LESSON 1 Trouble for the Catholic Church Lesson 1 Trouble for the Catholic Church

Home , Pope Clement V, Reformation, Schism

CHAPTER 14 LESSON 1 Trouble for the Catholic Church Lesson 1 Trouble for the Catholic Church

BEFORE YOU READ In Chapter 13, you read about the great artists of the TERMS & NAMES Renaissance who worked for the Catholic Church. In this • Great Schism split that section, you will read about how disagreements over Church divided the Catholic Church practices led to the Reformation. from 1378 until 1417 • indulgence the relaxation AS YOU READ of earthly penalty for sin Use a chart like the one below to summarize each of the main • Martin Luther a reformer sections of Lesson 1. whose beliefs challenged Church authority and started Section Summary the reform movement that 14 CHAPTER led to the Reformation The Great Schism • Protestants Christians who Criticism of the broke with the Catholic Church Church during and after the 1500s Martin Luther • Reformation term used by confronts the Protestants to describe the Church movement of opposition to the Catholic Church

The Great Schism From 1378 until 1417, the Great Schism in Company (pages 461–462) divided the Church. During this time, both How did internal differences weaken the popes claimed power over all Christians. Catholic Church? Each excommunicated the other’s followers. Christians became confused about which pope In the 1300s, the rulers of some nations grew had power and authority. The split greatly strong enough to force the Church to support weakened the Church. It ended in 1414 when their polices. In 1305, the French king used his the Holy Roman Emperor, ruler of much of political power to have Clement V elected pope. central Europe, brought both sides together. Pope Clement V moved the center of Church At this meeting Church offi cials forced out the government from Rome to Avignon, France. French pope and convinced the Roman pope After the move, most popes were French. To to resign. In 1417 offi cials elected a new pope many Europeans and Church offi cials it seemed based in Rome. that the French king controlled the pope. Over time two centers of power developed 1. How did the Great Schism weaken the within the Church. One was in Avignon and the Church? other in Rome. In 1378, each elected different

Chapter 14, Lesson 1 119 READING STUDY GUIDE READING STUDY GUIDE CONTINUED Criticism of the Church Luther Confronts the Church (pages 462–463) (pages 463–465) Why did people begin to question some Church Who is credited with beginning the practices? Reformation? In the 1300s and 1400s, Church members began Early Church reformers wanted to improve to speak out against some Church practices. the Church and work within it. In the early Many practices angered reformers. They 1500s German-born Martin Luther started disliked the way the Church earned and a movement that openly attacked the Catholic spent its money. Over time, the Church had Church. As a young man Luther began to become a large landowner, owning from question many traditional beliefs and practices. one-ﬁ fth to one- third of all lands of Europe. In 1517, he boldly challenged Church Church leaders needed huge sums of money beliefs by listing his ideas in a paper called to maintain these lands. Many Europeans, the Ninety-Five Theses. His ideas included especially those outside of Italy, resented the belief that the Bible was only source of paying taxes to the Church in Rome. They religious truth. He also felt that people did were also angry that the Church paid no taxes not need clergy to interpret the Bible. He on its vast landholdings. Reformers also argued that people could be saved only if they disliked the way the Church spent its money. had faith in Christ. They could not be saved CHAPTER 14 Many popes spent large sums on the arts and through good works. These beliefs challenged on themselves. the Church’s authority. Reformers also objected to the sale of His ideas lead to a ﬁ ght with the Catholic indulgences. An indulgence is the relaxation Church. In 1529 German princes loyal to of earthly penalty for sin. However, people the Church agreed to oppose Luther’s ideas. bought indulgences because they believed Prince who supported Luther signed a protest these indulgences would help them avoid against this agreement. Luther’s supporters punishment by God in the afterlife. Reformers became known as Protestants. In time all

opposed the idea that someone could buy their Christians who broke with the Catholic Church in Company way into heaven. Many called on the Church to during and after the 1500s became known stress its spiritual values over earthly ones. as Protestants. They called their movement During the 1300s and 1400s, several key against the Catholic Church the Reformation. reformers spoke out against Church practices. 3. What were important ideas from the In England, priest and philosopher John Reformation? Wycliffe questioned the pope’s right to levy taxes and appoint Church offi cials without the king’s approval. Dutch priest and scholar Desiderius Erasmus criticized Church offi cials for neglecting Christian values. He also spoke out against reformers for trying to divide the Church. These thinkers infl uenced reformers in the next century.

2. What Church practices did reformers

120 Chapter 14, Lesson 1 READING STUDY GUIDE