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DA Fish Scales Fisheries Research 170 (2015) 82–88 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fisheries Research j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fishres Fish traceability: Guessing the origin of fish from a seafood market using fish scale shape ∗ Ana L. Ibánez˜ Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa Departamento de Hidrobiología, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina. México, D.F. 09340, México a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Fish traceability is an important tool in fish food safety and a recognition tool in the assessment of Received 6 December 2014 biodiversity and fisheries. Geometric morphometric methods were used to establish whether scale mor- Received in revised form 9 May 2015 phology may determine the origin of specimens from a fish market. In order to trace the origin of fish, the Accepted 19 May 2015 fish scale shape of two mugilids species Mugil cephalus and Mugil curema specimens from three different Handling Editor B. Morales-Nin trade premises at the Mexico City central fish market was analyzed and compared with the scale shape of Available online 6 June 2015 previously collected samples from known areas along the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific coasts. The origin of the fish market specimens was kept in a closed envelope and was revealed at the end of the study. Scale Keywords: shape was described using seven landmarks, the coordinates of which were subjected to a generalised Fish traceability Procrustes analysis, followed by a principal components analysis and discriminant analysis. Discriminant Fish scale shape Stock identification classification was used as the main indicator to identify the source of the fish, where the percentage of Fisheries management discrimination traced the origin of the specimens, respectively. A leave-one-out procedure was applied Geometric morphometrics to validate the results of discriminant functions on shape, and relative warp in size-shape space (shape Gulf of Mexico plus size). Results showed that the discriminant analysis correctly classified 83.3% of the cases, with 100% Mugil curema for adjacent geographic areas. The relative warp in size-shape space (shape plus size) of fish scales could Mugil cephalus be used to reliably trace fish populations by applying geometric morphometric methods to one fish scale per specimen. In order to effectively use such an approach in fisheries management, it is necessary to have previous patterns of fish scale shapes for each locality. Since the scale shape was described using seven landmarks, it may be possible to improve the tracing rate by increasing the number of landmarks used. Fish scale shape thus offers a straightforward, accessible, quick and inexpensive method to trace fish stocks. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction when a product comes from a contaminated area and it is fun- damental to limit damages. In this case, a rapid identification is European Union law defines “Traceability” as the ability to track required to enable a fast retrieval of the product. It is also required any food, feed, food-producing animal or substance that will be in population analyses in order to understand population dynamics used for consumption, through all stages of production, processing and to carry out fisheries assessments. and distribution (Official Journal of the European Communities, Until now, tracing methods have used molecular biotechnolo- 2002). Traceability is relevant because responds to food security gies (Lockely and Bardsley, 2000), accuracy testing of fish products threats, documents custody chains and production practices, meets has been carried out using protein-based techniques (Rehbein, regulatory compliances and analyses logistics and production costs 1990) and nucleic acid methods have become accepted for species (Storøy et al., 2013). Providing the identity of a product is important identification due to their precision (Carrera et al., 1998; Jerome as it gives citizens security regarding what they eat. Fish traceabil- et al., 2008). With the range of Polymerase Chain Reactions, inter- ity information may improve the sale of products by identifying est in AFLPs (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) and in appropriate information on the origin and source of fish, including DNA barcodes (normally based on sequences of cytochrome oxi- whether they are wild or cultured. Fish traceability is also useful dase subunit I) is increasing among animal geneticists (Watanabe et al., 2004) since these procedures generate hundreds of informa- tive genetic markers that increase the probability of detection of ∗ species-specific and population-specific polymorphisms (Maldini Tel.: +52 55 58046585; fax: +52 55 58044738. E-mail address: [email protected] et al., 2006; Papa et al., 2003; Heras et al., 2006; Durand et al., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.05.016 0165-7836/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. A.L. Ibá˜nez / Fisheries Research 170 (2015) 82–88 83 2012). Unfortunately, these methods are not only expensive but were collected from commercial fisheries in Madre Lagoon (MA) also require specialized human resources for their application. and Tamiahua Lagoon (TA) along the Gulf of Mexico, and in July Novel technologies are thus needed to assess species and identify 2009 from Cuyutlán Lagoon (CU) along the Pacific coast (Fig. 1, stocks (Fischer, 2013). Table 1). All specimens were adults with an average total length The shape of fish scales is to a significant extent species-specific of 356 ± 42 mm. and helps determine stock membership. In recent times, Ibánez˜ M. curema scales were collected on similar days of each of two et al. (2007) applied geometric morphometric methods (GMM) to consecutive years, 2009 and 2010, from specimens caught by com- scales in order to identify genera, species and local populations mercial fisheries in Madre Lagoon (MA), Tamiahua Lagoon (TA), among the Mugilidae. Garduno-Paz˜ et al. (2010) also used fish Cazones Estuary (CA), Alvarado Lagoon (AL) and Mecoacán Lagoon scale morphometrics and were able to discriminate between sym- (ME) along the Gulf of Mexico. Scales were also collected in July patric phenotypes of the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). The use 2009 from specimens from Cuyutlán Lagoon (CU) and the Balsas of scale shape seems valuable in population discrimination and is River (BA) along the Pacific coast of Mexico (Fig. 1, Table 2). All an important and practical fisheries management tool. Moreover, specimens were adults with average total lengths of 287 ± 39 and fish scale shape was used to identify geographic variants among 298 ± 21 mm, for the first and second year respectively. the Lutjanidae (Lutjanus argentiventris, Lutjanus guttatus and Lut- In all cases, samples of approximately 50 specimens per geo- janus peru) of three geographic areas along the Pacific coast (Ibánez˜ graphic area and species were obtained, with the exception of M. et al., 2012a), where results showed that specimens of each species cephalus from San Antonio Bay which had only 20 specimens. from the three geographic areas formed two local populations. When adults, both species could be clearly distinguishable by The consistency of the two populations for the three species indi- a trained eye, however, since mullets show extremely conserved cated that these events do not happen by chance or accidently. morphological characters the specimens were examined using the Variability in hydro-geomorphology, water productivity and abun- taxonomic keys from Harrison (2002). dance of fish stocks likely accounted for the observed differences in scale morphology and explained why scale shape may be used 2.2. Collection of fish scales from Mexico City market samples to discriminate between stocks (De Pontual and Prouzet, 1987; Watkinson and Gillis, 2005; Ibánez˜ et al., 2007). Consistency in fish M. curema and M. cephalus specimens were bought at the Mexico scale shape through time was also tested considering that time may City fish market during the November–December 2012 fishery sea- affect different locations in a similar way (Ibánez,˜ 2014). However, son. The trade premises for M. curema were stalls 49, 1 and 47, on D no significant differences in scale shape were detected from year corridor, and the samples were labeled 49D, 1D and 47D respec- to year, whereas differences were recorded among the geographic tively, while those for M. cephalus were stalls 20, 8 and 49, on locations. Thus, scale shape differences may be useful to trace fish corridor D, and the samples were labeled 20D, 8D and 49D. A sample when a previously recorded pattern for each locality exists. Con- of around 50 fish was obtained without recording its origin. The ori- sequently if it is possible to use fish scales shape to discriminate gin of the specimens was unknown to us and we asked the seller to species or stocks and trace the origin of fish this will be a relevant write the source of the sample in a closed envelope to be revealed novel finding that could be useful in fisheries research and also for at the end of the study. All specimens were adults with average economic purposes. The difference between the previous studies total lengths of 296 ± 28 mm and 361 ± 38 mm, for M. curema and and this one is that in the aforementioned the origin of the spec- M. cephalus respectively. imens was established, whereas in the case of the present study, One scale per fish was extracted for analysis from the left side of the localities where the fish were collected are unknown. Mugil the body, from the dorsal area between the first and second dorsal species were selected because of the importance of mullets fish- fins. A total of 753 scales was analyzed for M. curema (599 biological eries, according to FAO (2009), Mexico is one of the 10 counties samples and 154 from the fish market) and of 358 for M. cephalus with more production of fish mullets.
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