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The List Serves: Population Control and Power

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The List Serves: Population Control and Power THE LIST THE LIST SERVES THE LIST SERVES POPULATION CONTROL AND POWER KENNETH C. WERBIN A SERIES OF READERS PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE OF NETWORK CULTURES ISSUE NO.: 22 INSTITUTE OF NETWORK CULTURES NETWORK INSTITUTE OF THE LIST SERVES POPULATION CONTROL AND POWER KENNETH C. WERBIN 2 THEORY ON DEMAND Theory on Demand #22 The List Serves: Population Control and Power Kenneth C. Werbin With a foreword by Geert Lovink Edited by: Miriam Rasch Cover design: Katja van Stiphout Design: Leonieke van Dipten EPUB development: Leonieke van Dipten Publisher: Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam, 2017 ISBN: 978-94-92302-15-1 The research was supported by Le Fonds Québecois de la recherche sur la société et la culture and The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Contact Institute of Network Cultures Phone: +3120 5951865 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.networkcultures.org This publication is available through various print on demand services and freely downloadable from http://networkcultures.org/publications This publication is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoD- erivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). THE LIST SERVES: POPULATION CONTROL AND POWER 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgments 9 Preface by Geert Lovink 11 Introduction. In Lists We Are... 16 The List Served: Ancient Times The List Served: The Classification of the Human Species The List Serves: Disciplinary and Juridical-legal Mechanisms The List Serves: The Apparatuses of Security The List Serves: Milieus of Circulation and Populations The List Serves: Risk Assessment The List Serves: Freedom of Circulation The List Serves: Governmentality Chapter 1. The List Served: Nazi Governmentality 38 Introduction The List, Early Information Technology, and Nazi Governmentality Statistics and the Volk: Constituting Aryan Natural History, or the Normal in Nazi Governmentality Risk Assessment in the Third Reich Statistics and the Control and Policing of Dangerous Elements Juridical-legal and Disciplinary Mechanisms in Nazi Governmentality The Biopolitical Milieu of Circulation: Managing the Volk’s Cultural Organs The List Served: ‘Seeing Everything’ Through Nazi Apparatuses of Security The List Serves: Governmentality or Bare Life? Conclusion Chapter 2. The List Serves: Entropy and Governmentality 77 Introduction Computers, Data, Statistics, and Lists Serve: Entropic Milieus of Circulation What is Entropy, and Why are We Sailing in a Sea of It? Von Neumann’s ‘Winners’ and ‘Losers Open-human Discourse: Islands in a Sea of Entropy Closed-world Discourse: Game Theory à la von Neumann Culled From the Vast Seas of Entropy: Enter the Cyborg Class The List Serves: Who, Says what, in Which Channel, to whom, with what Effect? The List Serves: An Example of Entropy and Contemporary Governmentality Conclusion 4 THEORY ON DEMAND Chapter 3. Fear and No-fly Listing in Canada (March 2006 - November 2007) 115 Introduction Legal, Technoscientific, and Popular Conceptions of No-fly Lists Intelligent Interventions into No-fly Listing The Case of Christopher Soghoian Reconstructing No-fly Lists Conclusion Chapter 4. No-blank List Culture, or How Technoscience ‘Truthfully’ Constructs the ‘Terrorist 141 Introduction No-blank List Culture Emerges No-blank Lists as Technoscientific Cultural Constructions Double Integration, or Good Guys 0, Bad Guys No-blank Lists Serve: The Naturalization of ‘Terrorist’ Knowledge No-blank Lists Serve: The Reemergence of Bare Life No-blank List Culture as a Critical Site of Struggle No-blank Lists Serve: New Formations of Security, Territory and Population Conclusion. In Lists We Trust? 171 References 177 7 This book is dedicated to my late mother, Eleanor Moss-Werbin, and late grandfather, Irwin Moss, both of whom epitomized the value of life-long learning and instilled a profound sense of social justice in me. THE LIST SERVES: POPULATION CONTROL AND POWER 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A first draft of this manuscript was completed in fulfillment of the requirements for my Ph.D. at Concordia University in Montréal, Canada in 2008. Although that draft was completed some years ago, the analysis and theorizing of lists as instruments of population control and power continues to resonate and remains pertinent. If anything, since that draft was finished, there has been an intense proliferation of lists wielded as apparatuses of security in conjunctions of power. No-fly lists continue to expand and continue to erroneously and unjustly contain the names of innocent people whose sole crime is to have a name identical or similar to ‘known’ threats. Getting one’s name off such a list continues to be a Kafkaesque affair. Moreover, the conjunction of data, lists, and algorithmic logics has been taken up in an even wider array of efforts to control the movement of populations, including but not limited to lists of illegal immigrants, lists of risks to the hotel and hospitality industry, and lists of risks to the banking industry. There is no doubt that lists will continue to problematically serve the classification, delineation and policing of populations of ‘them’ as they have since the advent of the written record. It is my hope that the publication of this work will help others to problematize and theorize the use of lists as instruments of population control and power and further resistance to this form of governmentality. This work would not have been possible without the help, support, and encouragement of a wide group of people who I would like to take a moment to acknowledge. First and foremost, I would like to thank my Ph.D. supervisor, Dr. Kim Sawchuk (Concordia University) who thoughtfully and diligently saw the dissertation through to completion with me. Her sophis- ticated theoretical insights contributed invaluably to the work. I would also like to thank my committee members, beginning with Dr. Leslie Regan Shade (University of Toronto) who continues to be a close research collaborator and friend. I was also honoured to have the late Dr. Martin Allor (Concordia University) as a member of my dissertation committee, as well as Dr. Steven Shaw (Concordia University), and Dr. Greg Elmer (Ryerson University). I would also like to extend special thanks to Dr. Geert Lovink (University of Applied Sciences Amsterdam) of the Institute of Network Cultures for all of his support, encouragement and belief in these ideas throughout the development and publication of this work. Thanks also to the following people for their contributions to my thinking and providing me with a rich intellectual community in which to grow: Monika Kin-Gagnon, Gaëtan Tremblay, Charles Perraton, Rae Staseson, Charles Acland, Chantal Nadeau, Owen Chapman, Inderbir Riar, Eric Abitbol, Fenwick McKelvey, Zach Devereaux and Ganaele Langlois. I would also like to thank my current research collaborators who make being an academic a whole pile of fun: Mark Lipton, Leslie Regan Shade, Judith Nicholson and Ian Reilly. Special thanks to my current colleagues at Wilfrid Laurier University who inspire me on a daily basis: James Cairns, Sue Ferguson, Robert Feagan, Ken Paradis, Kate Rossiter, Charles Wells, Heidi Northwood, Rob Kristofferson, Tarah Brookfield, Kofi Campbell, Abby Goodrum, Nathan Rambukkana, Greg Bird and Penelope Ironstone. I would also like to thank my research assistant, Alison Leonard, who helped with the formatting of this book. 10 THEORY ON DEMAND Very special thanks are extended to my family who have stood beside me through thick and thin: my brother, Robert Werbin, his wife Heidi, and my three nephews, Ryan, Evan and Brendan Werbin. I also want to thank ma belle-mère Claire van Belle, my aunt and uncle Beverly and Ernie Shapiro, cousins David Moss, Louise Bloom, and Murray, Lorne and Debra Shapiro. Thanks also to my closest friends for all of their support through the years: Andrew Gelber, Matt Nuss, Ben Duffield, Sandy Fleischer, Robert Robert Landau, Brandee Diner, Sandy Mamane, Pamela Teitelbaum, Lienne Sawatsky, Dan Williams, Samantha Cogan and Doron Sommer. Finally, I want to thank the three people who make me the luckiest person in the world: the love of my life, my confidante and shelter from the storm, Alix-Jeanne Loewenguth, and my intensely loving and ever-inspiring daughters, Celeste-Eléonore and Annabelle Werbin – without you three, nothing else matters! This work was funded by the Fonds Québecois de la recherche sur la société et la culture and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Kenneth C. Werbin Brantford, Canada November 2016 THE LIST SERVES: POPULATION CONTROL AND POWER 11 PREFACE BY GEERT LOVINK ‘Hacktivism is not always about breaking into a system, sometimes it’s about breaking out of it.’ Anon ‘The vile pogroms of 1940’s were by-products of the industrial revolution. Today’s pogroms are by-products of the digital revolution.’ Max Keiser The Institute of Network Cultures is proud to present Kenneth Werbin’s study on lists in its Theory on Demand series. It was our wish to publish this important work that was finished as a PhD in 2008, and we are very happy that we remained patient and reminded Kenneth time and again of the utmost strategic-political importance of his research. It was around 1984 that I discovered lists as a separate sociological category. The fact that lists do not merely exist but are a distinguished concept, a mode of power along the lines of Michel Foucault’s philosophy, a specific way to organize subjects and matters, was a real insight for me. This happened during an era when lines of people, waiting in the street for a bakery or office, had all but disappeared and was associated with disfunctioning ‘real existing socialism’ and collapsing Third World economies elsewhere. Lists empower, lists repress, lists order. What could be better than publishing a comprehensive study about lists? When I grew up in the early 1970s the list was the Radio Veronica Top 40, a folded sheet of paper we picked up in the record shop for free.
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