Smart Cards for Transit: PB95-221222 Multi-Use Remotely Interrogated U.S
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FTA-MA-26-0020-95-1 DOT-VNTSC-FTA-95-2 1111111111111111111111111111111 Smart Cards for Transit: PB95-221222 Multi-Use Remotely Interrogated u.s. Department of Transportation Stored-Data Cards· for Fare and Toll Federal Transit Administration Payment u.s. Department of Transportation April 1995 Research and Special Programs Administration Final Report John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Cambridge MA 02142 1:; ! ~, ,\" 1;;' L ';~, ~. f NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. , ' / ! REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form ApcBrOVed OMB No. 704-0188 Plblic reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per re~e, includil)9 the time for reviewIng instructions searchi~ existi~ data sources, gathering and maintainil)9 the ta needed, and c<lq)letilJ9 and reviewil:l9 the collection 0 informa ion. Send cooments regarding this burden estimate or anv. other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducIng thIS burden, to washi~ton He~rters ~~5X~~f~fI,Di~~t~~a~~ .. fg~f!~!0~tion Operat!~B~~epgrts, 1215R~~~n~~p~~yi~tH}8g~2~{)1~tte\J!;~#!a~~!;~og{)5~~. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED April 1995 Final Report P~q5' A~ \ ~'r1~ January 1993 - March 1994 \ 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Smart Cards for Transit: Multi-Use Remotely Interrogated Stored-Data Cards for Fare and Toll Payment DTRS-57-89-D-00037, TTD IA 3095 6. AUTHOR(S) TT-338/U-3020 William R. Bushnell* 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Coopers & Lybrand REPORT NUMBER Federal Consulting Practice DOT-VNTSC-FTA-95-2 One Main Street Cambridge, MA 02142 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING Office of Training Research and Rural Transportation AGENCY REPORT NUMBER Federal Transit Administration U.S. Department of Transportation FTA-MA-26-0020-95-l "Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Volpe National Transportation Systems Center *under contract to: Research & Special Programs Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Canbridge, MA 02142 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) This project developed relevant information on existing and future, stored readable/writable data card technology for fare and toll payment, in pursuit of the objective of developing a plan for a common standard card-based fare payment system that can be used for various public transit modes. Information was developed through analyses of existing automated card technology, examination of current and planned applications in relevant transit modes, and in-person interviews with public transit personnel. Fare and toll applications have different requirements, and the goal of integrating these two applications (person-based and vehicle-based) onto a single card is c<lq)licated by differences such as the required read range. For the person-based applications, it appears that short-range (a few em or inches) RF proximity technology will best satisfy integrated requirements. A key reason for choosing RF proximity technology over magnetic stripe technology was to support the needs of mobility limited riders. For vehicle-based applications, a much longer read range is necessary and it appears that longer range (a few meters or feet) smart transponder RFID technology is the most appropriate. only a few of the existing card technologies are applicable when matched against critical requirements and performance criteria. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 153 RFID, Smart Cards, ITS, Automatic Vehicle Identification, Electronic Fare Payment, Magnetic Stripe Cards, RF Proximity 16. PRICE CODE Cards 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form lYlS (Rev. ~-ISY: Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-~8 298-102 PREFACE This technical report provides the results of the MULTIUSE REMOTELY INTERROGATED, STORED-DATA CARDS FOR FARE AND TOLL PAYMENT study. Work was performed under the OMNI Contract No. DTRS-57-89-D-00037, and the IA 3095 TTD during the period of February 1993 to March 1994. For the Volpe Center, the Technical Task Initiator (TTI) was Dr. F. Ross Holmstrom. For Coopers & Lybrand, Robert H. Ropp was the Project Manager. William R. Bushnell of Coopers & Lybrand was the Principal Irivestigator and primary author of the report. Technical information was provided for this effort by ARINC, Inc., acting as teammates with C&L on the project. The draft of this report was circulated to members of the ITS/APTS Smart Cards/Tags Working Group and other interested parties and their views and suggestions were solicited. Comments from a number of people were received, including extensive commentary from Pete Comps of L TK Engineering Services, Chicago, to whom a special note of thanks is directed. The responsibility for assessing comments and incorporating them into the final version of the report fell to Ross Holmstrom, on whose shoulders rests the responsibility for any further errors or omissions remaining in this document. iii METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 1 kilometer (k) = 0.6 mile (mi) AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 2 2 2 2 1 square inch (sq in, in ) = 6.5 square centimeters (cm ) 1 square centimeter (cm ) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in ) 2 2 2 1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m ) 1 square meter (m ) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd ) 2 2 2 2 1 square yard (sq yd, yd ) = 0.8 square meter (m ) 1 square kilometer (km ) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi ) 2 2 2 1 square mile (sq mi, mi ) = 2.6 square kilometers (km ) 10,000 square meters (m ) = 1 hectare (he) = 2.5 acres 2 1 acre = 0.4 hectarejhel = 4,000 square meters (m ) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 1 pound (Ib) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (Ib) 1 short ton =2,000 pounds (Ib) = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) =1,000 kilograms (kg) = 1.1 short tons VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (I) = 2.1 pints (pt) 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (I) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (I) 1 liter (I) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (I) 1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (I) 1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (I) 1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic. meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 3 3 3 3 1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd ) = 0.76 cubic meter (m ) 1 cubic meter (m ) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd ) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION o 2 3 4 5 Inches It--r---rl---'---rl--I"""---+I-"""TI--r-I ....... 1--..1-"""T1-_1 .....1 _ ......I_~.j...1 -.-- Centimeters 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION OF -400 _22° -40 50° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° I I I I I I I I I For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NBS Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures. Price $2.50 SO Catalog No. C13 10286 . U_ed1123195 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page I. INTRODUCTION................ ... ...... ......................................................... 1 1.1 Background and Objectives........................................................... 1 1.2 SUml,Jary of Task Approach.......................................................... 1 2. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR AN AUTOMATED FARE AND TOLL CARD.. ...... ..... .... ...... ... ... ................ ........ ............ ...... .......... 7 2.1 Assumptions and Constraints......................................................... 7 2.2 Possible Implementation Schemes.................................................. 7 2.3 Card Design Characteristics........................................................... 14 2.4 Application Characteristics............................................................ 22 3. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................. 25 3. I Key Findings................................................................................. 25 3.2 Recommended Courses of Action.................................................. 30 . APPENDIX A AUTOMATED CARD TECHNOLOGY PROFILES......... A-I APPENDIX B RELEVANT APPLICATIONS ........................................... B-1 APPENDIX C EXTERNAL FACTORS ..................................................... C-I APPENDIX D COSTIBENEFIT ISSUES .................................................. D-I APPENDIX E CARD REQUIREMENTS.................................................. E-I APPENDIX F ALTERNATIVES ANALySIS ........................................... F-I APPENDIX G AGENCY CONTACTS...................................................... G-I v LIST OF FIGURES