Glossary of Terms and Acronyms for Vacuum Coating Technology
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Organic Polymers
processes Review Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Organic Polymers Gerhard Franz Department of Applied Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences (MUAS), 34 Lothstrasse, Munich, D-80335 Bavaria, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) with its plasma-enhanced variation (PECVD) is a mighty instrument in the toolbox of surface refinement to cover it with a layer with very even thickness. Remarkable the lateral and vertical conformity which is second to none. Originating from the evaporation of elements, this was soon applied to deposit compound layers by simultaneous evaporation of two or three elemental sources and today, CVD is rather applied for vaporous reactants, whereas the evaporation of solid sources has almost completely shifted to epitaxial processes with even lower deposition rates but growth which is adapted to the crystalline substrate. CVD means first breaking of chemical bonds which is followed by an atomic reorientation. As result, a new compound has been generated. Breaking of bonds requires energy, i.e., heat. Therefore, it was a giant step forward to use plasmas for this rate-limiting step. In most cases, the maximum temperature could be significantly reduced, and eventually, also organic compounds moved into the preparative focus. Even molecules with saturated bonds (CH4) were subjected to plasmas—and the result was diamond! In this article, some of these strategies are portrayed. One issue is the variety of reaction paths which can happen in a low-pressure plasma. It can act as a source for deposition and etching which turn out to be two sides of the same medal. -
1 the History of Vacuum Science and Vacuum Technology
1 1 The History of Vacuum Science and Vacuum Technology The Greek philosopher Democritus (circa 460 to 375 B.C.), Fig. 1.1, assumed that the world would be made up of many small and undividable particles that he called atoms (atomos, Greek: undividable). In between the atoms, Democritus presumed empty space (a kind of micro-vacuum) through which the atoms moved according to the general laws of mechanics. Variations in shape, orientation, and arrangement of the atoms would cause variations of macroscopic objects. Acknowledging this philosophy, Democritus,together with his teacher Leucippus, may be considered as the inventors of the concept of vacuum. For them, the empty space was the precondition for the variety of our world, since it allowed the atoms to move about and arrange themselves freely. Our modern view of physics corresponds very closely to this idea of Democritus. However, his philosophy did not dominate the way of thinking until the 16th century. It was Aristotle’s (384 to 322 B.C.) philosophy, which prevailed throughout theMiddleAgesanduntilthebeginning of modern times. In his book Physica [1], around 330 B.C., Aristotle denied the existence of an empty space. Where there is nothing, space could not be defined. For this reason no vacuum (Latin: empty space, emptiness) could exist in nature. According to his philosophy, nature consisted of water, earth, air, and fire. The lightest of these four elements, fire, is directed upwards, the heaviest, earth, downwards. Additionally, nature would forbid vacuum since neither up nor down could be defined within it. Around 1300, the medieval scholastics began to speak of a horror vacui, meaning nature’s fear of vacuum. -
SSB-Filters (PART 4)
--------- ELECTRONICS --------------------- SSB-FilterS (PART 4) ELECTRONICS This is the fourth article of a tivity and stability characteristics, with mtmaturization of equipment. This is the fourth article of a series from a training course written but their large size makes them Also to the advantage of the me series from a training course written by Collins Radio Company for per subject to shock or vibration de· chanical filter is a Q in the order by Collins Radio Company for per- sonnel concerned with single side terioration. Also, their cost is of 10,000 which is about 100 times sonnel concerned with single side- band communications. quite high. the Q obtainable with electrical band communications. Both SSB transmitters and SSB Newer crystal filters are being elements. Both SSB transmitters and SSB developed that have extended fre receivers require very selective receivers require very selective Although the commercial use of bandpass filters in the region of bandpass filters in the region of quency range and are smaller. These mechanical filters is relatively 100 to 500 kilocycles. 100 to 500 kilocycles. newer crystal filters are more ac new, the basic principles on which In receivers, a high order of ad- In receivers, a high order of ad ceptable for use in SSB equipment. they are based is well established. jacent channel rejection is required jacent channel rejection is required LC Filters The mechanical filter is a me if channels are to be closely spaced if channels are to be closely spaced LC filters have been used at IF chanically resonant device that re to conserve spectrum space. -
Glossary of Terms Common to the Spray Polyurethane Foam Industry
Glossary of Terms Common to the Spray Polyurethane Foam Industry Spray Polyurethane Foam Alliance Copyright 1994 To order copies of this publication, call 800-523-6154 and request SPFA Stock Number AY-119 Revised6/04 The Building Envelope & Technical Committee’s of the Spray Polyurethane Foam Alliance offer this information as an industry service. TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Roger Morrison, Chairman Robert Smith North Caolina Foam Industries KoSa Jim Calkins John Stahl Dow Chemical Preferred Solutions, Inc. Brad Beauchamp Dennis Vandewater Stepan Co. Sadler Coatings Systems Mary Bogdan Laverne Dalgeish- Ad Hoc Honeywell CUCFA John Courier E quipment &Coatings John Ewell Dallas/Ft. Worth Urethane, Inc. John Hatfield Penta Engineering Group, Inc. Tim Leonard ERSystems Jack Moore West Roofing Systems, Inc. Bruce Schenke BASF Larry Smiley Poly-Tek. This brochure was developed to aid specifiers in choosing spray-applied polyurethane foam systems. The information provided herein, based on current customs and practices of the trade, is offered in good faith and believed to be true, but is made WITHOUT WARRANTY, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AS TO FITNESS, MERCHANTABILITY, OR ANY OTHER MATTER. SPFA DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE ARISING OUT OF ITS USE. Individual manufacturers and contractors should be consulted for specific information. Nominal values which may be provided herein are believed to be representative, but are not to be used as specifications nor assumed to be identical to finished products. SPFA does not endorse the proprietary products or processes of any individual manufacturer, or the services of any individual contractor. GLOSSARY OF TERMS AGGREGATE: Any mineral surfacing material. -
Coating Products for Sheetfed
Coating Products for Sheetfed nyloflex® Coating Plates│Novaset® Coatings│CURA Lac Varnishes│Novacoat® Varnishes│DAY Blankets Global Reach – Wide Portfolio – All Needs Covered! Flint Group is a global organisation, with locations in over 140 countries. This allows us to reach out to our print customers wherever they are, with extraordinary levels of service and dedication, making our customers glad that Flint Group is their partner. When you combine this global footprint with the widest portfolio of print consumables brought to you by any manufacturer, anywhere, it’s clear to see why Flint Group is regarded as the supplier of choice by so many international, as well as small independent printers around the world. For example, the crucial area of varnishes and coatings, which are becoming increasingly more important – not just as an aid to sophisticated design, creating gloss and matt effects or for spot coating, but first and foremost for protecting the printed product. We in Flint Group are unique, in that we can supply not only the product to enhance and protect, but also the medium to transfer that coating onto the chosen substrate, no matter where you are. The products showcased in this publication are all manufactured in Flint Group production facilities in Europe and shipped around the world…. offering unrivalled quality, consistency and service, and what’s more, regardless of your location, you can be confident that when you buy a coating product from Flint Group, it will be the same quality in Peru, Pakistan or Portugal! That’s how global we are and how wide our portfolio offering is. -
Investigation on the Mechanism of Heat Load Reduction for the Thermal Anti-Icing System
energies Article Investigation on the Mechanism of Heat Load Reduction for the Thermal Anti-Icing System Rongjia Li 1, Guangya Zhu 2 and Dalin Zhang 2,* 1 College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; [email protected] 2 Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 October 2020; Accepted: 6 November 2020; Published: 12 November 2020 Abstract: The aircraft ice protection system that can guarantee flight safety consumes a part of the energy of the aircraft, which is necessary to be optimized. A study for the mechanism of the heat load reduction in the thermal anti-icing system under the evaporative mode was presented. Based on the relationship between the anti-icing heat load and the heating power distribution, an optimization method involved in the genetic algorithm was adopted to optimize the anti-icing heat load and obtain the optimal heating power distribution. An experiment carried out in an icing wind tunnel was conducted to validate the optimized results. The mechanism of the anti-icing heat load reduction was revealed by analyzing the influences of the key factors, such as the heating range, the surface temperature and the convective heat transfer coefficient. The results show that the reduction in the anti-icing heat load is actually the decrease in the convective heat load. In the evaporative mode, decreasing the heating range outside the water droplet impinging limit can reduce the convective heat load. Evaporating the runback water in the high-temperature region can lead to the less convective heat load. -
History Corner a Short History: Vacuum Chambers for PVD
qM qMqM Previous Page | Contents |Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page qMqM Qmags THE WORLD’S NEWSSTAND® History Corner A Short History: Vacuum Chambers for PVD Donald M. Mattox, Management Plus, Inc., Albuquerque, NM Contributed Original Article Introduction (e.g. European Southern Observatory (ESO) which uses magnetron here are many articles and books on vacuum coating [1,2], basic sputter deposition to recoat each of four 8 meter mirrors every 2 vacuum technology [3,4], and materials for vacuum applications years with aluminum [12]). An interesting astronomical mirror but there seems to be little published on the evolution of single and coating system was developed for the MMT (Fred Lawrence multi-chamber vacuum chambers for vacuum coating. he single Whipple Observatory, Tucson, AZ) to coat its 6.5-meter primary chamber system may be as large as a small room (“walk-in”) and the mirror without removing it from the telescope [13]. multi-chamber processing systems may be as long as a football (US) ield (i.e. 100 meters). Some systems may require special design consideration when some chambers are under continuous process gas/vapor low conditions [5] such as used in reactive deposition or low pressure/plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition processes (LPCVD/PECVD). Single Chamber Batch Systems In a simple single-chamber “batch” PVD coating system the processing chamber is opened to the ambient ater every deposition. Early vacuum chambers were of glass. Edison’s interest in vacuum technology began in 1878 as it related to his development of the light bulb and its mass production [6]. -
Bitumen Coating and Polyethylene Sheeting on Concrete Piles
SECTION 459 BITUMEN COATING AND POLYETHYLENE SHEETING ON CONCRETE PILES 459-1 Description. Furnish and apply bituminous coating and primer, or install polyethylene sheeting and lubricant to prestressed concrete piles. 459-2 Materials. 459-2.1 Bituminous Coating: Use an asphalt type bituminous coating meeting the requirements of Section 916, with a minimum viscosity (at 140ºF) of 3,000 poises and a maximum of 1,000 poises. Apply bituminous coating uniformly over an asphalt primer. 459-2.2 Primer: Meet the requirements of ASTM-D 41. 459-2.3 Polyethylene Sheeting: Use polyethylene sheeting that is 6 mils thick and is clean, new and has a smooth surface. 459-2.4 Lubricant: Use a lubricant between the two layers of sheeting that is either a vegetable oil or other approved environmentally and functionally acceptable lubricant. 459-3 Construction Requirements. Before surfaces are coated with bitumen, dry and thoroughly clean them of dust and loose materials. Do not apply primer or bitumen in wet weather or when the temperature is below 65ºF. Apply the primer to the surfaces and allow it to dry completely before applying the bituminous coating. Apply primer uniformly at the quantity of 1 gal/100 ft2 of surface. Apply bitumen uniformly at a temperature of not less than 300ºF, or more than 350ºF, and apply either by mopping, brushing, or spraying at the project site. Completely fill all holes or depressions in the concrete surface with bitumen. Apply the bituminous coating to a minimum dry thickness of 1/8 inch, but not less than 8 gal/100 ft2. -
String-Inspired Running Vacuum—The ``Vacuumon''—And the Swampland Criteria
universe Article String-Inspired Running Vacuum—The “Vacuumon”—And the Swampland Criteria Nick E. Mavromatos 1 , Joan Solà Peracaula 2,* and Spyros Basilakos 3,4 1 Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, Physics Department, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK; [email protected] 2 Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, and Institute of Cosmos Sciences (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 3 Academy of Athens, Research Center for Astronomy and Applied Mathematics, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; [email protected] 4 National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, 11852 Athens, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 October 2020; Accepted: 17 November 2020; Published: 20 November 2020 Abstract: We elaborate further on the compatibility of the “vacuumon potential” that characterises the inflationary phase of the running vacuum model (RVM) with the swampland criteria. The work is motivated by the fact that, as demonstrated recently by the authors, the RVM framework can be derived as an effective gravitational field theory stemming from underlying microscopic (critical) string theory models with gravitational anomalies, involving condensation of primordial gravitational waves. Although believed to be a classical scalar field description, not representing a fully fledged quantum field, we show here that the vacuumon potential satisfies certain swampland criteria for the relevant regime of parameters and field range. We link the criteria to the Gibbons–Hawking entropy that has been argued to characterise the RVM during the de Sitter phase. These results imply that the vacuumon may, after all, admit under certain conditions, a rôle as a quantum field during the inflationary (almost de Sitter) phase of the running vacuum. -
Plasma Physics I APPH E6101x Columbia University Fall, 2016
Lecture 1: Plasma Physics I APPH E6101x Columbia University Fall, 2016 1 Syllabus and Class Website http://sites.apam.columbia.edu/courses/apph6101x/ 2 Textbook “Plasma Physics offers a broad and modern introduction to the many aspects of plasma science … . A curious student or interested researcher could track down laboratory notes, older monographs, and obscure papers … . with an extensive list of more than 300 references and, in particular, its excellent overview of the various techniques to generate plasma in a laboratory, Plasma Physics is an excellent entree for students into this rapidly growing field. It’s also a useful reference for professional low-temperature plasma researchers.” (Michael Brown, Physics Today, June, 2011) 3 Grading • Weekly homework • Two in-class quizzes (25%) • Final exam (50%) 4 https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/overview/ Launched 11 Feb 2010 5 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/news/sdo-year2.html#.VerqQLRgyxI 6 http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/MAST.aspx http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/mast_upgrade_project.aspx 7 https://youtu.be/svrMsZQuZrs 8 9 10 ITER: The International Burning Plasma Experiment Important fusion science experiment, but without low-activation fusion materials, tritium breeding, … ~ 500 MW 10 minute pulses 23,000 tonne 51 GJ >30B $US (?) DIII-D ⇒ ITER ÷ 3.7 (50 times smaller volume) (400 times smaller energy) 11 Prof. Robert Gross Columbia University Fusion Energy (1984) “Fusion has proved to be a very difficult challenge. The early question was—Can fusion be done, and, if so how? … Now, the challenge lies in whether fusion can be done in a reliable, an economical, and socially acceptable way…” 12 http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil 13 14 Plasmasphere (Image EUV) 15 https://youtu.be/TaPgSWdcYtY 16 17 LETTER doi:10.1038/nature14476 Small particles dominate Saturn’s Phoebe ring to surprisingly large distances Douglas P. -
Kalcor University PVD and Vacuum Metallization
Kalcor University PVD and Vacuum Metallization The Look of Bright Metal Call it Bling! Customers love the bright, shiny, metallic look of chrome. From bathroom faucets to car bumpers bright metal finishes are everywhere. Traditionally these parts were Chrome plated. Chrome plating is a technique of electroplating where a thin layer of chromium is electrically deposited onto a metal or plastic object’s outer surface. Typically, a cleaned part is placed into a large chrome plating vat, where it is allowed to warm to solution temperature and then, using application of electrical current the part is electroplated. THE DEMISE OF CHROME PLATING But, from a health standpoint, hexavalent chromium is the most toxic form of chromium. In the US it is now heavily regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA lists it as a hazardous air pollutant because it is a human carcinogen, a "priority pollutant" under the Clean Water Act, and a "hazardous constituent" under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Due to the low efficiency and high solution viscosity a mist of water and hexavalent chromium is released from the bath, which is toxic. So dangerous is hex chrome that the US automakers have prohibited its use on car parts. Several alternatives to the highly toxic process of Chrome plating have emerged, such as chrome- looking paints and the use of trivalent chrome; neither of which provides comparable appearance to Chrome plating. But for many decorative purposes, a process known as Physical Vapor Deposition, or PVD also frequently referred to as Vacuum Metalizing, is now quite common and can achieve a the look of Chrome plating.