A Survey on Ethical Hacking: Issues and Challenges
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Operating Systems and Virtualisation Security Knowledge Area (Draft for Comment)
OPERATING SYSTEMS AND VIRTUALISATION SECURITY KNOWLEDGE AREA (DRAFT FOR COMMENT) AUTHOR: Herbert Bos – Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam EDITOR: Andrew Martin – Oxford University REVIEWERS: Chris Dalton – Hewlett Packard David Lie – University of Toronto Gernot Heiser – University of New South Wales Mathias Payer – École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne © Crown Copyright, The National Cyber Security Centre 2019. Following wide community consultation with both academia and industry, 19 Knowledge Areas (KAs) have been identified to form the scope of the CyBOK (see diagram below). The Scope document provides an overview of these top-level KAs and the sub-topics that should be covered under each and can be found on the project website: https://www.cybok.org/. We are seeking comments within the scope of the individual KA; readers should note that important related subjects such as risk or human factors have their own knowledge areas. It should be noted that a fully-collated CyBOK document which includes issue 1.0 of all 19 Knowledge Areas is anticipated to be released by the end of July 2019. This will likely include updated page layout and formatting of the individual Knowledge Areas. Operating Systems and Virtualisation Security Herbert Bos Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam April 2019 INTRODUCTION In this knowledge area, we introduce the principles, primitives and practices for ensuring security at the operating system and hypervisor levels. We shall see that the challenges related to operating system security have evolved over the past few decades, even if the principles have stayed mostly the same. For instance, when few people had their own computers and most computing was done on multiuser (often mainframe-based) computer systems with limited connectivity, security was mostly focused on isolating users or classes of users from each other1. -
A Solution to Php Code Injection Attacks and Web
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND ROBOTICS Vol.2 Issue.9, Pg.: 24-31 September 2014 www.ijrcar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND ROBOTICS ISSN 2320-7345 A SOLUTION TO PHP CODE INJECTION ATTACKS AND WEB VULNERABILITIES Venkatesh Yerram1, Dr G.Venkat Rami Reddy2 ¹Computer Networks and Information Security, [email protected] ²Computer Science Engineering, 2nd [email protected] JNTU Hyderabad, India Abstract Over the decade web applications are grown rapidly. This leads to cyber crimes. Attacker injects various scripts to malfunction the web application. Attacker injects these scripts to text box of vulnerable web application from various compounds such as search bar, feedback form, login form etc and later which is executed by the server. Sometimes attacker modifies the URL to execute a successful attack. This execution of system calls and API on web server by attacker can damage the file system and or leaks information of web server. PHP is a server side scripting language, dynamic features and functionalities are controlled through the PHP language. Hence, the use of PHP language results in high possibility of successful execution of code injection attacks. The aim of this paper is first to understand the code web application vulnerability related to PHP code injection attack, the scenario has been developed. Secondly defeat the attack and fast incident determination from the developed domain dictionary. This proposed system is helpful for cyber forensics expert to gather and analyze the evidence effectively Keywords: Code Injection, vulnerabilities, Attack, cyber forensics 1. INTRODUCTION The web environment is growing rapidly day by day, the cyber crimes also increasing rapidly. -
“Hackers and Hacking Attacks”- Magician and Their Magic Wand For
ISSN XXXX XXXX © 2019 IJESC Research Article Volume 9 Issue No. 5 “Hackers and Hacking Attacks”- Magician and Their Magic Wand for Security Breech Manish JitendrabhaiVankani Department of SOE – MCA RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India Abstract: In Modern era, each and every data is available online. Any person across the world can access that data very easily. Some people use this data to gain the information while other people use this data to fulfil their malicious intent. There are lots of methods used for protection of data but the hacker is far more intelligent to hack the security. There are main two types of hackers that are different from each other on the basis of their purpose. The one who tries to break the computer system’s security with malicious intention is known as bad hacker or cracker. The other one who has good purpose is known as ethical hacker because he uses his skills to provide security to sensitive data of big firms.In this paper I describe the types of Hackers,Ethical hacking,typesof Hacking attacks and Hacking tools. Keywords: Ethical hackers, Hacking, cracker. I. INTRODUCTION: hardware as well as software. Hacker is a computer dedicated and expert in a programming language, security, and networks. As the computer technology enhances, it has its darker side He is kind of person who loves to gain knowledge ofdifferent also. In modern era the need of the internet is growing rapidly. technologies, details of the computer system and enhances his Enormous amount of data is moving online, therefore, data capability and skills. -
Host-Based Code Injection Attacks: a Popular Technique Used by Malware
Host-Based Code Injection Attacks: A Popular Technique Used By Malware Thomas Barabosch Elmar Gerhards-Padilla Fraunhofer FKIE Fraunhofer FKIE Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144 Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144 53113 Bonn, Germany 53113 Bonn, Germany [email protected] [email protected] c 2014 IEEE. Personal use of this material is per- implemented with different goals in mind, they share one mitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all common feature: they all inject code locally into foreign other uses, in any current or future media, including process spaces. One reason for this behaviour is detection reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or avoidance. However, code injections are not limited to tar- promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for geted malware. Mass-malware also uses code injections in resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any order to stay under the radar (ZeroAccess, ZeusP2P or Con- copyrighted component of this work in other works. ficker). Detection avoidance is not the only advantage of us- ing code injections from a malware author’s point of view. Abstract Further reasons for using code injections are interception of critical information, privilege escalation or manipulation of Common goals of malware authors are detection avoid- security products. ance and gathering of critical information. There exist The above mentioned examples are all malware fami- numerous techniques that help these actors to reach their lies for Microsoft Windows. However, code injections are goals. One especially popular technique is the Host-Based platform-independent. In fact all established multitasking Code Injection Attack (HBCIA). -
Defeating Web Code Injection Attacks Using Web Element Attribute Mutation
Session 1: New Moving Target Defenses MTD’17, October 30, 2017, Dallas, TX, USA WebMTD: Defeating Web Code Injection Attacks using Web Element Attribute Mutation Amirreza Niakanlahiji Jafar Haadi Jafarian UNC Charlotte University of Colorado Denver [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT injection and server-side script injection, they are still one of the Existing mitigation techniques for Web code injection attacks have most common attack vectors on Web applications; examples are the not been widely adopted, primarily due to incurring impractical recently discovered XSS vulnerabilities on Amazon [4] and Ebay overheads on the developer, Web applications, or Web browsers. [7] Websites. According to OWASP [21], XSS, the most prevalent They either substantially increase Web server/client execution time, type of Web code injection attacks, is the third Web application enforce restrictive coding practices on developers, fail to support security risk. legacy Web applications, demand browser code modification, or Methodologies for countering code injection attacks could be fail to provide browser backward compatibility. Moving Target De- broadly divided into two categories: (I) input validation techniques fense (MTD) is a novel proactive class of techniques that aim to that prevent injection of malicious code, but are highly suscepti- defeat attacks by imposing uncertainty in attack reconnaissance ble to evasion [23]; and, (II) code differentiation techniques that and planning. This uncertainty is achieved by frequent and ran- prevent execution of injected code, including BEEP [15] , ISR [17], dom mutation (randomization) of system configuration in a manner CSP [25], Noncespaces [27] and xJS [2]. However, as demonstrated that is not traceable (predictable) by attackers. -
Arbitrary Code Injection Through Self-Propagating Worms in Von Neumann Architecture Devices
Arbitrary Code Injection through Self-propagating Worms in Von Neumann Architecture Devices Thanassis Giannetsos1, Tassos Dimitriou1, Ioannis Krontiris2 and Neeli R. Prasad3 1Athens Information Tech. 19.5 km Markopoulo Ave. Athens, Greece 2Computer Science Dep. University of Mannheim D-68161 Mannheim, Germany 3Department of Communication Aalborg University Fr. Bajers Vej 7A5, DK-9220,Denmark Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Malicious code (or malware) is de¯ned as software designed to execute attacks on software systems and ful¯ll the harmful intents of an attacker. As lightweight embedded devices become more ubiquitous and increasingly networked, they present a new and very disturbing target for malware developers. In this paper, we demonstrate how to execute malware on wireless sensor nodes that are based on the Von Neumann architecture. We achieve this by exploiting a bu®er overflow vulnerability to smash the call stack and intrude a remote node over the radio channel. By breaking the malware into multiple packets, the attacker can inject arbitrarily long malicious code to the node and completely take control of it. Then we proceed to show how the malware can be crafted to become a self-replicating worm that broadcasts itself and infects the network in a hop-by-hop manner. To our knowledge, this is the ¯rst instance of a self-propagating worm that provides a detailed analysis along with instructions in order to execute arbitrary malicious code. We also provide a complete implementation of our attack, measure its e®ectiveness in terms of time taken for the worm to propagate to the entire sensor network and, ¯nally, suggest possible countermeasures. -
Black Hat Hacker White Hat Hacker Gray Hat Hacker
Crackers or Malicious Hackers: System crackers attempt to access computing facilities for which they have not been authorized. Cracking a computer's defenses is seen as the ultimate victimless crime. The perception is that nobody is hurt or even endangered by a little stolen machine time. Crackers enjoy the simple challenge of trying to log in, just to see whether it can be done. Most crackers can do their harm without confronting anybody, not even making a sound. In the absence of explicit warnings not to trespass in a system, crackers infer that access is permitted. Others attack for curiosity, personal gain, or self-satisfaction. And still others enjoy causing chaos, loss, or harm. There is no common profile or motivation for these attackers. Classification of Hackers: Hackers can be classified broadly into three different categories: 1. Black Hat Hacker 2. White Hat Hacker 3. Grey Hat Hacker Black Hat Hacker Black-hat Hackers are also known as an Unethical Hacker or a Security Cracker. These people hack the system illegally to steal money or to achieve their own illegal goals. They find banks or other companies with weak security and steal money or credit card information. They can also modify or destroy the data as well. Black hat hacking is illegal. White Hat Hacker White hat Hackers are also known as Ethical Hackers or a Penetration Tester. White hat hackers are the good guys of the hacker world. These people use the same technique used by the black hat hackers. They also hack the system, but they can only hack the system that they have permission to hack in order to test the security of the system. -
Study of Stenography and Forensic Analysis of Cyber Crimes Using Sql Injection Attack Viral Rajendrakumar Dagli, Surendranagar Dr
Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 STUDY OF STENOGRAPHY AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF CYBER CRIMES USING SQL INJECTION ATTACK VIRAL RAJENDRAKUMAR DAGLI, SURENDRANAGAR DR. H. B. BHADKA, C U SHAH UNIVERSITY DR. K. H. WANDRA ABSTRACT Cyber Crime is normally comprehended to comprise of getting to a PC without the proprietor's consent, surpassing the extent of one's endorsement to get to a PC framework, changing or annihilating PC information or utilizing PC time and assets without appropriate approval. Cyber fear mongering comprises basically of undertaking these equivalent exercises to propel one's political or ideological closures. Psychological oppressor activities in the internet should be possible by confined people or fear monger gatherings, yet one state against another. By that, digital psychological warfare doesn't vary from other sort of fear mongering in any capacity. The particular idea of the risk can extend from forswearing of administration to listening in, extortion, damage, and robbery of licensed innovation and restrictive data. This paper expects to give a wide review of the difficulties looked by the world in digital wrongdoing and issues looked by law implementation organizations and Information and Communication Technology security masters in digital examinations and the advantages that might be picked up by the worldwide network and obviously the open private associations (PPP) to the anticipation, location and arraignment of digital violations and how underdeveloped nations need to keep pace with the consistently changing innovations and the control of this innovation by what we may term digital crooks so as to make benefit. Keywords: Cyber Crime, online frauds, SQL Injection INTRODUCTION Cybercrime is any crime that includes a PC, organized gadget or a system. -
2Nd Edition, 2019
2nd edition, 2019 Contents Cyber risks: New actors and threats ...........................................................................................................6 Security awareness: 10 statistics you’ll want to read .................................................................................7 Cyber Security from Orange ......................................................................................................................8 Distribution of threats by business vertical ...............................................................................................10 Distribution of threats by type ...................................................................................................................13 Mobile malware .........................................................................................................................................19 Global mapping of cyberattacks ...............................................................................................................20 Vulnerability distribution by criticality ........................................................................................................22 Timeline of events .....................................................................................................................................24 Education, Innovation, Research ..............................................................................................................28 Highlights: Relenting control - A new era of automation ..........................................................................32 -
Reporting, and General Mentions Seem to Be in Decline
CYBER THREAT ANALYSIS Return to Normalcy: False Flags and the Decline of International Hacktivism By Insikt Group® CTA-2019-0821 CYBER THREAT ANALYSIS Groups with the trappings of hacktivism have recently dumped Russian and Iranian state security organization records online, although neither have proclaimed themselves to be hacktivists. In addition, hacktivism has taken a back seat in news reporting, and general mentions seem to be in decline. Insikt Group utilized the Recorded FutureⓇ Platform and reports of historical hacktivism events to analyze the shifting targets and players in the hacktivism space. The target audience of this research includes security practitioners whose enterprises may be targets for hacktivism. Executive Summary Hacktivism often brings to mind a loose collective of individuals globally that band together to achieve a common goal. However, Insikt Group research demonstrates that this is a misleading assumption; the hacktivist landscape has consistently included actors reacting to regional events, and has also involved states operating under the guise of hacktivism to achieve geopolitical goals. In the last 10 years, the number of large-scale, international hacking operations most commonly associated with hacktivism has risen astronomically, only to fall off just as dramatically after 2015 and 2016. This constitutes a return to normalcy, in which hacktivist groups are usually small sets of regional actors targeting specific organizations to protest regional events, or nation-state groups operating under the guise of hacktivism. Attack vectors used by hacktivist groups have remained largely consistent from 2010 to 2019, and tooling has assisted actors to conduct larger-scale attacks. However, company defenses have also become significantly better in the last decade, which has likely contributed to the decline in successful hacktivist operations. -
Revealing Injection Vulnerabilities by Leveraging Existing Tests
Revealing Injection Vulnerabilities by Leveraging Existing Tests Katherine Hough1, Gebrehiwet Welearegai2, Christian Hammer2 and Jonathan Bell1 1George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA 2University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected] Abstract just one of over 8,200 similar code injection exploits discovered in Code injection attacks, like the one used in the high-prole 2017 recent years in popular software [44]. Code injection vulnerabilities Equifax breach, have become increasingly common, now ranking have been exploited in repeated attacks on US election systems [10, #1 on OWASP’s list of critical web application vulnerabilities. Static 18, 39, 61], in the theft of sensitive nancial data [56], and in the analyses for detecting these vulnerabilities can overwhelm develop- theft of millions of credit card numbers [33]. In the past several ers with false positive reports. Meanwhile, most dynamic analyses years, code injection attacks have persistently ranked at the top rely on detecting vulnerabilities as they occur in the eld, which of the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) top ten can introduce a high performance overhead in production code. most dangerous web aws [46]. Injection attacks can be damaging This paper describes a new approach for detecting injection vul- even for applications that are not traditionally considered critical nerabilities in applications by harnessing the combined power of targets, such as personal websites, because attackers can use them human developers’ test suites and automated dynamic analysis. as footholds to launch more complicated attacks. Our new approach, Rivulet, monitors the execution of developer- In a code injection attack, an adversary crafts a malicious in- written functional tests in order to detect information ows that put that gets interpreted by the application as code rather than may be vulnerable to attack. -
Ethical Hacking
Ethical Hacking Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press ETHICAL HACKING ETHICAL HACKING Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press 2019 The University of Ottawa Press (UOP) is proud to be the oldest of the francophone university presses in Canada and the only bilingual university publisher in North America. Since 1936, UOP has been “enriching intellectual and cultural discourse” by producing peer-reviewed and award-winning books in the humanities and social sciences, in French or in English. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Ethical hacking / Alana Maurushat. Names: Maurushat, Alana, author. Description: Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190087447 | Canadiana (ebook) 2019008748X | ISBN 9780776627915 (softcover) | ISBN 9780776627922 (PDF) | ISBN 9780776627939 (EPUB) | ISBN 9780776627946 (Kindle) Subjects: LCSH: Hacking—Moral and ethical aspects—Case studies. | LCGFT: Case studies. Classification: LCC HV6773 .M38 2019 | DDC 364.16/8—dc23 Legal Deposit: First Quarter 2019 Library and Archives Canada © Alana Maurushat, 2019, under Creative Commons License Attribution— NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Printed and bound in Canada by Gauvin Press Copy editing Robbie McCaw Proofreading Robert Ferguson Typesetting CS Cover design Édiscript enr. and Elizabeth Schwaiger Cover image Fragmented Memory by Phillip David Stearns, n.d., Personal Data, Software, Jacquard Woven Cotton. Image © Phillip David Stearns, reproduced with kind permission from the artist. The University of Ottawa Press gratefully acknowledges the support extended to its publishing list by Canadian Heritage through the Canada Book Fund, by the Canada Council for the Arts, by the Ontario Arts Council, by the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, and by the University of Ottawa.