DOCSLIB.ORG

Connecting Existing Cemeteries Saving Good Soils (For Livings)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

sustainability Concept Paper Connecting Existing Cemeteries Saving Good Soils (for Livings) Riccardo Scalenghe 1 and Ottorino-Luca Pantani 2,* 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), Università degli Studi di Palermo Viale delle Scienze 13, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 2 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale Cascine 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy * Correspondence: olpantani@unifi.it Received: 13 November 2019; Accepted: 19 December 2019; Published: 21 December 2019 Abstract: Background: Urban sprawl consumes and degrades productive soils worldwide. Fast and safe decomposition of corpses requires high-quality functional soils, and land use which competes with both agriculture and buildings. On one hand, cremation does not require much land, but it has a high energy footprint, produces atmospheric pollution, and is unacceptable to some religious communities. On the other hand, as exhumations are not practiced, “green burials” require more surface area than current burial practices, so a new paradigm for managing land use is required. Conclusions: In this paper, we propose a concept for ‘green belt communalities’ (i.e., ecological corridors with multiple, yet flexible, uses and services for future generations). With the expansion of urban centers, ecological corridors gradually disappear. Cemeteries for burial plots preclude alternative uses of the land for a long time. By combining these two aspects (need for connectivity and land take imposed by cemeteries), two positive results can be achieved: protecting memories of the past and connecting ecosystems with multiple-use corridors. This new paradigm works best in flat or hilly terrain where there are already several urban agglomerations that contain traditional cemeteries. Stakeholders who might consider this concept are local administrators, planners, and the communities of individuals who share specific beliefs on burial systems. Keywords: urban ecology; urban areas; urban environments; disposal practice; religion 1. Introduction The fact of our mortality ensures a never-ending need for a method of disposing of our mortal remains [1]. With the premise that soil is a finite resource undergoing increasing degradation and that cemeteries lock up valuable land, the objectives of the present work are to raise awareness of issues concerning human burial and propose alternatives that may balance the significance of community burial sites, with respect to various religious faiths, and protect the local ecological systems in which we live in a world with increasingly limited resources. The exponential growth of humankind [2] necessarily implies the expansion of cities [3]. Soils involved in such an expansion, whatever their features and properties may be, completely dismiss their productive and buffering functions [4,5]. Expansion and incursion of urban development into natural areas is partially due to cemeteries which are historically bound to human settlements. For public health reasons, burial grounds require quality soil that is deep, well-drained, and biologically active [6–8] (Figure1). As valuable soils become rare due to urbanization and other diverse and general soil degradation [9,10], new strategies aimed at optimizing soils are required when disposing of corpses, as happens with other basic human activities. To bury dead bodies in soil is an ancient practice, even preceding the time when soil was specifically managed for producing Sustainability 2020, 12, 93; doi:10.3390/su12010093 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 13 Sustainabilitydiverse and2020 general, 12, 93 soil degradation [9,10], new strategies aimed at optimizing soils are required2 of 13 when disposing of corpses, as happens with other basic human activities. To bury dead bodies in soil is an ancient practice, even preceding the time when soil was specifically managed for producing foodfood [[11].11]. RenduRendu etet al.al. [[12]12] recentlyrecently revealedrevealed thethe presencepresence ofof NeanderthalNeanderthal burialburial sitessites andand speculatedspeculated onon Neanderthals’Neanderthals’ cognitivecognitive capacitycapacity toto createcreate them.them. OneOne ofof thethe oldestoldest burialburial groundsgrounds isis locatedlocated inin aa cavecave atat MountMount Carmel,Carmel, PalestinePalestine wherewhere aa man,man, woman,woman, andand childchild werewere laidlaid toto restrest withwith deliberationdeliberation andand greatgreat carecare [ 13[13].]. Figure 1. The historical development of the city of Turin, Italy, which presently occupies ~130 km2 hosting some 908,000 citizens. The continuous grey lines indicate the perimeters of the town when it Figure 1. The historical development of the city of Turin, Italy, which presently occupies ~130 km2 was: (i) Augusta Taurinorum (conventionally 28 AD), inhabited by less than 5000 citizens (the grey square,hosting W some of the 908,000 Roman citizens. quadrilateral The continuous is the probable grey necropolis);lines indicate (ii) the the perimeters capital of theof the Duchy town of when Savoy it (seventeenthwas: (i) Augusta (XVII) Taurinorum century) with (conventionally about 40,000 28 inhabitants; AD), inhabited and (iii)by less the than capital 5000 of citizens the Kingdom (the grey of Sardiniasquare, W (nineteenth of the Roman (XIX) quadrilateral century) with is the about probable 90,000 necropolis); inhabitants. (ii) The the currentcapital of main the Duchy cemeteries of Savoy are the(seventeenth quadrilaterals (XVII) filled century) in violet. with Brownabout 40,000 Roman inha numbersbitants; indicate and (iii) the the classes capital of of Land the Kingdom Capability of Classification,Sardinia (nineteenth which depend (XIX) century) on soil limitations with about to 90, various000 inhabitants. uses: class The I does current not have main any cemeteries limitation are to crops,the quadrilaterals class II and III filled show in moderate violet. Brown to severe Roman limitations numbers that indicate require the special classes conservation of Land Capability practices, andClassification, class IV requires which carefuldepend soil on soil management limitations due to various to severe uses: limitations class I does (source not: Regionehave any Piemonte,limitation www.regione.piemonte.itto crops, class II and III/agri show/suoli_terreni moderate/ suoli1_50to severe/carta_suoli limitations/gedeone.do that require). special conservation practices, and class IV requires careful soil management due to severe limitations (source: Regione CremationPiemonte, www.regione.piemonte is another way to dispose.it/agri/suoli_terreni/suoli of corpses as an1_50/carta_suoli/gedeone.do). alternative to burial. The oldest known cremation as an alternative to burial is probably the one in New South Wales, Australia [14] where a coupleCremation (40,000 is BP) another were discoveredway to dispose as a of fully corpses articulated as an alternative skeleton (Mungo to burial. Man) The andoldest cremated known remainscremation (Mungo as an alternative Lady). Since to 2002,burial cremation is probably has the been one the in New dominant South form Wales, of bodilyAustralia disposal [14] where in the a Netherlandscouple (40,000 [15 ].BP) were discovered as a fully articulated skeleton (Mungo Man) and cremated remainsWith (Mungo time, land Lady). set aside Since for 2002, burials cremation (cemeteries) has been have the become dominant systematically form of bodily designated disposal in specific in the areasNetherlands [16]. In addition[15]. to burial of corpses, cemeteries are places where the memories of the dead are supported by enduring funerary monuments. This is perhaps one of the main reasons that people prefer burialWith to cremation, time, land although set aside preference for burials for (cemeteries) the latter is increasinghave become worldwide. systematically In the designated past, human in remainsspecific wereareas considered[16]. In addition as ‘waste,’ to burial therefore of corpse burials, cemeteries sites located are someplaces distance where the from memories cities became of the populardead are in supported the nineteenth by enduring century funerary and cremation monuments. became This popular is perhaps at the endone ofof twentieththe main reasons century. that peopleNowadays prefer burial some to innovative cremation, ‘dispersal’ although practices preference are for challenging the latter theis increasing idea of containing worldwide. the In dead the withinpast, human special remains death spaces were separated considered from as 'waste,' everyday th environmentserefore burial forsites the located living [some17]. However, distance from care iscities needed became when popular implementing in the initiativesnineteenth and centur policiesy and in ordercremation to balance became the popular various demandsat the end and of expectationstwentieth century. of a cemetery’s purpose and use [18]. The degradation of high-quality “prime” soils and the growing interethnic and interreligious population centers create the need for a new paradigm in the management of corpses because the Sustainability 2020, 12, 93 3 of 13 conflict between land use for the living and that of the dead is becoming increasingly stringent. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new paradigm focusing on integration and propose new relationships among constructs, between respect for religious beliefs,
Recommended publications
  • The Death of the City and the Survival of Urban Life Center of Contemporary Culture of Barcelona 2004 Conference Lectured at the Symposium “Urban Traumas

    The Death of the City and the Survival of Urban Life Center of Contemporary Culture of Barcelona 2004 Conference Lectured at the Symposium “Urban Traumas

    www.urban.cccb.org Richard Ingersoll The Death of the City and the Survival of Urban Life Center of Contemporary Culture of Barcelona 2004 Conference lectured at the symposium “Urban Traumas. The City and Disasters”. CCCB, 7-11 July 2004 Strolling through the cemetery of Montparnasse in Paris, I fantasize a poker game with an ideal community of the defunct that includes Marguerite Duras, Charles Baudelaire, Delphine Seyrig, and Samuel Beckett. Their modest burial markers rest alongside the ornate aedicules of the proud and powerful, belle époque generals and financiers. Looking around at the densely packed lanes lined with tombs, there seems to be no room left. The necropolis is so crowded that for a moment I have the infantile notion that no one else will be allowed to die. The Montparnasse cemetery is right in the midst of one of the busiest parts of the Left Bank, and to enter is to escape from the tedium of daily life, a place to contemplate the life of the past. In the background rises the immense black, glass-clad tower of Montparnasse, a soaring catacomb for modern offices. Life goes on in the city, overlooking the cemetery, but, as I will try to show, it was never the city itself that was alive. In fact I am often convinced while visiting cemeteries that the only reason the city became a place is because someone died there. René Girard in his theory of the scapegoat suggests that architecture began with stones used to lapidate a victim. «In the end», says Girard, «the tomb is the first and only cultural symbol».
  • Limonaire Frères Paris, 1839 — 1936*

    Limonaire Frères Paris, 1839 — 1936*

    Carousel Organ , Issue No. 26 — January, 2006 Limonaire Frères Paris, 1839 — 1936* Andrea Stadler “Limonaire” is without any doubt the most famous name in the field of mechanical music. In 1906 it became (accord- ing to “le petit Robert de la langue française,” ed. 1986) a standardized name to be found in French dictionaries, gen- erally as a synonym for a carousel organ. There are several instruments bearing the name Limonaire found in muse- ums or in public or private collections, about which there is technical documentation. On the other hand, we knew almost nothing about “les Frères Limonaire” and the history of the firm, until a German university student, Andrea Stadler, took the time during the preparation of her doctorate, to do extensive research in the archives of the Records Office, commercial and notarial records, and elsewhere. Most of the private documents of the Limonaire family have disappeared. She also had the chance to interview some rare descendants of the family. She has given us the honour to publish in the Carousel Organ , for the first time in English, some parts of the results of her investigation. Philippe Rouillé First part: 1839-1886 The different establishments “Limonaire Frères” When examining the history of the “Limonaire Frères,” one finds that this firm has existed twice under this name in the history of musical instruments. The Bottin , a French commer- cial directory, mentions them from 1839 to 1841 and again from 1887 till 1920. After 1920, the Sociétés succeeding the Limonaire brothers took over a major part of the famous organ builders.
  • River View Cemetery Funeral Home Newsletter 2021-05

    River View Cemetery Funeral Home Newsletter 2021-05

    Newsletter May 2021 FROM THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES This is an exciting time for River View as we welcome new board dedication, enthusiasm, and commitment significantly contributed to members and employees and expand our burial, cremation the health and growth of the cemetery. placement, and memorialization options. We hope you enjoy reading about these new developments. The Trustees welcome Mary Faulkner to the cemetery board and Nicole Lewis and Christopher Griffin to the funeral home board. Mary is There have been many transitions in the past few a marketing executive in the investment industry who years with the retirement of David Noble, who is active with the Oregon Historical Society, PSU served River View as the Executive Director Friends of History, PSU Center for Women’s for 16 years. His years of service included Leadership, and Lone Fir Cemetery bringing natural burial to the cemetery Foundation. Nicole is a regional planner and Aqua Cremation. We welcomed with master’s degrees in urban Rachel Essig as the Executive Director planning and natural resources in 2018. policy, with a passion for reading, learning, and exploration. Her family Rachel continues to promote natural includes former Trustee Cicero H. burial and is working on several Lewis and many generations of master plans for the cemetery. One association members. Christopher is section will be exclusively for natural a physician with additional degrees burials along with other sections in law and business whose family also that are a hybrid of conventional and includes four generations of association natural burials. She has added several members. He has been active leading cremation choices for our members, historical tours of the cemetery.
  • Case Study of Three Designers' Green Burial Practices

    Case Study of Three Designers' Green Burial Practices

    Michel and Lee Fash Text (2017) 4:4 DOI 10.1186/s40691-017-0088-y RESEARCH Open Access Cloth(ing) for the dead: case study of three designers’ green burial practices Gwendolyn M. Michel* and Young‑A Lee *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Department of Apparel, The aim of this study was to explore the current green burial clothing movement by Events, and Hospitality Management, Iowa State examining three designers’ work using a multi-case study approach. Green burial incor‑ University, 2302 Osborn porates a sustainability concept into funeral practices. Cradle-to-cradle, as opposed Drive, Ames, IA 50011‑1078, to cradle-to-grave, is a model for sustainability practices that plan for the product USA lifecycle to continue after consumer use of the product has concluded. The works of Mark Mitchell, Jae Rhim Lee and Pia Interlandi were selected for the three cases of green burial practices in the context of cradle-to-cradle design using the five steps to eco-effectiveness. They used natural fibers in their clothing designed for green burial, and created clothing intended to be non-toxic to the soil and groundwater when buried with the body. Jae Rhim Lee’s designs included a mushroom culture to aid in decomposition of the body and remediation of toxins found in the body, resulting in compostable soil. In addition to the multi-case study, this study also examined a wide variety of primary and secondary research literature from the fields of forensics, archae‑ ology, and textile science to identify current purchase options for green burial clothing and to inform suggestions for future development of green burial apparel within the context of cradle-to-cradle design.
  • Syllabus Paris

    Syllabus Paris

    Institut de Langue et de Culture Française Spring Semester 2017 Paris, World Arts Capital PE Perrier de La Bâthie / [email protected] Paris, World Capital of Arts and Architecture From the 17th through the 20th centuries Since the reign of Louis XIV until the mid-20th century, Paris had held the role of World Capital of Arts. For three centuries, the City of Light was the place of the most audacious and innovative artistic advances, focusing on itself the attention of the whole world. This survey course offers students a wide panorama on the evolution of arts and architecture in France and more particularly in Paris, from the beginning of the 17th century to nowadays. The streets of the French capital still preserve the tracks of its glorious history through its buildings, its town planning and its great collections of painting, sculpture and decorative arts. As an incubator of modernity, Paris saw the rising of a new epoch governed – for better or worse – by faith in progress and reason. As literature and science, art participated in the transformations of society, being surely its more accurate reflection. Since the French Revolution, art have accompanied political and social changes, opened to the contestation of academic practice, and led to an artistic and architectural avant-garde driven to depict contemporary experience and to develop new representational means. Creators, by their plastic experiments and their creativity, give the definitive boost to a modern aesthetics and new references. After the trauma of both World War and the American economic and cultural new hegemony, appeared a new artistic order, where artists confronted with mass-consumer society, challenging an insane post-war modernity.
  • WHAT Architect WHERE Notes Arrondissement 1: Louvre Built in 1632 As a Masterpiece of Late Gothic Architecture

    WHAT Architect WHERE Notes Arrondissement 1: Louvre Built in 1632 As a Masterpiece of Late Gothic Architecture

    WHAT Architect WHERE Notes Arrondissement 1: Louvre Built in 1632 as a masterpiece of late Gothic architecture. The church’s reputation was strong enough of the time for it to be chosen as the location for a young Louis XIV to receive communion. Mozart also Church of Saint 2 Impasse Saint- chose the sanctuary as the location for his mother’s funeral. Among ** Unknown Eustace Eustache those baptised here as children were Richelieu, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, future Madame de Pompadour and Molière, who was also married here in the 17th century. Amazing façade. Mon-Fri (9.30am-7pm), Sat-Sun (9am-7pm) Japanese architect Tadao Ando has revealed his plans to convert Paris' Bourse de Commerce building into a museum that will host one of the world's largest contemporary art collections. Ando was commissioned to create the gallery within the heritage-listed building by French Bourse de Commerce ***** Tadao Ando businessman François Pinault, who will use the space to host his / Collection Pinault collection of contemporary artworks known as the Pinault Collection. A new 300-seat auditorium and foyer will be set beneath the main gallery. The entire cylinder will be encased by nine-metre-tall concrete walls and will span 30 metres in diameter. Opening soon The Jardin du Palais Royal is a perfect spot to sit, contemplate and picnic between boxed hedges, or shop in the trio of beautiful arcades that frame the garden: the Galerie de Valois (east), Galerie de Montpensier (west) and Galerie Beaujolais (north). However, it's the southern end of the complex, polka-dotted with sculptor Daniel Buren's Domaine National du ***** 8 Rue de Montpensier 260 black-and-white striped columns, that has become the garden's Palais-Royal signature feature.
  • Rose Color Light Finis Tyler Ray

    Rose Color Light Finis Tyler Ray

    ROSE COLOR LIGHT FINIS TYLER RAY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degrees of: Master of Landscape Architecture Master of Urban Planning University of Washington 2016 Committee: Branden Born Jeffrey Hou Kenneth Yocom Programs Authorized to Offer Degrees: Landscape Architecture Urban Design and Planning ©Copyright 2016 ©Finis Copyright Tyler Ray2016 Finis Tyler Ray University of Washington ABSTRACT ROSE COLOR LIGHT FINIS TYLER RAY Co-Chairs of Supervisory Committee: Professor and Department Chair Jeffrey Hou Department of Landscape Architecture Associate Professor Kenneth Yocom Department of Landscape Architecture Spanning man’s socio-cultural evolution across six millennium, human burial has evolved from the core spiritual and ecological belief of pre-dynastic Egyptian culture that the dead nourished the living through agricultural resurgence. From the earliest point in Egyptian history in which economic and political forces began to impress upon the built environment, these forces also began to impress upon the basic spiritual connectedness of life and death. The sacred natural process has eroded to the point that our modern world is so wildly disassociated from death that disposal of modern human remains is largely regarded as inorganic, and the landscapes where we lay our dead are conceptual landfills. Modern culture has been convinced through capitalist greed and political might that the biological return to the earth is unsanitary, and the only proper way to conduct human burial is through impediment
  • A Guide to Funeral and Burial Options in New York

    A Guide to Funeral and Burial Options in New York

    A GUIDE TO FUNERAL AND BURIAL OPTIONS IN NEW YORK A PUBLICATION OF THE CANCER ADVOCACY PROJECT CITY BAR JUSTICE CENTER This guide was created and produced with support from Judges & Lawyers Breast Cancer Alert (JALBCA) © City Bar Justice Center (Updated 2019) CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………… 3 FUNERALS ……………………………………………………………………… 4 Consumer Rights and the Funeral Rule …………………….…………….. 4 New York State Funeral Home Rules ……………………………….…… 4 Making Funeral Arrangements in New York State ………………………. 5 Disposition of Remains ……………………………………………….…………. 6 FUNERAL AND BURIAL OPTIONS ……………………………….………… 7 Full Service Funeral ……………………………………….……………… 7 Direct Burial ……………………………………………….……………… 7 Environmentally Friendly/Green Burials ………………………………….. 7 Home Funerals and Burials ………………………………………………. 9 Cremation ………………………………………………………………… 10 PRE-NEED FUNERAL PLANNING ………………………………………….. 11 ORGAN AND TISSUE DONATION …………………………………………. 12 CEMETERIES ………………………………………………………………….. 13 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE …………………………………………………… 14 SAMPLE FORM: APPOINTMENT OF AGENT TO CONTROL DISPOSITION OF REMAINS City Bar Justice Center A Guide to Funeral and Burial Options in New York 2 INTRODUCTION The City Bar Justice Center’s Cancer Advocacy Project provides cancer patients and survivors with no-cost legal information and advice. Experienced volunteer attorneys counsel clients on issues relating to life-planning, such as wills and advance directives, unjust treatment by insurance companies and discrimination in the workplace. Thoughts of end-of-life planning are often prompted by advancing age or a serious illness. While some people are able to prepare advance directives and organize a burial plan, others are understandably focused on the day-to-day challenges of combating ill health. Unfortunately, many people find themselves dealing with funeral arrangements as a matter of urgency, either on their own behalf, or on behalf of a loved one. Contemplating where to start can seem overwhelming.
  • I Ana Rafaela Ferraz Ferreira Body Disposal in Portugal: Current

    I Ana Rafaela Ferraz Ferreira Body Disposal in Portugal: Current

    Ana Rafaela Ferraz Ferreira Body disposal in Portugal: Current practices and potential adoption of alkaline hydrolysis and natural burial as sustainable alternatives Dissertação de Candidatura ao grau de Mestre em Medicina Legal submetida ao Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto. Orientador: Prof. Doutor Francisco Queiroz Categoria: Coordenador Adjunto do Grupo de Investigação “Heritage, Culture and Tourism” Afiliação: CEPESE – Centro de Estudos da População, Economia e Sociedade da Universidade do Porto i This page intentionally left blank. ii “We are eternal! But we will not last!” in Welcome To Night Vale iii This page intentionally left blank. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincerest thank you to my supervisor, Francisco Queiroz, who went above and beyond to answer my questions (and to ask new ones). This work would have been poorer and uglier and a lot less composed if you hadn’t been here to help me direct it. Thank you. My humblest thank you to my mother, father, and sister, for their unending support and resilience in enduring an entire year of Death-Related Fun Facts (and perhaps a month of grumpiness as the deadline grew closer and greater and fiercer in the horizon). We’ve pulled through. Thank you. My clumsiest thank you to my people (aka friends), for that same aforementioned resilience, but also for the constant willingness to bear ideological arms and share my anger at the little things gone wrong. I don’t know what I would have done without the 24/7 online support group that is our friendship. Thank you. Last, but not least, my endless thank you to Professor Fernando Pedro Figueiredo and Professor Maria José Pinto da Costa, for their attention to detail during the incredible learning moment that was my thesis examination.
  • Brancusi Journey – a Revival of a Paradoxical Modern European Tradition

    Brancusi Journey – a Revival of a Paradoxical Modern European Tradition

    Horizons for sustainability „Constantin Brâncuşi” University of Târgu-Jiu, Issue /2020 BRANCUSI JOURNEY – A REVIVAL OF A PARADOXICAL MODERN EUROPEAN TRADITION Lavinia TOMESCU1 ABSTRACT. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A POSSIBLE EUROPEAN CULTURAL ROUTE AND THE TOURIST CIRCUIT ON BRÂNCUȘI'S TRACKS IN PARIS. CONSTANTIN BRANCUSI REPRESENTS THE COMMON CATALYST, THE FORCE VECTOR FOR THE ENTIRE ROMANIAN SPIRITUALITY, THE EXPONENT OF THE ROMANIAN CULTURE BASED ON THE TRADITIONAL AUTHENTIC. ROMANIANS EVERYWHERE FIND THEIR IDENTITY IN THE WORK OF THE SYMBOL OF THE TRADITIONAL ROMANIAN SPIRITUALITY, CONSTANTIN BRANCUSI, AS A BINDER OF THE RECONNECTION TO THE ORIGINS OF THE TRADITIONAL ROMANIAN CULTURE. CULTURAL ITINERARIES ARE CONSIDERED AN ELEMENT OF INNOVATION IN WHICH THEY SHOULD SUPPORT THE PROMOTION OF THE EUROPEAN IDENTITY AND THE COMMON HERITAGE. CULTURAL ROUTES ARE ITINERARIES THAT GATHER TOGETHER IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF HERITAGE, WHICH STAND AS TESTIMONY AND ILLUSTRATE SPECIFIC PERIODS AND EVENTS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY. THEY ARE CHARACTERIZED BY MOBILITY AND ALSO IMPLY AN INTANGIBLE AND SPATIAL DYNAMIC THAT THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE DOES NOT POSSESS, WHICH IS MORE STATIC AND LIMITED IN NATURE. BRÂNCUȘI ROUTE IS THE ITINERARY THAT HE TRAVELED ON FOOT FROM HOBIȚA FROM GORJ TO PARIS. KEYWORDS: ITINERARY, SCULPTOR, BRÂNCUȘI, TOURIST CIRCUIT, CULTURAL ROUTE. INTRODUCTION The European Cultural Route Constantin Brâncuşi - The road to artistic metamorphosis can be a true bridge between Eastern Europe and Western Europe. This route is deeply rooted in the traditions and common European cultural heritage, uniting places with a deep spiritual significance. The greatest sculptor of the 20th century, Constantin Brâncuşi, a central figure in the modern artistic movement is considered the parent of modern sculpture.
  • The Invisible “Sculpteuse”: Sculptures by Women in the Nineteenth-Century Urban Public Space—London, Paris, Brussels

    The Invisible “Sculpteuse”: Sculptures by Women in the Nineteenth-Century Urban Public Space—London, Paris, Brussels

    Marjan Sterckx The Invisible “Sculpteuse”: Sculptures by Women in the Nineteenth-century Urban Public Space—London, Paris, Brussels Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 7, no. 2 (Autumn 2008) Citation: Marjan Sterckx, “The Invisible ‘Sculpteuse’: Sculptures by Women in the Nineteenth- century Urban Public Space—London, Paris, Brussels,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 7, no. 2 (Autumn 2008), http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn08/90-the-invisible- sculpteuse-sculptures-by-women-in-the-nineteenth-century-urban-public-spacelondon-paris- brussels. Published by: Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication. ©2008 Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide Sterckx: Sculptures by Women in the Nineteenth-Century Urban Public Space–London, Paris, Brussels Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 7, no. 2 (Autumn 2008) The Invisible “Sculpteuse”: Sculptures by Women in the Nineteenth-century Urban Public Space—London, Paris, Brussels[1] by Marjan Sterckx Introduction The Dictionary of Employment Open to Women, published by the London Women’s Institute in 1898, identified the kinds of commissions that women artists opting for a career as sculptor might expect. They included light fittings, forks and spoons, racing cups, presentation plates, medals and jewelry, as well as “monumental work” and the stone decoration of domestic facades, which was said to be “nice work, but poorly paid,” and “difficult to obtain without

  • WALK 3 | Montparnasse

    WALK 3 | Montparnasse Start – Metro Station, Sèvres Lecourbe, Line 6 Approximate Length: 4.3 km 11 16 15 12 14 13 N U = Underground Metro Station = Optional Route After exiting the Metro station, walk toward Place Henri Queuille. Cross Rue Lecourbe onto Boulevard Pasteur. At the beginning of the boulevard is a Wallace Fountain. Fountain 11 2 Boulevard Pasteur, 15th Arr. You will find this fountain at the beginning of the grand Boulevard Pasteur under the elevated tracks of a Metro line. Like most Wallace Fountains, very small placards attached to 11 the pedestal base give information about the mineral content and the source of the free water it dispenses. Continue along Boulevard Pasteur. On your right you will pass the Lycée Buffon, a stately academic building used as a secondary school. Walk on this boulevard until it ends. Pass through Place des Martyrs du Lycée Buffon, a square dedicated to five students killed for participating in the Resistance during Nazi occupation. Soon you will reach Place de Catalogne, a large traffic circle. Proceed around the traffic circle and take Rue du Château a short distance until you come to Place de l’Abbé J. Lebeuf. There you will find a Wallace Fountain. Fountain 12 Place de l’Abbé Jean Lebeuf, 14th Arr. This fountain’s location is interesting because, from one angle, the fountain is framed by the large archway of the building behind it. The 12 fountain is very visible in the open area and is surrounded by benches. Unlike ©Barbara Lambesis ©Barbara Lambesis many other locations where the fountains blend into the streetscape, this fountain is a center piece, the main element of the square.