1.2.3.3 Importancia y estado fitosanitario de arvenses (IEFS)......................... 15 1.2.3.4 Percepción agronómica de arvenses (PA) .......................................... 16 1.3 Resultados y discusión .................................................................................. 17 1.3.1 Composición florística de arvenses ..................................................... 17 1.3.2 Composición florística y estado fitosanitario de arvenses .................... 21 1.3.2.1 Parámetro ecológico (PE) ..................................................................
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