Vpr and Its Cellular Interaction Partners: R We There Yet?
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Repression of Viral Gene Expression and Replication by the Unfolded Protein Response Effector Xbp1u Florian Hinte1, Eelco Van Anken2,3, Boaz Tirosh4, Wolfram Brune1*
RESEARCH ARTICLE Repression of viral gene expression and replication by the unfolded protein response effector XBP1u Florian Hinte1, Eelco van Anken2,3, Boaz Tirosh4, Wolfram Brune1* 1Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; 2Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; 3Universita` Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; 4Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Abstract The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular homeostatic circuit regulating protein synthesis and processing in the ER by three ER-to-nucleus signaling pathways. One pathway is triggered by the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), which splices the X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) mRNA, thereby enabling expression of XBP1s. Another UPR pathway activates the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Here we show that murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a prototypic b-herpesvirus, harnesses the UPR to regulate its own life cycle. MCMV activates the IRE1-XBP1 pathway early post infection to relieve repression by XBP1u, the product of the unspliced Xbp1 mRNA. XBP1u inhibits viral gene expression and replication by blocking the activation of the viral major immediate-early promoter by XBP1s and ATF6. These findings reveal a redundant function of XBP1s and ATF6 as activators of the viral life cycle, and an unexpected role of XBP1u as a potent repressor of both XBP1s and ATF6-mediated activation. *For correspondence: [email protected] Introduction The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for synthesis, posttranslational modification, and fold- Competing interest: See ing of a substantial portion of cellular proteins. -
THE ROLE of the HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 UL28 PROTEIN in TERMINASE COMPLEX ASSEMBLY and FUNCTION by Jason Don Heming Bachelor
THE ROLE OF THE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 UL28 PROTEIN IN TERMINASE COMPLEX ASSEMBLY AND FUNCTION by Jason Don Heming Bachelor of Science, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the School of Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE This dissertation was presented by Jason Don Heming It was defended on April 18, 2013 and approved by Michael Cascio, Associate Professor, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences James Conway, Associate Professor, Department of Structural Biology Neal DeLuca, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Saleem Khan, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Dissertation Advisor: Fred Homa, Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics ii Copyright © by Jason Don Heming 2013 iii THE ROLE OF THE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 UL28 PROTEIN IN TERMINASE COMPLEX ASSEMBLY AND FUNCTION Jason Don Heming, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) is the causative agent of several pathologies ranging in severity from the common cold sore to life-threatening encephalitic infection. During productive lytic infection, over 80 viral proteins are expressed in a highly regulated manner, resulting in the replication of viral genomes and assembly of progeny virions. Cleavage and packaging of replicated, concatemeric viral DNA into newly assembled capsids is critical to virus proliferation and requires seven viral genes: UL6, UL15, UL17, UL25, UL28, UL32, and UL33. Analogy with the well-characterized cleavage and packaging systems of double-stranded DNA bacteriophage suggests that HSV-1 encodes for a viral terminase complex to perform these essential functions, and several studies have indicated that this complex consists of the viral UL15, UL28, and UL33 proteins. -
HIV Accessory Proteins: Review Leading Roles for the Supporting Cast
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Cell, Vol. 82, 189-192, July 28, 1995, Copyright © 1995 by Cell Press HIV Accessory Proteins: Review Leading Roles for the Supporting Cast Didier Trono ment into coated pits. The lymphoid-specific p56~k tyrosine Infectious Disease Laboratory kinase bound to the CD4 cytoplasmic tail plays such an The Salk Institute for Biological Studies inhibitory role. While Lck is released by Nef, this seems 10010 North Torrey Pines Road to be an epiphenomenon, because Nef-induced CD4 La Jolla, California 92037 down-modulation is observed in cells that do not express Lck and on truncated CD4 molecules that do not bind the kinase. In yet another model that would be unprecedented, Considering that a set of three genes is sufficient for the Nef could physically connect CD4 with a component of replication of most retroviruses, the human and simian the internalization pathway. Future experiments should immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) exhibit a surpris- test these various possibilities, in particular by determining ing degree of genomic complexity. HIV-1 contains no less conclusively whether Nef, directly or indirectly, interacts than six open reading frames in addition to the prototypic with CD4 or with the endocytic apparatus. Irrespective of gag, pol, and env coding sequences (see Figure 1). Two its mechanism, what' advantage does Nef-mediated CD4 of these supplementary genes, tat and rev, are absolutely down-regulation confer to the virus? Does it rapidly block necessary for virus growth: Tat is a major transactivator detrimental superinfection events? Does it prevent virus of the proviral long terminal repeat (LTR), and Rev acts aggregation on the surface of cells during budding, analo- posttranscriptionally to ensure the switch from the early gous to the role played by neuraminidase for influenza to the late phase of viral gene expression. -
Case-Control Analysis Identifies Shared Properties of Rare Germline Variation in Cancer Predisposing Genes
Case-control analysis identifies shared properties of rare germline variation in cancer predisposing genes Mykyta Artomov1,2, Vijai Joseph3, Grace Tiao1,2, Tinu Thomas3, Kasmintan Schrader3, Robert J. Klein3, Adam Kiezun2, Namrata Gupta2, Lauren MarGolin2, Alexander J. StratiGos4, Ivana Kim5, Kristen Shannon6, Leif W. Ellisen6,7, Daniel Haber6,7,8, Gad Getz2, Hensin Tsao9,10, Steven M. Lipkin11, David Altshuler2, Kenneth Offit*3,12 and Mark J. Daly*1,2 1Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, MGH, Boston, MA, USA 2Broad Institute, CambridGe, MA, USA 3 Clinical Genetics Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan KetterinG Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA 41st Department of DermatoloGy-VenereoloGy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas SyGros Hospital, Athens, Greece 5 Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA 6 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA 7 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 8 Howard HuGhes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA 9 Department of DermatoloGy, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, MGH, Boston, MA, USA 10 Melanoma Genetics ProGram, MGH Cancer Center, MGH, Boston, MA, USA 11 Department of Medicine, ProGram in Mendelian Genetics, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA 12 Cancer BioloGy and Genetics ProGram, Sloan KetterinG Institute, New York, NY, USA Correspondence: Mark J. Daly, 185 CambridGe St, CPZN-6823A, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; [email protected]; phone: (617)-726-5936 Kenneth Offit, Memorial Sloan KetterinG Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065; [email protected]; phone: (212)-639-2000 Authors declare no conflict of interests SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Patient cohorts ......................................................................................................................................... -
The Nef-Infectivity Enigma: Mechanisms of Enhanced Lentiviral Infection Jolien Vermeire§, Griet Vanbillemont§, Wojciech Witkowski and Bruno Verhasselt*
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central 474 Current HIV Research, 2011, 9, 474-489 The Nef-Infectivity Enigma: Mechanisms of Enhanced Lentiviral Infection Jolien Vermeire§, Griet Vanbillemont§, Wojciech Witkowski and Bruno Verhasselt* Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ghent University, Belgium Abstract: The Nef protein is an essential factor for lentiviral pathogenesis in humans and other simians. Despite a multitude of functions attributed to this protein, the exact role of Nef in disease progression remains unclear. One of its most intriguing functions is the ability of Nef to enhance the infectivity of viral particles. In this review we will discuss current insights in the mechanism of this well-known, yet poorly understood Nef effect. We will elaborate on effects of Nef, on both virion biogenesis and the early stage of the cellular infection, that might be involved in infectivity enhancement. In addition, we provide an overview of different HIV-1 Nef domains important for optimal infectivity and briefly discuss some possible sources of the frequent discrepancies in the field. Hereby we aim to contribute to a better understanding of this highly conserved and therapeutically attractive Nef function. Keywords: Nef, HIV, infectivity, viral replication, mutation analysis, envelope protein, cholesterol, proteasome. 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE MULTIFACETED NEF PROTEIN Despite the globally declining number of new human As early as 1991, infections of rhesus monkeys with nef- immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections [1] and the hopeful deleted simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) revealed a observation that cure from HIV infection does not seem dramatic reduction of viral loads and disease progression in impossible [2], the HIV pandemic still remains a very absence of nef [6]. -
HIV-1 Rev Downregulates Tat Expression and Viral Replication Via Modulation of NAD(P)H:Quinine Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)
ARTICLE Received 25 Jul 2014 | Accepted 22 Apr 2015 | Published 10 Jun 2015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8244 HIV-1 Rev downregulates Tat expression and viral replication via modulation of NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) Sneh Lata1,*, Amjad Ali2,*, Vikas Sood1,2,w, Rameez Raja2 & Akhil C. Banerjea2 HIV-1 gene expression and replication largely depend on the regulatory proteins Tat and Rev, but it is unclear how the intracellular levels of these viral proteins are regulated after infection. Here we report that HIV-1 Rev causes specific degradation of cytoplasmic Tat, which results in inhibition of HIV-1 replication. The nuclear export signal (NES) region of Rev is crucial for this activity but is not involved in direct interactions with Tat. Rev reduces the levels of ubiquitinated forms of Tat, which have previously been reported to be important for its transcriptional properties. Tat is stabilized in the presence of NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and potent degradation of Tat is induced by dicoumarol, an NQO1 inhibitor. Furthermore, Rev causes specific reduction in the levels of endogenous NQO1. Thus, we propose that Rev is able to induce degradation of Tat indirectly by downregulating NQO1 levels. Our findings have implications in HIV-1 gene expression and latency. 1 Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi 110095, India. 2 Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India. * These authors contributed equally to this work. w Present address: Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121004, India. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.C.B. -
Patent Document US 06872395
I 1111111111111111 11111 111111111111111 1111111111 1111111111 lll111111111111111 US006872395B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,872,395 B2 Kawaoka (45) Date of Patent: Mar.29,2005 (54) VIRUSES COMPRISING MUTANT ION Mena, I., et al., "Rescue of a Synthetic Choramphenicol CHANNEL PROTEIN Acetyltransferase RNA into influenza Virus-Like Particles obtained from recombinant plasmids", J. of Virology, vol. (75) Inventor: Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Madison, WI 70, No. 8, XP002150091, 5016-5024, (Aug. 1996). (US) Neumann, G., et al., "Generation of influenza A Viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs", Proc. of the Nat'l Aca. of (73) Assignee: Wisconsin Alumni Research Sciences, USA, vol. 96, XP002150093, 9345-9350, (Aug. Foundation, Madison, WI (US) 1999). ( *) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Neumann, G., et al., "Plasmid-Driven Formation of Influ patent is extended or adjusted under 35 enza Virus-Like Particles", J. of Virology, vol. 74, No. 1, U.S.C. 154(b) by O days. XP002150094, 547-551, (Jan. 2000). Neumann, G., et al., "RNA Polymerase I-Mediated Expres sion of Influenza Viral RNA Molecules", Virology, vol. 202, (21) Appl. No.: 09/834,095 No. 1, XP000952667, 477-479, (Jul. 1994). (22) Filed: Apr. 12, 2001 Neirynck, S., et al., "A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protein", Nature (65) Prior Publication Data Medicine, 5 (10), pp. 1157-1163, (Oct. 1999). US 2003/0194694 Al Oct. 16, 2003 Piller, S. C., et al., "Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 forms cation-selective channels in planar lipid Related U.S. Application Data bilayers", PNAS, 93, pp. -
Opportunistic Intruders: How Viruses Orchestrate ER Functions to Infect Cells
REVIEWS Opportunistic intruders: how viruses orchestrate ER functions to infect cells Madhu Sudhan Ravindran*, Parikshit Bagchi*, Corey Nathaniel Cunningham and Billy Tsai Abstract | Viruses subvert the functions of their host cells to replicate and form new viral progeny. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been identified as a central organelle that governs the intracellular interplay between viruses and hosts. In this Review, we analyse how viruses from vastly different families converge on this unique intracellular organelle during infection, co‑opting some of the endogenous functions of the ER to promote distinct steps of the viral life cycle from entry and replication to assembly and egress. The ER can act as the common denominator during infection for diverse virus families, thereby providing a shared principle that underlies the apparent complexity of relationships between viruses and host cells. As a plethora of information illuminating the molecular and cellular basis of virus–ER interactions has become available, these insights may lead to the development of crucial therapeutic agents. Morphogenesis Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to establish The ER is a membranous system consisting of the The process by which a virus infection. Some viruses bind to cellular receptors and outer nuclear envelope that is contiguous with an intri‑ particle changes its shape and initiate entry, whereas others hijack cellular factors that cate network of tubules and sheets1, which are shaped by structure. disassemble the virus particle to facilitate entry. After resident factors in the ER2–4. The morphology of the ER SEC61 translocation delivering the viral genetic material into the host cell and is highly dynamic and experiences constant structural channel the translation of the viral genes, the resulting proteins rearrangements, enabling the ER to carry out a myriad An endoplasmic reticulum either become part of a new virus particle (or particles) of functions5. -
A Novel Ebola Virus VP40 Matrix Protein-Based Screening for Identification of Novel Candidate Medical Countermeasures
viruses Communication A Novel Ebola Virus VP40 Matrix Protein-Based Screening for Identification of Novel Candidate Medical Countermeasures Ryan P. Bennett 1,† , Courtney L. Finch 2,† , Elena N. Postnikova 2 , Ryan A. Stewart 1, Yingyun Cai 2 , Shuiqing Yu 2 , Janie Liang 2, Julie Dyall 2 , Jason D. Salter 1 , Harold C. Smith 1,* and Jens H. Kuhn 2,* 1 OyaGen, Inc., 77 Ridgeland Road, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; [email protected] (R.P.B.); [email protected] (R.A.S.); [email protected] (J.D.S.) 2 NIH/NIAID/DCR/Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Frederick, MD 21702, USA; courtney.fi[email protected] (C.L.F.); [email protected] (E.N.P.); [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (J.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.C.S.); [email protected] (J.H.K.); Tel.: +1-585-697-4351 (H.C.S.); +1-301-631-7245 (J.H.K.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Filoviruses, such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus, are of significant human health concern. From 2013 to 2016, Ebola virus caused 11,323 fatalities in Western Africa. Since 2018, two Ebola virus disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo resulted in 2354 fatalities. Although there is progress in medical countermeasure (MCM) development (in particular, vaccines and antibody- based therapeutics), the need for efficacious small-molecule therapeutics remains unmet. Here we describe a novel high-throughput screening assay to identify inhibitors of Ebola virus VP40 matrix protein association with viral particle assembly sites on the interior of the host cell plasma membrane. -
19-Kilodalton Tumor Antigen T
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Nov. 1984, p. 336-343 Vol. 52, No. 2 0022-538X/84/110336-08$02.00/0 Copyright ©D 1984, American Society for Microbiology Adenovirus cyt+ Locus, Which Controls Cell Transformation and Tumorigenicity, Is an Allele of Ip+ Locus, Which Codes for a 19-Kilodalton Tumor Antigen T. SUBRAMANIAN,' MOHAN KUPPUSWAMY,1 STANLEY MAK,2 AND G. CHINNADURAI1* Institute for Molecular Virology, St. Louis University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63110,1 and Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada2 Received 30 April 1984/Accepted 19 July 1984 The early region Elb of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) codes for two major tumor antigens of 53 and 19 kilodaltons (kd). The adenovirus Ip+ locus maps within the 19-kd tumor antigen-coding region (G. Chinnadurai, Cell 33:759-766, 1983). We have now constructed a large-plaque deletion mutant (d1250) of Ad2 that has a specific lesion in the 19-kd tumor antigen-coding region. In contrast to most other Ad2 lp mutants (G. Chinnadurai, Cell 33:759-766, 1983), mutant d1250 is cytocidal (cyt) on infected KB cells, causing extensive cellular destruction. Cells infected with Ad2 wt or most of these other Ad2 Ip mutants are rounded and aggregated without cell lysis (cyt+). The cyt phenotype of d1250 resembles the cyt mutants of highly oncogenic Adl2, isolated by Takemori et al. (Virology 36:575-586, 1968). By intertypic complementation analysis, we showed that the Adl2 cyt mutants indeed map within the 19-kd tumor antigen-coding region. The transforming potential of d1250 was assayed on an established rat embryo fibroblast cell line, CREF, and on primary rat embryo fibroblasts and baby rat kidney cells. -
RAD23A Antibody (N-Term) Blocking Peptide Synthetic Peptide Catalog # Bp2173a
10320 Camino Santa Fe, Suite G San Diego, CA 92121 Tel: 858.875.1900 Fax: 858.622.0609 RAD23A Antibody (N-term) Blocking Peptide Synthetic peptide Catalog # BP2173a Specification RAD23A Antibody (N-term) Blocking RAD23A Antibody (N-term) Blocking Peptide - Peptide - Background Product Information RAD223A is one of two human homologs of Primary Accession P54725 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad23, a protein Other Accession NP_005044 involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER). This protein was shown to interact with, and elevate the nucleotide excision activity of RAD23A Antibody (N-term) Blocking Peptide - Additional Information 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which suggested a role in DNA damage recognition in base excision repair. This protein Gene ID 5886 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain, which was reported to interact with 26S Other Names proteasome, as well as with ubiquitin protein UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog ligase E6AP, and thus suggests that this A, HR23A, hHR23A, RAD23A protein may be involved in the ubiquitin Target/Specificity mediated proteolytic pathway in cells. The synthetic peptide sequence used to generate the antibody <a href=/product/pr RAD23A Antibody (N-term) Blocking oducts/AP2173a>AP2173a</a> was Peptide - References selected from the N-term region of human RAD23A . A 10 to 100 fold molar excess to Mueller, T.D., et al., EMBO J. 22(18):4634-4645 antibody is recommended. Precise (2003).Mueller, T.D., et al., J. Mol. Biol. conditions should be optimized for a 319(5):1243-1255 (2002).Elder, R.T., et al., particular assay. Nucleic Acids Res. 30(2):581-591 (2002).Chen, L., et al., EMBO Rep. -
The Hepatitis C Virus P7 Protein Forms an Ion Channel That Is Inhibited by Long-Alkyl-Chain Iminosugar Derivatives
The hepatitis C virus p7 protein forms an ion channel that is inhibited by long-alkyl-chain iminosugar derivatives Davor Pavlovic´*, David C. A. Neville*, Olivier Argaud*, Baruch Blumberg†, Raymond A. Dwek*, Wolfgang B. Fischer*, and Nicole Zitzmann*‡ *Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; and †Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111 Contributed by Baruch Blumberg, March 17, 2003 We show that hepatitis C virus (HCV) p7 protein forms ion channels data have been obtained by introducing mutations into an in black lipid membranes. HCV p7 ion channels are inhibited by infectious cDNA clone of BVDV. An in-frame deletion of the long-alkyl-chain iminosugar derivatives, which have antiviral ac- entire p7 does not affect RNA replication but leads to the tivity against the HCV surrogate bovine viral diarrhea virus. HCV p7 production of noninfectious virions. However, infective viral presents a potential target for antiviral therapy. particles can be generated by complementing p7 in trans (9), which suggests that the pestivirus p7 is essential for the epatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of chronic production of infective progeny virus. Interestingly, noninfec- Hhepatitis with a significant risk of end-stage liver cirrhosis tive BVDV particles also are created by treatment with and hepatocellular carcinoma (1). HCV belongs to the family long-alkyl-chain iminosugar derivatives (3). Flaviviridae, which consists of three genera: flaviviruses, pesti- Recently, HCV p7 has been shown to be a polytopic mem- viruses, and hepaciviruses. In the absence of both a suitable small brane protein that crosses the membrane twice and has its N and animal model and a reliable in vitro infectivity assay for HCV, C termini oriented toward the extracellular environment (10).