Computers in Great Britain • .. Stanley Gill
Analog Computers and their Application to Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow - Part I · •. John E. Nolan
All-Transistor Computer · .. Neil Macdonald
Roster of Organizations in the Field of Computers and Automation (cumulative)
Automatic Computing Machinery - List of Types sensitive, rugged, compact!
Here's a new polar relay that will soon be setting records for long service life! I ~s sensitivity gives peak performance for high-speed polarized pulse repeating, or for applications where low current is transmitted over long lines_ The Series PTW Relay is also recom mended for line-current direction indication or as a differential relay in the {{Wheatstone Bridge" type of control. Advanced features include: simplified design and long service life New design eliminates many parts and adjustments formerly required. Relay gives billions of operations without re-adjustment. extreme sensitivity Unit operates on currents as low as 2 to 12 milliam peres, depending upon number and combination of windings used. Signals as low as 10 milliwatts through the two line-windings will Utrigger'~ the relay.
reduced bounce and wear A new method of armature support limits longitudinal movement. There are no bearings to wear . . . the Automatic Electric usual rocking motion in contact make-and-break is PTW Relay reduced. Armature bounce is virtually eliminated; contacts last longer.
improved characteristics in smaller size Because of increased magnetic efficiency, the coils take _less space and need fewer turns. The lower coil imped - ailce of this compact unit gives improved character- istics. '
fast response Travel time is as low as .9 milliseconds, depending helpful technical data upon contact gap and windings used. Make ancl8reak-75% total "make" on both contacts at 60 cycles per send for circular second with .006" contact gap and 23 milliamperes of sine wave ac. For a small, fast, sensitive polar relay that out-per Simple, easy re·adjustment can be made in the field. forms and outlasts all others, specify this new Auto Winclings-Fourwindings: two line·windings, each 139 ohms resistance matic Electric Series PTW Relay·. For details ask for and only .5 htmry inductance; other two windings, each 101 ohms and .125 henry. The number of coil turns to be placed in series aiding can Circular 1821. Write: Automatic Electric Sales Corpo vary from 1400 to 8400. ration', 1033 West Van Buren St., Chicago 7, Ill. In Cover-Snap-on cover easily removed for inspection and adjustment Canada: Automatic Electric (Canada) Ltd., Toronto. of relay. Offices in principal cities. Mounting-Jack mountings, available for flush or surface mounting. Size-2~" wide,2W' deep and 21~" high (plus W' projection of RELAYS SWITCHES banana plugs). PRODUCTS OF THE INOUSTRIAl. DEPARTMENT OF ~~ For more detailed information, ask for Circular 1821. AIJTDMATI[ ELE[TRI[ ~~ ® CHICAGO
PROE8STING, TAYLOR INC. - - 2 - Automatic Electric Ad No. RE-40 COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION CYBERNETICS • ROBOTS • AUTOMATIC CONTROL Vol. 3, No.9 November, 1954
- ESTABLISHED SEPTEMBER, 1951 _
ARTICLE Page
Computers in Great Britain . •• Stanley Gill 6
PAPER Analog Computers and Their Application to Heat Transfer and 20 Fluid Flow -- Part 1 ... John E. Nolan
REFERENCE INFORMATION
Roster of Organizations in the Field of Computers and Automation 9 ( cumulative)
Auto'matic Computing Machinery -- List of Types 24 Patents 26
FORUM Attractive Computers Bill Oanch 4 Assembly Line Control by Punch Cards George W. Patterson 26 All-Transistor Computer Neil Macdonald 28
The Editor's Notes 4
Advertising Index 33
Editor: Ecinund C. Berkeley Advi sory Corrmi ttee: Samuel B. Willi runs, Assistant Editors: Eva Di Stefano, Neil Macdonald, F.L. Walker Herbert F. Mitchell, Jr., Justin Contributing Edi tors: Andrew D. Booth, John W. Carr, III, Oppenheim Alston S. Householder, Fletcher Pratt
Publisher: Edmund C. Berkeley and Associates 36 West 11 St., New York 11, N.Y. --- Algonquin 4-7675 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass. - Decatur 2-5453 or 3928
Effecti ve September 1, 1954, COMPUTERS AND AUlOMATION is pub1 ished man th1 y, twel ve times a year. Copyright, 1954, by Edmund Callis Berkeley. Subscription rates: $4.50 for one year, $8.50 for two years, in the United States; $5.00 for one year, $9.50 for ~wo years, in Canada; $5.50 for one year, $10.50 for two years else where. Adverti sing rates: see page 36.
Entered as second class matter at the Post Office, New York, N.Y.
- 3 - THE EDITOR'S NOTES Crucial Knowledge -- the Knowledge that Something and implications. An article may certainly be Exists. Often when one investigates a subject, the controversial if the subject is discussed reason crucial knowledge is finding out that so met h ing ably. Ordinarily, the length should be 1000 to exists or can be done. For instance, if you are 4000 words, and payment will be $10 to $50 on investigating from whom to buy an automatic mven publication. A suggestion for an article should tory machine, the crucial knowledge is finding out be submitted to us before too much work is done. who offers such machines for sale. A man who has never heard that the ABC Company offers automatic Technical Papers. Many of the foregoing require inventory machines for sale is hardly in a posi tion ments for articles do not necessarily apply to to consider buying from them. technical papers. Undefined technical terms, un familiar assumptions, mathematics, circuit dia - To supply this crucial knowledge of existence in grams, etc., may be entirely appropriate. Topics the field of computers and automation we have pub- interesting probably to only a few people are ac 1 ished various kinds of rosters and reference listsj ceptable. No payment will be made for papers. IT there are now ten kinds. And in this issue over 11 a manuscript is borderline, it may be returned to pages have been used to give a cumulative Roster of the author to be modified to become definite 1 y about 230 organizations in the field of computers either an article or a paper. and automation. Yet one reader, whom we shall call J. Moines since that is not his real name, has said to us '~ou should not publish this valuable information for so littlej you should restrict it, give it only to ad- vertisers perhaps, keep it for your own advantage." We don't agree with Mr. Moines.Our pur- *------pose as a magazine is to be as useful Forum: ATTRACTIVE*------COMPUTERS as we can bej and we believe these ros- Bill Danch, Woodstock, N.Y. ters and lists help the men in the field? Wha.t do you think? Address Changes. If your address chan ges, please notify us giving both old and new addresses, and allow three weeks for the change. Back Copies. See the information on page 34. Manuscripts. We are interested in arti cles and papers. To be considered for any particular issue, the manuscript should be in our hands by the 5th of the preceding month. Articles. We desire to publish articles that are factual, useful, understandable, and interesting to many kinds of people engaged in one part or another of the field of computers and automation. In this audience are many people who have expert knowledge of some part of the field, but who are laymen in other parts of it. Consequently a writer should seek to explain his subject, and showi~ context and significance. He should de fine unfamiliar terms, or use them in a way that makes their meaning unmistaka ble. He should identify unfamiliar per sons with a few words. He should use examples~ details, comparisons, analo gies, etc., whenever they may help rea ders to understand a difficult point. He should give data supporting his argu ment and evidence for his assertions. We look particularly for articles that explore ideas in the field of computers "The sponsor doesn't want you to pose with his computers. When and automation, and their applications you're in the picture, it seems there's no product-identification."
- 4 - Sylvania Offers You •.• ANEW COMPACT DIODE LINE
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In keeping with today's trend toward miniaturization in set and circuit designs, Sylvania offers a complete quality line of compact crystal diodes with improved stability. These new components measure only .125 inches in di ameter ... requite only 1/6th the space of former units. At the same time, due to advanced manufacturing tech niques and Sylvania's new automatic precision equipment, they provide far higher performance records. With these tiny diodes, you can be assured of more uni form characteristics and closer tolerance limits . . . even on large quantity orders. Sylvania Electric Products Inc., 1740 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y. This new T-l Series also has recently passed MIL-E IB moisture-resistance tests. Now available in capacities for every need. For full details write to Dept. 4E-llll, Sylvania today! In Canada: Sylvania Electric (Canada) Ltd. University Tower Building, St. Catherine Street, Montreal, P. Q. Another reason why it pays to specify Sylvania!
LIGHTING • RADIO • ELECTRONICS • TELEVISION 5 - COMPUTERS, IN GREAT BRITAIN
Stanley Gill (After luncheon talk delivered at the meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 25th, 1954)
'Eleven lunches ago I was looking through In 1947, after visiting many computing the program for this conference, and I saw centers in America and Europe, he enunciated that Gordon Welchman was due to speak 0 n the what has come to be known as Hartree 's Law. subject of, computers in 'GreatBri tain. I This states that the difference between the looked forward to the opportunity of meeting date on which any given machine will b e c om Gordon for the first time, and of hearing the pleted, and the date of,making the observation, latest news from back, home. When I got back is a constant (Hartree's Constant). For a long from 1 unch there was a note on my desk: ''Please time there was very little evidence to refute call John Carr. '!' I called John and he sa i d, this; fortunately later work has shown that "Stan, I'm in a hole. Gordon Welchman can't Hartree 's Constant can vary, and may eve n be come; can you give his talk?" So it appears come zero. that, after all, I am still the bearer of the latest news from back home. However,itis now Professor Hartree is best des cri be din about a year since I left England, sothls talk the words used by Dr. E. C. Bullard, at the must necessarily have a somewhat histori cal opening of the computer conference at the Na bias •. tional Physical Laboratory in March, I 95 3 : "The ideal computing machine should be 1 ike The proper beginning for any historical Professor Hartree: sweet and reasonable and survey of automatic computers is Charles Bab always willing to oblige." bage. Babbage had a great effect on the dev elopment of the subject. However, there can be few here who have not heard a good deal a A. M. Turing bout Babbage and his works; so I will take up the story in more recent times. The first plans for an electronic computer in Britain were laid at the National Physical Laboratory, on the formation of the Mathematics D. R. Hartree Division there immediately after the war. This machine was the ACE. Its broad features were A dominating personality in the last few laid down by Dr. A. M. Turing, who was the first years in Great Britain has been Profess or D. leader of the project. Turing has been another R. Hartree, who became interested in computing prominent personality in the computing field, while investigating the implications of the ' and has exhibited an amazing variety of cap quantum theory in atomic structure. The lat abilities.- In 1936 he published a cIa s sic ter remains his chief" interest, but his concern paper on a topic which was at that time some with computing led to the building for Manches thing completely novel: he used the concept of ter University, about 1930, ,of a mechanical an ideal computing machine as a tool in the differential analyzer of the type Which had just study of mathematical logic. Such ideal mach been developed by Vannevar Bush at Mass. Inst. ines have come to be known as "Turing machines" of Technology. A similar machine was later -- we have heard them mentioned 0 n c e or twice buil t for the Uni vers i ty of Cambridge, and in at this conference. More recently Turing has stalled in the Mathematical Laboratory there published papers on conventional numerical an when it was opened just before the- war. alysis (errors arising in the solution 0 f si mul taneous linear equations), and on the popula r Al though Professor Hartree introduced the philosophical question, "Can machines think?" differential analyzer to Great Britain, he has In the latter connection he suggested a cri always recognized the importance of developments terion by which this question might be set tie d in the digital field. Shortly after the war for any given machine. He suggested that the he moved to Cambridge, where he has been closely machine be interviewed by a human examiner,who associated with the work on the Edsac there. could communicate wi th it only throug h s 0 m e He has willingly accepted scores of invi tations suitable channel such as a teleprinter circuit, to speak on computing subjects i in this way, nnd and who could not see it. If the machine can by virtue of his position on severa~ influential delude the examinermto thinking that he is in commi t tees, he has done a great deal to promo te fact communicating with a person, then, Turing the research and development of computers. says, the machine can think. Turing's criterion
- 6 - CDMPUTERS, IN GRFAT BRITAIN would seem rather difficult to satisfy, but if ranti machine was installed at the University we must have a definite criterion, we co u 1 d of Manchester in 1951. It is interesting to hardly find a better one. note that, although Williams' store has since been used in many places, the Manchester mach Turing recently publ ished a lengthy treat ines are the only ones in which it is used in ise on morphology, the study of biological fol'lll. a serial fashion. He made considerable use of an electronic 'com puter in a theoretical investigation 0 f t his The Manchester climate appears to have had subject. After watching with great in teres t a subtle effect on programming. Eng la nd is the wealth and variety of Turing's wor k, i t known throughout the world for its damp and came as a great shock to me, and I am sur e to dismal weather, and Manchester is known among very many others, to hear of his death only two Englishmen for its damp and dismal we a t her. weeks ago. There is no doubt that he would have The Manchester system of coding was laid down continued to make invaluable contributions to by Turing, who moved there as Williams wa s the computing field if he had lived. He was, completing his experimental machine. Turing's I believe, only about 40 years of age. love of mystery led to the use of the scale of 32; 26 of the digits are represented by the Unfortunately Turing had an intol e ran ce let ters of the alphabet, and the rema i n i n g of those not willing or able to master all the 6 by an assortment of characters to be found on complications which he took in hi~ stride. Thus the upper shift of most English typew r i t e r s, the ACE has turned out to be a machine demand viz: @, ct, :, ", ~, and I. It so hap pen s ing considerable skill of the programmer; but that zero is represented by I, and since zeros this fact has permitted great speed, simplicity are not suppressed, a page of coding consists and reliability of operation. Also Turing's of a neat rectangular array of symbols, ma n y original des ign was, at the time, over-ambitiws of which are /'s. This reminds me of nothing in regard to size. The present ACE follows more than looking out of a window on a r a i ny closely a simple logical design laid dow n by day. Dr. Harry Huskey, who spent the year 1947 with ths proj ec t. The Ferranti machine has a most impres~ve looking control console. At the inaugural con ference in 1951, Professor Williams pointedout The Edsac that this makes it poss ible to play the machine 1 ike an organ. However, Ferranti ap paren t 1 y The ACE is a mercury-tank machine. I n feared that the sight of the console mig h t construction, it was overtaken by another mer- - frighten away prospective customers. They r e cury-tank machine: the Edsac, at the Cambridge sorted to a device which has, I believe, been University Mathematical Laboratory. Dr. M. V. used elsewhere: they included in the pictur e Wilkes, who became Director of that Laboratory of the console an attractive young lad y t 0 after the war, visited the Moore School at the divert the attention. * They went even furt he r University of Pennsylvania in 1946, and immed than that: to illustrate the ease with wh ich iately began to plan his own machine. The the machine may be operated, the young 1 a d y Edsac first worked in 1949 and has worked, on was taking hardly any notice of the con_ troIs and off, ever since. It was in fact the first at all; she was busy knitting. , stored-program electronic machine designed for practical computing to be completed. Its phil The Manchester machines were designed fran osophy is opposite to that of the ACE: it is the start to use two types of storage: electro easy to program, but it was not engineered f~r static, and magnetic drum. Apart from this, very high speed or reliability. Nevertheless the development of auxiliary stores has be e n we have been able to do a great deal of useful somewhat slow in Britain. The magnetic drum work with it, including a considerable amount was in fact pioneered by Dr. A. D. Booth at the of basic research on programming methods. The University of London, but unfortunately pe had Laboratory has held summer courses in program difficulty in obtaining enough financial sup ming every year since 19500 port to develop it rapidly. Recently the Brit ish Tabulating Machine Gbmpany, which marke ts IBM-type punched card machines, --has put into Other Large Computers production a general purpose medium-sized co~ puter based on Booth's designs, selling for a Another great center of computer research bout £16,000 ($45,000). The magnetic d rum is the University of Manchester. Here Professor store has a capacity of 1024 words each of 32 F-. C. Williams went after the war to deve lop binary digits. These computers are described his cathode ray tube storage device. In 1949 as well suited for mathematical work in an in the first Manchester computing machine was built dustrial research laboratory; the Company i s to test this store. The electrical fir m 0 f developing a computer which will be more suit Ferranti rapidly developed this machine into a able for commercial applications. practical computing tool, and the first Fer- ·see Bili Danch's comment, page 4
- 7 - COMPtJTERS IN GREAT BRITAIN The ACE has recently been equipped wit h , own magnetostrictive transducer. Their mach a magnetic drum auxil iary store. Wo r k pro ine' "Nicholas" uses these elements for the ceeded for a time on a drum for the Edsac, but entire store; they have also buil t a mach in e this was abandoned and the Edsacnow uses mag using a magnetic disc as the main store, with netic tape. Both the Edsac and the Ferranti short delay elements for rapid access regis- machine, though electronic, are somewhat slow . ters. -- much slower'than the ACE. There are two interesting low speed mach Nbne of these machines has built-in div ines at, the Royal Aircraft Establ ishment and ision. Each has, on the other hand, produced Atomic, Energy Research Establishment respect , offspring. The Edsac has given rise to Le 0, ively. they each use dekatrons in the arith built for themselves by the firm of J. Lyons metical unit. These are c9ld cathode, gas and Company, who are roughly the English equi filled tubes, each forming essentially o,n E; valent of Howard Johnson's. In 1947 Lyon s ' stage of a decimal counter. The AEREmachine decided to acquire an electronic computer for has a small store of dekatrons for numbers rurl payroll calculations, factory analyses, etc. is sequenced directly by a punched tape. The Finding that no electrical firm was prep ared RAE machine is considerably bigger and faster; to build one, they boldly decided to b u i 1 d it has a large main store on a magnetic drum, their own and modeled it on the Edsac. . The and is sequenced by instructions in this store. computer itself was working in 1951 and has Furthermore it bas buil t:...in floating-p 0 i n t been rented out for scientific applic ati ons; ari thmetic, so that for calculations w h i c h its use for its intended purpose has been de require floating point it is as fast as many layed pending the completion of special input high-speed machines. and output equipment. The Radar Research Establ ishment has bull t The Manchester machine has led to a num its own machine using the Williams store --tre ber of Ferranti machines. The second went to first machine in Britain to use this store in the U!liversi ty of Toronto, the third tot he a parallel fashion. The second such mac h i n e Bri tish Ministry of Supply and the fou r th to has now been built by Professor Williams him Ferranti's· own computing bureau in Lon don. self ~t Manchester, and christened MEG. Al These are all substantially the same as t he though MEG has a parallel electrostatic store first Ferranti machine at Manchester Universi~. (soon to be supplemented by a drum) it ha s a serial arithmetic unit working at a megacycle The British Post Office has built a mach (hence the name). Like the RAE machine, MEG ine (the MOSAIC) for the Ministry of Suppl y, , has built-in floating-point arithmetic, and is. based on Turing's original plans for the ACE. probably the first machine of this speed tob~ Lest i tshould' seem strange for a post office so. equipped., Addition requires 180 microsec to be found building electronic computers,let onds and multiplication 360 microseconds, in me remind you that the British Post Office has cl uding access. MEG resembles the ORACLE a t a monopoly 'of means of communication,including Oak Ridge in that transfers may occur in uni ts telephones, and it maintains a large telephone of 10 bits, instructions comprising two s uc h research laboratory in London. It was he r e units and numbers comprising four (one for the that the Mosaic was built. A small machine of exponent and three for the fraction part). the ACE type is also, I believe, being devel oped for production by the English Elec t ric Work is proceeding at Cambridge on a suc Company, who contracted for some of the con cessor (so far unnamed) to the Edsac. The new struction work on the parent machine. machine will have a parallel arithmetical unit with built-in floating-point arithmetic. Stor age was to have been by mercury tanks, used in Smaller Computers parallel fashion, but the design has now been swi tched to magnetic cores. Details 0 f the These, then, are the leading fami! ies of arithmetical unit have been settled and som e Bri tish computers. There are a number of small construction has begun, but the complete design er machines and proj ects in existence. Ell i is still not fixed. Dr. Wilkes had proposed a ott Brothers, a firm with a long established "microprogram" scheme in which the operatio n s reputation for navigational instruments, has of the control unit are defined by a d i 0 d e entered the electronic computing field to spec crystal matrix; but with the advent of magnetic ialize in machines for naval applications,usllg ,cores tbis plan needs some reconsideration. "unitized" and "ruggedized" construction. One of their most interesting developments has been Looking at any of these machines, ona can the magnetostrictive delay line. They have see in them a mixture of both British and Amer shown that it is poss ible to make a very effic ican ideas. There is no doubt that our \\Ork in ient acoustic delay element using as a soun d Great Britain has been stimulated andinfluenc~ carrier a wire, several feet in length, coiled to a great ,extent by developments in Americ a • and mounted in a neat package t and acting as its On the other hand there are some aspects in wch (continued on page 30) - 8 - Roster of Organizations in the Field of Computers and Automation
(Cumulative, information as of October 3, 1954)
The purpose of this Roster is to report organizations Ga Government activity (all that are known to us) making or de velop i ng Pa Problem-solving computing machinery, or systems, or data-handling Ba Buying activity equipment, or equipment for automatic control and (Used also in combinations, as in RMSa materials handling. In addition, so me organiza "research, man ufac t ur i n g and selling tions making components may be incl u ded in some activity") issues of the Roster. Each Roster entry when it becomes complete contains: name of the organiza tion, *C This organization has kindly furnished us wi th its address and telephone number, nature of its in information expressly for the purp oses of the terest in the field, kinds of activity it engages Roster and therefore our rep or t is likely to be in, main products in the field, approximate number more complete and accurate than otherwise might of employees, year establiShed, and a fewcammen~ be the case. (C for Checking) and current news items. When we do not have com plete information, we put down what we have. ROS1ER. We seek to make this Roster as useful and inform ative as possible, and plan to keep it up to date Adalia Limited, Odeon Bldg., 20 Carlton St. East, in each issue. We shall be grateful for any more Toronto, Ont., Canada / Empire 4-2361 information, or additions or corrections that any Research and consulting services in the ap reader is able to send us. plicatioQ, design, and' construction of com puters. Ss Se(1952) RCa Although we have tried to make the Roster complete Addressograph-Mul tigraph Corp., 1200 BabbittRoad, and accurate, we assume no liability for any state Cleveland 17, Ohio / Redwood 1-8000 / and else ments expressed or implied. where *C Addressograph sensing plates,composed auto This listing is cumulative except for omission of matically from punched tape, which will automat about a dozen companies making components wh i c h ically list and total figures. Data written were pr~viously listed but have apparently 0 n 1 y at speeds up to "30 forty-character lines per remote interes ts in the f iel d of com put e r sand second; as a byproduct, codes automatically automationo punched into punch cards. Electronic fac simile printers for high-speed copying 0 f typed data contained in unit card records. Abbreviations Ls(8000) Le(1898) Ic RMSa Aircraft-Marine Products, Inc., 2100 Pa x ton St., The. key to the abbreviations follows: Harrisburg, Pa. / Harrisburg 4-0101 / *C Patchcord programming systems, patc h cords, Size automatic wire terminators. Ls(1600) Me Ls Large size, over 500 employees (1941) Ic RMSa Ms Medium size, 50 to 500 employees Alden Electronic and Impulse Recording Equipment Ss Small size, under 50 employees (n 0 e-" in Co., Alden Research Center, Westboro, Mas s. / parentheses is approx. no. of employees) Westboro 467 / *C Facsimile recording equipment and facsimile When Established components; "On-the-Spot Fact Finders", pulse Le Long established organization (1922 or records, automatic curve plotters. Recorder earlier) t:\::1t monitors any machine or action and re Me Organization established a "medium" time cords automatically. Ms(450?) Se Ic RMSa ago (1923 to 1941) Alden Products Co·., 117 No. Main St., Bro c kton, Se Organization established a short time ago Mass. I Brockton 160 / *C (1942 or later) (no. in parentheses is General and specific components for digital year of establishment) and analog computing machinery; plug-in com ponents, sensing and indicating components, Interest in Computers and Automation magnetic delay line units, magnetic storage Dc Digital computing machinery cores, etc. Ms (300) Me (1930)" Ic RMSa Ac Analog computing machinery Alfax Paper and Engineering Co., Alden Resea r c h Ic Incidental interests in computing machinery Center, Westboro, Mass. / Westboro 467 / *C Sc Servomechanisms Electrosensitive recording papers. Ms Se Cc Automatic control machinery (1942) Ic RMSa Mc Automatic materials handling machinery R. C. Allen Bus iness Machines, Inc., 678 Front Av., Grand Rapids 4, Mich. / Glendale 6-8541 / *C Activities Adding machines, bookkeeping machines, cash Ma Manufacturing activity registers, etc. Ls (1250) Me (1932) Dlc RMSa Sa Selling activity American Automatic Typewriter Co., 614 North Car Ra Research and development penter St., Chicago 22, Ill. *C Ca Consulting Pneumatically controlled programming and test-
- 9 - ROSTER' QF ORGANIZATIONS ing devices. Automatic s e 1 e c t i v e typi n g servomechanisms and automatic con t r 0 1 s • equipment (Autotypist). Testing machines for Ms (400) Me (1930) SCc RMSPa typewriters, adding machines, calcula tin g Atomic Instrument Co., 84 Mass. Ave., Cambri d ge machines. . Ms(lOO) Le(1868) Ic RMSa 39, Mass. / Eliot 4-4321 / *C -American MachIne and Foundry, Electronics Division, Analog to digital converters,printers, count 1085 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. / Algon er components and controls; shell velocity quin 4-4234 / *C computation and recording; etc. Ms(lOO) Se Magnetic shift registers, digital data-handlillJ (1947) DACc RMSCa equipment; servomechanisms to specificatmns. Audio Instrument Co., Inc., 133 West 14 St., New Digital servo with 215 quantum units per revo York 11, N.'Y. / Oregon 5-7820 / *C lution (shaft to digital conversion). Ls(9QO) Electronic, mechanical, and optical a n a log Se(1948) Dc RMSa computers. Precision electronic instruments. Amperite Co., Inc., 561 Broadway, New York 12, N. Time-delay-units from 10 to 10,000 millisec Y. / Canal 6-1446 / *C onds. Fire control equipment, logarithmic Delay relays and regulators for comp uters, amplifiers. Specialized passive com p uter etc. Ms(75) Me (1923) Ic RMSa which corrects for film nonlinearity in pho Ampex Elec tric Corp., 934 Charter St., Red woo d tometric work, etc. Ss(lO) Se(1949) DASCc City, Calif. / Emerson 8-1471 / *C RMSCa Magnetic recording of data. Ls(550) Se(194~ The Austin Co., Special Devices Division, 76 9th' Ic RMSa Ave., New York 11, N. Y. / Watkins 4-3630 / *C Andersen Laboratories, Inc., 39-C Talco t t R0 a d, Systems and devices for automatic control in West Hartford 10, Conn. / Adams 3-4491 / *C commerce and industry; analog, digital, data Solid ultrasonic delay lines, computer memo handling, servo, electronic, electr~hanic~ ries, etc., for computer applications. Ss (30) Shaft position indicators and systems; cmnode Se (1950) Ic RMSa ray indicators and systems. Ls(division,l25; ANelex Corp., Concord, N. H., and 150 Causeway St., company 25,000) Le (division, 1943, company, Boston 14, Mass. / Richmond 2-3400 / *C 1878) DASCMc RMSa High-speed printer (1800 characters per sec Automacite Applique, 10 rue Saulnier, Paris ge, ond), numerical and alpha-numeric up t,o 64 France characters and line-lengths up to 120 c ha r- Automatic control apparatus. Cc RMSa acters. Ms Se(1952) DIc RMSa . Automatic Electric Co. 1033 West Van Bure n St., Applied Science Corporation of Princeton, P.O.Box . Chicago 7, Ill. / Haymarket 1-4300 / *C 44, Princeton, N. J. / Plainsboro 3-4141 / *C Automatic electrical systems, telepmne equip Radio telemetering and automatic data conver ment, relays, stepping switches ,_ etc., for s ion. Devices for automatic and· semi -a u t 0- computing machinery and communications com matic reduction and analysis of telemetering panies. Automatic control components. Ls and radar data. Analog read-in and read-out (5700) Le(1892) ICc RMSa devices. Digital storage and computi n g Automatic Signal Division, Eastern In dustrie s, elements. MADA'l (Mul tipurpose Automatic Data Inc., Norwalk, Conn. Analysis Machine). Ms(85) Se(1946) DAc Automatic volume-density traffic controllers. RCPMSa Me Ic RMSa Argonne National Laboratory, Box 299, Lemont,Ill./ Automation Consultants, Inc., 1450 Broadway, New Bishop 2-2750, Lemont 800 / *C York 18, N. Y. / Chickering 4-7800 / *C Production of big electronic automatic digital Consul tants in electronic systems and devices, computers for use of Atomic Energy Commission including automatic information-h and 1 i n g • only. ?s Se Dc RMa Ss Se(1953) Dc Ca (>. Arma Corp., Old Country Rd., Garden City, L. I., Automation Engineers Co., Division of Associated ";,' N. Y. / Garden City 3-2000 / *C Industrial Consultants, 246 West State Street, Electronic fire-control apparatus. An a log Trenton, N. J. / Trenton 3-2603 / *C computer components including resolvers, in Consul tants in automatic control machinery and duction generators, etc. Basic weapon and automatic materials handling equipment. Ss control systems, navigational systems, pre (20) Me (1942) DACMc Ca cision remote control systems. Automat i c Avion Instrument Co., Division of American Car machine tool and material handling systems. and Foundry Industries, Inc., 299 State Highway Analog computer components. Ls(6000) Le No. 17, Paramus, N. J./ Oradell 8-4100 / *C DASc RMSPa Digital and analog computing machinery. Mag Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Inst. of Tech netic recorders, amplifiers, electronic chop nology, 10 West 35 St., Chicago 16, Ill. / Cal pers, tes t equi pment, servomechanisms, aut 0 - umet 5-9600 / *C matic control machinery, etc. Ms(l60) Se Magnetic recording. Digital, analog and data (1946) DASCMc RMSCPa handling equipment. Automatic control mach Baird Associates, 33 University Road, Ca mbridge inery. Servomechanisms. Inst rumentation • 38, Mass. / University 4-0101 / *C Ls(1200) Me (1936) DASCc RCPa Spectroscopic analysis equipment; scientific The Arnold Engineering Co., Marengo, Ill. / Chic instruments; analog devices, servo-mechanisms; ago, Andover 3-6300 / *C transistors. Instrumentation for industrial Magnetic materials for computer components, control. Research in physical optics. Ms' etc. Ms(425) Me (1936) Ic RMSa (200) Me (1937) AlSc RMSa Askania Regulator Co., 240 E. Ontario St., Chicago, Barber-Colman Co., Rockford, Ill. *C Ill. / Whitehall 4-3700 / *C Automatic controls, textile machinery, mach Hydraulic and electronic automatic cont.rol ine tools, etc. Barber-Colman-Stib i t z equipment. Use analog computers; manufacture digital computer, operating. Ls(3OO0) Le Dc RMSa' - 10 - ROSTER OF ORGAN! ZATIONS Beckman Division, Beckman Instruments, Inc., Ful- Bradley Laboratories, Inc., 168 Columbus Avenue, lerton, Calif. / Lambert 5-8241 / ~:cC New Haven, Conn. / Main 4-3123 / *C Multi-channel digital data-handling systems; Selenium rectifier kits, high temperature 200 channel strain gage recorder. Automatic rectifiers. Ms Me Ic RMSa process control, digital data handling and Bri tish Tabulating Machine Co., Ltd., 17 Pa r k recording. Ls(1800) Me (1934) DAlc RMSa Lane, London W. 1, England / Hyde Park 8155, / See also Berkeley Division, Beckman Instru- *C ments. ' Punched card machines. Ls (4500) Le (1908) Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, N. J. / Dc RCPMSa Summi t 6-6000 / and 463 West St., New York 14, Brush Electronics Co., 3405 ~erkins Ave., Cleve N. Y. / Chelsea 3-1000 / *C land 14, Ohio (formerly Brush Development Co.) Automatic switching. Bell general purpose *C computers (relay and electronic, digital and Recording analyzers. Magnetic tape, heads, analog) for government use and company's own and drums. Computer components. Ls(1300) use. Ls Le Dk RGPa Le(1921) Ic RMSa Bendix Aviation Corporation, Computer Divi s ion, Bull S. A. Compagnie des Machines, 94 AvenueGam- 5630 Arbor Vitae St., Los Angeles 45, Calif. / betta, Paris 20e, France / MEN 8158 / *C Oregon 8-2128 / *C Punch card machines. Commercial electronic Electronic information-processing machines. computers and card-programmed scientificco~ Electronic computers; data-processing equip puters. Producing about 10 electronic com ment; automatic control systems; Dec i mal puters a month; 100 currently in operation. Digi tal Differential Analyzer; general p u r Ls(2500) Me (1931) Dc RMSa pose digital computers Model G-15A and G-15D. Bureau of the Census, Washington 25, D. C. / *C Ms(150) Se(1952, division; 1929, corporation) , Tabulation of statistical data by s pe cia 1 DACc RMSPa machines designed and built for own use, by Bendix Aviation Corp., Pacific Division, Nor th commercial punch-card equipment, and by el Hollywood, Calif. *C ectronic computing system (the Univac). Ls Telemetering systems. Digital systems, con- (1100 in Machine Tabulation Division) Le trols, and components. Ls(2500) Le(1915, (1890 in punch card field) Dc Ga company; 1937, this division) Ic RMSa Burlingame Associates, 103 Lafayette St., New York Benson-Lehner Corp., 2340 Sawtelle Blvd., West Los 13, N. Y. / Digby 9-1240 / *C Angeles 64, Calif. / AR-93723, BR-21197 / *C Analog computers, servo analyzers, se r v 0 - Automatic and semi-automatic devices (b 0 th control devices, digital voltmeters, etc. analog and digital) for computing, data an Ss (35) Me (1928) Alc Ca alyzing, data reduction, optical measuring, Burroughs Corporation HUIIaedy BULLouyhs-AdcH-ng· guided missile analysis, etc. Oscillogra m -Maehfne-€(J."') 6071 Second Ave., Detroit, Mich. / trace readers, plotters, etc. Com mer cia 1 Triangle 5-2260 / --...fIeadquartersi-,-,,~Rur
- 17 - ROSTER OF ORGANIZATIONS Precision polystyrene capacitors. Ss(55) Telecomputing Corp., 133 E. Santa Anita Avenu.e, Se(1951) Ic RMSa Burbank, Calif. I Charleston 0-8161 I *C Sperry Gyroscope Co., Great Neck, N. Y. / Field- Automatic data reading, recording,and plot stone 7-3600 I *C ting equipment. Automatic business data ac Ordnance; fire-control equipment. Automatic cumulation and analysis equipment; multiple controls. Navigation equipment, sea and air. access storage systems. Ms(250) Se(1947) Radar, Loran, gyrocompass~s, precisi 0 n in DCMc RMSPa struments. Ls(18,000) Le(1910) Ac RMSa Telequipment Corporation, Sea Cliff, N. Y.I Glen Sprague Electric Co., 377 Marshall Street, North Cove 4-2900 I Adams, Mass. *C Equipment for attaching to an electric type Capaci tors: miniature, and low diele c t ric writer so that it may produce punched paper hysteresis loss ,for computer applications. tape simultaneously with typing. Ss Se Standard capacitors; precision and power type Ic RMSa resistors; pulse transformers; radio inter Teleregister Corp., 445 Fairfield Ave., Stamford, ference filters; printed circuits. Ls(5OO0) Conn. I Stamford 48-4291 I *C Le(1926) Ic RMSa Digital and analog special purpose computers. Swedish Board for Computing Machinery, Drottning Data inventory systems for special applica gatan 95A, (P. O. Box 6131), Stockholm 6, Swed tions: travel reservations, flight data pro en I Stockholm 23 55 90 I *C cessing, stock market quotations, etc. Mag State central institution for research, dev netronic Reservisor, in use at American Airlines elopment, and computation service on large reservations center. Magnetronic stock quo scale machines. Operates two computers, BARK tation sys1;.em in use in Toronto Stock Ex and BESK, designed and buH t by the Bo a rd. change. Ms(275) Me (1928) Dlc RMSa They have run commercially, BARK since Ju 1 y Teletypesetter Corporation, 2752 Clybourn Avenue, 1950, and BESK since March 1954. BARK is a Chicago 14, Ill. I Graceland 7-5250 land else binary, automatic relay computer, orders set where I *C up on a plug-board, parallel-operating,three Tape perforators and operating units for local (four-) address system. BESK is a binary, or distant automatic control of Linot y pes electronic sequence computer, storing orders and Intertypes. Ms(57) Me (1929) Ic RMSa and data in a parallel Williams memory or in Tobe Deutschmann Corporation, 921 Providence High- a magnetic drum memory, one-address sys te m, way, Norwood, Mass. I Norwood 7-2620 / *C parallel-operating. Research on nume ric a 1 Capacitors for computers, etc.; electronic analysis; development of new computers. Ss noise suppression products (interfere n c e (30) Se(1949) Dc RMCPa fil ters) • Ls (500+) Le (1922) Ic RMSCPa Sylvania Electric Co~, Radio and Television Div., Transistor Products, Inc., 241 Crescent St., Wal 70 Forsyth St., Boston 15, Mass. I Kenmore 6- tham 54, Mass. I Waltham 5-9330 I *C 8900 I and elsewhere. *C Transistors, diodes. Ms(150) Se(1952) Ic Electronic digital computers us in g printed mISa circuit techniques. Subassemblies of diodes Ultrasonic Corp., 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, and triodes •. Computer components. Ls(22oo; Mass. I University 4-5400 I *C this division 190) Le - 18 - ROSTER OF ORGANIZATIONS U. S. Air Force, Inst. of Technology, Wright-Pat- Wallind-Pierce Corp., 1928 Pacific Coast Highway, terson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, *C Lomita, Calif. *C Electronic strategy machine, conceived by L. Digi tal-to-anal og, and anal og-to-d i g ita 1 I. Davis. Philbrick and Reac equipment on translators. Digital and analog computers, hand. Ms(300) Se(1946) DAle Ga magnetic amplifiers, etc. Ss(18) Se(195D U. S. Army, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aber- DASc RCMSa deen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Md. *C Wang Laboratories, 37 Hurley St., Cambr i d g e 39, Has Bell, Edvac, Eniac, Ordvac computers and Mass. / Trowbridge 6-1925 / others. Developing supplementary rurl modern Magnetic delay-line memory units. Digital izing components. Ms Le DAc Ga signal generators. Multiple scalers. Static U. S. Naval Proving Ground, Computation and Bal magnetic memory systems and other dev ice s. listics Department, Dahlgren, Va. / X627 / *C Ss Se(195l) Dc RCMSa Has three digital computers -- Harvard Aiken The George Washington Univ., Logistics Research Relay (Mark II), Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Proj ect, 707 22nd St., Washington 7, D. C. / (Mark III), and will have Naval Ordnance Re Sterling 3-4539 / *C search Calculator (NORC). Ms(llO) Se(1942) ONR relay computer with magnetic dru m mem Dc RCPGa ory. Data-handling machines. ONR electronic U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington 25, digital computer with magnetic drum memory. D. C. *C Ms(50) Se(1950) .Dc RCPa Making NAREC digital computer. Ls(3000) Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory, 612 West Me DASc RCGPa 116 St., New York, N. Y. / Monument 6-9600/*C U. S. Navy, Office of Naval Research, Sp e cia 1 The pure science department of International Devices Center, Port Washington, New York/ Port Business Machines Corp. Simultaneous linear Washington 7-2800 / *C equation solver. Astronomical plate measur Ls(500) Se(1943) DASMc RMCGBa ing machine. IBM punch card machin e s. Re Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. *C search and instruction. Constructing NORC. Constructing CALDIC, California Digital Com Ms(lOO) Se(1945) DAc RCPa puter. Ss(lO) Se(1947) DAc RPa Wayne University, Cass Ave., Detroit 1, Mich. / University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Temple 1-1450 / *C Built electronic digital computer Ordvac for Computation laboratory. 5300-word magnetic Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen. Has drum computer built of Burroughs pulse con finished computer Illiac on same design, but trol equipment. Has Mass. Inst. of Technology wi th faster input-output using a IiIotoelectric Differential Analyzer No.1. Acquiring dig reader. Dc RCPa ital differential analyzer and ele c tr onic University of Manchester, Mathematical Laboratory, analog equipment. Instruction and training • Manchester, England. *C Ss(30) Se(1950) DAc Ra Has automatic electronic digital compute r Jervis B. Webb Co., 8951 Alpine Ave., Detroit 4, buil t by Ferranti Electric, Ltd. This 1 ab Mich. / Webster 3-8010 / *C oratory developed much of the design. Ss(8) Conveyor engineering and manufact uri n g • Se(1947) Dc RPa Servomechanisms, automatic control machinery, Univ. Mathematical Laboratory, Free School Lane, automatic materials handling machinery. Ls Cambridge, England (600) Le(19l9) SCMc RMSa Has EDSAC electronic digital calculator. Dc Weems System of Navigation, 227 Prince Ge or g e RCPa St., Annapolis, Md. Univ. of Michigan, Willow Run Research Center, Automatic navigation systems. Me Ic RCPMSa Willow Run Airport, Ypsilanti, Mich. / Ypsilanti Westinghouse Electric Corp., Industry Engineering 5110 / *C Dept., East Pittsburgh, Pa~ *C Digi tal computers, both special purpos e and Analog computers for: mechanical and elec general purpose, inel uding electronic and el trical problems; regulating systems; servo ectromechanical analog computers; simulators. mechanism behavior; flow of heat, oil, 0 r Data-processing systems, analysis and compu gas; other purposes. DC and AC calculating tation using Midac and Midsac; instruction in boards, ANACOM computer. Ls Le DASc programming and numerical methods; s:imulation, RMSCPa etc. Ls(500) Se(1946) DAc RCPa Wharf Engineering Labs., Fenny Compton, Warwick University of Sydney, Dept. of Electrical Engrg., shire, England / Fenny Compton 30 / *C Sec tion of Mathematical Instruments, S y d n e y , Magnetic drums, recording heads, transform New South Wales, Australia ers. Ss (15) Se (1949) Ic RMSa Analog computers. Ac Ra Zator Co., 79 Milk St., Boston 9, Mass./ Liberty Uni v. of Toronto, Computation Centre, Tor 0 n to, 2-4624 / *C Canada / Walnut 3-1327 / *C Digi tal equipment and systems for cod i n g, Digital, electronic computers. Now operating: filing, and finding information (Zato cod a Ferranti Electric automatic computer; punch ing systems). High-speed sele ct 0 r s for card machines. Ss(15) Se(1947) Dc RPCa notched ~ards. Methods for use oi digital Vaucanson, 11 rue de Surmelin, Paris 20e, France computing machines to recover i nf 0 r ma tion. Calculating machines. Dc RMSa Ss Se(1947) Ic RCSa Victor Adding Machine Co., 3900 No. Rockwell St., Zeuthen & Aagaard Ltd. ,6 Esplanaden, Copenhagen, Chicago 18, Ill. *C Denmark / Central 3795 / *C Adding machines. Ls(1600) Le(19l8) Dc RMSa Portable adding machine (Contex); dictating VISlrecord, Inc., Copiague, L. I., N. Y. / Amity m3chine (Rex-Recorder) with magnetic record ville 4-4900 / ing on plastic disc using impregnated part Filing systems for computer punched pap e r icles and permitting more than 10,000 re tape, etc. ~Is (100) Ie RMSa uses; duplicating machines, etc. Ls Le Ic R~\lSa (eontinued on page 30) - 19 - Analog. Computers and their Application to Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow - Part 1 (Later Parts and Bibliography will be published in forthcoming issues) John E. Nolan Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh 30, Pa. The purpose of this paper is to sur v e y were developed. In World War I appe are d the the field of analog computers with particular application of rudimentary electrical comput reference to their application to heat trans ing techniques to anti-aircraft fire control. fer and fluid flow problems and t.o nresen t a In 1925 the first large differential analyzer bibliography. was made by Vannevar Bush at the Mass·achusetts Insti tute of Technology. Various e Ie c t ric. A computer is an information proces sing bridges, field plots by means of poorly co n device. It has been defined as a "device which dueting liquids and potential probes, and ap accepts quantitative information, may arrange plications of d-c and a-c network anal y zer s it and perform mathematical and logical oper were made during the 1920's. In the 1930 ' s ations on it, and makes available the resulf occurred the development of servo methods,po ing quantitative information as an output". 5 tentiometers, resolvers, and feedback amplif (The superscript number is the number of the ref iers which gave impetus to eleGtrical analog erence listed in the bibliography.) This is a computation. broad definition which includes slide ru 1 e s, desk calculators, differential analyzers, in Today there are a number of large s cal e dustrial controllers, telephone exchanges,and digital and analog computer installations, a large-scale digital computers. number of simple differential analyzers on the market, many available components which a user Computers are .generally classified as dig can assemble to fit his own needs, and a b e i tal, .analog, or a combination of both. Digi wildering variety of small special pur p 0 s e tal computers are discrete variable de vic e s computers for process control and other co m which represent numbers by counting discrete puting -purposes. Analog and digital techniques obj ects in space or discrete events in time such are used now to supplement each other; a simple as holes in a paper card or tape, the teeth of analog computer to understand the problem and a gear wheel, or electric pulses in a circuit. a digital computer for detailed investigation Fundamentally, they are machines which perform of areas of the problem are a powerful combin ari thmetical operations on numbers, such as desk ation. calculators or telephone exchanges. A n a log computers are continuous variable devices which represent numbers by measuring some p hy sic a 1 Computers in Design and Research quantity such as shaft rotation, vol tage, r e sistance, or position of a: hand on a s cal e. • Computers have been a vi tal factor in the Slide rules. differential analyzers, and indus revol utionary progress in the level of complex: trial controllers are analog computers. A com i ty of practical science and engineering during puter which employs both digital and a n a log the past century. They make it poss ibl e to computing devices would also include converte~ solve problems faster, to handle problems whkh to change information from one formw another. formerly required more effort than could eco nomically be expended, and to find solutions to problems which were previously incapable of History solution. Today the computer is well established along with the slide rule, balance, and test In order to gain a proper perspective, it tube as an essential tool of the industr ia 1 would be good to briefly review the history of researcher. computers .15 One of the oldest forms of comput ers is the abacus of ancient times. The seven The technique of simulation is a p·owerful teenth century saw the slide rule and an adding aid to the system designer. One form of simu machine invented by Pascal to assist his father lation is the study of a system by the cut and in checking accounts. During the first halfof try examination of its mathematical represent the nineteenth century the planimeter came into ation by means of an analog or digital computer. being and Charles Babbage worked out the concepts A modified program of system design would prob of digital machines. In 1876 a ball-and-disk ably include the following steps :11 (1) descrip integrator was invented by James Thomson and a tion of system inputs, (2) first order design, harmonic analyzer was conceived by his brother (3) component analysis, (4) experiments for re Lord Kelvin. In the last half of the nineteenth quired parameters, (5) systems analysis, (6 ) century, adding machines, comptometers, calcu system simulation, and (7) modification toward lating cash registers, and billing' mac h i n e s an optimum design by a repetition of steps (2) through (6). - 20 - ANALOG CQ\iPUTERS The competitors of simulation are the math end of the del ta to supply the San J 0 a qui n ematical analysis and the "build and discard" Valley. An old network of channels carr i e s techniques. When systems are complicated, smr the flow through the delta. The problem arose ulation shows definite advantages 0 ve r the of how to bring the Sacramento River water a other two techniques. The building and testing cross the delta to the San Joaquin side while of prototypes is costly and time consum in g • maintaining a pattern of flow in the channels The use of the mathematical analysis technique which will hold intrusion of ocean salinity in can result in a disproportionate expenditure check and thereby permi t the transfer t 0 be of engineering time on extensive calculations made without danger of contamination. An an and in tests to prove the assumptions under alog computer was set up to study this pro b lying these calculations. When applied prop lem.144 The analogous hydraulic and electri erly, computers can supply adequate solutions cal relationships were developed and quantity to the problems at hand with a saving in time, of flow was represented in the analog by elec money, and engineering personnel. tric current, water surface elevations we r e represented by voltage, inertia by inductance, storage by capacitance, frictional drag by"re Analog Computers sistance, and time by time. However, the an alog runs through five hundred days of actual By applying the principle of ana log y , tide changes in each second of operating time. whereby various simple laws of nature and var The analog can reproduce the square-law rela ious parameters in different physical systems tion between friction and velocity tha tis can be related to each other, a designer can characteristic of fluid flow. Gate keeper s translate a given problem from one p hy sic a 1 are represented by rectifier circuits. Stream system in which design computations are diffi flows and currents are represented by c 0 n cult and test models expensive, to another trolled d-c currents added to and subtracted physical system in which low-cost models with from certain points in the analog ne two r k • continuously variable parameters can be quickly The wave motions associated with tides are rep produced and tested.38 A physical system is resented by a-c voltages of specified magnitude. an assemblage of physical elements which may Net current flows are read on d-c milliammeters include mechanisms, electric circuits, chemi and tidal amplitudes and phase differences are cal processes, heat processes, etc. With i n read on cathode ray oscilloscopes. The analog the range of operating conditions in which known has proved to be an effective means for exped laws of design apply and by the proper appli iting the work of finding the flow distribution cation of conversion factors, data obtained in patterns in a network of channels. It is part the analogous system are applicable in the or icularly effective when tidal effects must be iginal system. included in addition to gravity flows. The results obtained with the analog have checked A physical system can be represented by a well with those obtained by other means. physical analog or by an operational analog.38 If each element or component in an originalsys It is not always necessary, arrl frequently tem is replaced by its analogous eleme n tor not desirable, to replace each individual el component in the model system, and if all in ement of an original system with an equivruent teractions between elements are appropriately in the analog system. Analog models can often expressed so that the dynamic performance char be greatly simplified and their usefu 1 n e s s acteristics of the two systems are similar, then broadened if they reproduce only the functional the model system is the physical or direct an operations of the original system. Thi s ap alog of the original system. The chief advantage proach is particularly appropriate if the per of this direct technique is that the engineer formance of the original system can be formu does not have to write explicit equations for lated mathematically. A model system which can ei ther system, which would be impos"sible t 0 reproduce the mathematical operations implicit write for very complex systems. It is only in the mathematical formulation of the original necessary that the analog be a true and valid system, without regard to the actual nature or model and that the applied forces and boundary elements of that system, is an operational an conditions be known. Data obtained by running alog. The building blocks of this operational tests on the analog, when directly translated analog may be actual physical elements with near back into terms appropriate to the orig ina I ideal performance or relatively complex devices system, will establish the performance of the developed specifically to perform certain math original system. ematical operations. Differential analyzers, mechanical or electronic, are one type of op For example, a delta area in California erational analog which have been put to a great has the ocean on its west, the Sacramento River multitude and variety of uses. entering from the north, the San Joaquin River entering from the south, and the Mokelumne Ri The dynamic performance of mechanicru, hy ver entering from the east. A pumping pIa n t draulic, thermal, magnetic, and acoustic sys lifts the water out of the channels at too south tems and complex systems containing components - 21 - ANALOG (l)MPUTERS in several of these fields can often be repro- . ClSlon of 10-3 or possibly 10-4 is normal and duced with simple analogous electrical systems. 10-5 is obtainable under highly restric ted Electrical models are used more often than other condi tions. type models, such as air-flow or water-f low models, because they can be produced at low Some of the advantages of analog comput cost in minimum time, and, once assembled,they ers are that they are simple enough sot hat can easily be modified with the many electric~ many can be built to solve special problem s , components mass-produced to fill radio, tele that an engineer can keep close track on the vision, industrial control, and armed services physical significance of the computation, and requirements. Also, the computational and re that a broad pattern of solutions representing cording devices now available are designed to many different combinations of conditions can accept the output signals of voltage ~nd cur be obtained in a short time. They are b est rent produced in electrical models i com pIe x for problems where engineering acc u r a c y i s sensing and conversion devices are required if sufficient and are the simplest type of c <> m equivalent measurements are to be made in mech puter for problems in which the precision 0 f anical, thermal, or fluid systems. Many im the computer is greater than the accuracy of portant mathematical manipulations such asal the input data. They can handle almos tal I gebraic summation, trigonometric resolution, dynamic problems because the information needed differentiation, integration, and other data is the presence of instability or the design processing steps can be carried out rapidly of devices to prevent instability and not the with electrical analogs of the mathematical numerical solutions. operations.33, 47, 55 . The limitations of analog computers ar e Planimeters, slide rules, automobil e that the equations for the original system or speedometers, industrial controllers, 1 i near the transfer functions of the elements or com equation solvers, fire control computers, net ponents of the original system must be known, work analyzers, and differential analyzers are that a considerable amount of time mus t b e examples of analog computers. The y can be allowed for setup of the computation schedule applied to a great variety of problems. They and analysis of results, and that· the comput can be used to solve abstract mathematical e ing elements themselves, even though they may quations. They can be used to find solutions possess amazing versatility, have phys i c a I to systems of linear simultaneous equation s 1 imi tations. Some problems are not complicated where the speed of solution is essential. In enough to justify treatment by such an elabor the form of pneumatic, mechanical, electrical, ate means. First cost is a consideration but electromechanical, or hydraulic industrial reg the first cost of analog computers is low a ulators they solve continuously ,day afte r day, mong computers. Analog computers are funda equations expressing the desired behavio r of mentally calculus machines and are therefore, processes or plants under control. In the of course, inappropriate for basically arith automatic control field, they serve as low-cost metical calculations such as census taking or bench-type prototypes which can be tested con cost accounting. veniently in the laboratory under a variety of conditions. They may be used to represent a part of an over-all system (such as an airplare Some Large-Scale Computers and and its aerodynamic controls) while the actual Their Applications piece of equipment to be tested (s u c h as an autopilot) completes the system to be studied. Large-scale general-purpose computers in They can be used to test systems or de vic e s cl ude the differential analyzer at the Mas s whose equations or transfer functions are known achusetts Institute of Technology, various d-c but which have not yet been built. They can and a-c network analyzers, and similar analog be used to determine transfer functionsofsys computers operated by the Westinghouse Electric tems built up from physical analogs. By gen Corporation and the California Institu teo f erating or displaying a large number of solu Technology. tions for instant examination on cathode ray tubes or other graphic recorders, 0 p tim urn The MIT differential analyzer is use d system parameters can be determined. They can primarily for evaluatin~ solutions of ordinary be used to solve a wide variety of pr ob lems differential equations. 5 It is a mechanical whose boundary or initial conditions or both device and the values of the variables involved are complex, such as occur in the flow ofheat are represented by positions of rotating shafts in irregularly shaped bodies or the flo w of . or by shaft rates. It has been used for solu fluids in reservoirs. tions to problems in many branches of enginee~ ing and science and has stimulated activityin The accuracy to which an analog computer the fields of mathematical effort where p r 0- answer is obtained is limited by the precision cesses of analysis are inadequate. to which physical displacements, angles, volt ages, currents, etc., can be measured. A pre- Network analyzers have been used to solve - 22 - ,A~ALOG COMPUTERS quickly the many and various problems concerned (1) Obtain a complete statement of the with the operation of power systems.44 They problem. This would include the equations to are practical, adj ustable miniature pO\\er sys be solved, the ini tial conditions,' the par a tems. They can be used to analyze re suI t s meters to be varied, any available solutionsor during the progress of a system stu d y and checks, numerical values of the .parameters, mrl therefore play an active part in system plan the estimated ranges of the variables and ilieir ning as well as checking the perform an c e of derivatives if possible. Since this computer completed systems. is an operational analog, a given system c an be studied only if its response equations ar e The electrical analog computers at Cal known. Tech and at Westinghouse (the Anacom) were con structed after a two year survey. 30 Vario u s (2) Determine tentative scale factors for types of auxiliary equipment has been designai each variable and set up the trans for mat ion for use with these computers and the computers e'luations. These equations express the rela themsel ves are made up of many specially devel tionship between the problem variables am the oped components.45 A block diagram of a typi computer variables. cal computer setup for solving a problem could consist of three blocks.37 The first would be (3) Choose the time scale and write the the steady~state or trans ient forcing functions. transformation equation for the independe n t Electrical voltages are generated and applied variable (time). The computer time mayre equal to the analog which are equivalent to the forces to, slower than, or faster than real time. Do applied to the actual physical system. The sec not forget to transform initial conditions, li ond block is the electrical analog of the sys miting levels, etc., to computer variables. tem studied. Many analogs of different problems are already known and methods have been devel (4) Establish the machine equations and oped for systematically determining new one s • draw a computer block diagram. The third block is the measuring e qui pment , which includes oscillographic apparatu s for (5) Interconnect the computing eleme n t s transient problems. The exact type of measur by patch cords to perform the operations re ing equipment will vary with each individual quired. analysis. These computers have been us e d to sol ve a wide variety of proglems inc 1 u din g (6) Set potentiometers, initial values, magnetic amplifier studies, nonlinear mech limiting levels, and function generators accor anics and servomechanisms inve8ti gati 0 n, 95 ding to the block diagram. Set or check re transient ~ibration problems, 7 re g u 1 a tor corder calibration. problems ,2 the study of a steel mill drive, 35 and the study of a.lubrication system.45 (7) Make the computing devices operative and thereby force the voltages in the machine to vary in the manner prescribed by the machine D-C Electronic Analog Computers and equations. The vol tage variations with ti me Their Applications are recorded and constitute the solutions 0 f the problem. The machine is stopped at a time Computations, which are too extensive to chosen by the operator. The maximum allowable be undertaken manually and not so elaborate as computing time is usually determined by the to justify using the facilities of a computa 1 imi tations of the computing elements. Chec k tion laboratory, can be handled easily and are· operation for consistency by means of standard quately by small, compact d-c electronic ana built-in test signals. log computers. Such computers can be COnstIUC ted or ~lJn be purch~fe~ifrom manufacturers like (8) Reset the machine for the next run Reeves, Goodyear, ' Philbrick. and Boein~ with changed coefficients, initial conditions, They are easy to operate, easy to maintain and etc. service, and relatively inexpensive. The para meters can be changed easily and the time re (9) Obtain all the data required. quired for setup is short in comparison with other types of computers. Additional uni~ can (10) Reduce, the data and analyze and report be added easily to extend the capacity of the the test results. machine and make it more versatile. Such a machine permits convenient and economical test ing by straightforward techniques and is an ef - TO BE CONTINUED - fective tool in the hands of those who under - st~nd i~~ capabilities, advantages, and limit atlons. . In general, the following steps should be followed in handling a problem: 33 - 23 - Automatic Computing Machinery - List of Types (Edition 1, cumulative, information as of Oct. 3, 1954) The purpose of this list is to report types of second or perhaps a thousand times a second; machinery that may well be considered automctic this machine may be combined with an analog computing machinery, that is, automatic mach to-digital converter, so that the reporton inery for handling information or data,reasonOOly. the sample is digital not analog. No objective criterion as to whether or not any Digital computers, which take in numerical,al particular type should or should not be included phabetic, or o'ther information in the form has yet been determined. We shall be grateful of characters or patterns of yes-noes, etc., for any comments, corrections, and pro p 0 sed perform arithmetical and logical operations, additions or deletions which any reader may be are controlled by a program, and pu t 0 u t able to send us. . information in any form. Digital-to-analog converters, which will take in digital numbers and give out a n a log LIST measurements. Accounting-bookkeeping machines, which takein Facsimile copying equipment, which s can s a numbers through a keyboard, and print them document or picture with a phototube 1 in e on a ledger sheet, but are control 1 e d by by line and reproduces it by making little "program bars" t which according to the colllIl1 dots with a moving stylus or with an elec in which the number belongs, causes the num tric current through electrosensitive paper. ber to enter positively or negatively in any Flight simulators, which will take insimulated one of several totaling counters, which can conditions of flight in airplanes, and the be optionally printed or cleared. actions of airplane crew members, and show Analog computers, which take in numerical in the necessary results, all for purposes of formation in the form of measurements 0 f training airplane crews. physical variables, perform arithmetic a 1 Fire control equipment, that takes in indica operations, are controlled by apr og ram, tions of targets from optical or radarper and give out numerical answers. ception and puts out directions of bearing Astronomical telescope aiming equipment,which and elevation for aiming and time of firing adjusts the direction of a telescope in an for guns, according to a program that cal observatory so that it remains p()int e d at culates motion of target, motion of the firing the small section of the heavens which a n vehicle, properties of the air, etc. astronomer intends to study. File-searching machines, which will take in an Automobile traffic light controllers, that take abstract in code and find the reference al in indications of the presence of mot 0 r luded to. cars from the operation of treadles in the pavement or in other ways, and g i v e 0 u t Game-playing machines, in which the mac h i ne signals, according to a program of response will play a game with a human being, either to the volume and density of traffic. a simple game such as tic-tac-toe or n i m (which have been buil t into special machines) Control systems for handling connected or flow or a more complicated game such as checkers, ing materials, which will take in indications chess or billiards (which have been pro of flow, temperature, pressure, volume,liq grammed on large automatic digital computers. uid level, etc., and give out the settings of valves, rollers, tension arms, etc.,de Inventory machines, which will store as man y pending on the program of control. as ten thousand totals in an equal numbe r Control systems for handl ing separate materials, of registers, and will add into, s ubtr act which will move heavy blocks, long rods, or from, clear, and report the contents of any other pieces of material to or from stations called-for register (these machines app 1 y and in or out of machines, while taking in to stock control, to railroad and airline indications furnished by the locations of reservations, etc.). previous pieces of material, the availabil i ty of the machines, etc., all depending on Machine tool control equipment, which takes in the program of control. a program of instructions equivalent to a blueprint, or a small size model, or the pat Data sampling systems, which will take ina tern of operations of an expert machinis t , continuous voltage or other physical vari and controls a machine tool so that a piece able and give out samples, perhaps onc e a of material is shaped exactly in accordance with the program. - 24 - AUTOMATIC OOMPl~ING MACHINERY Nav igation and piloting sys terns, whi c h will take in star pos i tions, time, radio be a m signals, motion of the air, etc., and de liver steering directions. Digital Printing devices of high speed, which will take in punched cards or magnetic tape and put out printed information at rates from 600 Computer to 2000 characters per second. Punch card machines, which will sort, class ify, list, total, copy, print, and do many other Techniques kinds of office work. Railway signaling equipment, which for example Electronic Business Systems enables a large railroad terminal to sched Applied to ule trains in and out every 20 seconds duriDJ the design, Military Radar Fire rus h h ours wi th no acc idents and almos t n 0 development and Control Systems delays. application Reading and recognizing machines, which sea n 01 Aircraft Control and a printed figure or letter, observe a pat Navigation Systems tern of spots, route the pattern th r 0 u gh classifying circuits, recognize the figure or letter, and activate output devices ac The successful application of cordingly. Hughes airborne digital computers to high speed aircraft fire cOlltrol problems has Spectroscopic analyzers, which will vaporize opened lip lIll entire new area for these a small sample of material, ana 1 y z e its digital compllter techniques. spectrum, and report the presence and th e Similar equipment is now under development relative quantities of the chemical elements in the Advanced Electronics Laboratory in it. to apply such digital computer systems to modern Strategy machines, which enable military offi business information handling. cers in training to play war games and test strategies, in which electronic de vic e s LOGICAL DESIGN automatically apply attrition rates to the I COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT fighting forces being used in the gam e , PROGRAMMING growth rates to the industrial potential of - Areas include I MAGNETIC RECORDING the two sides, etc. CIRCUIT DESIGN INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Telemetering transmitting and receiving devices, which enable a weather balloon or a 'guided missile to transmit information detected by Hughes developments in these fields instruments within it as it moves; the in are creating new positions in the formation is recorded usually on magnetic Advanced Electronics Laboratory. tape in such fashion that it can late r 'be Exceptional men in the used for computing purposes. fol/owing spheres 0/ endeavor Telephone equipment including switching, which are invited to apply: enables a subscriber to dial anothe r s ub scriber and get connected automatically. Telephone message accounting systems, which re Engineers cord local and long distance telephone calls, ------f and Physicists assign them to the proper subscriber's ac count, and compute and print the telephone bills. Computer activities embrace systems planning Test-scoring machines, which will take in a test and analysis, design and development, system paper completed with a pencil rna kin g elec engineering and component development. Experi trically conductive marks, and will give out ence in these areas. as well as in application of electronic digital computers. is desirable but not the score. essential. Analytically inclined men with back Toll recording equipment, which will r e cor d, grounds in systems work are required for this check, and summarize tolls for bridges,high phase. ways and turnpikes. Typing machines of high speed, which will store paragraphs, and combine them according t 0 instructions into correspondence 0 r form SCientific Hughes and let ters, stopping and waiting for man u a 1 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORIES "fill-ins" if so instructed. Engineering Staff Culver City, Los Angeles County, California (continued on page 30) Assurance is required that relocation of the applicant will not cause disruption of an urgent military project. - 25 - PATENTS Hans Schroeder Milwaukee, Wisconsin The following is a compilation of patents 2,688,724 ;. W H Newell, Mount Vernon, NY/Sper pertaining to computers and associated equip ry Corp / Magnetic amplifier ment from the Official Gazette of the United 2,688,739 1 R Hofgaard, Nordstrandshogda, near States Patent Office, dates of issue as indi Os 1'0 , Norway 1 - / Process and apparatus for cated. Each entry consists of: patent numberl the code recording and the sens ing of d a t a inventor(s) 1 assignee 1 invention. on record cards having a metal film surface August 3, 1954 (issue now received): 2,685,4071 September 14, 1954: 2,689,300 1 R M MOberman, A A Robinson, Scunthorpe, England 1 Natl Re and A Snijders, The Hague, Netherlands 1 - 1 search Development Corp, London, Eng 1 Multi Voltage interval multiplier plying circuit for binary numbers 2,689,301 1 A M Skellett, Madison, N J 1 Nat 1 2,685,409 1 F G S English, Chipstead, and M Union Radio Corp, Newark, N J 1 Cathode ray C P Hewitt, Workingham, England 1 Powers type signal storage device Samas Accountg Machines, Ltd, London, Eng 1 2,689,319 1 W W Shannon~ Glenwood Landing,R F Machine for sensing ferromagnetic marks on Redemske, Huntington Bay Hills, and'G M At statistical record cards tura, Levittown, N Y 1 Servomechanisms, Inc, Mineola, N Y 1 Servo system August 24, 1954: 2,687,474 1 W F Richmond,Jr, 2,689,320 1 J P Aloisio, Somerville,Massl Ray Towson, Md 1 Glenn L Martin Co, Middle River, theon Mfg Co, Newton, Mass 1 DC-motor speed Md 1 Integrating circuit using vacuum tubes control system using saturable reactors in conjunction with an R-C circuit :0: ------:0: ------* 2,687,492 1 C S Szegho and W 0 Reed, Chicago, III 1 Rauland Corp 1 Cathode ray type signal storage tube comprising a two-sided t arg et Forum and two electron guns 2,687,503 1 G M Attura, Levittown, N Y1 Servo ASSEMBLY LINE CONTROL BY PUNCHED CARDS mechanisms, Inc, Mineola, N Y 1 Modulating device and amplifier for electric servo sys George W. Patterson tem Burroughs Corp., Paoli, Pa. August 31. 1954: 2,687,850 1 D Gold, Washing To the Editor: ton, D C 1 - I Computer for determining gun aim In connection with your bibliography on automation, YO,u might be interested in the in September 7, 1954: 2,688,440 1 J W GraY,Whlte teresting assembly-line control by pun c h e d Plains, and E B Hales, Hawthorne, N YI Gen cards which has been installed at the Au s tin eral Precision Laboratory, Inc 1 E 1 e c t ro Motor Company in England. The punched-c a r d mechanical great circle computer equipment was supplied by British Tab u lating 2,688,442 1 M E Droz, New York, NY, and WRoth, Machines, Ltd. Literature references are as Cambridge, Mass 1 USA, Secy of the Navy 1 follows: Electromechanical computer for continuous summation of vector quantities ''The Machine Takes Charge", publ ish ed 2,688,681 1 E Nyyssonen (sic), Watertown,Massl in Scope, Magazine for Industry for Sep USA Secy of the Air Force 1 Wirewound po tember, 1952. Creative Journals Ltd., tentiometer, resistance of which varies with 9 Grosvenor Street, London, W.l, Eng. the square of the displacement of the slider 2,688,695 1 A D Odell, Aldwych, London, Eng 1 "The New Technique Synchronizes Feeder IntI Standard Electric Corp, NY, N Y/Elec Conveyors With Main Production Line by trical switching circuit using a vacuum tube Punched Card Control", published in Mech 2,688,696 1 P E Reeves, Midland, Mich / - 1 anical Handling.for October, 1951. The 'Pulse generating circuit Baynard Press, London S.W. 9, Eng. 2,688,697 1 J L Lawson, Schenectady, N Y, L B Linford, Belmont, Mass, and H L Johnson,De~ "A Maj or Development in Conveyor Tech ver, Colo 1 USA, Secy of the Navy 1 Pulse nique and Stock and Production Control", stretcher circuit published in The Machinist for Septem 2,688,.723 1 D T Kadushin, Brooklyn, and H Kaplan, ber 8, 1951. (Geo. W. King Ltd., Hitch New York, N Y 1 Sperry Corp 1 Two-stage mag in, Herts, Eng. source of reprint). netic amplifier - 26 - 'THIS IS IT! This is the actual size of the newest, small est Blue Jacket ready now to help solve your produc tion problems! ® .NEW .. a 3-watt miniaturized axial-lead wire-w ntl resistor This power-type wire wound axial-lead Blue Jacket is hardly larger than ~ match head but it performs like a giant! It's a rugged vitreous~enamel c9ated. job- . .·.··SPRAGUE;WATTAGE DIMENSIONS MAXIMUM and like the entire BI.ue Jacket family, ;>TYPENO~ RATING ;L(lnch•• )D RESISTANCE it is built to withstand severest humi.d- it}' performance requirements. 151E 3 1?i2 Blue Jackets are ideal for dip-sol- 27E 5.1}l . ~6·· 30~OOC) 11 dered sub-assemblies ... for point-to- . 28E 10 'H. ~6': tSo,090l! point wiring ... for terminal board .... h_'; ... C. w ••••• ." ...... " •..1 .... ,....•. ;..... ·, ... ;, ..•.. ,;,.,.,':; mounting and processed wiring boards. They're low' in cost, Standard Resistance Tolerance: ±5% eliminate extra hardware, save time and labor in mounting! Axial-lead Blue Jack~ts in 3, 5 and 10 watt ratings are available without delay in any quantity you require. '* * WRITE FOR ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO. 111 B SPRAGUE ELECTRIC COMPANY 97 MARSHALL ST. NOR TH A D AM 5 , MAS s. - 21 - Forum over 2000 are now in use). The speed of the new machine is comparable to the speed of the ALL-TRANSISTOR COMPUTER Type 604. The experimental engineering model is believed by IBM to be the first fully oper Neil Macdonald ating transistorized computer having automatic New York input and output. It contains over 2200 tran sistors, many of them of a design develo pe d On October 7 in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., In by the IBM engineers to meet certain operatlig ternational Business Machines Corporation ex characteristics required in computer circuits. hibi ted to the press their new experime n t al A transistor's longer life than a vacuum tube electronic computer using transistors. is another expected saving. The transistor computer is about one half Printed circuits express a great deal of the size and requires only a twentieth of the the wiring of the transistorized computer,and power of a simila r vacuum tube compu t e r. it contains 595 printed wiring panels. Man y The new computer is comparable in capacity to of them show in the accompanying photographs. the IBM Type 604 electronic computer (of which *.------*------* Figure 1. IBM's new experimental transistorized computer is composed of a high-speed punching unit, left, and the transistorized calculating unit at right. The calculating unit is uncovered to show the bank of printed wiring panels on which the transistors are mounted. - 28 - FORUM Figure 2. This bank of printed wiri ng panels in IBM's experimental "all-transis tor" computer replaces much of thewiring required for the computing circuits of conventional computers. Mounted on t~ panels are many of the more than 2,2 00 transistors used in'the machine. Figure 3. These printed wIrIng panels, used in IBM's experimental transistor computer to s impl ify produc ti on and maintenance, also reduce space ~quired. Devices mounted on the panel held in the hand incl ude trans istors (at the extreme left), diodes, and resistors. The model contains 595 of these panels. - 29 - POSTER OF ORGANIZATIONS COMPUTERS IN GREAT BRITAIN (continued from page 19) (continued f~om page 8) Konrad Zuse, Kreis Htinfeld No. 69, Neukirche n, we have been privileged to lead the way. Germany Electronic digital computers. Has made Zuse Speaking personally for a moment, I have Model IV and V computers. Ss(90) Se (1949) been impressed by the warmth of the personal Dc RMSa friendships on both sides of the Atlantic,and across the Atlantic, that have grown up within - END - this computing fraternity. The only regr e t *------*------* that can be expressed is that the Atlantic is AUTOMATIC COMPUTING MACHINERY so wide. (continued from page 25) Vending machines, which will accept different -00- coins, make change, give out coffee, soft drinks, sandwiches, candy, stockings, and a host of other articles, or else allow somebody to play a game for a certain num ber of plays, etc. - END - *------*------* Page 1 Read the instructions Form 3526 Rev. 3-60 on page 2 of this form. STATEMENT REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AS AMENDED BY THE ACTS OF MARCH 3, 1933, AND JULY 2,1946 (Title 39, United States Code, Section 233) SHOWING THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION OF •______g_9.I!l~~~~~ ___ ~ __~~1i_~~~_9JJ. ______published ____~QP-.~hly------(Insert eXNt~.\}t va~~~ N. y, (Staj exact frequency of issue) at ______, ______• ______for ______O_C_I ______.___ 1.95.4 __ , 19______(Name of post office and State where publication has second-class entry) 1. The names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing· editor, and business managers are: Name Address Publisher __ ~W]._g.___ g_, __ ~_~_~!!:.~J_~Y_ __@_4 __ A§_~_Q_(t~_~_'\i_~_~______. __ . .3.Q_l'{~~_t __ U, __S_t .... _lJ_er!.. __Yo.rk_ll .. -N • Y. Editor __ •• _.• ______~ __~_~ ___ ~_! ___~_~.!"~~_~_~ ______.______.3_~_.!~!:l_~ __ ~~ __~_~!_. __ J.!~_.IQ~_~_JJ..,--N • Y. Managing editor __ ~------.-.---.-~-?~.~------______Business manager ______~ _____ nQlle______. ______. 2. The owner is: (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must be given. If owned by a partnership or other unincorpo rated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual member, must be given.) Name Address _. ____ ._ .._~~ __ Q~ __ !!~!:~~J:~. ___ ._. ___ .. _._ .. _. __ .______.______._3p__ !!~§] __ 11_Jtt;_~~ __ Nm!__ X'Qr&__ .l.l~.-N.aY.... ------ 3. The known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: (If there are none, so state.) Name Address __ . ______.. __ ".. none. __ ._. ___ . ______.. _____ . ______.... ___ . ______._._ 4. Paragraphs 2 and 3 include, in eases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting; also the statements in the two paragraphs show the affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, h~ld stock and secu rities in a capacity' other than that of a bona fide owner. 5. The average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the 12 months preceding the date shown above was: (This information is required from daily, weekly; semiweekly, and triweekly newspapers only.) ___ •• _~ ______ ~~C_~' ------(ShrnBture of editor, publisher. bUlln.s. manager, ------owner) Sworn to and subscribed before me this ------'-~~ ____ •• _. __ ~day of • ______~_~.P~_~R_~_~ ___ .______.___ ., 19 __~ [SEAL] _____ . ______l_~Ang._g.Q}t~JL _____ ...___ .. ____ ... , ____ . ___ ~ ______Notary Fubl1o,Stateof" New York, No. 24-57~9800 (My commission expires •••• _MAI'~tL~Q ___ •• ____ • 19~_.) -30 andersen SOLID' ULTRA-SONIC DELAY LINES Andersen solid ultrasonic delay lines offer proven advantages for pulse storage in digital computers and special instruments. DELAY TIMES: 1 to 3300 microseconds. BANDWIDTHS: Up to 100% of the carrier frequency in some cases. INSERTION LOSSES: Usually specified between 25 and 60 db. CARRIER FREQUENCIES: From 5 to 70 mc. Specifications for a typical computer line, in production: 384.6 microseconds delay; 30 mc. carrier, with 7 mc. bandwidth; insertion loss 48 db, with all spurious signals down at least 34 db with respect to desired signals. Do you have a problem in ultrasonics? Write today for new bulletin on solid ultrasonic delay lines. Andersen engineers will be glad to design delay lines to meet your specifications, or 39-C Talcott Road assist you with special research. WEST HARTFORD 10, CONN. Phone ADams 3-4491 *------* ------• -31- PUBLICATIONS: Symbolic Logic, Computers, Robots, etc. DRIEF - FILLED WITH INFORMATION - CLEAR - SCIENTIFIC - RETURNABLE WITIUN WEEK FOR FULL REFUND You can see them for the asking -- Why not take a look at them? P 5: BOOLEAN M..GEBRA (THE lECHNIQUE FOR MANIPULAT~ circuits,_using relays, electronic tubes, rectifi ING 'AND', 'OR', 'NOT', AND CONDITIONS) AND APPLI ers, gates, flip-flops, delay lines, etc. Covers CATIONS TO INSURANCE: also DISCUSSION. Reprint •. both static and sequential circuits. Applications Explains in simple language: what Boolean algebra to control, programming, and computing. Problems is; how to recognize the relations of Boruean alge and solutions involving circuits. • •••• $1.90 bra when expressed in ordinary words; a nd how to calculate with it. Contains problems, solutions, ------comments, discussion. • ••••$1.50 Edmund C. Berkeley and Associates 815 Washington St., RI05, Newtonville 60, Mass. P 4: A SUMMARY OF SYMBOLIC LOGIC AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. Report. Rules for calculating with Please send me your publications circled Boolean algebra.' Other parts of symbolic log i c." P4' P5 Pl4 and Applications of Boolean algebra to computing mach ( ') your announcement of publications. inery, circuits, and contracts. Many complete problems and solutions. • ••••$2.00 Returnable in seven days for full refund if not satisfactory. I enclose $______in full payment. (Add 10¢ per item to cover cost of handl ing and P 14: CIRCUIT ALGEBRA -- INmODUCTION. Report. mailing.) Explains simply a new algebra (Boolean algeb r a modified to include time) that applies to on-off My name and address are attached. - 32 - Mathematical Analyst Keith Kersery loads jet transport flutter problem into one ofLockheed's two 701 'so On order: two 704's to help keep Lockheed in fore front of numerical analysis and pro duction control data processing. The first airframe manufacturer to order and receive a 701 digital computer, Lockheed has now received a second 701 to handle a constantly increasing computing work load. It gives Lockheed the largest installation of digital computing machines in private industry. Most of the work in process is classified. However, two significant features to the career-minded Mathematical Analyst are: 1) the New 701's speed wide variety of assignments caused by Lockheed's diversification and 2) the advanced nature of the work, which consists mainly Lockheed research in of developing new approaches to aeronautical problems. Career Opportunities for Mathematical Analysts numerical analysis Lockheed's expanding development program in nuclear energy, turbo-prop and jet transports, radar sem-ch planes, supersonic aircraft and other classified projects has created a number of openings for Mathematical Analysts to work on the 701'8. Lockheed offers you attractive salaries; generous travel and moving allowances; an opportunity to enjoy Southern California life; and an extremely wide range of employee benefits which add approximately 14% to each engineer's salary in the form of insurance, retirement pension, siCk leave with pay, etc. Those interested are invited to write E. W. Des Lauriers for a brochure describing life and work at Lockheed and an application form. LOC KH E ED A IRe R AFT COR PO RAT ION BURBANK CALIFORNIA - 33 - COMPUTERS AND AUT,O.M,ATION- Back Copies & Reprints ARTICLES: March. 1953: Gypsy, Model VI, Clau d e Glossaries o~ Terms: More Discussion -- Nath Shannon, Nimwit, and the Mouse -- George A.W. aniei Rochester,. Willis H. Ware, Grace M. Boehm Hopper and Others Water and Computers - Henry M. Paynter, Jr., .&!ill: Processing Information Using a Common Mass. Inst. of Technology, and Neil Macdonald Machine Language: The American ~anagement The Concept of Automation -- E.C. Berkeley Association Conference, February, 1954 The ERA 1103 Automatic Computer -- Neil Macdonald Neil Macdonald April: The Art of Solving Secret Ciphers, and the The Concept of Thinking - Elliot L. Gruenberg Digital Computer -- Fletcher Pratt General Purpose Robots -- Lawrence M. Clark Avenues for Future Developmen t in Com pu ti n g May: Ferrite Memory Devices -- Ephraim GelbaIdmd Machinery -- Edmund C. Berkeley William 01 ander Hungarian Prelude to Automation - Gene J. Hegedus Flight Simulators -- Alfred Pfanstiehl Ms,I.:Compiling Routines -- Grace M. Hopper, R em Autonomy and Self Repair for Computers -- Elliot ington Rand L. Gruenberg Mechanical Translation - Andrew D.Booth, Birk A Glossary of Computer Terminology - Grace M. beck College, London Hopper Medical Diagnosis - Marshall Stone, University July: Human Factors in the Des i g n of Electronic of Chicago Computers - John Bridgewater July: Machine Translation -- Y. Bar-Billel, Mass. What is a Computer? ~- Neil Macdonald Inst. of Technology September: Computer Failures -- Autcrnatic Internal Robot Traffic Pol icem e n - George, A. W. Boeh m Diagnosis (AID) -- Neil Macdonald How to Talk About Computers -Rudolf Flesc h, The Cos t of Programming and C ELECTRONIC COMPUTER DEPARTMENT, B~",;n9'!!p- Band 315 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 10, N. Y. -35- ADVERTISING IN ~~COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION~~ 'Iemorandum from Edmund C. Ber!<.eley and Associates Publishers of CO~IPUTEnS AND AUTO"ATION 36 West 11 St., New York II, N. Y. 1. What is "mMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION"? It is camera without further preparation. Unscreened a monthly magazine containing articles and ,ref photographic prints and any other copy requir erence information related to computing mach ing additional preparation for photooffs e t inery~ robots, automatic controllers, cyber should be furnished separately; itwill be pre netics, automation, etc. One important piece pared, finished, and charged to the ~dvertiser of refererice information published is the "Ros at small addi tional costs. In the cas e of ter of Organizations in the Field of Computers printed inserts, a sufficient quantity for the and Automation". The basic subscription rate issue should be shipped to our printer, address is $4.50 a year in the United States. Single on request. copies are $1.25. The magazine was published monthly except June and August between March, Display advertising is sold in unit s of full 1953, and September, 1954; prior to March 1953 pages (ad size 7" by 10", basi c rate, $130) it was called ''The Computing Machinery Field" and half pages (basic rate. $70); ba c k cover, and published less often than fen times a year. $250; inside front or back cover, $160. Extra for color red (ftill pages only and only in cer 2. What is the circulation? The circulation tain positions), 35%. TWo-page printed insert incl udes 1200 subscribers (as of Aug. 3); over (one sheet), $220; four-page printed insert 300 purchasers of individual back copies; and (two sheets) ,$400. Classified advertising is an estimated 1500 nonsubscribing readers. The sold by the word (40 cents a word) with a min logical readeJ;s of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMAT 10 N imum of ten words. We reserve the righ t no t are some 3500 or 4000 people concerned with the to accept advertising that does not meet 0 u r field. of computers and automation. These inclucE standards. a great number of people who will make recom mendations to their organizations abou t pur 5. Rate Change. Commencing January 1. 1955, chasing computing machinery, similar machinery, the basic rate (full page) will change to $170, and components, and whose decisions may involve and other rates will change accordingly. The very substantial figures. The print order for new rates will apply to advertising contracts the Nov. issue was 2000 copies. The overrun received after December 1; the old rates will is largely held for eventual sale as back cop apply until March 1 to advertising contracts "ies, and in the case of several issues the OVEr received before December 1. run has been exhausted through such sale. A mailing to some 2000 nonsubscribers in Decem 6. Who are our advertisers? Our advertisers ber, 1953 (wi th 173 responses up to March, 1954) in recent issues have included the following indicated that two-thirds of them saw the mag companies, among others: azine (library, circulation, or friend's copp and of these two-thirds over 93;10 "1 iked it". The Austin Co. Automatic Electric Co. 3. What type of advertising does COM PUTERS Burroughs Corporation AND AUTOMATION take? The purpose of the mag Consolidated Engineering Corp. azine is to be factual"and to the point. For Electronic Associates, Inc. this purpose the kind of advertising wanted is Federal Telephone and Radio Co. the kind that answers questions factually. We Ferranti Electric Co. recommend for the audience that we reach,that Ferroxcube Corp. of America advertising be factual, u~eftil, iriteresting, General Ceramics Corp. understandable, and new from issue to issue. Hughes Research and Development Lab. International Business Machines Corp. 4. What are the specifications and cos t of Ketay Manufacturing Co. advertising? COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION is pub Laboratory for Electronics lished on pages 8~" x 11" (ad size, 7"xlO") Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and produced by photooffset, except that print Logistics Research, Inc. ed sheet advertising may be inserted and bound The Macmillan Co. in with the magazine in most cases. The clos Monrobot Corp. ing date for any issue is approxima tel y the Potter Instrument Co • . 10th of the month preceding. If possible, the Raytheon Mfg. Co. company advertising should produce finru copy. Reeves Instrument Co. For photooffset, the copy should be exa c t 1 y Remington Rand, Inc. as desired, actual size, and assembled,' and Sprague Electric Co. may include typing, writing, line drawi ng, Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. printi ng, screened half tones, and any 0 t her Telecomputing Corp. copy that may be put under the photo off set - 36- *------*------• . Control devices that supervise processes, make computations based on process conditions, and adjust the process according to the computations. The computing sections of Austin Computrols can be analog or digital. Computrols are designed for specific applications using Austin Standard Components alone or combined with specially designed units. They provide a new degree of automatic control, promising additional dividends in the form of more product at less cost over present control methods. Automation is the business of the' Austin Special Devices Division. Austin engineers are trained and experienced in the fields of mechanical, electrical, and electronic engineering. The Division can provide specialized engineering service in all types of construction, in-plant labor saving sur- . veys, reports, systems engineering, development, and manufacture to sup plement Computrol applications in your operation. Austin Engineers are available for special problems in automa tion systems, computers~ and automatic data processing, plotting, and recording. * COMPLETE INTEGRATED SYSTEMS * CONTINUOUS, INTERMITTENT, * DIGITAL OR ANALOG COMPUTATION OR IRREGULAR OPERATION * OUTSTANDING ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY * COORDINATED ENGINEERING SERVICE THE AUSTIN COMPANY m SPECIAL DEVICES DIVISION ' 76 NINTH AVENUE AU,flN ""HOD NEW YORK 11, N. Y. - 37 - ADVERTISING INDEX -- NOVEMBER, 1954 The purpose of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION is to 'Edmund C. Berkeley & Associates, 815 Washing be factual, useful, and understandable. For ton St., Newtonville 60, Mass. / Publicatiom this purpose, the kind of advertising we de / page 32 / CA No. 98 sire to publish is the kind that answers ques tions, such as, What are your products? What Monrobot Corporation, Morris Plains, N. J. / are your services? And for'each product, What Monrobot Computer / page 39 / CA No. 102 is it called? What does it do? How well does it work? What are its main specHi cat ions? Raytheon Mfg. Co., Foundry Ave., Waltham, Mas~ We reserve the right not to accept advertis - / Magnetic Shift Register / page 32 / CA No. ing that does not meet our standards. 103 • Following is the index and a summary of adver Remington Rand, Inc., 315 4th Ave., New York tisements. Eachi tem contains: nare and address 10, N. Y. / Univac / page 35 / CA No. 104 of the advertiser / subject of the advertise ment / page number where it appears / CA num Sprague Electric Co., 377 Marshall St., North ber in case of inquiry (see note below). Adams, Mass. / Wire-Wound Resistors; Pulse Transformers / pages 27, 40, back cover / Andersen Laboratories, Inc., 39-C Talcott Rd., CA No. 105 West Hartford 10, Conn. / Solid Ultrasonic Delay Lines /page 31 / CA No. 93 Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., 1740 Broad way, New York 19, N.Y. / Type T-l Diodes / The Austin Co., 76 Ninth Ave., New York 11, N. ~ page 5 / CA No. 106 / Computrols / page 37 / CA No. 94 Automatic Electric Co., 1033 West Van Buren St., Chicago, Ill. / New Polar Relay / page 2 / CA No. 95 Computer Control Co., Inc., 106 Concord Ave., If you wish more information about any of the Belmont, Mass. / Computers and Components / products or services mentioned in one or more page 31 / CA No. 96 of these advertisements, you may circle the appropriate CA No. 's on the Reader's Inquiry Computers and Automation, 36 West 11th St. , Form (see page 32) and send that form to us N:w York 11, N. Y. / Back Copies, Adverti (we pay postage; see the instructions). We slng,_Reply Form / pages 34, 36, 38 / CA shall then forward your inquiries, and you will No.9, . hear from the advertisers direct. *------* ------* REPLY FORMS: Who's Who Entry; Reader's Inquiry Paste label on envelope:~ Enclose form in evelope:! ~ ------~ -·-lrDENi'ITICATION---- ~---~------~-- z 0 co ... C I 0 Nome (please p'in.) ...... , VI I 004 tn Please G)> -t:- m -- fill ir. "'A... VI Z IT! '"C >004 m completely C 0 ~ tn ~~:::;:O.i~~{~~d~:~:~)~::::::::::::::::: ) CA 3: .... z tn c: CI 'p) :z \C m \110 'S WHO ENTRY FORM C CD ·VI :;;0 Year of Birth? ...... >~ m P -< MAIN INTERESTS: ) Sales ( ) Programming w ,:;; '"C ( ) Design ) Electronics ( ) Other (specify): :z C'l m ~ 1"1 IT! r- ( ) Construction ) Mathematics ~ ;u :e1"1 CO {~ -< ( ) Applications ) Business ~ ~ CD :III IT! ;II; "r '"C r College or last school ? ...... :...... 04 IT! CI -:t !~ ~ :-" -< vi Year of entering the computing machinery field ? ...... (/) c.: '004 OJ 04 > :z :III :z CO ~ m Occupation? ... ______.. ______. ______._ .. _.. ______._ .. _____ . __ .... ___ ._._ .. ____ .... _._... (Enclose more PI C Bl r- :< ~ '< . Info,rmation about yourself if you wish - it will help in- your listing.) (/)> (/) I 0 n ZVl "tJ READER'S INQUIRY FORM m~ IT! );: ~r ;u ::!! -I w ;0 IT! -<-!'- 3: VI Please send me additi~n~1 informatfon on the following subl~cts for which I have (/) 0.:0 -04 circled the CA number: '~! ;O-g =i 0 1" r- r- :z > 1 2 3 4 5 26 '0 28 29 30 51 52 53 54 55 76 77 78 79 80 101 102 103 104 105 126 1'0 128 129 130 z· 0 VI Qe VI 6 7 8 9 10 31 32 33 34 35 56 57 58 59 60 81 82 83 84 85 106 107 108 109 110 131 132 133 134 135 C'l 11 12 13 14 15 36 37 38 39 40 61 62 63 64 65 86 87 88 89 90 111 112 113 114 115 136 137138 139 140 :<~ -(X) C 16 17 18 19 20 41 42 43 44 45 66 67 68 69 70 91 92 93 94 95 116 117 118119 120 141 142143 144 145 t111111111111111 ______21 22 23 24 25 46 47 4849 50 71 72 73 74 75 96 97 98 99 100 121 122 123 124 125 146 147 148 149 150 __ ---'------~---- - 38 - ~NROBOT ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR The MONROBOT is a general purpose digital computer, compact, ruggedized, reliable and reasonably priced. In the MONROBOT, decimal numbers are used. Since twenty digits are available, with a centrally located decimal point, there is no need for scaling or setting of decimal point. Neither overflow nor translation techniques are necessary. Orders are wri tten -for the calculator in virtually their original algebraic form. Neither highly trained personnel nor extensive training effort are needed for the MONROBOT. Keyboard and automatic tape operations are counterparts of the simple programming procedures. Average office personnel become familiar with MONROBOT operation the first day. It prints out results on 8-1/2" wide paper roll, or perforates a paper tape as desired. MONROBOT V is complete in one desk-size unit, ready to plug in and perform. MONROBOTS can be supplied with capacities to suit special requirements, avoiding excess investment for unnecessary facilities. MONROBOT CORPORATION MORRIS PLAINS NEW JERSEY_ A SUBSIDIARY OF MONROE CALCULATING MACHINE COMPANY - 39 - BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE lOZ PULSE TRANSFORMERS Pulse .OS to O.S microseconds. Duration , flipflop circuits • buffer circuits pulse amplifier circuits· gating cir- Applications cuits • other circuits with pulse lengths up to about O.S microseconds. Hermetically sealed. Housed in cor· rosion-resistant can with glass-to- metal solder-seal terminals at each Physical end. Can length is and diameter Description JA" is 1f2". Transformers can be mounted and supported by lead wires in most appl ications. As a new li'ne of reliable components for digital computers, Sprague ,has introduced Ratio 1:1 - Cat-No. lOZ3 and is in production on pulse ' transformers Ratio 2:1- Cat. No. 10ZS of a new type. This transformer line is prin Ratios Ratio 3:1 - Cat. No. 10Z4 cipally directed to high speed, low power Offered Ratio 4:1 - Cat. No. 10Z2 computer circuits, with some designs also Ratio S:1 - Cat. No. lOll finding application in blocking oscillator Special Ratios Available , circuits, memory ring drivingdrcuits, etc. Maximum Fora pulse length of 0.1 microsec· Two major types are offered: a miniature ond, pulse repetition rates up to 2 transformer, Type 10Z, for 0.05 to 0.5 Repetition Rate megacycles per second can be em- microsecond pulse circuits,. and a larger ployed. transformer, Type 20Z, for handling pulses up to 20 microseconds in length. Inter Pulse Normally used in circuits whose pulse mediate sizes and plug-in units are also avail Amplitude amplitude varies up to 60 volts. able for special customer requirements. Maximum working voltage, 300VDC. Basic data on the high reliability min D-C Flash tested between windings at iature tr~nsformer is tabulated at right. Rating 600VDC. May be life tested at 4S0 Complete details are in Engineering Bul VDC between windings, 8SoC, for2S0 letin M 502. A copy will be sent you on hours. letterhead request to the Sprague Electric Company, 377 Marshall Street, North May be operated between -SsoC and Temperature Adams, Massachusetts. +8SoC. Higher temperature units available on request. Insulation 20,000 megohms minimum between Resistance windings, measured at 2S0C and 180 Volts DC. WORLD'SCAPACITOR LARGEST MANUFACTURER .S P R nH GU E