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Network Forensics Network Forensics Michael Sonntag Institute of Networks and Security What is it? Evidence taken from the “network” In practice this means today the Internet (or LAN) In special cases: Telecommunication networks (as long as they are not yet changed to VoIP!) Typically not available “after the fact” Requires suspicions and preparation in advance Copying the communication content At the source (=within the suspects computer): “Online search” This could also be a webserver, e.g. if it contains illegal content “Source” does NOT mean that this is the client/initiator of communication/… At the destination: See some part of the traffic Only if unavoidable or the only interesting part Somewhere on the way of the (all?) traffic: ISP, physically tapping the wires, home routers etc. Network Forensics 2 Problems of network forensics “So you have copied some Internet traffic – but how is it linked to the suspect?” The IP addresses involved must be tied to individual persons This might be easy (location of copying) or very hard “When did it take place?” Packet captures typically have only relative timestamps But there may be lots of timestamps in the actual traffic! As supporting evidence to some external documentation “Is it unchanged?” These are merely packets; their content can be changed Although it is possible to check e.g. checksums, this is a lot of work and normally not done Treat as any other digital evidence Hash value + Chain of Custody; work on copies only Network Forensics 3 Scenario Suspect: Mallory Malison; released from jail on bail Suspicion of attempted corporate espionage There is some suspicion that he may try to flee But we currently have no hard evidence at all Released Soon after he disappears… What happened forensically: Copying all traffic outgoing from his computer Your task: Find out all about his activities, specifically: Any (attempted) communication with others Including all “names” and “aliases” used (his and counterparts) Including all content (text, files etc) if possible Any hints to locations All other information you can find For our example only! Network Forensics 4 Source Packet capture “scenario.pcap” Contains the actual packet capture Hash value (SHA256): sha256sum -b scenario.pcap f2bccff18f4966fc352d032df834c818e4da052bfd32494bd729 ff5c0c8a93f4 *scenario.pcap Time: 21.4.2015, approx. 9:19 Created with tcpdump on a Linux system tcpdump –ni enp0s3 -s 65535 -w scenario.pcap Program for inspection/evaluation: Wireshark Can be used for capturing packets, but also for displaying/investigating traces from other sources Network Forensics 5 So brief only because activity was “condensed” General overview - and to finish the lesson in time! Load the capture in wireshark and get an overview Packets: 1389; Total time: 227.53… seconds ( 4 min.) Statistics - Summary: Network Forensics 6 Statistics - Protocol hierarchy Overview on what was going on Take care: Numbers are not necessarily reliable Packets can contain several/no protocols E.g. IMAP: Server response might be “TCP” and not counted under IMAP If not dissected as such Network Forensics 7 Arp Could show us what other computers were present in the subnet (Right-click - Apply as filter - Selected) Asking for 169.254.10.120: APIPA Not interesting Asking for 192.168.10.1 See later with DHCP! Asking for 192.168.10.254 One more computer! In this case: Default gateway of this subnet/server Other information: MAC addresses Can be used for identification of devices (later or when known for filtering) 08:60:6e:42:d2:4f: Client computer (=suspect) ASUSTek Computer Inc. 08:00:27:7f:a8:b4: Default gateway/server CADMUS COMPUTER SYSTEMS; actually: Virtualbox uses these For MAC/OUI identification see https://regauth.standards.ieee.org/standards-ra-web/pub/view.html#registries Network Forensics 8 DHCP (“Bootstrap Protocol”) Discover, Offer, Request and Ack This computer received a new IP address It has presumably not been in this subnet before But: Discover contains option 50: “Request IP address” So it has been in this subnet (or one very similar to it!) and it had then (=the last time) 192.168.10.1 Add ICMP to it: (bootp and udp and ip and eth and frame) or icmp Server tests with Ping whether the requested (or selected by him) address is free Hostname (Request option 12): “malmals-laptop” Some hint that it is indeed “Mallory Malisons” Laptop Requests lots of things; and gets them (Offer/Ack) DNS: 192.168.10.254; Network: 192.168.10.254/24 Domain name is “provider.com” Network Forensics 9 DNS Take care: DNS alone is often misleading/strange DNS is almost always the first step for something else Whatever this is, it will be invisible if showing DNS only! Querying for its own name: “malmals-laptop” Active Directory: _ldap._tcp.dc._msdcs.provider.com Win. checking network connectivity: dns.msftncsi.com “Network Connectivity Status Indicator” Autoconfiguration: wpad.provider.com, wpad 404 hijack identification: engcqdycrtvlgej.provider.com En-us.appex-rf.msn.com Response: redirect to Akamai webhosting foodanddrink.tile.appex.bing.com; finance.*, weather.* Windows 8.1 tile live data Network Forensics 10 DNS irc.gamesurge.com: See later (IRC)! r00t.cf: See later (NTP)! mail.provider.com: See later (SMTP)! Thunderbird welcome page: live.mozillamessaging.com, www.mozilla.org ocsp.digicert.com: Certificate revocation check for this connection, which uses https mozorg.cdn.mozilla.net: Welcome page content Network Forensics 11 Netbios, WS-Discovery Again we get the computer name: MALMALS-LAPTOP But now we also get the “normal” Domain/Workgroup the computer belongs to In this case: Workgroup “WORKGROUP” (=standard value) Web Services Discovery Protocol (UDP “data” protocol) Discovering other devices via a multicast (239.255.255.250) Works through SOAP on port 3702 E.g. network printers, “people near me” Provides a new ID (unclear how permanent!) Network Forensics 12 SSDP Simple Service Discovery Protocol; SSDP Identified as HTTP Discovering other devices via a multicast (239.255.255.250) Works through HTTP-formed-content on port 1900 Basis for UPnP Interesting: No answers; no one else is there or they are (specifically!) configured to not use these protocols UPnP is typically switched on by default in consumer devices Network Forensics 13 NTP We have two time synchronizations (packets 163-166) (Client + Server ) * 2 ☺ Interesting: Windows is typically configured with a Microsoft time server, but here 188.40.92.202 is used What’s this? Check it manually! Or better: Switch back to “full view” (“Clear”) and see the DNS request immediately before asking for “r00t.cf” Note: Filtering in wireshark e.g. “ip.addr==188.40.92.202” will not be useful, as this is message content in DNS, not part of the packet metadata! The DNS server does have a completely different IP address Note: “frame contains "188.40.92.202"” doesn’t work either, as this would only match string content! But: “frame contains "\xbc\x28\x5c\xca"” works! (hex representation of IP address; but you might also want to check for other byte orders too!) Network Forensics 14 OCSP Certificate validation is present So obviously some secure connection was tried, successfully initiated, and then the certificate was checked for validity Which one? We don’t know from the request! It only contains hashes of the issuer, the key and the serial number of the certificate Hashes are relatively useless… If we had some concrete suspicion, we could check it! frame contains "\x03\x37\xb9\x28" (start of the serial number of the certificate) leads to packet 342; following this TCP stream we find it stems from a https connection to 63.245.215.20 Which immediately before has a DNS response for this IP with the name mozorg.dynect.mozilla.net It is the parent certificate of the certificate www.mozilla.org (packet 344) Issued by DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA So now we know from what connection it stems and what certificate “initiated” the request Network Forensics 15 SMTP We see two sessions (tcp.port==25 and tcp.flags.syn==1) Starting at packets 677 and 1067 Session 1: 677 Plain authentication (see later) Message from “[email protected]” Message to “[email protected]” Simple text content + attachment The text we can easily read/copy out: “Follow TCP stream” + mark + Ctrl-C But the attachment? We can copy it out, but it is “encrypted”! Filename: “Meeting.docx”, Transfer-encoding: base64 So copy text, save as file, decode from base64 (d=decode, i=ignore garbage the linebreaks), view it base64 –d –i attachment.txt >Recovered.docx Use e.g. Cygwin or a Linux system Network Forensics 16 Message 1: Text Hi Trudy! I urgently need the data you "obtained" from ACME; my client is getting restless!! Meet me at the point shown in teh attachment! Only then our common future will be sure! See you soon, hottie Mallory Doesn’t look too good for our suspect… Network Forensics 17 Message 1: Attachment Time + Location Nice! Network Forensics 18 “Carving” image from document Extracting the image might be helpful: We can compare it easily to other images on a computer We can calculate a hash value to search for it How to do it: Trivial, because it is a docx! This means, it is actually a ZIP file with XML (and other) content Make copy, rename to ZIP, extract, look for image Look in subdirectory “word/media” image1.png Note: If you are observant you can identify a mistake of the person creating
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